Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber’s Note: As a result of editorial shortcomings in the original, some reference letters in the text don’t have matching entries in the reference-lists, and vice versa.

THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD

THE HISTORIANS’
HISTORY
OF THE WORLD

A comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations
as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages:
edited, with the assistance of a distinguished board of advisers
and contributors, by

HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, LL.D.

IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES

VOLUME III--GREECE TO THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR

The Outlook Company
New York

The History Association
London

1904

COPYRIGHT, 1904,
BY HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS.

_All rights reserved._

Press of J. J. Little & Co.
New York, U. S. A.

Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.

Prof. Adolf Erman, University of Berlin.
Prof. Joseph Halévy, College of France.
Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University.
Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, University of Michigan.
Prof. David H. Müller, University of Vienna.
Prof. Alfred Rambaud, University of Paris.
Capt. F. Brinkley, Tokio.

Prof. Eduard Meyer, University of Berlin.
Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University.
Prof. Theodor Nöldeke, University of Strasburg.
Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University.
Dr. Paul Brönnle, Royal Asiatic Society.
Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London.

Prof. Ulrich von Wilamowitz Möllendorff, University of Berlin.
Prof. H. Marczali, University of Budapest.
Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University.
Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Göttingen.
Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz.
Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University.

Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary.
Prof. A. Vambéry, University of Budapest.
Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin.
Dr. Frederick Robertson Jones, Bryn Mawr College.
Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta, London.
Dr. John P. Peters, New York.

Dr. S. Rappoport, School of Oriental Languages, Paris.
Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin.
Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford University.
Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Vienna.
Prof. W. L. Fleming, University of West Virginia.
Prof. R. Koser, University of Berlin.

CONTENTS

VOLUME III

GREECE

PAGE

INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. THE SCOPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK HISTORY.
By Dr. Eduard Meyer 1

GREEK HISTORY IN OUTLINE 13

CHAPTER I

LAND AND PEOPLE 26

The land, 26. The name, 32. The origin of the Greeks, 33. Early
conditions and movements, 36.

CHAPTER II

THE MYCENÆAN AGE (_ca._ 1600-1000 B.C.) 40

Mycenæan civilisation, 40. The problem of Mycenæan chronology, 52.
The testimony of art, 54. The problem of the Mycenæan race, 56.

CHAPTER III

THE HEROIC AGE (1400-1200 B.C.) 66

The value of the myths, 67. The exploits of Perseus, 68. The
labours of Hercules, 69. The feats of Theseus, 71. The Seven
against Thebes, 72. The Argonauts, 73. The Trojan War, 76. The
town of Troy, 78. Paris and Helen, 79. The siege of Troy, 80.
Agamemnon’s sad home-coming, 81. Character and spirit of the
Heroic Age, 82. Geographical knowledge, 86. Navigation and
astronomy, 88. Commerce and the arts, 89. The graphic arts, 91.
The art of war, 92. Treatment of orphans, criminals, and slaves,
94. Manners and customs, 97.

CHAPTER IV

THE TRANSITION TO SECURE HISTORY (_ca._ 1200-800 B.C.) 99

Beloch’s view of the conventional primitive history, 99.

CHAPTER V

THE DORIANS (_ca._ 1100-1000 B.C.) 109

The migration in the view of Curtius, 115. Messenia, 117. Argos,
118. Arcadia, 121. Dorians in Crete, 124.

CHAPTER VI

SPARTA AND LYCURGUS (_ca._ 885 B.C.) 128

Plutarch’s account of Lycurgus, 129. The institutions of
Lycurgus, 131. Regulations regarding marriage and the conduct
of women, 133. The rearing of children, 135. The famed Laconic
discourse; Spartan discipline, 136. The senate; burial customs;
home-staying; the ambuscade, 138. Lycurgus’ subterfuge to
perpetuate his laws, 140. Effects of Lycurgus’ system, 141.

CHAPTER VII

THE MESSENIAN WARS OF SPARTA (_ca._ 764-580 B.C.) 143

First Messenian War, 144. The futile sacrifice of the daughter of
Aristodemus, 146. The hero Aristomenes and the Second Messenian
War, 147. The poet Tyrtæus, 149.

