Chapter XLIII (2)

MATERIA MEDICA, early Greek, 158
first modern treatise on (1447), 320

MAURICEAU, FRANÇOIS, 537

MAURUS, teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245

MAYERNE, TURQUET DE, 547

MEAUX SAINT-MARC, translator of “Schola Salernitana” into French,
250

MEDIASTINITIS, case of, 228

MEDICAL TEACHING in Ancient Greece, 70, 85
in the Asclepieia, 69

MEDICAL TREATISES, GREEK, destruction of, in Rome, during the 5th
century, 185

MEDICINE, beginnings of a rational system of, 67
development of different sects, after the death of Hippocrates,
101
evolution of, as affected by the Arab Renaissance, 203, 233
God of, 50
influence of the Italian Renaissance upon, 260
mediaeval, 191
practice of, at Rome, in century preceding Christian era, 117
pre-Homeric period of, in Greece, 46
relation of monasteries to, 238
slowness of development of, 3

MEDICINE MAN of the Indian tribes the earliest type of the
physician, 8

MEDINA WORM discovered by Abulcasis, 233

MEMBRANA RUYSCHIANA, 357

MENELAÜS wounded at siege of Troy, 48

MENOCRITUS, physician, honored by a marble column in Greece, 99

MERCURIADE, teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245

MESOPOTAMIA, medicine in, 11

MESUÉ, JOHN, THE ELDER, 209

METASYNCRISIS, a term originated by Thessalus, 136

METHODISTS, school of the, 129, 138, 149

MEYER, ERNEST VON, 400

MEYER-STEINEG, of Jena, Germany, 16, 52, 53, 68, 120, 129, 134,
142

MICHAEL SCOTUS, 262

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY, first beginnings of, 360, 362

MIGRAINE relieved by arteriotomy, 470

MIKROTECHNE of Galen, 248

MINDERER, RAYMOND, 407

MINERAL WATERS employed extensively by the ancients in the form of
baths, 157

MIRACH, 521

MIRFELD, JOHN, 306

MISOPOGON, title of satire written by Julian the Apostate, 436

MITHRIDATES, 127

MITHRIDATICUM, composition of, 112

MIXTUM, term employed by the Methodists, 131

MOMMSEN, 235

MONASTERIES in the Middle Ages, 181, 235
relation of, to medicine, 238

MONDEVILLE, HENRI DE (Fig.), 287, 288, 289, 291

MONDINO, the anatomist, 274, 280, 312, 332

MONKS obliged to practice medicine during the Middle Ages, 141, 154

MONTE CASSINO, founding of Benedictine monastery on, 238, 239

MONTPELLIER, Medical School of, 264, 292, 332

MORBUS GALLICUS, 543

MOSAIC LAWS, the, related particularly to social hygiene, 26

MOSCHION, pupil of Soranus, 139

MOTASSEM, CALIPH, 210

MOXAE, MOXIBUSTION, 44

MURPHY’S BUTTON, Pfolspeundt’s (15th century) prototype of, 459

MUSA, ANTONIUS, physician of Emperor Augustus, 129

MUSANDINUS, 245, 254

MUSULMANS as zealous as the Christians in establishing hospitals,
237

N

NAAMAN’S SO-CALLED LEPROSY cured by the prophet Elisha, 27

NAMTAR, the special demon of the Plague, 13

NAPLES, university established at, in 1258 A. D., 257

NASAL CAVITY, illuminating the, 482

NEO-LATIN, 262

NEOLITHIC AGE, state of medical knowledge during the, 9

NEPENTHES, 49

NERVES, WOUNDS OF, comments of Guy de Chauliac upon, 302

NEUBURGER, MAX, 24, 41, 51, 84, 132, 222, 228, 231, 249

NEWTON, SIR ISAAC, 546

NICAISE, EDOUARD, 228, 263, 282, 287, 300

NICHOLAS, THE MONK, sent by the Emperor Romanus to Cordova as an
interpreter of Dioscorides, 226

NICOLAUS MYREPSUS, 318

NICOLAUS PRAEPOSITUS, Antidotarium of, 253

NICOTINE, the alkaloid found in tobacco, 395

NORSA FAMILY, celebrated as operators for the radical cure of
hernia, 482

NUCK, ANTON, the anatomist, 359, 439

NUFER, JACOB, 534

O

OATH, HIPPOCRATIC, 71

OBSTETRIC METHODS, rational, of Soranus, 138, 139

OBSTETRICAL FORCEPS, 535

OBSTETRICS, practice of, in ancient Egypt, 17

ODYSSEY, reference to drugs in the, 18

OIL OF ST. JOHN’S WORT, 522

OISYPUM (LANOLIN), first described by Dioscorides (100 A. D.), 318

OLD TESTAMENT, medicine of the, 26

OLEUM HYPERICI, 522

ONASILOS, a physician, bronze tablet in honor of (5th century
B. C.), found in Island of Cyprus, 99

OPEDELDOCH, 404

OPHTHALMOLOGISTS, EARLY, 115

OPHTHALMOLOGY, important contributions to, 546

OPIUM, probably the drug referred to by term “nepenthes,” 49
proper manner of obtaining, first described by Scribonius Largus,
155
Sydenham’s opinion with regard to the value of, 424

OPORINUS, Paracelsus’ assistant, 404

ORDRONAUX, JOHN, 250, 252

ORIBASIUS, 191

ORIENTAL MEDICINE, 11

OSIRIS, or Serapis, 19

OVER-EATING, according to the ancient Egyptians, is the cause of
the majority of diseases, 22

P

PADUA MEDICAL SCHOOL, 267, 352

PAGEL, 57

PALERMO, SICILY, a great centre of literary activity, 261

PANADOES, how prepared, 443

PANAKEIA, daughter of Aesculapius, 50

PANCREAS, outlet duct of, discovered in 1641, 358

PAPER, INVENTION OF, 328

PAPIN, DENIS, 547

PARACELSUS, 369, 401, 405, 465
monument in honor of, at Basel, 406
pharmaceutical preparations of, 404
sayings of, 403
treatises published by, 403

