Chapter XLVII (1)

[b] T. HODGKIN, article “Vandals,” in the Ninth Edition of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_.

[c] EDWARD GIBBON, _op. cit._

[d] R. H. WRIGHTSON, _The Sancta Republica Romana_.

[e] EDUARD VON WIETERSHEIM, _Geschichte der Völkerwanderung_.

[f] AMÉDÉE THIERRY, _Récits de l’histoire romaine au cinquème siécle_.

[g] T. HODGKIN, _Italy and her Invaders_.

[h] KURT BREYSIG, _Kulturgeschichte der Neuzeit_.

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ROMAN HISTORY

BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT WORK; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

[For convenience of reference, the Byzantine historians are
included here, though their work has to do chiefly with the
period treated in vol. VII. Further notes on many of the Roman
historians may be found above (p. 15), and in vols. V (p. 25)
and VII (p. 1)].

_A. Classical and Later Latin Works_

=Ælianus=, Claudius, Ποικίλη Ἱστορία, edited by Perizonius, Leyden, 1701; translated from the Greek by A. Fleming, The Variable History of Ælian, London, 1576. (A biographical notice of this writer has been given in vol. I, p. 295.)--=Agobardus=, Works, edited by Baluze, Paris, 1666; edited by Migne, in his Patrologiæ Latine, vol. CIV, Paris, 1844-1855; edited by Chevallard, Lyons, 1869.--=Ammianus Marcellinus=, Rerum Gestarum Libri XXXI, edited by Accorsi, Augsburg, 1532, 5 vols.; edited by Wagner and Erfurdt, Leipsic, 1808, 3 vols.; English translation by C. D. Yonge, The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, London, 1862.

_Ammianus Marcellinus_, by birth a Syrian Greek, served many
years in the imperial bodyguards. His history covered a period
of 282 years, from the accession of Nerva, 96 A.D., to the
death of Valens, 378 A.D. Of its thirty-one books the last
eighteen have been preserved. These include the transactions
of twenty-five years only, but they are valuable as a source
because of the author’s conscientious effort to be truthful and
of his first-hand knowledge of the events he describes.

=Anastasius=, see Liber Pontificalis.--=Annales Alamannici= (741-779), founded on Annales Mosellani.--=Annales S. Amandi= (708-810), founded on Annales Mosellani.--=Annales Fuldenses=, records of the monastery of Fulda.--=Annales Guelferbytani=, or Wolfenbüttel Codex (741-805), founded on Annales Mosellani.--=Annales Laurissenses= or =Laureshamenses= (741-829), composed at Lorsch.--=Annales Maximiani= (710-811), founded on Annales Mosellani.--=Annales Mettenses=, composed at Metz or Laon about the end of the tenth century.--=Annales Mosellani= (703-797), composed at the monastery of St. Martin in Cologne.--=Annales Nazariani= (741-790), founded on Annales Mosellani.--=Annales Petaviani= (708-799), founded on Annales Mosellani; original from 717-799.

The foregoing annals of the German monasteries possess varying
historical value. They have all been edited by Pertz, in
Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Hanover, 1819, in progress.

=Appianus Alexandrinus=, Πωμαϊκὴ ἱστορία, edited by Schweighauser, Leipsic, 1785, 3 vols.; translated from the Greek by J. D(ancer),“The History of Appian of Alexandria,” London, 1679. (See Introduction, vol. V.)--=Apuleius=, Lucius, Metamorphoseon seu de Asino Aureo Libri XI, edited by Andrew, bishop of Aleria, Rome, 1469; translated from the Latin by Thomas Tylor, London, 1822; and by Sir G. Head, The Metamorphoses of Apuleius, London, 1851.--=Augustan History=, Historiæ Augustæ Scriptores (Ælius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, Ælius Lampridius, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Trebellius Pollio and Flavius Vopiscus), Milan, 1475; Venice, 1489; edited by Casarabon, Paris, 1603; by Salmasius, Paris, 1620; by Schrevelius, Leyden, 1671; by Jordan and Eyssenhardt, Berlin, 1863. (See also Dirksen, Paucker and Plew.)

_Augustan History_ is the title given to a series of
biographies of the Roman emperors from Hadrian to Carinus,
ostensibly written by the six authors above mentioned in the
time of Diocletian and Constantine. The most recent research
tends to show that the collection, at least, in the form in
which we have it, is a compilation of the end of the fourth
or beginning of the fifth century and that the authors’
names formerly attached to it are entirely fictitious. The
authenticity of the official documents contained in it is also
questioned. It is, nevertheless, an important, for many facts
almost the only, source of our knowledge of imperial Rome.

=Augustine=, Saint, De Civitate Dei, Paris, 1679-1700: reprint, 1836-1838. Edited by Strange, Cologne, 1850-1851, 2 vols.; by Dombart, Leipsic, 1877.

* * * * *

=Cæsar=, Caius Julius, Commentarii de bello Gallico; Commentarii de bello civili, Rome, 1440; edited by Jungerman, Frankfort, 1606; by C. E. Moberly, with English notes, 1871-1872; 1877; 1882 (translated by Edmunds); Cæsar’s Commentaries, on the Gallic and Civil Wars, London, 1609 (translated by W. H. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn, London, 1857).

_Julius Cæsar_, who shares with Alexander and Napoleon the
honours of unapproachable military genius, was born on July
12th, B.C. 100, or according to Mommsen, in B.C. 102. His
merits and demerits as a soldier and statesman have been
fully dealt with in volume V. Here note need only be taken
of his celebrated writings--the _Commentaries_--which relate
the history of the first seven years of the Gallic War, and
the progress of the Civil War up to the Alexandrine, and the
main object of which was the justification of the author’s
course in war and in politics. The opening words of _De bello
Gallico_ are often noted as a model of literary perspicuity,
and throughout the whole work there is a rigorous exclusion of
every expression for the use of which no standard authority
could be found. It is the utterance of a man who, knowing
precisely what he means to say, says it with directness and
lucidity. The _Commentaries_ may indeed be regarded as a kind
of high-class classical journalism, written down, as we have
reason to assume, from day to day from the dictation of the
chief actor in the events narrated.

=Capitolinus=, Julius, see Augustan History.--=Cassiodorus=, Senator Magnus Aurelius, Variarum (Epistolarum) Libri XII; Libri XII De Rebus Gestis Gothorum, Augsburg, 1533; Paris, 1584; Rouen, 1679, 2 vols.

_Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus_ (about 480-575 A.D.), although
a scion of a noble Roman family, spent the best part of his
long life in the service of the Gothic kings, and filled the
most important offices under Theodoric and his successors.
In his later years, after retirement to a monastery, he was
no less active as a writer and a protector of learning. His
most important work, _De Rebus Gestis Gothorum_, is preserved
only in the barbarous version of Jordanes. The _Variarum_, a
collection of letters and official documents, forms the best
source of information concerning the kingdom of the Ostrogoths
in Italy.

=Chronicle= of Moissiac (Chronicon Moissiacense), in the Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Hanover, 1819-1904, in progress.

The _Chronicle of Moissiac_, which seems to have had its origin
in Aquitaine, is of some value for the history of southern Gaul
in the early part of the ninth century.

=Chronicon Cuspiniani=, Basel, 1552.

These annals, an outgrowth of the consular _fasti_ and more
recently known as _Fasti Vindobonenses_ or _Consularia
Italica_, are important for their accurate chronological data
of the fourth and fifth centuries.

