Chapter XXVIII: Part 28

Lamennais and the Church, condemnation and fall, and cause of the
latter, 398, 465, 466-73
conflict with Rome, 462-473
classed as Ultramontane, 451
endeavours of, to exalt Rome, 463-4
intercourse of, with Doellinger, 398
and the idea of development, 591, 593
theory of common sense, 593

Land question, the great difficulty in Ireland, 236

Languedoc, work in, of St. Dominic, 553

Lanza, 509

La Roche-sur-Yon, on the resolutions of the conference of Bayonne,
108 & _notes_

Larroque, Tamizey de, rejection by, of Arnaud's speech at Beziers, 567

Lasaulx, Ernst von, estimation of, 405

Lassalle, Ferdinand, on collective thought, 585

Laurent, 590;
Doellinger's praise of, 417
_cited_ on Machiavelli's doctrines, followed by detractors, 226

Laval, Bishop of, opposition of, at Vatican Council, 522

Lavradeo, Count de, Portuguese ambassador to Vatican Council, 507

Lavaur, fate of Albigenses at, 556

Law, custom and national qualities, not will of government, makers of, 58
mediaeval opinions on, 258
in relation to the will of the people, Vergniaud on, 276

Laws (_see also_ Legal system), divine origin of, 22
of realm, Socratic view that they were only sure guide of conduct, 18
view of Ghibelline writers respecting, 37
view of Guelph writers respecting, 36

Lay representation on Vatican Council, plans for, 503-8

Lea, Henry Charles, _A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages_,
review, 551
characteristics of, 555, 559, _passim_;
as historical writer, 551

League, the, Charles IX.'s refusal to join, 129

League, Holy, attempts to bring France into, 113

Le Blanc de Beaulieu on political expediency, 225

Lecoy de la Marche, collection, 559

Lee, murder of, note on, 65

Legal system, English, pioneer work in reform of, of Jeremy Bentham, 3

'_Leges Barbarorum_,' principle of, in respect to the Church, 244

Legislation, liberty independent of domain of, 2

Legitimate ruler, defence of, first cause of popular risings, 1813., 284

Leibniz, Doellinger's gratitude to, 393
on _Il Principe_, 228
influence of, on Doellinger, 381

Leo I., Pope, and the suppression of heresy at any cost, 571

Leo X. (Medici), Pope, character of, 378
treatment of tyrant of Perugia, 214

Leo XIII., Pope, literary fruits of his liberality, 573-4

Leopold, 401

Lepanto, naval battle of, 104;
effect foiled by Charles IX., 105
victory of, less dear to the Pope than the Massacre of St.
Bartholomew, 134

Leti, _cited_, 140

Lewis XII., king of France, extermination of Vaudois of Provence by, 217

Lewis XIII., king of France, Doellinger's lenient estimate of, 410

Lewis XIV., king of France, death penalty by, indicted for disobedience
to his will, 48
Doellinger's lectures on, 433
ordinance against Protestants, 50
as political assassin, 410
records of reign of, 409
secret treaty between, and Charles II., 53
supreme among tyrants for bad use of his power, 49;
adulation bestowed on him sign of national subjection to absolutism, 49

L'Hopital, 126

Liberal movement in Latin Europe, its objects, 280-81

Liberalism, European, 582-3

Liberals, eighteenth century, their care only for the individual, 273
of the French Restoration, limitations of, 282

Liberty (_see also_ Freedom), change in constitution not effected by, in
Italy and Germany, 225
definition of, 3
and democracy, 63
essential condition and guardian of, religion, 4
essential to the subsistence of a country, Rousseau on, 294
failure of Protestant systems to secure, 181
influences of Christianity on, 203
Luther's attitude to, 156
and property, connection between, 54
realisation of, on what depended, 288
reconciled to religion, dispute concerning, 467-9
theory of, as regards nationality, 289
religion and nationality, causes united in revolutions after 1815., 284
sacrificed to unity, by Machiavelli, 229
views on, of Hegel, and of Flint, 596
vulgar definition of, 580

Liberty, American, Judge Cooley on, 580
civil and religious, point of unison between, 151
English, adversary of old despotic policy, 276
English, adversary of former despotic power, 276
municipal, vigorous growth of, in Belgium, 38
religious, definition of, 151-2
effect on, of State control, 151-3
in Maryland, 187
necessary conditions of, 152-3
not impossible, 367

Liddon, Canon, intimacy with Doellinger, 416

Liebig, 377

Lightfoot (Bishop of Durham), Church history of, 418

Lilburne, political writer in advance of his time, 50;
his enlightened ideas on democracy, 83