PARACENTESIS ABDOMINIS, 110, 124

PARAMIRUM, title of Paracelsus’ principal treatise, 403

PARCHMENT invented at Pergamum in 3d century B. C., 101

PARÉ, AMBROISE (Figs.), 404, 499, 500, 502, 515
abandons use of boiling oil, 503
arrests bleeding from divided blood-vessels by use of ligatures,
512
bitter jealousy shown by his contemporaries, 501
charge of plagiarism against him not sustained, 514
devises artery forceps and other surgical apparatus, 512
exarticulation of elbow-joint performed by him, 508
some of his sayings, 500, 501
summary of his more important achievements in surgery, 513
treatise on surgery not published in English until 1577, 518

PARIS MEDICAL SCHOOL, 282

PARMENIDES, 73

PARRENIN, FATHER, Jesuit missionary, 541

PASON (= APOLLO), who invented the art of medicine, 18

PASSAVANT, Dean of the Collège de St. Côme at Paris, 284

PASSIONARIUS, title of Gariopontus’ treatise, 247

PATHOLOGY, Fernel’s scheme of, 415
views held by Hippocrates, 86

PATHOLOGY, INTERNAL, 389

PATROCLUS dresses the wound of Eurypylus, 49

PAUL, THE APOSTLE, bitten by a poisonous snake on the Island of
Melita, 29

PAULUS AEGINETA, 199, 227, 318

PECQUET, JEAN, rediscovers thoracic duct (in a dog), 384

PERICARDIUM, ABSCESS IN THE, Avenzoar refers to its actual
occurrence, 229

PERIODEUTS or ambulant physicians, 75

PERSIANS, THE ANCIENT, medicine of, 25
took very little interest in surgery, 26

PETER THE GREAT purchases Ruysch’s anatomical collection, 356

PETRONCELLUS, a teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245

PEYER, JOHANN CONRAD, 359

PFOLSPEUNDT, HEINRICH VON, 458, 460

PHARMACIST, early use of the term, 316

PHARMACOLOGY, earliest treatise on, published by Dioscorides in
77 A. D., 158

PHARMACOPOEIA, modern term for antidotarium, 319
Augsburg, compiled by Minderer, 407
modern, beginnings of, 547
of India, very rich, 33

PHARMACY, in its infancy, 315
first regularly established in the 8th century, 318

PHARMAKON, term employed by Galen for a remedial drug, 316

PHILINUS OF COS, 111

PHILOSOPHERS’ STONE, 321

PHILOSOPHY, SCHOOLS OF, in Greece and its colonies, 72

PHYSICIANS, consultation of (Fig.), 457
honored publicly in ancient Greece, 98, 99, 100
more highly esteemed than surgeons in 14th century, 304
suffered martyrdom for their Christian faith, 180

PHYSIOLOGY, HUMAN, views held by Hippocrates, 86

PIETRO D’ABANO, 266

PINEAU FAMILY, lithotomists, 549

PINI, anatomical draughtsman, 348, 392

PITARD, JEHAN, Surgeon of Louis IX., 448, 530

PITCAIRN, ARCHIBALD, 367

PLAGUE AT ATHENS, history of, by Thucydides, 96

PLAGUE, THE, avoidance of, by Galen, 164

PLANTS, MEDICINAL VIRTUES OF, 157

PLATEARIUS, John and Matthew, teachers of medicine at Salerno, 245

PLATO, 73, 78
views of, with regard to women physicians, 77

PLATTER, FELIX, 336, 396, 455
early experiences at Montpellier, 332

PLEURISY, Boerhaave’s manner of treating it, 444

PLINY THE ELDER, 155

PNEUMA, or breath, plays the most important rôle in the mechanism
of life, 108
or vital spirit, 141

PNEUMATISM not popular with the physicians of Rome, 142

PNEUMATISTS, the, 141

PODALIC VERSION, 535, 537

PODALIRIUS, 47

POISONOUS SNAKES, loss of life caused by the bites of, 64

POLYBUS, son-in-law of Hippocrates, 82

POMPEII, physicians’ houses disinterred at, 315

PONS VAROLII, 350

PORES, system of, for conveyance of tissue juices, 122

PORTAL, PAUL, 539

POULTICES, too free use of, condemned, 467

POWER, D’ARCY, 307

PRACTICA CHIRURGIAE of Roger, 254

PRACTICA OCULORUM of Benevenutus Grapheus, 256

PRACTICA of Bartholomaeus, 248

PRACTICA of Cophon the Younger, 249

PRACTITIONERS, improper behavior of, in the sick room, 193

PRAEPOSITUS, meaning of the term, 253

PRAXAGORAS OF COS, 103
probably the first to distinguish the difference between arteries
and veins, 103