=Cicero=, Marcus Tullius, Orationes (Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino), edited by Andrew, bishop of Aleria, Rome, 1471; German translation by Klotz, Leipsic, 1835, 3 vols.; English translation by Wm. Guthrie, London, 1806, 2 vols.; and by C. D. Yonge, London, 1851-1852, 4 vols. Cicero’s writings, though not primarily historical, furnish valuable material for the historian.--=Claudian(us)=, Claudius, Opera, Vincenza, 1482; Vienna, 1510; edited by Palmannus, Antwerp, 1571; by Burmann, Amsterdam, 1760; English translation by A. Hawkins, London, 1817, 2 vols.

_Claudian_ was the last Latin classic poet. He was a native
of Alexandria, but came to Rome about the end of the fourth
century. He enjoyed the patronage of Stilicho, who granted
him wealth and honours, but probably shared his patron’s ruin
in 408. Claudian wrote numerous panegyrical poems, three
historical epics, and many occasional verses. His epics are not
without value as historical sources, as they follow the facts
of history closely.

=Cluverius= (Cluver), Philip, Germania Antiqua, Leyden, 1616.--=Cochtaens=, Joannes, Vita Theodorici regis Ostrogothorum et Italiæ, annotated by J. Peringskiöld, Stockholm, 1699.--=Codex Carolinus= (Letters from the Popes to Frankish Kings), edited by Philip Jaffé in his Monumenta Carolina, Berlin, 1867.

The _Codex Carolinus_, Letters from the Popes to the Frankish
Kings, collected by the order of Charlemagne, is one of the
most important of historical sources.

=Codex Gothanus=, edited by Waitz, in Monumenta Germaniæ, Historica, Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Hanover, 1819, in progress.

Composed probably about 810, and prefixed to a manuscript of
Lombard laws now in the Ducal Library at Gotha.

=Codex Theodosianus=, Paris, 1686; edited by Hanel in the Corpus Juris Antejustinia neum, vol. II, Bonn, 1842.

A compilation in the year 438, of the constitutions of the
Roman emperors from Constantine the Great to Theodosius II. It
formed the basis for the Code of Justinian, and is the great
authority for the social and political history of the period.
These decrees with their appendices were officially recognised
in the eastern empire, but in the west they had force only in
an abbreviated version. The original work was in sixteen books,
arranged chronologically by subjects, but at least a third of
the entire work exists only in the abbreviated form.

* * * * *

=Dion Cassius Cocceianus=, Ῥωμαϊκὴ ἱστορία; Latin translation by N. Leonicenus, Venice, 1526; edited by Leunclavius, Frankfort, 1592; by J. A. Fabricius and H. S. Reimarus, Hamburg, 1750-1752, 2 vols.; by Sturz, Leipsic, 1824, 8 vols.; English translation by Manning, The History of Dion-Cassius, London, 1704, 8 vols.

_Dion Cassius Cocceianus_, born 155 A.D. at Nicæa, in Bithynia,
was a grandson of Dion Chrysostom. He held many official
positions under different Roman emperors from Commodus to
Alexander Severus, but about 230 returned to Nicæa where he
passed the remainder of his life. His great work consists of 80
books, divided into decades. It originally covered the whole
history of Rome from the landing of Æneas in Italy down to 229
A.D., but unfortunately only a small portion of it has come
down to us entire. We have books 36-54 complete, but of all the
rest of the work only fragments and abridgments are extant. It
was compiled with great diligence and judgment, and is one of
the most important sources for the later republic and the first
centuries of the empire. We have had occasion to quote the
abridgment of Xiphilinus.

=Dion Chrysostomos Cocceianus=, λόγοι περὶ βασιλείας, edited by D. Paravisinus, Milan, 1476; and by Reiske, Leipsic, 1784, 2 vols.

_Dion Chrysostom_ one of the most eminent rhetoricians and
sophists, was born at Prusa, in Bithynia, about 50 A.D. His
first visit to Rome was cut short by an edict of Domitian
expelling all philosophers. After extended travels through
Thrace and Scythia, he returned to Rome in the reign of Trajan,
who showed him marked favour. He died at Rome about 117 A.D.
Eighty of his orations are still extant, all the production of
his later years. They possess only the form of orations, being
in reality essays on moral, political, and religious subjects.
They are distinguished for their refined and elegant style,
being modelled upon the best writers of classic Greece.

=Dionysius Halicarnassensis=, Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἀρχαιολογία, edited by F. Sylburg, Frankfort, 1586, 2 vols.; Latin translation by L. Biragus, Treviso, 1480; translated into English from the Greek by Edward Spelman, under the title of The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius Halicarnassensis, London, 1758.--=Duchesne=, André, Historiæ Francorum scriptores coetanei ab ipsius gentis origine ad Philippi IV tempora, Paris, 1636-1649, 5 vols.

* * * * *

=Edictum Theodorici Regis=, in Nivellius’ edition of Cassiodorus, Paris, 1579.--=Eugippius=, Vita Sancti Severini, in vol. I of Kirschengeschichte Deutschlands, also in vol. I of Auctores Antiquissimi, in the Monumenta Germaniæ Historica.

_Eugippius_ was abbot of the monastery of St. Severinus in the
sixth century. His work is valuable as a picture of life in the
Roman provinces after the barbarian invasions.

=Eusebius=, ἐκκλησιαστικὴ ἱστορία, edited by Valesius, with Latin translation, Paris, 1659; edited by Dindorf, Leipsic, 1871; English translation by Hanmer, 1584; by C. F. Cruse, New York, 1865; Χρόνικόν, edited by A. Schone, Berlin, 1866; 1875.

_Eusebius_, who has been called the “Father of Church History,”
was born in Palestine about 260 A.D.; died at Cæsarea in 340.
He was made bishop of Cæsarea in 313, and became one of the
leaders of the Arians, and a conspicuous figure in the church
in the time of Constantine. Both his _Ecclesiastical History_
and his _Chronicle_ are important sources.

=Eutropius=, Breviarium Historiæ Romanæ, Rome, 1471; Basel, 1546-1552; edited by Grosse, Leipsic, 1825; translated from the Latin by J. S. Watson, under the title of Abridgement of Roman History.

_Flavius Eutropius_, a Latin historian of the fourth century,
was a secretary of Constantine the Great, and accompanied
Julian in his Persian expedition. He wrote an abridgment of
Roman history, in ten books, from the founding of the city
to the accession of Valens, 364 A.D., by whose command it
was composed, and to whom it is inscribed. Its merits are
impartiality, brevity, and clearness, but it possesses little
independent value.

* * * * *

=Fabretti=, Raphael, Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum, Rome, 1699.--=Fabricius=, Johannes Albert, Bibliotheca Latina, sive Notitia Auctorum Veterum Latinorum, quorumcunque scripta ad nos pervenerunt, Hamburg, 1697, 3 vols.; Bibliotheca Latina mediæ et infirmæ ætatis, Hamburg, 1734-1736, 5 vols.; Bibliotheca Græca, sive Notitia Scriptorum Veterum Græcorum, quorumcunque Monumenta integra aut fragmenta edita extant, tum plerorumque ex manuscriptis ac deperditis, Hamburg, 1705-1728, 14 vols.; edited by Harless, 1790-1809.--=Florus=, Lucius Annæus, Rerum Romanorum Libri IV (Epitome de Gestis Romanorum), Paris, 1471; translated from the Latin by J. S. Watson, Epitome of Roman History, London, 1861.

The identity of this author is unsettled. The work is of
scarcely any value as a source.

=Frontinus=, Sextus Julius, De Aquæductibus Urbis Romæ Libri II, edited by Bucheler, Leipsic, 1858.