CHAPTER VIII

THE IONIANS (_ca._ 650-630 B.C.) 152

Origin and early history of Athens, 154. King Ægeus, 155.
Theseus, 158. Rise of popular liberty, 162. Draco, the lawgiver,
164.

CHAPTER IX

SOME CHARACTERISTIC INSTITUTIONS (884-590 B.C.) 167

The oracle at Delphi, 170. National festivals, 170. The Olympian
games, 172. Character of the games, 173. Monarchies and
oligarchies, 175. Tyrannies, 177. Democracies, 179.

CHAPTER X

THE SMALLER CITIES AND STATES 181

Arcadia, Ellis, and Achaia, 181. Argos, Ægina, and Epidaurus,
182. Sicyon and Megara, 184. Bœotia, Locris, Phocis, and Eubœa,
187. Thessaly, 189. Corinth under Periander, 191.

CHAPTER XI

CRETE AND THE COLONIES 194

Beloch’s account of Greek colonisation, 198.

CHAPTER XII

SOLON THE LAWGIVER (_ca._ 638-558 B.C.) 207

The life and laws of Solon according to Plutarch, 209. The law
concerning debts, 213. Class legislation, 215. Miscellaneous
laws; the rights of women, 216. Results of Solon’s legislation,
217. Solon’s journey and return; Pisistratus, 219. A modern view
of Solonian laws and constitution, 220.

CHAPTER XIII

PISISTRATUS THE TYRANT (550-527 B.C.) 222

The virtues of Pisistratus’ rule, 226.

CHAPTER XIV

DEMOCRACY ESTABLISHED AT ATHENS (514-490 B.C.) 231

Clisthenes, the reformer, 236. Ostracism, 245. The democracy
established, 251. Trouble with Thebes, 252.

CHAPTER XV

THE FIRST FOREIGN INVASION (506-490 B.C.) 261

The origin of animosity, 262. The Ionic revolt, 264. War with
Ægina, 267. The first invasion, 268. Battle of Marathon, 272.
On the courage of the Greeks, 277. If Darius had invaded Greece
earlier, 279.

CHAPTER XVI

MILTIADES AND THE ALLEGED FICKLENESS OF REPUBLICS (489 B.C.) 280

CHAPTER XVII

THE PLANS OF XERXES (485-480 B.C.) 285

Xerxes bridges the Hellespont, 295. How the host marched, 297.
The size of Xerxes’ army, 301.

CHAPTER XVIII

PROCEEDINGS IN GREECE FROM MARATHON TO THERMOPYLÆ (489-480 B.C.) 305

Themistocles and Aristides, 306. Congress at Corinth, 308. The
vale of Tempe, 313. Xerxes reviews his host, 314.

CHAPTER XIX

THERMOPYLÆ (480 B.C.) 320

The famous story as told by Herodotus, 320. Leonidas and his
allies, 321. Xerxes assails the pass, 323. The treachery of
Ephialtes, 323. The final assault, 325. Discrepant accounts of
the death of Leonidas, 327. After Thermopylæ, 327.

CHAPTER XX

THE BATTLES OF ARTEMISIUM AND SALAMIS (480 B.C.) 330

Battle of Artemisium, 331. Athens abandoned, 334. The fleet at
Salamis, 337. Xerxes at Delphi, 338. Athens taken, 339. Xerxes
inspects his fleet, 340. Schemes of Themistocles, 342. Battle of
Salamis, 345. The retreat of Xerxes, 348. The spoils of victory,
351. Syracusan victory over Carthage, 352.

CHAPTER XXI

FROM SALAMIS TO MYCALE (479 B.C.) 353

Mardonius makes overtures to Athens, 354. Mardonius moves on
Athens, 356. Athens appeals to Sparta, 357. Mardonius destroys
Athens and withdraws, 358. A preliminary skirmish, 360.
Preparations for the battle of Platæa, 362. Battle of Platæa,
366. Mardonius falls and the day is won, 370. After the battle,
371. The Greeks attack Thebes, 373. The flight of the Persian
remnant, 374. Contemporary affairs in Ionia, 374. Battle of
Mycale, 376. After Mycale, 377. A review of results, 379. A
glance forward, 379.

CHAPTER XXII

THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR (478-468 B.C.) 382

Athens rebuilds her walls, 382. The new Athens, 384. The
misconduct of Pausanias, 386. Athens takes the leadership, 388.
The confederacy of Delos, 389. The treason of Pausanias, 391.
Political changes at Athens, 394. The downfall of Themistocles,
396.

