Chapter I: Preface

No apology would be necessary for the publication of a good and comprehensive work on the history of intoxicating drinks; for, strange to say, although the subjects of drinking and drunkenness have attracted the attention of writers in every age, there appears to have been only one treatise which has attempted to deal with the whole question in a systematic and historical manner, and that was “An Essay on the Inventions and Customs of both Ancients and Moderns in the use of Inebriating Liquors” (&c.), “by Samuel Morewood, Surveyor of Excise.” This book, containing considerably less matter than the present volume, was originally published by Longmans in 1824, and in 1838 it was republished under a somewhat changed title by William Curry, jun., Dublin, with Longmans and others. Its dimensions had then increased twofold, and it certainly contains an enormous collection of curious and interesting facts concerning the drinks and drinking customs of all times and nations. Numerous references to it will be found in the following pages, but the book itself, which has been out of print for some time, is no longer suited to modern requirements. At the time it was written, all the facts relating to the pre-historic existence of mankind, the habits of the ancient Chinese, and the history of the Aryan nations, were still unrevealed; whilst the modern developments of social reform, such as the temperance movement and various other aids to self-culture, had only just commenced, and are barely noticed by the author of the work.

But whilst this hiatus in the world’s literature would justify the publication of an elaborate treatise on the subject, the author desires to have it clearly understood that this essay makes no such pretensions. To deal with the question fully would necessitate a lifetime of careful study and industrious labour, and all the author has attempted to do is to sketch in the form of a popular essay the plan or outline of such a treatise, and to indicate a few of the sources from which information may be obtained for its effective composition.

He has endeavoured, in a general but very superficial way, to follow the course of human history, commencing with a reference to some traces in the pre-historic period, and then selecting tribes or nations whose habits present features of interest in the history of drink. The earlier chapters are devoted to the drinking customs of those countries which constituted what has been called “the cradle of the human race;” and, at the risk of being a little wearisome (for the whole topic is necessarily monotonous), the author has dwelt at some length on this phase of the subject, inasmuch as it presents a completely untrodden field of investigation and philosophical study. Following the migrations of the human race westward, the drinking habits of the Greek and Roman peoples, and their moral condition in various stages of their national life, have been briefly reviewed. The ancient and modern Germans have received a fair share of attention, for their love of ethical studies has led to the publication of numerous treatises on German drinking customs in all ages, and their relation to the fortunes of the “Fatherland.” The habits of our own people throughout their whole history, followed by an account of Swedish and American drinking habits and legislation, serve as a tolerably full outline of drinking in the modern world; and the remainder of the essay is taken up with the consideration of some of the debated questions connected therewith in the present day, and in the immediate future.

That the attempt to follow the history of drink will, however, be pronounced extremely superficial, the author cannot doubt for a moment; and also that his imperfect judgment will often have led him astray in the selection of facts and authorities. Still he is not without hope that, the effort having been made in an impartial spirit and with a desire to cast some light on a question of momentous import, it may not have been in vain, and that it will lead to the publication of some work on the subject, of a more accurate and comprehensive description.

But there is a consideration in connection with this essay which, with many readers, will have far more weight than its fulness, its literary merit, or, the author fears he must add, than even its accuracy, and that is the question of its tendencies. Is it a temperance or a teetotal book? or does it advocate the use of intoxicating drink? For every one reader whose criticisms are directed to its style or its historical value, there will be many (if many favour it with a perusal) who will be curious to know how it tallies with their particular “ism.” It will afford but little satisfaction to such readers to hear that in this respect the author wishes the book to speak for itself. To promote sobriety was certainly one of the objects for which he undertook his task, and where debated questions have come under discussion which necessitate an expression of opinion, it will be found that, whether correctly or not, the opinion has been given without any reservation. But whether the work would go far enough to please the members of the “United Kingdom Alliance,” or whether it would give offence to those who profit by the sale of drink, these are questions which never entered into the author’s calculations; and if the work should prove to possess any value as an aid to temperance, it will be simply because it has sought faithfully to record the history of drink and its effects upon men and nations.

In concluding this brief preface, the author desires to express his obligations to the numerous friends who have helped him with references to authorities, or with their personal experiences; and he has no hesitation in admitting that if the essay possesses any merit, it is to the aid which he has thus received that it must be largely attributed.

CLAUGHTON, BIRKENHEAD, _June 1878_.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY—INSTINCTIVE TENDENCIES IN MAN AND THE LOWER
ANIMALS—DRINKING PROPENSITIES OF SAVAGES—PRE-HISTORIC TRACES, 1

CHAPTER II.

THE THREE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE HUMAN FAMILY—THE TURANIAN
BRANCH—ANCIENT CHINA—BUDDHIST LAWS CONCERNING DRINK—MODERN
CHINA, 15

CHAPTER III.

THE DRINKING HABITS OF THE ARYAN RACES OF INDIA—THE VEDAS AND
BRAHMINICAL LITERATURE—MODERN INDIA, 34

CHAPTER IV.

THE ZEND-AVESTA AND THE FOLLOWERS OF ZOROASTER—THE MODERN
PERSIANS—MOHAMMEDAN LAW CONCERNING DRINK AND DRINKING
PRACTICES—THE PARSEES OF INDIA, 49

CHAPTER V.

THE ANCIENT HEBREWS—THE SCRIPTURE CONTROVERSY CONCERNING
DRINK—THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE TALMUD—THE NEW TESTAMENT—JESUS
CHRIST—JOHN THE BAPTIST—ST. PAUL—THE MODERN HEBREWS, 59

CHAPTER VI.

ANCIENT EGYPT, 72

CHAPTER VII.

THE DRINKING CUSTOMS OF ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME, 77

CHAPTER VIII.

GERMANY, ANCIENT, MEDIÆVAL, AND MODERN, 102

CHAPTER IX.

ENGLAND, PAST AND PRESENT, LAY AND CLERICAL—THE ANGLO-SAXONS
AND DANES—THE NORMANS AND EARLY ENGLISH, 118

CHAPTER X.

ENGLAND FROM THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY DOWN TO THE TIME OF THE
REFORMATION, 134

CHAPTER XI.

ENGLAND FROM THE REFORMATION TO THE PRESENT DAY, 147

CHAPTER XII.

THE ENGLISH OF THE PRESENT DAY—THE ARISTOCRACY—THE MIDDLE
CLASSES—THE INDUSTRIAL CLASSES—FARM LABOURERS—THE RESORTS OF
DRUNKARDS, 169

CHAPTER XIII.

SWEDEN AND ITS LICENSING SYSTEM, 194

CHAPTER XIV.

AMERICA—THE CREOLES AND INDIANS OF THE RIVER PLATE—THE
UNITED STATES DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THIS CENTURY—THE
NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS—DRINKING IN THE UNITED STATES AT THE
PRESENT TIME—LICENSING AND PROHIBITORY LEGISLATION—THE MAINE
LIQUOR LAW—ITS OPERATION AND PARTIAL FAILURE—PERMISSIVE
LEGISLATION—INEBRIATE ASYLUMS, 201

CHAPTER XV.

THE CAUSES OF INTEMPERANCE—MODERATE DRINKING—REMEDIES FOR
INTEMPERANCE—THE POLITICAL ASPECT OF THE QUESTION, 229

CHAPTER XVI.

RETROSPECT—CONCLUSION, 257

INDEX, 265

ERRATA.

Transcriber’s Note: The errata have been corrected.

Page 67, line 8, “Christ said to the ruler of the feast,” _should be_, “The governor of the feast said to the bridegroom.”

Page 141, line 15, for “cellar,” _read_ “cellarer.”

THE HISTORY OF DRINK.