PRAYER FORMULAE employed by the Babylonians as protective remedies,
13

PREGNANT WOMEN, dietetics of, 199

PREHISTORIC PERIOD of science of medicine, 4

PRE-HOMERIC PERIOD of medicine in Greece, 46

PRESCRIPTION WRITING first employed about A. D. 1400, 320

PRINTING, INVENTION OF, favored advance of science of medicine, 328

PRISCIANUS, THEODORUS, 192

PROKSCH, 543

PRZYMIOT, title of early Polish treatise on syphilis, 479

PTOLEMIES, learning greatly prospered under their reign, 100

PTOLEMY EUERGETES, OR PHYSCON, 116

PULSE, meaning of, according to Athenaeus, 142

PULSIFIC POWER OF ARTERIES (Galen), 381

PURKINJE’S BONE-CORPUSCLES, 362

PUSCHMANN, 70, 107, 196, 232, 257, 311, 365, 394

PYAEMIA, Wuertz’s views regarding, 469

PYTHAGORAS, 73, 74
medical doctrines propounded by, 147

PYTHON, Aesculapius represented in the presence of a, 65

Q

QUINTESSENCES OF PARACELSUS, 405

QUINTUS, one of Galen’s teachers, 162

R

RABELAIS, FRANÇOIS, celebrated humorous writer, was a physician,
451

RABISU, the demon who causes diseases of the skin, 13

RAPHAEL’S CELEBRATED PAINTING showing Plato and Aristotle, 102

RATIONAL SYSTEM OF MEDICINE, beginnings of, in Greece, 67

RECIPES, BOOKS OF, take the place of physicians in Rome, 117

RED-HOT CAUTERY IRON too freely used for arresting bleeding, 466

REFRACTION, researches of Alhazen in regard to, 233

REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM, 246
Arnold’s commentary on, 294

RELICS, SAINTLY, universal faith in their power to heal diseases,
241

REMEDIAL AGENTS, GENUINE, employed in Babylonia, 13

REMEDIES, HOUSEHOLD, Cato’s collection of, 123

RENAISSANCE, influence of, upon progress of medicine in Western
Europe, 259

RENAN, ERNEST, 229, 231

RENZI, DE, on books written by physicians at Salerno, 246

REPERCUSSION, 526

RESPIRATION, physiology of, according to Erasistratus, 108
according to Aretaeus, 144

RETE MALPIGHI, 361

RHAZES, illustrious Persian physician, 219, 318

RHINOPLASTY in Italy in the 15th century, 459

RHODION, 533

RIOLAN, J., 360

ROESSLIN, EUCHARIUS, 533

ROGER’S PRACTICA, the oldest treatise on surgery written in Italy
during the Middle Ages, 254

ROKITANSKY, the famous Viennese pathologist, advice of, to those
about to study medicine, 3

ROLAND OF PARMA, 254, 279

ROMAN PHYSICIANS, of foreign birth, awarded rights of citizenship
by Julius Caesar, 130

ROMANO PANE publishes first account of discovery of tobacco, 395

ROME, state of medicine at, after the death of Asclepiades, 129

ROSA ANGLICA, title of treatise written by John of Gaddesden, 306

ROUSSET, FRANÇOIS, 535

ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, founding of, 363

RUDBECK, OLAUS, 358, 385

RUFUS OF EPHESUS, 145, 146

RUYSCH, FRIEDRICH, the anatomist, 356, 358

S

SABOUR BEN SAHL, 209

SAGE FEMME, possible origin of the term, 247

SAINT BARTHOLOMEW’S HOSPITAL, London, 524

SAINT BASIL, founder of a hospital at Caesarea, 236

SAINT CÔME, COLLÈGE DE, 490

SAINT COSMAS AND SAINT DAMIAN, Brotherhood of, 530

SALADIN OF ASCOLO, author of first modern treatise on materia
medica, 320

SALADIN, SULTAN OF EGYPT, 225

SALAMANCA, UNIVERSITY OF, 346

SALERNO MEDICAL SCHOOL, 243, 244, 265
women teachers at, 245

SALICETO, WILLIAM OF, 277

SALMOUÏH BEN BAYAN, a distinguished pupil of the Djondisabour
school, 210

SALVINO DEGLI ARMATI of Florence, reputed inventor of spectacles,
297

SANCTORIUS SANCTORINUS, 368

SANDWITH, DR. F. M., concerning the most ancient surgical
implements thus far discovered, 9

SANGUIFICATION, Galen’s theory of, 385

SANITARY SCIENCE in the 15th century, 314

SAPIENZA, UNIVERSITY OF, at Rome, 391

SARSAPARILLA, 395

SAVONAROLA, GIOVANNI MICHELE, 313

SCHIELHANS, nickname of Hans von Gerssdorff, 460

SCHNEIDER, CONRAD VICTOR, 359

SCHOOL OF SALERNO, title of poem, 250

SCHOOLS, significance of the term, 74

SCOTUS OR SCOTTUS, 262

SCRIBONIUS LARGUS, 155, 413

SECTS IN MEDICINE, 101, 147, 149

SEPTICAEMIA, Wuertz’s views regarding, 470, 471

SERAPION THE ELDER, 210

SERAPIS OR OSIRIS, 19

SERPENT, significance of the, in the statues and votive tablets
exposed to view in the Aesculapian temples, 62

SERVETUS, MICHAEL, 375
on the circulation of the blood, 376

SHOULDER, DISLOCATION OF, cured by Gabriel Bakhtichou, 207

SIMON JANUENSIS, 261

SISMONDI, THE HISTORIAN, 116

SKULL, FRACTURES OF, 286, 476

SLAVES SOLD BY ROMANS when they became old and feeble, 235

SLEEP-WALKING, instance of, narrated by Alderotti, 273

SMALL-POX described by Herodotus, 142
earliest treatise upon, 220
Gaddesden’s successful treatment of, 306
prophylactic inoculation against, 43

SMITH, SIR WILLIAM, 103

SNAKE, POISONOUS, treatment of bite by, 110

SNAKEROOT, an antidote for poisoning by the bite of a snake, 7

SOBIESKI, KING OF POLAND, purchases Ruysch’s second anatomical
collection, 358

SOCIAL HYGIENE, the Mosaic laws relate particularly to, 26

SOCRATES, 73

SOPORIFIC SPONGES, 253

SORANUS OF EPHESUS, 138, 139, 159
rational obstetric methods of, 139

SOUL, SPIRIT OF THE, 291

SOUL, THE, is the blood, according to Servetus, 376

SPAIN, medicine flourished in, during the 10th century, 226

SPANISH SURGEONS of the 16th century, 484

SPECIALIZATION in medicine, 114

SPECTACLES, use of, first mentioned by Gordonius (A. D. 1285), 297

SPECULUM, aural, employed by Jean de Vigo, 473
majus, of Vincent Beauvais, 270
vaginal, of Paulus Aegineta, 201