CHAPTER XXIII

THE GROWTH OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE (479-462 B.C.) 402

The victories of Cimon, 408. Mitford’s view of the period, 409.

CHAPTER XXIV

THE RISE OF PERICLES (462-440 B.C.) 416

The Areopagus, 420. Cimon exiled, 423. The war with Corinth, 424.
The Long Walls, 425. Cimon recalled, 427. The Five-Years’ Truce,
430. The confederacy becomes an empire, 431. Commencement of
decline, 432. The greatness of Pericles, 435. A Greek federation
planned, 436.

CHAPTER XXV

ATHENS AT WAR (440-432 B.C.) 438

The Samian War, 438. The war with Corcyra, 439. The war with
Potidæa and Macedonia, 444.

CHAPTER XXVI

IMPERIAL ATHENS UNDER PERICLES (460-430 B.C.) 448

Judicial reforms of Pericles, 454. Rhetors and sophists, 459.
Phidias accused, 461. Aspasia at the bar, 462. Anaxagoras also
assailed, 463.

CHAPTER XXVII

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE AGE OF PERICLES (460-410 B.C.) 465

Cost of living and wages, 465. Schools, teachers, and books, 472.
The position of a wife in Athens, 473.

CHAPTER XXVIII

ART OF THE PERICLEAN AGE (460-410 B.C.) 477

Architecture, 477. Sculpture, 483. Painting, music, etc., 487.
The artists of the other cities of Hellas, 490.

CHAPTER XXIX

GREEK LITERATURE 492

Oratory and lyric poetry, 492. Tragedy, 497. Comedy, 504. The
glory of Athens, 505.

CHAPTER XXX

THE OUTBREAK OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (432-431 B.C.) 508

Our sources, 508. The origin of the war, 510. Preparations
for the conflict, 517. The surprise of Platæa, 522. Pericles’
reconcentration policy, 526. The first year’s ravage, 527.

CHAPTER XXXI

THE PLAGUE; AND THE DEATH OF PERICLES (431-429 B.C.) 535

The oration of Pericles, 535. Thucydides’ account of the plague,
539. Last public speech of Pericles, 545. The end and glory of
Pericles, 548. Wilhelm Oncken’s estimate of Pericles, 551.

CHAPTER XXXII

THE SECOND AND THIRD YEARS OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (429-428 B.C.) 554

The Spartans and Thebans attack Platæa, 556. Part of the Platæans
escape; the rest capitulate, 557. Naval and other combats, 560.

CHAPTER XXXIII

THE FOURTH TO THE TENTH YEARS--AND PEACE (428-421 B.C.) 566

The revolt of Mytilene, 566. Thucydides’ account of the revolt of
Corcyra, 570. Demosthenes and Sphacteria, 575. Further Athenian
successes, 579. A check to Athens; Brasidas becomes aggressive,
580. The banishment of Thucydides, 581. A truce declared; two
treaties of peace, 582.

CHAPTER XXXIV

THE RISE OF ALCIBIADES (450-416 B.C.) 584

CHAPTER XXXV

THE SICILIAN EXPEDITION (481-413 B.C.) 591

Sicilian history, 591. The mutilation of the Hermæ, 596. The
fleet sails, 599. Alcibiades takes flight, 601. Nicias tries
strategy, 602. Spartan aid, 604. Alcibiades against Athens, 605.
Athenian reinforcements, 606. Athenian disaster, 608. Thucydides’
famous account of the final disasters, 610. Demosthenes
surrenders his detachment, 613. Nicias parleys, fights, and
surrenders, 614. The fate of the captives, 615.

CHAPTER XXXVI

CLOSE OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (425-404 B.C.) 617

Athens after the Sicilian débâcle, 617. Alcibiades again to the
fore, 620. The overthrow of the democracy; the Four Hundred,
624. The revolt from the Four Hundred, 627. The triumphs of
Alcibiades, 630. Alcibiades in disfavour again, 633. Conon wins
at Arginusæ, 634. The trial of the generals, 636. Battle of
Ægospotami, 638. The fall of Athens, 640. A review of the war,
642. Grote’s estimate of the Athenian Empire, 644.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 647