Limborch, 563

Lipsius, R.A., study of Machiavelli by, 215

Lisle, Ambrose de, 423

Littre, 590

Locke, John, 54
doctrine of resistance, 54
inconsistent ideas regarding liberty, 53
on rules of morality, 221

Lombard law of Frederick II., as affecting heretics, 152, 555, 556

Lombardy, the heresy of (Waldensian), 559
work of St. Dominic in, 553

Longperier, _cited_, on Italy's adoption of Machiavelli's policy, 227

Lorraine, Cardinal of (Guise), on Anjou's hatred of Protestants and its
consequences, 105 _& note_
approval expressed by, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 140
high position of, 111;
on his initiative in the Huguenot massacre, his praise of Charles IX.,
112 _& note_;
complicity of, in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 129-30
quarrels with, of Ferralz, 129;
its reason, the Pope's attitude to him, 130
on the price of the Navarre marriage, 128
slain by Henry III., attitude of the Pope, 121

Louis XVI., king of France, policy of, 57
powerlessness of, to effect reform, 85
why he perished, 280

Louis Philippe, king of the French, his good opinion of republican
government, 56, 90
decline of his popularity, 92

Love of country, Bossuet on, 294 _note_

Low Countries (_see also_ Holland _and_ Netherlands), Alva's failure
in, 103

Loyola, Ignatius, founder of the Society of Jesus, 113

Luca, Cardinal de, proposed discussion of infallibility at Vatican
Council denied by, 518
Reisach's deputy as president, 534

Lucchesini, sermon against Machiavelli, 215

Lucius, attack of, on Philo, 419

Luther, Martin, 502
attitude of, to the marriage difficulties of Henry VIII., 160
and the bigamy of Philip of Hesse, 160
Doellinger's estimate of, 397
early utterances of, on toleration, 153-5;
his change of view, 155
influence of, on politics, 81
Moehler on, 378
persecuting principles involved in his system, 164, 590
teaching of, wherein differing from that of Wycliffe and of Hus, 271
views of, on government, 42;
on polygamy, 159, 162;
on the relations of Church and Slate, 156, 157-58, 161-63, 173,
177, 180;
logical outcome of his theory, 159;
its inconsistency, 162;
work of, on the Civil Power, 154 & _note_;
_cited_ on toleration of Anabaptists, 157

Lutheran attitude to heretics, gradual change in, 154, 157
to Huguenots, 145-6
theory of persecution, political element in, 172

Lutheranism, decline of, 327-9
in Denmark, 341
description of, 343-5
national character of, 319-320
roused by abuses in the Church, 495
in Sweden, 341

Lyons, massacre of Huguenots at, 119;
news of, sent to Rome, 132;
horror aroused by, in Provence, 144;
letter from, on the massacres at that place, 131

Macaulay, T.B., 580
historical limitation of, 385
injustice of Doellinger to, 391-2
opinion of, on Father Paul, 432
on the study of history, 232

Machiavelli, Niccolo (_see also_ Il Principe), character of, 225-6;
its complexity, 212-14
crime of Catherine de' Medici not instigated by, 216
denouncement of, to Inquisition, by Muzio, 214-15
doctrine of, 40, 41;
impulse given by, to absolutism, 41
influence on succeeding generations, 40, 41;
political, 49;
held by rulers before and since, 216-19;
estimated by early historians, 225-231
ignorance of, displayed by great men, 218-19
indulgent views taken of methods of, 224
Medici patron and his daughter, 122
merits of, admitted by later historians, 230-231
methods of, 225-6
secret patriotism of, upheld by various historians, 229-230
in touch with reasoners and imitators, by theory of success, 223
zenith of power, 225-7

Mackintosh, Sir James, on constitutions, 581

Macmaster, on Hamilton's genius, 581

Madison, James, 579
on Hamilton's theory of government, 581

Maffei, on regicide, 217

Magdeburg, Archbishop of, _temp._ Gregory IX., 556

Mai, Cardinal, as an editor, 421

Maimbourg, 215

Maine, Sir Henry, on the _Droit du Seigneur_, 566-7

Maistre, Count de, Ultramontane writer, 451, 468;
on the authority of the Church, 377
and Lamennais's theory, 593
relation to Savigny, 593
exaggerations of, 378
influence on Doellinger, 377
interpreted by elder Windischmann, 381
rank of, as writer, 417
thoughts of, on Nationality, 282 & _note_