SPINE, CURVATURE OF, 313

SPIRIT, THE, 291, 374
disorders of, 141
of Mindererus, 407

SPLENIA, 526

SPLINTS made with bundles of straw, 304

SPRENGEL, KURT, 342

SPRINGS, EUROPEAN, in 16th century, 323

STAHL, GEORG ERNST, 431
doctrine of animism, 432
his “phlogiston,” 433
treatise on “theoria medica vera,” 432

STENO, NICHOLAS (Niels Stensen), 359

STIBIUM, 158

STOICS, THE, 102

STONE IN THE BLADDER, cutting for, 494
Gaddesden’s peculiar method of treating, 306
method of operating kept a secret by lithotomists, 447

STRANGULATED HERNIA, Franco’s operation for, 492

STRATON, a skilful gynaecologist, 115

STRAW SPLINTS, for use in fractures, 304

STRICTUM AND LAXUM, terms employed by the Methodists, 130
Boerhaave adopts the doctrine, 442

STYRUS, one of Galen’s teachers, 162

SUGGESTION, power of, over the human mind, 241

SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS constitute one of the most extraordinary
characteristics of the human race, 10

SURGEON, characteristics which he should possess, 285

SURGEONS OF THE LONG ROBE, a name given to members of the Collège
de St. Côme, 448

SURGERY, considered a menial occupation during the Renaissance
(Fig.), 306, 447
early, in Great Britain, 516, 523
strong prejudice against among French physicians of the 15th
century, 300
systematic instruction in, first given at Montpellier in 1597,
448

SURGICAL OPERATIONS in the age of primitive medicine, 8

SUSRUTA, celebrated East Indian medical author, 31

SWAMMERDAM, JOHN, 356

SYDENHAM, THOMAS, 418
a great sufferer from gout, 421
describes an “inflammation of the blood,” 423
experience with the great epidemic of the Plague, 421
on the nature of fever, 423
treatises published by, 419

SYLVIUS (Franz de le Boë), 367, 427
clinical instruction cultivated by him at Leyden, 428, 429
treatises published by him, 428

SYLVIUS, THE ANATOMIST, 340

SYPHILIS, 473, 542
poem relating to, 391

SYRIAC ULCER (known to-day as pharyngeal diphtheria), 144

SYRINGE, earliest reference to use of, to be found in Abulcasis’
treatise on surgery, 227

SYRINGOTOME, 313

SZANDALANI, Arabic name for pharmacists, 318

T

TAGLIACOTIAN OPERATION, the so-called, 478, 480

TAGLIACOZZI, GASPARE, 478

TALISMANS, amulets, etc., as means of protection against evil
spirits, 9, 13

TEISSIR, THE, Avenzoar’s great medical work, 228, 230

TELESPHORUS, son of, Aesculapius, 50

TEMPLE PRIESTS in ancient Egypt, 17

TEMPLE SLEEP at the Asclepieia, 57

TEMPLES, AESCULAPIAN, their chief purpose, 51

TENTS, PRACTICE OF EMPLOYING, in the treatment of wounds,
condemned, 466

TESRIF, THE, written by Abulcasis (= Alsaharavius), 227

TETANUS, TRAUMATIC, Lanfranchi’s treatment of, 285

THADDEUS ALDEROTTI, 272

THALES, of Miletus, 72

THEMISON, founder of the sect of the Methodists, 130
the first to mention the employment of leaches, 133

THEODORIC OF LUCCA, 276

THEODORUS, a disciple of Athenaeus, 142

THESSALUS, SON OF HIPPOCRATES, 82, 133

THESSALUS, OF TRALLES, in Asia Minor, a prominent Methodist, 133

THIERRY DE HÉRY, 499

THIGH, amputation of, probably performed in early part of Christian
era, 470
fractures of, 304

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR, THE, 426

THOMAS AQUINAS, a believer in the art of the magician, 321

THORACIC DUCT, 384

THOT OR THOÜT (Hermes), the god, author of the hermetic books, 18,
19

THUCYDIDES, 96

TIRABOSCHI, 338, 378

TOBACCO, 395

TOLEDO, SPAIN, richly stocked with manuscript treasures of Arabic
literature, 261

TOLET, FRANÇOIS, 550

TOLU, BALSAM OF, 395

TORCULAR HEROPHILI, 105

TORRICELLA, 546

TOSORTHOS, 17

TOUCHING, for the “King’s evil,” 527, 528

TRACHEOTOMY performed by Asclepiades (90 B. C.), 124
revived by Antonio Beniveni in the 15th century, 498

TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD, 408

TRANSMUTATION OF BASER METALS INTO GOLD, 321

TRAUTMANN, of Wittenberg, 535

TREPHINE, circular pattern of, 473

TREPHINING THE SKULL a very ancient surgical operation, 9
Wuertz slow in resorting to the operation, 467

TRIKKA, THESSALY, 51

TROTULA, a teacher of medicine at Salerno, 245

TUBERCULOSIS, virus of, long-lived, according to Fracastoro, 390

TURQUET DE MAYERNE, 547

TYDIDES, who smote Aeneas, 49

U

ULCERS, treatment of, according to the method of Thessalus, 135

UROSCOPY eagerly adopted by charlatans in 16th century (Fig.), 412
strongly denounced by Scribonius, Botallo and others, 413

UTUKKU, the demon who causes diseases of the throat, 13

V

VAGBHATA, a celebrated East Indian medical author, 31

VALERIUS CORDUS, 318

VALVES, DISCOVERY OF, IN THE LARGER VEINS, 378

VAN HELMONT, 398
“archaeus influus” and “archaeus insitus,” 399
characteristic sayings, 400
remarkable remedies manufactured by him, 399

