Chapter XL

CONFUSION WORSE CONFOUNDED: THE SECOND HALF OF THE THIRD CENTURY
OF EMPIRE (235-285 A.D.) 406

Maximin (C. Julius Verus Maximinus), 408. Rival emperors and
the death of Maximin, 409. Pupienus (M. Clodius Pupienus
Maximus), Balbinus (D. Cælius Balbinus), and Gordian (M.
Antonius Gordianus), 411. Philip (M. Julius Philippus),
412. Decius (C. Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius), 413.
Gallus (C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus), 414. Æmilianus (C.
Julius Æmilianus), 414. Valerian (P. Licinius Valerianus)
and Gallienus (P. Licinius Gallienus), 415. Gallienus (P.
Licinius Gallienus), 417. The thirty tyrants, 418. Claudius (M.
Aurelius Claudius), 420. Aurelian (L. Domitius Aurelianus),
421. Aurelian walls Rome and invades the East, 422. Zosimus
describes the defeat of Zenobia, 423. The fall of Palmyra,
424. Aurelian quells revolts; attempts reforms; is murdered,
426. Tacitus (M. Claudius Tacitus), 427. Probus (M. Aurelius
Probus), 428. The Isaurian robbers, 430. Carus, Numerianus and
Carinus, 431.

CHAPTER XLI

NEW HOPE FOR THE EMPIRE: THE AGE OF DIOCLETIAN AND CONSTANTINE
(286-337 A.D.) 433

Diocletian appoints Maximian Co-Regent, 433. The fourfold
division of power, 434. Diocletian persecutes the Christians,
436. Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian; the two new Cæsars,
437. Strife among the rulers, 438. Constantine wars with
Maxentius, 439. Struggle between Constantine and Licinius, 442.
The long truce between the emperors: Reforms of Constantine,
445. Constantine and Licinius again at war, 447. Constantine
besieges Byzantium, 448. Constantine, sole ruler, founds
Constantinople, 450. The old metropolis and the new: Rome and
Constantinople, 453. Character of Constantine the Great, 454.
Constantine and Crispus, 457. The heirs of Constantine, 460.
The aged Constantine and the Samaritans, 462. Last days of
Constantine, 465.

CHAPTER XLII

THE SUCCESSORS OF CONSTANTINE TO THE DEATH OF JULIAN (337-363 A.D.) 466

War of the Brother Emperors, 469. Constantius and Magnentius,
470. Constantius sole emperor, 472. The fate of Gallus, 476.
Constantius and Julian, 477. The Quadian and Sarmatian
wars, 478. Sapor’s invasion of Mesopotamia, 479. Julian in
Gaul, 481. Julian repulses the Alamanni and the Franks, 483.
Expedition beyond the Rhine, 485. Julian as civic ruler, 486.
The jealousy of Constantius, 488. Julian acclaimed Augustus,
491. Constantius versus Julian, 493. The death of Constantius;
Julian sole emperor, 497. The religion of Julian, 498. Julian
invades the East, 499. A battle by the Tigris, 503. The pursuit
of Sapor, 505. Julian’s death, 508.

CHAPTER XLIII

JOVIAN TO THEODOSIUS (363-395 A.D.) 510

Election of Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), 510. Sapor
assails the Romans, 511. The humiliation of the Romans, 512.
Valentinian and Valens, 516. Invasion of the Goths in the
East; battle of Hadrianopolis and death of Valens, 520. Valens
marches against the Goths, 523. Theodosius named Augustus,
525. Virtues of Theodosius, 528. Tumult in Antioch, 529. The
sedition of Thessalonica, 531. Theodosius and Ambrose, 532.
Last days of Theodosius, 534.

CHAPTER XLIV

THE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE (395-408 A.D.) 535

Arcadius and Honorius succeed Theodosius, 535. Alaric invades
Greece, 543.

CHAPTER XLV

THE GOTHS IN ITALY (408-423 A.D.) 550

Alaric invades Italy, 550. Honorius retires to Ravenna; Attalus
named Emperor, 556. Attalus deposed; Rome sacked by Alaric,
559. Death of Alaric; succession of Atawulf, 564. Constantine
and Gerontius; Constantius, 566.

CHAPTER XLVI

THE HUNS AND THE VANDALS (423-455 A.D.) 572

The Gothic historian Jordanes on the battle of Châlons, 587.
The invasion of Italy; the foundation of Venice, 591. The
retreat of Attila, 592.

CHAPTER XLVII

THE FALL OF ROME (430-476 A.D.) 598

The Barbarian Emperor-makers, 610. A review of the Barbarian
advance, 618. A fulfilled augury, 623. Breysig’s observations
on the fall of the Roman Empire in the West, 623.

APPENDIX A

HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF SOME LESSER NATIONS OF ASIA MINOR (283
B.C.-17 A.D.) 626