_Sectus Julius Frontinus_ was governor of Britain from 75-78
A.D. In 97 he was appointed _curator aquæum_. He died about
106. Frontinus was possessed of considerable engineering
knowledge, and is the main authority upon the water system of
ancient Rome.

* * * * *

=Herodianus=, or Herodian, Τῆς μετὰ Μάρκον βασιλείας ἱστοριῶν βιβλία ὀκτώ, edited by Irmish, Leipsic, 1789-1805, 5 vols.; and by F. A. Wolf, Halle, 1792.

Born about 170 (?) A.D., died about 240 A.D.; a Greek
historian, resident in Italy, author of a Roman history for the
period 180-238 A.D. (Commodus to Gordian).

=Historia, Miscella=, in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Hanover, 1819, in progress.

A compilation in three parts; the first a version of Eutropius,
ascribed to Paulus Diaconus, the second and third are credited
to Landulf the Wise (eleventh century). It includes extracts
from the annalists as well as from Jordanes and Orosius.

=Hormisdas=, Pope, Epistolæ, in Migne’s Patrologiæ latine, vol. LXIII, Paris, 1844-1855, 221 vols.

* * * * *

=Isidorus Hispalensis=, Historia Gothorum, Paris, 1580; Rome, 1797-1803, 7 vols., Chronicon, Turin, 1593.

_Isidore_, bishop of Seville, was born 560 A.D. at Carthagena,
or Seville; died at the latter city April 4, 636. He was a man
of extensive scholarship and was zealously concerned for the
maintenance and spread of the learning of classical times. To
this end he compiled his _Originum seu etymologiarum libri
XX_, a sort of encyclopædia of the sciences as known to his
day. His historical works comprise a _Chronicon_, or series
of chronological tables, from the creation to the year 627;
_Historia Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum_.

* * * * *

=Jaffé=, Philip, Monumenta Carolina, Berlin, 1867; Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, Berlin, 1864-1873, 6 vols.; Regesta pontificum Romanorum ad annum 1198, Leipsic, 1881-1886.--=Jerome=, Saint, De Viris Illustribus, s. de Scriptoribus ecclesiasticis; in Migne’s Patrologiæ latine, Paris, 1844-1855; edited by Herding, Leipsic, 1879; Epistolæ, Basel, 1516-1520.--=Jordanes= (Jornandes), De Getarum origine actibusque, Augsburg, 1515; Paris, 1679; edited by Mommsen, Berlin, 1882; De Regnorum ac temporum Successione, edited by Grotius, Amsterdam, 1655.

Very little is known of the personal history of Jordanes except
that he was a Goth, perhaps of Alanic descent, that he was a
notary and afterwards became a monk. His _De Getarum origine
actibusque_, largely taken from the lost history of Cassidorus,
is highly important for our knowledge of the Gothic kingdom in
Italy. The other work cited above possesses scarcely any value.

=Josephus=, Flavius, Περὶ τοῦ Ἰουδαϊκοῦ ἢ Ἰουδαϊκῆς ἱστορίας περὶ ἁλώσεως (History of the Jewish War) and Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία (Jewish Antiquities), Augsburg, 1470; Basel, 1544; edited by Hudson, Oxford, 1720; translated from the Greek by William Whiston, The Works of Josephus, London, 1737, 2 vols. A biographical note upon this author will be found in vol. II, p. 232.

* * * * *

=Lambert=, von Hersfeld (or Aschaffenburg), Annales, edited by Hesse, in vol. V of Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores, Hanover, 1819, in progress.--=Lampridius=, Ælius, see Augustan History.--=Libanius=, Λόγοι, edited by Reiske, Altenberg, 1791-1797, 4 vols.--=Livius=, Titus, Annales, Rome, 1469; edited by Drakenborch, Leyden, 1738-1746, 7 vols.; English translation by Philemon Holland, History of Rome, London, 1600; English translation, The Romaine History written in Latine, London, 1686, English translation by D. Spillan, C. Edmunds, and W. A. McDevitte, London, 1849, 4 vols. (See vol. V, Introduction.)--=Lucanus=, M. Annæus, Pharsalia, edited by Andrew, bishop of Aleria, Rome, 1469; by C. F. Weber, Leipsic, 1821-1831; by C. E. Haskins, with English notes, and introduction by W. E. Heitland, London, 1887.

* * * * *

=Marcellinus=, Comes, Chronikon, Paris, 1696.

_Marcellinus_ was an officer of the court of Justinian in the
sixth century. His chronicle covers the years 379-534 and deals
chiefly with affairs of the Eastern Empire.

=Monumentum Ancyranum=. (This is the title of an inscription preserved at Ancyra, of which the text has been published by Mommsen, 1865; and Bergk, 1873, for which see these authors in the third section of the bibliography, pages 661, 667.) The text also appears in the _Delphin Classics_, London, 1827.

* * * * *

=Notitia= dignitatum omnium, tam civilium quam militarium, in partibus orientis et occidentis, edited by E. Bocking, Bonn, 1839-1853.

This work is an official directory and army list of the Roman
Empire, compiled about the end of the fifth century, and was
preserved in a (now lost) Codex Spirensis.

* * * * *

=Olympiodorus=, Ἱστορικοὶ λόγοι, abridgment edited by Ph. Labbé, in his Eclogæ Historicorum de Rebus Byzantinis, included in D. Hoeschelius’ Excerpta de Legationibus, Paris, 1645.

_Olympiodorus_, a native of Thebes, in Egypt, lived in the
fifth century. His history which is preserved only in the
abridgment of Photius was in 22 books, and dealt with the
Western Empire under Honorius from 407 to 425. It was a
compilation of historical material, rather than a history.
Olympiodorus wrote a continuation of Eunapius, one of the
Byzantine historians.

=Origo Gentis Longobardorum=, edited by F. Bluhme, in Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Hanover, 1819, in progress.

The oldest document for the history of the Lombards, prefixed
to the code of King Rothari.

=Orosius=, Paulus, Historiarum adversus Paganos Libri VII: Vienna, 1471; edited by Havercamp, Leyden, 1738; English translation edited by D. Barrington and J. R. Foster, with the Anglo-Saxon, by Alfred the Great, London, 1773.

_Paulus Orosius_, born probably at Tarrayonce in Spain: lived
in the first part of the fifth century, A.D. At the request of
the Bishop of Hippo (St. Augustine) Orosius in early manhood
compiled a history of the world, remembered partly because
Alfred the Great translated it into Anglo-Saxon.

* * * * *

=Panegyrici Veteres= latine, edited by H. J. Arntzenius, Utrecht, 1790; edited by Bährens, Leipsic, 1874. A collection of eleven complimentary orations delivered at Rome, in praise of different emperors. While these orations are notable examples of rhetorical skill, they are naturally valueless for historical study, being coloured and distorted to suit the occasion.--=Paterculus=, Caius Velleius, Historiæ Romanæ, ad M. Vinicium Cos. Libri II, Basel, 1520; Leyden, 1789; (translated by J. S. Watson, London, 1861).

_Caius Velleius Paterculus_, born about 19 B.C.; died after
30 A.D., contemporary with Augustus and Tiberius. The work of
Paterculus, apparently the only one he ever wrote, appears
to have been written in 30 A.D. The beginning of the work is
wanting, and there is also a portion lost after the eighth
chapter of the first book. It commenced apparently with the
destruction of Troy, and ended with the year 30 A.D.

=Paulus Diaconus=, Historia Langobardorum, edited by Lappenburg, in the Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Hanover, 1819, in progress.

_Paulus Diaconus_, “Paul the Deacon,” born about 720-725
A.D.: died at Monte Cassino, Italy, before 800 A.D. The first
important historian of the Middle Ages. His chief works are
a _History of the Lombards_, and a continuation of the Roman
history of Eutropius.