VAN SWIETEN introduces clinical instruction at the University of
Vienna, 431

VAROLIUS, 349

VEIN should be opened longitudinally in venesection, 286

VENA PORTAE, 385

VENESECTION, Celsus’ description of technical details, 152
quantity of blood that may be withdrawn, 413
spot from which blood should preferably be taken, 411

VENOUS ARTERY (pulmonary vein), 371

VENOUS BLOOD, FUNCTION OF, 373

VERSIFICATION employed in medical treatises, 251

VERSION, PODALIC, 535

VESALIUS, 340, 342, 345, 347, 370, 374, 456

VICQ D’AZYR, 532

VICTOR III., POPE, 239

VIDUS VIDIUS, 340

VIEUSSENS, RAYMOND, 364

VILLALOBOS, 542

VINCENT OF BEAUVAIS, 270
encyclopaedia of, 263

VINDICIANUS, 192

VIPER, cases of persons bitten by, 488, 507

VIS CONSERVATRIX ET MEDICATRIX NATURAE (Stahl), 432

VITAL FORCE, Stahl’s, 405

VITAL SPIRIT, Galen’s, 376

VIVISECTION OF CRIMINALS utilized at Alexandria, Egypt, for
scientific purposes, 107

VIZIR ALI BEN ISSA founds a great hospital at Bagdad in A. D. 914,
219

VOLCHER KOYTER, 349

W

WATER, CONTAMINATED, purification of, by distillation, 305
of river Choaspes, ready boiled for use and stored in flagons of
silver, carried by King Cyrus on his campaigns, 26

WECKER, JOHANN JACOB, 521

WEIGHT-AND-PULLEY TREATMENT of thigh fractures, Guy de Chauliac’s,
304

WHARTON, THOMAS, 359, 546

WILLIAM OF SALICETO, 277

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR a patient at Salerno, 245

WILLIS, THOMAS, 360, 367, 546

WINE, Galen’s use of, in dressing wounds, 163
proper employment of, according to Asclepiades, 125
Thalassite, 126

WINTER, OF ANDERNACH, 340

WIRSUNG, GEORGE, discovers outlet duct of human pancreas, 358

WISEMAN, RICHARD, 524

WOMEN INSTRUCTORS IN MEDICINE highly esteemed at Salerno, 246

WOMEN PHYSICIANS among the Arabs in Spain, during the 12th century,
232

WOODALL, JOHN, 522

WOUNDS, DRY METHOD OF TREATING, 275, 285
too frequent probing of, condemned, 466

WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER, 408

WUERTZ, FELIX, 465
condemns universal employment of chemical caustics and the
red-hot iron for arresting bleeding, 466
remarks on pyaemia, hospital gangrene and septicaemia, 469, 471
remarks on treatment of penetrating wounds of abdomen, 469

WUNDAERZTE, 369

X

XENODOCHIA, institutions for the care of slaves, 235

XENOPHON, C. STERTINIUS, 54

Y

YPERMAN, JEHAN, a distinguished Flemish physician of 14th century,
309

Z

ZEND-AVESTA, THE, 25

ZENO, founder of the Stoic philosophy, 103

ZERBI, GABRIEL, professional visit of, to Constantinople, cost him
his life, 337

ZEUXIS, organizer of a medical school at Laodicea, 111

ZIRHACH, 521

ZIRBUS, 521

ZOPYRUS classified drugs according to the effects which they
produce, 111

ZOSIMOS, of Panopolis, 321

FOOTNOTES:

[1] A third volume is in course of preparation, but the probable date of its publication has not been announced. An English translation of the first volume (by Ernest Playfair) was published by Hodder and Stoughton, of London, in 1910.

[2] Book I., section 197, of Rawlinson’s translation.

[3] From the statements just quoted it appears that a certain kind of bronze (an alloy of copper and tin, with the addition perhaps of a little zinc) was used in Assyria, in the manufacture of surgical knives, as early as during the twenty-third century B. C. Dr. Meyer-Steineg, Professor of the History of Medicine in the University of Jena, Germany, assures the writer that knives made of this material are susceptible of being given as keen a cutting edge as are those made of the best of steel. At least one such bronze knife may be seen in the collection of ancient surgical instruments, votive offerings, etc., which he is making for the benefit of the University.

[4] A Christian ecclesiastical writer who lived about the year 200 A. D.

[5] Lines 285–292 of Book IV. of the Earl of Derby’s translation, first published in 1864.

[6] Pason is the same as Apollo, who was believed by the Greeks to have been the inventor or discoverer of the art of medicine.

[7] See Le Clerc’s _Histoire de la Médecine_, Amsterdam, 1723.

[8] At bottom of p. 15 of his _Histoire de la Médecine_.

[9] Papyros Ebers, aus dem Aegyptischen zum ersten Male vollständig ubersetzt von H. Joachim, Berlin, 1890.

[10] Book I., p. 96, of George Rawlinson’s translation.

[11] Neuburger speaks of the growth of medical knowledge in India as a development that ran parallel with that of ancient Greece.

[12] _From Neuburger._--Equally crude are their ideas respecting the causes of disease, as shown by the following items selected from quite a long list of etiological factors: errors in diet and in the habits of life, climatic influences, psychic factors, heredity, poison, supernatural influences like the anger of the gods, the evil powers of demons, etc. For purposes of diagnosis the earlier Indian physicians utilized not only inspection, palpation and auscultation, but also the senses of taste and smell. They noted the losses and increases in the weight of the body, changes in the appearance of the skin, the tongue and the excretions, alterations in the configuration of the body, the form and other characteristics of swellings, etc. They also noted changes in the patient’s voice, in the character of the breathing, in the noises accompanying movements of the joints and the twistings of the intestines. The crepitus caused by the rubbing together of the roughened ends of a fractured bone did not escape their notice. At a later period, doubtless through the influence of the teachings of foreign physicians, they attached great importance to the examination of the pulse.