Malebranche, 382

Malvenda, authority on the Inquisition, 554

Mamachi, authority on the Inquisition, 554

Mandelot, Governor of Lyons, and the Huguenot massacres, 119

Manin, Daniele, 287

Manning, Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster, adviser of De Angelis, 529
on admission of papal infallibility by acknowledgment of supreme
authority, 543-4

Manteuffel, administration of, 283

Manzoni on temporal power of Papacy, 512

Marat, madness of, 401
outcome of Rousseau's teaching on his policy, 57, 58

Maret, book of, on Vatican Council plans, 512, 513
opposition of, at Vatican Council, 426
and papal infallibility, 528

Mariana, rejoicing of, over the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124
_cited_ on death of Henry III., 217

Marini, as a compiler of history, 387
occasional removal of, from _Index_, 215

Marlborough, Duke of (the Great), character of, 53

Marseilles, Bishop of, on validity of Vatican Council's decrees, 549

Marsilius of Padua, the Ghibelline,
views of, on power and persecution, 561-2
_cited_ on the relation of kings to the people, 37

Marshall, John, 579;
and the development of the American Constitution, 581

Martens, 427

Martensen, Bishop, estimate of Doellinger, 434
tribute to Baader's powers, 376

Martineau, Dr., and Mill's opinion of results as test of actions, 223

Mary Tudor, Queen of England, 410

Maryland, religious history of, 187

Massachusetts, history of, contrasted with that of Maryland, 187

Massacre, the, of St. Bartholomew, 101
defects in plan and execution of, as judged by immediate results, 106;
sources of the same, 117
defence of, on political grounds, 218
Doellinger's work on, 430-31
evidence concerning, how dealt with, difficult of access, 101;
best existing sources, 102
motive inspiring its chief author, 121
question of numbers slain in, 106, 137
question of premeditation of, contemporary view, 106;
modern view, 107;
evidence in support of the former, 107 _et seq._
results anticipated from, 69;
Philip II., 123;
view not stated by Alva, 124

Massillon, Jean-Baptiste, _cited_ on retribution, 220

Mathieu, Cardinal, share in elections to Commission of Dogma, 529, 530, 532

Matter, cited on Machiavelli's influence on liberty, 227

Maurenbrecher, rank of Doellinger estimated by, 386

Maurer, Conrad, at Doellinger's house, 405

Maximillian II., Emperor, information sent to, of the Massacre of
St. Bartholomew, 107
opinion of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 144
toleration of, 105
urged to follow example of Charles IX., 134 & _note_

May, Sir Erskine, _Democracy in Europe_, by, 61

Mazade, influence on Doellinger, 434

Mazzini, Giuseppe, association of, with the growth of the idea of
Nationality, 286
association of his revolutionary ideas with conservatism of Niebuhr, 59
on Machiavelli's politics, 219
proclaimer of Nationality, 273
profane criticism by, 218

Mazzuchelli, 114

Mechlin, Archbishop of, reply to the Bishop of Orleans by, 537

Medici, Cosmo de', patron of Machiavelli, father of Catherine, 122
family of, in disfavour under Paul III., 214
Machiavelli not countenanced by followers of, 214

Mediaeval writers on law and right, 258

Melanchthon, Philip, his theory of persecution, 164-170
views of, on polygamy, and the bigamy of Philip of Hesse, 160 & _note_
on religious assassination, 325
_cited on_ Cromwell's death, 217

Memorandum of the Powers, 183;
on temporal power, 366

Menabrea, circular of, on representation of Vatican Council, 509

Mendoca, praise of those concerned in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124

Mentz, Bishop of, belief in infallibility doctrine, 518

Merode, 414

Metternich, Prince, 283;
attitude of, to Nationality, 285

Metz, Bishop of, repudiation of Doellinger's declaration, 538

Mexico, nationality in, 245-46

Meyer, Paul, on the Council of Arles, 565

Michelet, Jules, Flint compared to, 596
_cited_ on human action as interpreter of God's commands, 223
on Machiavelli, 213
influence on Doellinger, 433
Doellinger's study of, 421

Michiel, Giovanni, Venetian ambassador, 109;
on premeditation of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 110

Middle Ages, authority of State inadequate in, 4
decline of religion in, 595
history of, reason for its unity, 244
political advances in, 39
persecution in, 152, 168
revival of study of, 390-91

_Middle Ages, The, A History of the_
_Inquisition of_, by Henry Charles Lea, review, 551