=Philostorgius=, Ἐκκλησιαστική ἱστορία, abstract, edited by J. Godefroi, Geneva, 1643; by H. Valesius, Paris, 1673.

_Philostorgius_ was born in Borissus, Cappadocia, 358 A.D. His
history of the church, from the heresy of Arius, 300 A.D., to
the accession of Valentinian III, 425 A.D., exists only in an
abstract by Photius. He possessed considerable learning but was
strongly prejudiced in favour of the Arians and Eunomians, and
unsparing in abuse of their opponents.

=Plinius= (Minor), C. Cæcilius Secundus, Epistolæ, Venice, 1485; Amsterdam, 1734; edited by W. Keil, Leipsic, 1853; 1873; English translation by W. Melmoth, _The Letters of Pliny the Younger_, 1746; 1878.

_Pliny “The Younger” (Caius Plinius Cæcilius Secundus)_. Born
at Como, Italy, 62 A.D.; died 113. Nephew of the elder Pliny.
He was a consul in 100, and later (111 or 112) governor of
Bithynia and Pontica. He was a friend of Trajan and Tacitus.
His _Epistles_ and a eulogy of Trajan have been preserved. The
most celebrated of his letters is one to Trajan concerning the
treatment of the Christians in his province.

=Plinius= (Major), Secundus C., Historia Naturalis, Venice, 1469; edited by Sillig, Leipsic, 1831-1836, 5 vols.; edited by D. Detlefsen, Berlin, 1866-1873; 1882, 5 vols.; (translated into English by Philemon Holland, London), 1601.--=Polybius=, Καθολικὴ, κοινη ἱστορία, Paris, 1609; English translation by H. Shears, The History of Polybius the Megalopolitan; containing a General Account of the Transactions of the World, and Principally of the Roman People, during the First and Second Punick Wars, London, 1693, 2 vols.; by James Hampton, The General History of Polybius, London, 1772, 2 vols. For notes on _Polybius_, see the study of the sources, in volume V.--=Possidius=, Vita Augustini, Rome, 1731; 2nd ed. Augsburg, 1768.

_Possidius_ or _Possidonius_ was bishop of Calama, in Africa.
He gives an account of the siege of Hippo by the Vandals in 430.

=Prosper Aquitanicus=, Chronicon, edited by LeBrun and Mangeant, Paris, 1711.

_Prosper Aquitanicus_, born in Aquitania, probably in the last
decade of the fourth century. Died at Rome, date unknown. His
Chronicle is in two parts; the first, to the year 378, is an
extract from Eusebius, Jerome, and Augustine; the second, to
455, is original.

* * * * *

=Sallustius=, Caius Crispus, Bellum Catilinarum, Bellum Jugurthinum, Rome, 1470; edited by W. W. Capes, with English notes, London, 1884; (translated into English by J. S. Watson, The Conspiracy of Cataline; The Jugurthine War, London, 1861).--=Salvianus=, of Marseilles, De Gubernatione Dei, 1530, edited by C. Halm, Berlin, 1878.

_Salvianus_, an accomplished ecclesiastical writer of the fifth
century, was born near Trèves, and passed the most of his life
at Marseilles. His writings are mainly theological, but are
valuable for their portraiture of the life and morals of the
period.

=Seneca=, Lucius Annæus, Opera, Naples, 1475, edited by Gronovius, Leyden, 1649-1658, 4 vols.; by Ruhkopf, Leipsic, 1797-1811, 5 vols.; English translation, The Works of L. Annæus Seneca, both Morall and Naturall, translated by T. Lodge, D. in Physicke, London, 1614.--=Sidonius, Apollinaris= (C. Sollius), Epistolarum Libri IX, Paris, 1652; Berlin, 1887.

_Sidonius_ was born at Lyons about 431 A.D. He became the
son-in-law of the emperor Avitus, and afterwards a favourite of
Anthemius, who raised him to senatorial rank, made him prefect
of Rome, and placed his statue in the library of Trajan. In
472, though not a priest, he was made bishop of Clermont
in Auvergne. His writings afford considerable historical
information.

=Solinus= (Grammaticus), C. Julius Polyhistor, Venice, 1473; Salmasius, Utrecht, 1689; English translation. The excellent and pleasant works of _Julius Solinus Polyhistor_, containing the noble actions of humaine creatures, the Secretes and Providence of Nature, the description of Countries, the manners of the People etc. etc. (translated out of Latin by Arthur Golding, Gent.), London, 1587. (The work consists mainly of selections from the _Natural History_ of Pliny, the additions of the author being practically worthless.)

=Sozomenos=, Ecclesiastical History, edited by Valesius, Paris, 1659.

The history of Sozomenos extends from 323 to 439.

=Spartianus=, Ælius, see Augustan History.--=Suetonius=, Caius Tranquillus, Vitæ duodecim Cæsarum, Rome, 1470; English translation by Philemon Holland, London, 1606; English translation by A. Thompson, The Lives of the Twelve Cæsars, London, 1796; 1855.--=Suidas=, Lexicon, edited by Kuster, Cambridge, 1705; by Gainsford, Oxford, 1834.

Nothing is known of Suidas’ life, but he probably lived in
the tenth or eleventh century. His _Lexicon_ is a sort of
encyclopædia of biography, literature, geography, etc. Under
the head of “Adam,” he gives a chronology which extends to the
tenth century.

=Symmachus=, Epistolarum Libri IX, edited by Seeck, Berlin, 1883.

_A. Aurelius Symmachus_ was a distinguished scholar and orator
of the fourth century, and a strong adherent of the ancient
pagan religion of Rome. His letters furnish much minor detail
of the life of the period.

* * * * *

=Tacitus=, C., Cornelius, Annales, Agricola, Germania, Historiæ, Venice, 1470; Zurich and Berlin, 1859-1884, 5 vols.; Agricola and Germania, edited by A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb, with English notes, London, 1882; Annales, edited by H. Furneaux, with English notes, London, 1883; English translation by Greenway (Annals and Germany), London, 1598; English translation by Saville (Histories and Agricola), London, 1598.

_C. Cornelius Tacitus_ was born about 61 A.D., died probably
after 117 A.D. Nothing is known of Tacitus’ ancestry. He tells
us in the first chapter of his history that “his advancement
was begun by Vespasian, forwarded by Titus, and carried to a
far greater height by Domitian.” His first employment is said
to have been as procurator in Gaul. Upon his return to Rome,
Titus advanced him to a quæstorship, and we have Tacitus’ own
testimony that he was made prætor by Domitian. He became consul
under Nerva. Little further is known of his life, except his
marriage to Julia, daughter of Agricola, whose life he wrote.
We learn from the _Epistles_ of Pliny the Younger, the great
respect and veneration paid to Tacitus by his contemporaries,
and above all by Pliny himself.

=Thietmar of Merseburg=, Chronicon, edited by Lappenberg, in the Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, vol. III, Hanover, 1819 in progress; German translation by Laurent, 1849.

_Thietmar of Merseburg_ was born July 25th, 976, died December
1, 1018. Became bishop of Merseburg in 1009. The last four
books of his chronicle comprising the reign of Henry II
(1002-1018) are especially important.

=Trebellius Pollio=, see Augustan History.