[13] Nepenthes, believed to be opium, is the word employed in the original.

[14] Aesculapius was held to be the son of Apollo, the god of medicine, and to have been instructed in the art of healing by Chiron, one of the centaurs. Beside his famous sons, Machaon and Podalirius, he had four daughters whose names--Hygieia, Jaso, Panakeia and Aigle--have come down to us through the ages. His wife’s name was Epione, and those of his two younger sons were Telesphorus and Janiscus, but all three of these names are rarely mentioned by the Greek writers.

[15] “Kranken-Anstalten im griechisch-römischen Altertum,” von Dr. med. et jur. Theodor Meyer-Steineg, a. o. Professor an der Universität Jena; Verlag von G. Fischer, 1912.

[16] “Kranken-Anstalten im griechisch-romischen Altertum,” in _Jenaer medizin.-historische Beiträge_, Jena, 1912.

[17] All important traces of the earlier structures seem to have disappeared.

[18] The Emperor Antoninus Pius, in order to provide properly for these patients, erected at Epidaurus a special building in which confinement cases and those likely to end fatally might be lodged.

[19] The slave of Chremulos.

[20] To save space the head of the god alone has been reproduced in Fig. 5.

[21] _Histoire de la Médecine_, Amsterdam, 1723.

[22] The word “school,” when employed in the strictly modern sense of that term, means an establishment regularly organized for the purpose of giving instruction. Here, however, it is intended to signify simply that certain places, like Cos, Crotona, Cnidus, etc., had become the rendezvous of men who desired to cultivate--some as teachers, others as disciples or pupils--certain branches of knowledge, or certain doctrines. At a later period (third century B. C.) there was established at Alexandria, Egypt, a well-organized school of medicine closely resembling those of modern times.

[23] All of these are translations from the French.

[24] The city of Cnidus was situated very close to the Island of Cos, on a peninsula that projects from the coast of Caria, Asia Minor.

[25] Black bile, it was believed, comes from the spleen, while the yellow variety is a product of the liver.

[26] Daremberg (_Hist. de la Méd._) makes the following comments on this sentence: “How many are the occasions when we physicians would have it in our power to avert death, or at least to postpone it for a few hours, if we would only engrave upon our memories these words of the old man of Cos! ‘What a cruel responsibility rests upon those whose duty it is to summon the doctor at the proper moment! And how great must be the remorse if he fails to arrive in time!’ On the other hand, how wise is the remark of Celsus: ‘The best practitioner is he who never loses sight of his patients.’”

[27] After Alexandria first came under Roman rule (about 30 B. C.) membership in the Museum was granted to athletes and other men of no education, and it is said that even before that time Ptolemy Euergetes, who had reopened the schools during the latter part of his reign, bestowed some of the important positions upon men who were simply his favorites. The library of the Museum was seriously damaged by fire at the time when Julius Caesar was being besieged in Alexandria by the inhabitants of that city, and was at last wholly destroyed by Amrou, the Lieutenant of the Caliph Omar, in A. D. 651. The truth of this extraordinary tale regarding the burning of books belonging to the library at Alexandria in the seventh century is seriously doubted by Sismondi (_Histoire de la Chute de l’Empire Romain_, Vol. II., p. 57). “It was,” he says, “published for the first time, by Abulpharagius, about six centuries after the event is supposed to have occurred. And yet the contemporaneous national historians, Entychius and Elmacin, make no mention of it whatever. An act of this nature, furthermore, would be in direct conflict with the precepts of the Koran and with the profound respect which the Mohammedans habitually entertain for every scrap of paper on which the name of God happens to be written.”

Under the later rule of the Romans, Alexandria regained a good deal of its literary importance and also became a chief seat of Christianity and theological learning; but as a centre of medical influence its glory had long since departed.

[28] Asclepiades was not a descendant of Aesculapius, as one would naturally infer from the name which he bore.

[29] It would not be easy to fix, even approximately, the date when remedies of this character ceased to find acceptance in the popular mind of Europeans, but there can be no doubt that they were employed rather frequently even as late as during the eighteenth century;--indeed, measures that strongly smack of superstition are now and then looked upon with favor by the well-educated members of our modern society. For many centuries, however, they have been abandoned by all physicians excepting those who are unworthy to bear that honored title.

[30] Neither Haller nor Dezeimeris furnishes any biographical information with regard to Musa.

[31] Antoninus Pius, however, established the rule that these privileges were not to be granted to all physicians indiscriminately, but only to a limited number; and, later still, it was decided that only the parish physicians were entitled to receive them.

[32] It seems almost unnecessary to call attention to the fact that the subject of these remarks is not to be confounded with Thessalus, the son of Hippocrates.

[33] Ἰατρονίκης is the word employed in the original Greek.

[34] The word “metasyncrisis,” as we are assured by Le Clerc, was employed first by Cassius, one of the earlier disciples of Methodism, and then, long after the time of Thessalus, by Galen, Oribasius, Aëtius and Paulus Aegineta.

[35] Le Clerc calls attention to the incorrectness--etymologically speaking--of the use of the word “Eclectics” in connection with a school or sect. The members of such a body are not, he says, “the chosen ones” as the term signifies, but “the choosers.”

[36] Boerhaave, the famous clinician of Leyden, Holland (eighteenth century), was instrumental in having an excellent Latin translation made of this work; and in 1858 a German translation by A. Mann was published in Halle.

[37] Translated from _Oeuvres de Rufus d’Éphèse_; édition Grecque et Française, par Daremberg et Ruelle, Paris, 1879.

[38] The term “dogmatists” is also employed by some authorities to designate those physicians who laid great stress upon the importance of following the teachings of Hippocrates and Galen.

[39] The majority of the writings of Galen are reported to have been kept, for safe preservation, in the Temple of Peace, near the Forum; and the destruction of this building by fire, during the latter half of the second century, entailed the loss of all these valuable works.

[40] Book VI., Chapter XVII. (page 441 of Vol. I. of Daremberg’s version).

[41] In his Commentaries on the works of Hippocrates (Epidemic Diseases, III., t. XVII. B. § 4) Galen states that he has often observed this to-and-fro movement of the alae nasi in certain cases of illness and that he has interpreted it as indicating the existence of some serious disorder of the respiratory tract. (Daremberg.)

[42] Hippocrates, Herophilus, Erasistratus, Asclepiades, Themison, Celsus, Soranus and Athenaeus. Daremberg calls attention to the fact that, although we possess to-day only a few fragments of the writings of Archigenes, those few are of such a degree of excellence that we may well ask ourselves whether Galen was not perfectly justified in placing such a high estimate as he appears to have done upon the merits of this writer,--and that, too, notwithstanding the unfavorable criticism which he makes in the present paragraph about the author’s failure at times to write with sufficient clearness on medical subjects.

[43] John the Grammarian, whose nativity is not stated by Le Clerc, was at first a simple boatman who ferried back and forth those who attended a school which was located on one of the islands at Alexandria. As a result of his frequent talks with these men, he became enamored with philosophy and decided, notwithstanding his age (forty years), to devote himself entirely to the study of the subject. Accordingly, he sold his boat and attended the lectures regularly, becoming at last an expert in philosophy. He wrote several important treatises and commentaries, some of them dealing with medical topics, and he also made a number of translations from the Greek into Arabic.

[44] Third edition, London, 1726.

[45] Anthemius is also credited with being the inventor of the principle of dome construction in architecture.

[46] Also written Paulus Aeginetes.

[47] The account which is given in this and the following chapters is based largely on Dr. Lucien Le Clerc’s _Histoire de la Médecine Arabe_, Paris, 1876.

[48] Le Clerc and Freind mention both Nishapur and Djondisabour as the name of the capital of the Province of Khorassan in northeast Persia.

[49] The drachma was a silver coin worth about 9¾ pence English money. The fee paid to Gabriel for his surgical services amounted, therefore, to a little less than £2000 or $10,000.

[50] To distinguish him from Mesué the Younger, who lived at Cairo, Egypt, about one hundred years later, and who attained considerable celebrity on account of the treatises which he wrote on materia medica.

[51] For further remarks concerning the origin of the Teïssir see page 229.

[52] According to tradition the medical school at Salerno was founded by four physicians--Adela, an Arab; Helinus, a Jew; Pontus, a Greek; and Salernus, a Latin.

[53] Perhaps the French title “sage-femme” originated from this.

[54] There can be no question, says Neuburger (in agreement with Daremberg), about the truth of the statement that Constantinus allowed the authorship of several of the treatises issued at Salerno under his name to be attributed to himself--as, for example, the “_Liber Pantegni_” (_Pantechni_), which is in reality the “_Liber Regalis_” of Haly Abbas; the “_Pieticum_,” which is fundamentally the work of Ibn-al-Dschezzar; the “_De Oculis_,” which is based upon Honein ben Ischak’s treatise on opthalmology; and still other works which it is not necessary to specify.

[55] Under the heading “_Epilogus_” on pages 268 and 269 of Meaux Saint-Marc’s version.

[56] Examples of leonine versification: “Contra vim _mortis_, nulla est herba in _hortis_”; (p. 155 of Saint-Marc’s version) and (from Shelley’s _Cloud_) “I am the _daughter_ of the earth and _water_.”

[57] The term “praepositus” means the president or the dean of the school with which the person named is connected.

[58] The Opus majus, ed. J. H. Bridges, Oxford, 1897 (2d edition, 1900); opera hactenus inedita, ed. B. Steele, Fasc. I., London.

[59] Aurei. The aureus is said to have been worth about 16 shillings, English money.

[60] A church official to whom was intrusted the duty of granting dispensations; “Almoner” is perhaps the equivalent term in English.

[61] “Non enim est necesse saniem--sicut Rogerius et Rolandus scripserunt et plerique eorum discipuli docent, et fere omnes cururgici moderni servant--in vulneribus generare. Iste enim error est major quam potest esse. Non est enim aliud, nisi impedire naturam, prolongare morbum, prohibere conglutinationem et consolidationem vulneris.” (II., cap. 27.)

[62] The most recent edition of this work is a French translation made by P. Pifteau and published at Toulouse, in 1898.

[63] According to Daremberg (_Histoire des Sciences Médicales_, Vol. I., p. 264) the title “Doctor” appears for the first time in the Preface of Roger’s treatise (1180 A. D.).

[64] “_La Grande Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac_,” Paris, 1890.

[65] The distinguishing sign of the barbers was the shaving dish, made of _pewter_ and hung up at the door of the shop; that employed by the surgeons was also a shaving dish, but made of polished brass. Those surgeons who had received their training at the school of Saint Cosmas and Saint Damian were permitted to display at the window a banner bearing the coat of arms of this institution.

[66] The surgeons Cosmas and Damian were chosen patron saints of the new organization. They were born in Arabia in the third century, and are said to have been educated there. After having practiced medicine for a certain length of time in Sicily, they were tortured and killed, because of their Christian faith, by order of the Emperor Diocletian, 303 A. D. Hence the title “Saints.”

[67] Guy de Chauliac, who wrote a treatise on surgery in the latter half of the fourteenth century, also speaks of the value of this diagnostic sign.

[68] See remarks on the subject of amulets, etc., on pages 197, 198.

[69] A small town in the Department of Lot, France. The earliest Norman ancestors of the Gurdon family in England are said to have derived their name from that of this town.