* * * * *

=Valerius=, Maximus, De factis dictisque memorabilibus Libri IX, Strasburg, 1470; edited by Terrenius, Leyden, 1726; by C. Kempf, Leipsic, 1889; English translation by W. Speed, The History of the Acts and Sayings of the Ancient Romans, London, 1678.--=Valesian Fragment (Anonymus Valesii).= This title is derived from Henricus Valesius (Henri de Valois, 1603-1767) who was the first to publish the fragmentary writings which bear this name. They generally form an appendix to editions of Ammianus Marcelinus and have for subject the history of Constantine the Great and that of Italy between the years 474 and 526.--=Valesius= (Valois, Adrien de), Gesta Francorum, seu de rebus Fransicis, Paris, 1646-1658, 3 vols.

_Valesius_’ history begins with the year 254 and ends with 752.
It is written with care and in elegant Latin, but is more of a
commentary upon ancient writers than a history.

=Victor=, Sextus Aurelius, De Cæsaribus, Amsterdam, 1733; edited by Schröter, Leipsic, 1831.

_Sextus Aurelius Victor_, a Latin writer of the fourth century,
who rose to distinction by his literary ability. He was made
governor of Pannonia by Julian, prefect of Constantinople by
Theodosius, and is perhaps the Sextus Aurelius Victor who was
consul in 373.

=Victor Tunnunensis=, Chronicon; edited by Scaliger, in Thesaurus Tempori Eusebii, vol. II, Amsterdam, 1658.--=Victor Vitensis=, Historia persecutionis Africanæ sub Genserico et Hunnerico, in Ruinart’s Historia Persecutionis Vandalicæ, Paris, 1694; edited by Petschenig, Vienna, 1881.--=Virgilius, P.=, or =Vergilius Maro=, Opera, Rome, 1469; Venice, 1501.

* * * * *

=Walafried Strabus=, De exordiis et incrementis rerum ecclesiasticarum, in Hittorp’s Scriptores de officiis divinis, Cologne, 1568.

_Walafried Strabus_ was of German birth, and in 842 A.D. became
abbot of Reichenau. He died July 17, 849. A very prolific
writer on both ecclesiastical and historical subjects.

=Wipo=, Gesta Chuonradi II, imperatoris, in Pistorius’ Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, Basel, 1582-1607, 3 vols.--=Wittekind=, Res gestæ Saxonicæ.

_B. The Byzantine or Later Greek Histories_

=Agathias=, Ἱστορία Ε, edited by B. Vulcanius, Leyden, 1594.

_Agathias_, of Myrina, in Ætolia, was born about 536 A.D., and
died about 580 A.D. He was an epigrammatist, edited a poetical
anthology, and extended and repeated the history of Procopius
for the years 553 to 558, a brief but remarkable period,
comprising the exploits of Narses and Belisarius, the beginning
of the wars with the Franks and with the Persians, the
rebuilding of St. Sophia, the earthquakes of 554 and 557, and
the great plague of 558, all related in a pleasant, diffuse,
and impartial manner, but without much display of general
knowledge. It is the work of a man practically acquainted with
the affairs of his age, presented with poetical reminiscences,
but never going below the surface. This work was continued by
Menander Protector.

=Acropolita=, Georgius, Χρονικὸν, edited by Theodorus Douza, with a Latin translation, Leyden, 1614; edited by Leo Allatius, Paris, 1651 (included in the Venice reprint, 1729).

_Georgius Acropolita_ was born at Constantinople in 1220. He
studied at Nicæa under distinguished scholars, and was employed
as a diplomat under the emperor, John Vatatzes Ducas. His
history begins with the taking of Constantinople in 1204, to
its delivery in 1261, the sequence of events being afterwards
taken up by Pachymeres. Acropolita appears to have prepared his
history for educational purposes.

=Anagnostes=, Joannes, Διήγησις περί τῆς τελευταίας ἁλώσεως τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης συντεθεῖσα πρός τινα τῶν ἀξιολόγων πολλάκις αἰτλήσαντα περὶ ταύτης, εν ἐπιτόμῳ, edited by Leo Allatius, in his Σύμμικτα, with a Latin translation, Rome, 1653.

_Anagnostes_, of whose life little is known, was present at the
siege of his native city, Thessalonica, in 1430 A.D., and wrote
an account of its conquest by Murad II.

=Anonymous=,

Ἡ βασιλὶς τῶν πόλεων πῶς Ιταλοῖς ἑάλω
Καὶ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ὕστερον τῶς ἀπεδὸθη πάλιν,
Ἐγράφη κατ’ ἀκρίβειαν, εἰ σὺ δὲ βούλῃ, μάθοις.

The poem, in 749 “political” verses, generally designated by
quoting the first three lines, as above, gives an account of
the fall and recapture of Constantinople and other events up
to the year 1282, the author stating in the course of the
poem that it was composed in 1392. The facts as recorded are
based upon Nicetas Acominatus and Georgius Acropolita, and are
related in a picturesque manner. The work has been published
by Bekker, in the _Abhandlungen_ of the Berlin Academy, 1841,
and by J. A. Buchon, in his _Recherches historiques sur la
principauté française de Morée_, Paris, 1845.

=Attaliata=, Michael, Ἱστορία ἐκτεθεῖσα παρὰ Μιχαὴλ αἰδεσιμωτάτου κριτοῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἱπποδρόμου καὶ τοῦ Ἀτταλειάτου, translated into Latin by M. Freheri, Frankfort, 1596.

_Michael Attaliata_, a native of Attalia, served as a judge and
proconsul under the emperor, Michael Ducas, by whose command
he prepared a legal digest. His history treats of the period
1034-1079, a time notable for the fall of the Macedonian
dynasty and the rise of the family of Comnenus and Ducas,
palace revolutions and feminine intrigues playing a large part
in these events.

* * * * *

=Bryennius=, Nicephorus, Ὕλη ἡιστορίας, edited by P. Poussines, Paris, 1661.

_Bryennius_, born at Orestias in Macedonia, in the middle
of the eleventh century, was the husband of Anna Comnena,
daughter of the emperor Alexis. Distinguished for his physical
and mental gifts, Bryennius took an active part against the
Crusaders. The design of his history was to deal with the
reigns of the emperors from Isaac Comnenus, and so far as it
extends,--to Michael VII Ducas,--it affords a lucid narrative,
written with all the judgment and directness of a leader and
eye-witness of the times. His work was continued by his wife.

=Byzantinæ Historiæ Scriptores.= Paris, 1644-1711. 42 vols.

The first collective edition of Byzantine historians, edited by
Labbé, Fabrotus, Combefisius, and others. It was republished at
Venice, 1729-1733, but is now superseded by the Bonn “Corpus,”
_q.v._

* * * * *

=Cameniata=, Joannes, Ἰωάννου κλερικοῦ καὶ κουβουκλεισίου τοῦ Καμενιάτου εἰς τὴν ἅλωσιν τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης (De excidio Thessalonicensi), edited by Leo Allatius, with a Latin translation, in his Σύμμικτα, Rome, 1653.

_Joannes Cameniata_, a crosier-bearer to the bishop of
Thessalonica, witnessed the taking of that city by the Arabs on
July 31st, 904. Cameniata was himself carried away to Tarsus,
and while held there as a prisoner for exchange, he wrote an
account of the fall of Thessalonica, a narrative at once lively
and valuable.

=Candidus Isaurus=, Ἱστορία, fragments as preserved by Photius and Suidas, edited by Labbé in his Eclogæ Historicorum de Rebus Byzantinis, in D. Hoeschelius’ Excerpta de Legationibus, Paris, 1648.

_Candidus Isaurus_, whose Byzantine history exists now only in
fragments, was a native of Isauria, and lived in the reign of
the emperor Anastasius (491-518). His history appears to have
related to the period 407-491.

=Cecaumenus= Περὶ παραδρομῆς πολέμου, edited by V. Vasiljevskij, in his article “Ratschläge und Erzählungen (Sovêty i razskazy) eines byzantinischen Magnaten des 11. Jahrhunderts,” in the Žurnal ministerstva narodnago prosvješčenija, St. Petersburg, 1881, vols. 215-216.

_Cecaumenus_ was a Byzantine aristocrat of the eleventh
century, who late in life devoted himself to writing a
treatise, presumably in imitation of Leo Diaconus, dealing
with military tactics, morals, household economy, and an
ethnological and historical account of the Byzantine Empire
from the times of Basilius II to Romanus Diogenes.

=Cedrenus=, Georgius, Σύνοψις ἱστοριῶν (Compendium Historiarum ab Orbe Condita ad Isaacum Comnenum), edited by G. Xylander, Basel, 1566.

_Georgius Cedrenus_, a Greek monk, lived in the eleventh
century, and compiled, largely from the synopsis of Joannes
Scylitzes, an historical work which extends from the creation
of the world to the year 1057 A.D. He was very deficient in
historical knowledge and his work should be used with great
caution.

=Chalcondyles=, Laonicus (Nicolaus), Ἰστορία, edited by J. R. Baumbach, with a Latin translation, Geneva, 1615.

_Chalcondyles_ was a native of Athens, but little is known of
his life except that during the siege of Constantinople, in
1446, he was sent by the emperor, John VII, as an ambassador to
the Sultan. The ten books of his history deal with the Turks
and the later period of the Byzantine Empire, from 1298 to the
conquest of Corinth in 1463. The author has chosen a difficult
period to describe, when Byzantine affairs were being merged in
those of the Turks, Franks, Slavs, and of the Greek despots,
and Constantinople no longer formed the chief centre about
which events grouped themselves. The book is one of the most
important sources for the history of the time. The style is
interesting, but the matter is not well arranged. Extraneous
observations are frequently introduced, and the author’s
knowledge of European geography is amusingly deficient.
England, according to his account, consists of three islands
united under one government, with a flourishing metropolis,
Λονδύνη; her inhabitants being courageous, and her bowmen the
finest in the world. Their manners and habits, he says, were
exactly like the French, and their speech had no affinity to
any other language.

=Cinnamus=, Joannes, Ἐπιτομὴ τῶν κατορθωμάτων τῷ μακαρ ίτῃ βασιλεῖ καί πορφυρογευνήτῳ κυρῷ Ἰωάννῃ τῷ Κομνηνῷ και ἀφήγησις τῶν πραχθέντων τῷ ἀοιδίμῳ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ πορφυρογεννήτῳ κυρῷ Μανουὴλ τῷ Κομνηνῷ πονηθεῖσα. Ἰοὰννῃ βασιλικῷ γραμματικῷ τῷ Κιννάμῳ, edited by Cornelius Tollius, with a Latin translation, Utrecht, 1652.

_Joannes Cinnamus_ lived in the twelfth century. He was engaged
as an imperial notary under Manuel Comnenus, who reigned
from 1143 to 1180, and accompanied him on his many military
expeditions in Europe and Asia, the office of notary being
equivalent to that of a modern secretary of state. His history
of the reign of Manuel and of his father, Colo-Joannes, is one
of the best of the Byzantine histories.

=Comnena=, Anna, Ἀλεξίας, Augsburg, 1610.

_Anna Comnena_, daughter of Alexis I Comnenus, was born 1083
A.D. Gifted by nature with rare talent, she was instructed in
every branch of science. After the accession of John, 1118, she
was exiled for conspiring to place her husband upon the throne.
During her retirement she composed the biography of her father.
The _Alexias_ is history in the form of artistic romance. The
truth is embellished to suit the purpose of the author, whose
aim was to glorify the father and his daughter; but with all
its defects, it is still the most interesting and one of the
most valuable products of Byzantine literature. Her work is
practically a continuation of that of her husband, Nicephorus
Bryennius, already mentioned.

=Comnenus= and =Proclus=, Ἰστορία Πρελούμπου καὶ ἄλλων διαφόρων Δεσποτῶν τῶν Ἰωαννίνων ἀπὸ τῆς ἀλώσεως αὐτῶν παρὰ τῶν Σέρβων ἕως τῆς παραδόσεως εἰς τοὺς Τούρκους, edited by Andreas Mustoxydes, in his Ἑλληνουμνήμων (Corfu), 1843-1847; edited by G. Destunis, with a Russian translation, St. Petersburg, 1858.

This is a fragment of an alleged history of Epirus.

=Constantinus VII=, Flavius Porphyrogenitus, Ἱστορικὴ διήγησις τοῦ βίου καί τῶν πράξεων τοῦ Βασιλείου τοῦ βασιλέως (Vita Basilii), edited by Leo Allatius, in his Σύμμικτα, with a Latin translation, Cologne, 1653.

_Constantinus VII_, _Flavius Porphyrogenitus_, only son of
the emperor Leo (VI) Philosophus, was born in 905. He reigned
nominally from 911 to 959, but from 912 to 944 the Eastern
Empire was usurped by Lecapenus. In his enforced retirement
he devoted himself to scholarship, and became an assiduous
writer, compiler, and patron of learning. Besides the _Life of
Basilius_, he wrote works dealing with imperial and provincial
government, military and naval warfare, and court ceremonial.
His surname, _Porphyrogenitus_ (“born in the purple”), was
acquired from πόρφυρα, the name of an apartment in the imperial
palace in which he was born, and hence the origin of the
expression as applied to royalty.

=Corippus=, Flavius Cresconius, Corippi Africani fragmentum carminis in laudem imperatoris Justini Minoris; Carmen panegyricum in laudem Anastasii quæstoris et magistri; de laudibus Justini Augusti Minoris heroico carmine libri IV, edited by Michael Ruiz (Madrid, 1579); Antwerp, 1581; Johannis, Milan, 1820.

_Flavius Cresconius Corippus_, the Latin poet, left two
poems which are useful in tracing the history of his times;
one, _Johannis_, reciting the history of the war of Johannes
Patricius against the Moors; the other, _De Laudibus Justini_,
an extravagant panegyric of the younger Justin (565-578 A.D.).
A remarkable fact about this work is that the identity of its
author with that of the _Johannis_ was not established until
more than two centuries after its publication, for Ruiz merely
asserted that he copied the book from an ancient manuscript,
of which he gave no description. Corippus, however, having
mentioned in his preface that he had previously composed a poem
on the African wars, researches brought the missing _Johannis_
to light in the Royal Library at Buda in 1814, the work having
been wrongly catalogued. Of the life of Corippus we know but
little, except that he was born in Africa in 530 A.D. and died
in 585. His works are found in best form in the Bonn “Corpus.”

=Corpus scriptorum historiæ Byzantinæ=, Bonn, 1828-1878, 49 vols.

This great work was commenced on the recommendation and under
the superintendence of Niebuhr, and after his death continued
by the Royal Prussian Academy. The separate volumes have been
edited by Bekker, Hase, Dindorf, and other distinguished
scholars.

=Critobulus of Imbros=, Ἱστορία, edited by C. Müller in his Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum, vol. V, Paris, 1870 (trans. into Hungarian by K. Szabo, in Monumenta Hungariæ Historica, Scriptores, vol. XXII, Budapest, 1875).

_Critobulus of Imbros_, in about the year 1470, wrote a history
of the sultan Mohammed II, covering the period 1457-1467.
Diffuse in style, and feebly imitating the manner of Greek
classic writers, the only value of Critobulus is that he
represents the Greek mind at the period when it became
reconciled to the rule of the Turkish conquerors.