[70] Introduction to the “Oeuvres d’Ambroise Paré,” Paris, 1840.

[71] “Gaddesden had for a long time been troubled how to cure stone: ‘At last,’ says he, in his _Rosa Anglica_, ‘I thought of collecting a good quantity of those beetles which in summer are found in the dung of oxen, also of the crickets which sing in the fields. I cut off the heads and the wings of the crickets and put them with the beetles and common oil into a pot; I covered it and left it afterwards for a day and night in a bread oven. I drew out the pot and heated it at a moderate fire, I pounded the whole and rubbed the sick parts; in three days the pain had disappeared;’ under the influence of the beetles and the crickets the stone was broken into bits. It was almost always thus, by a sudden illumination, that this doctor discovered his most efficacious remedies: Madame Trote [Trotula] of Salerno never confided to her agents in various parts of the world the secret of more marvelous and unexpected recipes.” (From Jusserand’s “English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages.”)

[72] Some weeks later our fellow voyager, Thomas Schoepfius, wrote to me that, on the return journey, he learned at Berne that “Long Peter,” the leader of the Mézières robbers, had been apprehended by the authorities and executed for his crimes; and that, when stretched on the rack, he had confessed, among other things, that he had tried to murder and rob some students who passed through Mézières on their way to Lausanne.

[73] Also often spelled “Falloppius.”

[74] The meaning of this Latin inscription can best be appreciated by those physicians who have, through a long period of years, practiced their profession largely among the well-to-do classes of a metropolitan city. They alone, I believe, would understand the significance of “_lucrum neglectum_” as applied to a large proportion of the gifts which a practitioner of medicine receives from grateful patients; and it is not at all likely that a layman who is not familiar with this aspect of a physician’s life would, under the circumstances mentioned, have the slightest suspicion that the device quoted above could possibly bear the meaning that I have given to it.

[75] See F. Loeffler: “Vorlesungen uber die geschichtliche Entwickelung der Lehre von den Bakterien,” Leipzig, 1887, Th. 1; and also p. 310 of Puschmann’s “Geschichte des Medicinischen Unterrichts,” Leipzig, 1889.

[76] The iatrophysicists and the iatromathematicians constituted apparently two kindred branches of the same school.

[77] An edition of the completed set of these plates was published by Lancisi at Rome in 1714.

[78] Translated from the French version printed by Daremberg in his _Histoire de la Médecine_, Vol. II, p. 706. The originals of Sydenham’s writings are all in Latin.

[79] Pronounced by Haeser to be a compilation, and not one of Sydenham’s genuine writings.

[80] Physicians who maintain that all physiological and pathological phenomena may be explained by the laws of physics.

[81] “Gründliches Bedenken und physicalische Anmerkungen von dem tödtlichen Damff der Holzkohlen,” Halle, 1716.

[82] Probably this refers simply to a brazier containing burning charcoal, the light emitted by which would doubtless be sufficient to answer the purpose of a night lamp.

[83] A small seaport town located on the Zuider Zee, about thirty miles northeast of Amsterdam. The university, which was founded there in 1648, was abandoned in 1818.

[84] Quoted from the English translation mentioned above.

[85] Bread boiled in water to the consistence of pulp.

[86] The modern operation known as litholapaxy.

[87] The word “_centuria_” is employed here in the sense of “a group of one hundred.”

[88] Not Amatus, but a specialist. See remark near the top of page 488.

[89] Orange, which is only a short distance from Avignon and Turriers, was ceded to France in 1713.

[90] In the absence of a more fitting place in which to speak of the employment of urethral bougies, it seems permissible to state here that the first mention (in medical literature) of these instruments occurs in Chapter XV. of the treatise of Guainerio, Professor of Medicine at the University of Pavia. This work, which was first published in 1439, bears the title: “_Practica Antonii Guainerii_,” and a later edition was issued at Venice in 1508. Speaking of a case of stone in the bladder, Guainerius says: “And if the urine does not flow from the bladder ... introduce a slender flexible rod of tin or silver into the urethra.”

[91] Franco calls it the “high operation” or “hypogastric lithotomy.”

[92] After I had written the preceding description of Franco’s new method of extracting a calculus from the urinary bladder, I learned, from Haeser’s account of the surgical writings of Susrutas in the Ayur-Veda (Sanscrit), that already before the Christian era (the exact date is not known) the surgeons of East India had performed this very operation. This fact, however, could not possibly have been known to Franco, who--so far as modern surgeons are concerned--should continue to be looked upon as the real inventor of suprapubic cystotomy.--AUTHOR.

[93] The fact that bullets are not hot when they inflict a wound was proven experimentally by Bartolommeo Maggi several years earlier, but Paré makes no reference to this fact.

[94] Johann Jacob Wecker (1528–1586), born at Basel, Switzerland, and author of a treatise entitled “_Practica medicinae generalis_” (Basel, 1585).

[95] In this instance I have thought it best to modernize the spelling of several of the words.

[96] Not healing in a healthy manner.

[97] Driving back.

[98] Haeser speaks of Wiseman as having gained considerable distinction by the careful manner in which he made provision for the flaps in his amputations.

[99] “_Observations diverses sur la stérilité, etc._,” Paris, 1609.

[100] For a confirmation of this statement see the poem on syphilis (“_Enfermedad de las Bubas_”) written by the Spanish physician Francesco Lopez de Villalobos and published by him in 1498 at Salamanca. The employment of mercurial inunctions is also mentioned in this poem.

[101] Physicians who had served at Rome as the regular medical attendants of Pope Alexander the Sixth.

[102] “Die Geschichte der venerischen Krankheiten,” Bonn, 1895.

[103] “Zur Geschichte der Syphilis,” Breslau, 1870.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

3. Italics are shown as _xxx_.