* * * * *

=Dexippus=, P. Herennius, fragments preserved in the Bonn “Corpus.”

_Dexippus_ wrote three historical works, only fragments of
which are extant. He was a native of Attica, and distinguished
himself in the Gothic invasion of Greece, 262 A.D. His history
was continued by Eunapius.

=Ducas=, Michael, Historia Byzantina, in the Paris, Venice, and Bonn _corpora_.

_Michael Ducas_, the historian, lived during the latter part
of the fifteenth century. His history embraces the period from
1391 A.D. to the capture of Lesbos in 1462, and is valuable
for judicious, prudent, and impartial statement of facts. He
wrote however, in most barbarous Greek, using quite a number
of foreign phrases, and being seemingly unacquainted with the
Greek classics.

* * * * *

=Easter Chronicle=, Ἐπιτομὴ χρόνων τῶν ἀπο Ἀδὰμ τοῦ προτοπλάστου ἀνθρώπου ἕως κ’ ἔτους τῆς βασιλείας Ἡρακλείου τοῦ εὐσεβεστάτου καὶ μετὰ ὑπατείαν ἔτους ιθ’ καὶ ιη’ ἔτους τῆς βασιλείας Ἡρακλείου νέου Κωνσταντίνου τοῦ αὑτοῦ υἱοῦ ἱνδικτίωνος γ’ (Chronicon Paschale), edited by M. Raderi, Munich, 1615.

This is a comprehensive chronological table extending
originally from the Creation to 629 A.D. It gets its name
from the computation of the Easter canon upon which Christian
chronology is based. After Eusebius and Syncellus it is the
most important and influential production of Græco-Christian
chronography. The compiler of the chronicle, which is largely
put together out of earlier works, was a contemporary of
the emperor Heraclius (610-641). The text, as it has been
preserved, breaks off at 627 A.D.

=Ephræm of Constantinople=, Ἐφραιμίου χρονικοῦ Καίσαρες, edited by Angelo Mai, in his Scriptorum veterum nova collectio, Rome, 1828.

_Ephræm_ wrote a chronicle in iambic verse, giving
Roman-Byzantine history from Julius Cæsar to the reconquest of
Constantinople in 1261.

=Eunapius=, Μετά Δέξιππον χρονική ἱστορία, edited by D. Hoeschel, Augsburg, 1603; by A. Mai, in his Scriptorum veterum nova collectio, Rome, 1828.

_Eunapius_ was born at Sardis in 347 A.D. He wrote a
continuation of Dexippus, but most of the work is lost.
Eunapius exhibits pagan sympathies, admires Julian, and gives a
deal of information on the manners and customs of his age, the
period covered being 270-404.

=Eustathius of Epiphaneia=, Χρονική ἐπιτομή, fragments preserved in the Bonn “Corpus.”

_Eustathius_ lived in the reign of Anastasius (491-521). His
history of the world, to 502 A.D., is known only through the
portions preserved by Evagrius.

* * * * *

=Genesius=, Josephus, Βασιλειῶν Βιβλία Δ.

_Genesius_ lived in the middle of the tenth century, and wrote
his Greek history by the order of the emperor Constantine VII,
Porphyrogenitus, whose literary activities have just been
mentioned. His work comprises the histories of Leo V, 813-820,
Michael II, 820-829, Theophilus, 829-842, Michael III, 842-867,
and Basilius I Macedon, 867-886. The work was first printed in
the Venice “corpus.”

=Georgius Monachus=, Βίοι τῶν Βασιλέων, edited by G. A. Fabricius in volume VII of his Bibliotheca Græca, Hamburg, 1705-1728, 14 vols.

_Georgius Monachus_ (George the Monk), probably lived in the
tenth century, and compiled a chronicle which comprehends the
period from 813 to 948 A.D., being a continuation of Theophanes
Isaurus.

=Georgius Syncellus=, Ἐκλογὴ Χρονογραφίας συνταγεῖσα ὑπὸ Γεωργίου Μοναχοῦ Συγκέλλου γεγονότος Ταρασίου Πατριάρχου Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Διολητιανοῦ, first printed in the Bonn “Corpus.”

_George Syncellus_, Albas or Monachus, lived in the eighth and
ninth centuries, and gained his epithet as being the personal
attendant or _syncellus_ of the patriarch Tarsasius, who died
in 806. His chronicle extends from Adam to Diocletian, but was
intended to proceed to 800 A.D., Theophanes of Isaurus actually
continuing it to 811. The chronicle of Syncellus is, together
with Eusebius, the most important work for a knowledge of
Christian chronography.

=Glycas=, Michael, Βίβλος χρονική (Annales), edited by J. Meurius, Theodori Metochitæ, Historiæ Romanæ, etc., Leyden, 1618; Latin translation by Leunclavius, Basel, 1572.

_Michael Glycas_ was born either at Constantinople or in
Sicily, but nothing is certain about his personality or period.
His _Annals_, from the Creation, go down to the year 1118, so
that he must have lived after that date. He writes clearly
and concisely, and displays a knowledge of foreign languages.
Meurius, in his edition, erroneously ascribed the book to
Theodorus Metochita.

=Gregoras Nicephorus=, Ῥωμαϊκὴ ἱστορία, edited by H. Wolf, with a Latin translation, Basel, 1562.

_Gregoras_ (1295-1359) led a life of literary activity which
covered nearly all fields of Byzantine learning. His history is
a continuation of the work of Pachymeres, and commences with
the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204 and goes
down to 1359.

* * * * *

=Hankius=, Martin, De Byzantinarum rerum scriptoribus Græcis, Leipsic, 1677.--=Hesychius of Miletus=, Opuscula, edited by Junius, with a Latin version, Antwerp, 1572; by Meursius, Leyden, 1613; by J. C. Orellius, Leipsic, 1820.

_Hesychius_, called the Illustrious, was born at Miletus, and
lived in the times of the emperors Anastasius I, Justin I,
and Justinian II. Accounts of his personality are vague, but
he is known to be the author of the following works: Ἱστορία
Ῥωμαϊκή τε καὶ παντοδαπή, or Χρονικὴ ἱστορία, a synopsis of
world history, from the time of Belus, the alleged founder of
the Assyrian Empire (1402 B.C.), to the death of Anastasius I
in 518; Ὀνοματολόγος ἢ πίναξ τῶν ἐν παιδείᾳ ὀνομαστῶν, which
comprises biographies of Hellenic writers, but of which only
fragments were preserved; Πάτρια Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, a book on
the primitive history of the city of Byzantium which originally
formed part of his history.

* * * * *

=Joannes VI, Cantacuzenus=, Ἱστοριῶν βιβλία Δ, published by Gretserus, with a Latin translation by Jacob Pontanus, Ingolstadt, 1603; edited by Pierre Seguier, Paris, 1645.

_Joannes Angelus Comnenus Palæologus Cantacuzenus_, emperor
of Constantinople from 1342 to 1355, is also sometimes styled
Joannes VI, being confused with his ward and rival of the same
name, who, nominally succeeding in 1342, did not actually rule
until 1355. Cantacuzenus’ history covers the period from 1320
to 1357, including his own reign. Its style is easy, dignified,
and discriminative, but often vain and hypocritical when
relating to his own life or friends. It should be compared with
the work of Nicephorus Gregoras, who writes of the same period.
Cantacuzenus also wrote a confutation of Mohammedanism.

=Joannes of Antioch=, Ἱστορία Χρονική ἀπὸ Ἁδάμ. (Historia Chronographica ab Adamo), edited by Valesius in his Excerpta, Paris, 1634.

_Joannes of Antioch_ wrote a chronicle at a period conjectured
to be about 620 A.D. Nothing is known of his personal life, but
Gelzer is inclined to identify him with the patriarch John of
Antioch (631-649). His history, commencing with Adam, must have
been written after the death of Phocas in 610, for he describes
that ruler as “bloodthirsty,” “ὁ αὐτὸς Φωκᾶς ὑπῆρχεν αἰμοπότης.”

=Joannes of Epiphaneia=, Ἰωάννου σχολαστικοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ ἐπάρχων Ἐπιφανέως περὶ τῆς τοῦ νέου Χοσρόου προσχωρήσεως πρὸς Μαυρίκιον τὸν Ῥωμαίων αὑτοκράτορα ἱστοριῶν τόμος ά, edited by B. Hase (with Leo Diaconus), Paris, 1819; by C. Müller, in his Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum, Paris, 1841-1870, 5 vols. (new edition 1883); by L. Dindorf, in his Historici Græci Minores, Leipsic, 1870-1871, 2 vols.

_Joannes of Epiphaneia_ flourished at the end of the sixth
century, and his history deals with the Byzantine affairs from
Justinian to Maurice. The manuscript of his work dates from the
thirteenth century, and is in the Vatican.

=Joannes Laurentius=, Περὶ μηνῶν συγγραφή (De Mensibus Liber), edited by Nicolaus Schow, Leipsic, 1794.

_Joannes Laurentius_, of Philadelphia, was a Byzantine poet
of the sixth century, but his poems have not survived. His
historical commentary on the Roman calendar, named above, is
compiled from numerous sources, mostly otherwise unknown. He
also wrote Περὶ ἀρχῶν τῆς Ῥωμαίων πολιτείας (De Magistratibus
Reipublicæ Romanæ), in which he gives an unfavourable picture
of the emperor Zeno.

=Joannes Siculus=, Die Chronik des Johannes Sikeliota, edited by A. Heinrich, Gratz, 1892.

_Joannes Siculus_ is supposed to have written a compendium of
history from the Creation to Michael III, 866 A.D., or perhaps
1204. Much of the work is lost, the extant portion breaking
off in the midst of the Trojan War, after reciting the ancient
history of the Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, Jews, Persians,
and Ptolemeans.

=Joel=, Χρονογράφια ἐν συνόψει, first edited by Leo Allatius in the Paris “Corpus.”

_Joel_ lived in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and wrote
a synopsis of the most important events of history, as known to
him, laying stress on Byzantine affairs. The scope of the work
is from Adam to 1204 A.D.

=John of Ephesus=, Ἱστορία ἐκκλησιάστικη, The third Book of the Ecclesiastical History of John, Bishop of Ephesus, edited by William Cureton, Oxford, 1853 (other fragments have been edited by J. P. N. Land, the Dutch historian, in his Anecdota Syriaca, Leyden, 1856, 4 vols.).

_John_, bishop of Asia, or Ephesus, was born at Amid about
505. He led the Monophysite party and enjoyed the favour of
Justinian. The third book of his history commences with the
persecution under Justin in 571. He tells us that, “Most
of these histories were written at the very time when the
persecution was going on, and under the difficulties caused by
its pressure; and it was even necessary that friends should
remove the leaves on which these chapters were inscribed, and
every other particle of writing, and conceal them in various
places, where they sometimes remained for two or three years.
When therefore matters occurred which the writer wished to
record, it was possible that he might have partly spoken of
them before, but he had no papers or notes by which to read and
know whether they had been described or not. If therefore he
did not remember that he had recorded them, at some subsequent
time he probably again proceeded to their detail; and therefore
occasionally the same subject is recorded in more chapters
than one; nor afterwards did he ever find a fitting time for
plainly and clearly arranging them in an orderly narrative.”
This extract explains the cause of the confused condition of
the _History_. John died in about his eightieth year. The
first book of his history has been lost, the second is only
in fragments; but a manuscript of the third, in the British
Museum, is fairly complete.

=Julianus, Flavius Claudius=, Orationes, edited by P. Martinius and C. Cantoclarus, in their edition of Julian’s works, Paris, 1583; by Petavius, Paris, 1630; by Ezechiel Spanheim, Leipsic, 1696. (The orations have also been published separately.)

_Flavius Claudius Julianus_, better known as Julian the
Apostate, was born at Constantinople, November 17th, 331.
Julian, great as an emperor, was remarkable as an author. He
wrote an immense number of elaborate works on varied subjects
which are important sources of information regarding the
religion and philosophy of his period. The _Orations_ of Julian
are historically valuable, especially those dealing with the
family of Constantine. He also deals in them with Platonic
philosophy and sun-worship, and betrays in many ways his
affection for Paganism as opposed to Christianity.

* * * * *

=Leo Diaconus=, Ἱστορία βιβλίοις ύ, edited by C. B. Hase, with a Latin translation, Paris, 1818.

_Leo Diaconus_ lived in the tenth century, and was a native
of Caloë, near Mt. Tmolus. He was a student at Constantinople
in 966, and he served as military chaplain under Basilius II
in the war against the Bulgarians (986). His history embraces
the period between 959-975. Honest and fearless when relating
contemporary events, the history, although badly written, and
inaccurate on geography and classical history is important,
since the author is the only contemporary writer on one
of the most brilliant and successful periods of Byzantine
history, that of Nicephorus Phocas and Joannes Zimisces. The
book contains valuable data on the history and customs of the
Bulgarians and Russians, on which Leo is the oldest authority.

=Leo Grammaticus=, Χρονογραφία, τὰ τῶν νέων Βασιλέων περιέχουτα (Chronographia Res a Recentioribus Imperatoribus Gestas Complectens), first printed in the Paris “Corpus.”

_Leo Grammaticus_ was one of the continuators of Theophanes.
Nothing certain is known of his life. His Chronicles extend
from 813 A.D. to the death of Romanus Lecapenus in 948, or 949.

* * * * *

=Malalas=, Joannes, Χρονογραφία, edited by Edmund Chilmead, with a Latin translation, Oxford, 1691.

_Joannes Malalas_ (Malelas) was born at Antioch, most
probably at about the time of Justinian the Great (528-565),
although some authorities assign him to the ninth century.
His voluminous chronicle originally began with the creation
of the world, but the commencement is lost, and the extant
portion begins with the death of Vulcanus and the accession
of his son Sol, and finishes with the expedition of Marcianus
the nephew of Justinian the Great. Malalas relates much that
is absurd, but his account of Justinian is valuable and his
work is extremely important as being the first to represent the
type of a Christian-Byzantine monk’s chronicle, which is so
important in the history of literature. The book is also the
first important monument of the popular Grecised idiom, and
hence has great philological interest. The influence of Malalas
on later Byzantine, oriental, and even western annalists is
immeasurable. For six centuries he was so copied and recopied,
that the original work became superfluous and now there is only
one manuscript of it in existence.

=Malchus Philadelphus=, Βυζανταϊκα, printed in the Bonn “Corpus” (Excerpta).

_Malchus Philadelphus_, born in Syria, and a rhetorician
of Constantinople, wrote a history which was used in the
_Excerpta de Legationibus_, a compilation undertaken by order
of Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus. The portion of his work of
which we have knowledge comprehends only the period from 473 to
480 A.D., this part having been preserved by Photius.

=Manasses=, Constantinus, Σύνοψις ἱστορική, Latin version by Leunclavius, Basel, 1573; edited by J. Meursius, Leyden, 1616; translated into Slavonic by V. Jagíc, in the Archiv für slavische Philologie, Berlin, 1877; and by J. Bogdan, in his Vechile cronice Moldovenesci pana la Urechia, Bukarest, 1891.