Mignet, Doellinger's praise of, 417

Milan, Archbishop of, on validity of Vatican Council's decrees, 549

Mill, John Stuart, indictment of democracy, 93
on results as tests of actions, 223
on states as coincident with nationalities, 285

Milton, John, his justification of execution of Charles I., 51

Minerve, fate of Albigenses at, 556

Modena, 386

Mohammedans, treatment of, by Catholics, 169;
by Protestants, 179;
their tolerance, 186

Moehler, J.A., 593
influence on Doellinger's views of fixity of national types, 434
publication of _Symbolik_, 377
on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 149
suggested history of progress of doctrine of, 385
_cited_ on Doellinger's rank as theologian, 379
_cited_ on intercourse with Doellinger, 377
partiality as historian of religious wars, 428
rank of, 430
views of, compared to Doellinger's, 378-9
_cited_ on Luther, 378-9

Moehler and Doellinger in Munich, views at variance, 377-380

Molina, Luis, 380

Molinier, Auguste, on a history of the Inquisition, 551-2
rejection by, of Arnaud's speech at Beziers, 567

Molino, Francesco da, cited on the recall of the Guises, 213

Mommsen, Theodor, cited on political expediency, 222
distinction of pupils of, 419
indifference of the public to, 430

Monarchy--
adulation manifested towards, after the Middle Ages, 48
danger of, 19, 20
and democracy, 64
limitation of powers, aim of modern constitutions, 19
resistance of, among Israelites, justified in later ages, 4
restricted suffrage not always a safeguard of, 2
Absolute--
clergy upholders of, 41
development and destruction of, by the democracy in France,
& _notes_, 279-80
France chief centre of, 48
one of the worst enemies of civil freedom, 300

Monarchs, election and deposition of, divine right of people with
respect to, 35
Guelphic and Ghibelline views respecting, 36, 37
subjection of, to public law, 35

Mondoucet, French agent at Brussels, Charles IX.'s letter to, on the
proposed Massacre, 117

Moneta, Fra, successor of St. Dominic, 553

Monluc, Bishop of Valenca, dying speech of, its bitterness against
Huguenots, 141
on the effect of the Huguenot massacres on Poland, 120
view of, on St. Bartholomew, 107

Monroe, James, President, his term of office "the era of good feeling," 56

Mons, fall of, 103;
Lewis of Nassau at, 105
the garrison devoted to death by Charles IX. and Philip II., 141-2

Montaigne, Michel de, view held by, on Machiavelli's fame, 215

Montalembert, Count de, classed as Ultramontane, 451
influence of, on Doellinger, 400
intercourse unbroken, 463
unacknowledged agreement with Doellinger, 316
and _Kirche und Kirchen_, views cited, 417;
estimate of that work, 424
in Munich, 398
opposition of, at Vatican Council, 524-5
politics of, 400
and the temporal power of the Papacy, 412

Montalto, Cardinal, alleged dissent of from congratulation on the
St. Bartholomew, 140

Montegut, influence on Doellinger, 434

Montesquieu, and his development of Locke's teaching, 54

Montezuma, and Torquemada, resemblance between the gods of, 569

Montferaud, Sieur de, rumoured orders
to, as to massacre of Huguenots, 127 _note_

Montfort and the Albigenses, 556

Montgomery and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 107, 122

Montpensier, Duke of, Huguenot massacres ordered by, in Brittany, 119
unguarded speech by, on coming massacre, 111

Montpezat, Lieutenant of Guienne, and the Bordeaux massacres, 127

Morality, perverted ideas of, prevailing among classic sages, 18
public, how differing from private, 40

Mordenti, _cited_ on Machiavelli, as champion of conscience, 226

More, Sir Thomas, author of the Utopia, 270
idea of renovating society on the principles of self-sacrifice, 58

_Mores Catholici_, Digby's, 569

Morinus _cited_, 194
basis of Kliefoth's work in, 381

Morley, John, on equity of history, 219

Mornay, _see_ Duplessis-Mornay

Morris of Exeter, and study of Petavius, 380

Morris, Robert, an American, the suggester of the French wars of
speculation and plunder, 578
_cited_ on Hamilton as a leader, 582-3

Morvilliers, Bishop of Orleans, attitude of, to the Massacre of
St. Bartholomew, 126

Mozley, James, visit of Doellinger to, 403

Muenscher, works of, esteemed by Doellinger, 381

Mueller, 282

Munich, Archbishop of (Reisach), brief from the Pope to, denouncing
Frohschammer, 481-5
nominated as President of Vatican Council, 501;
death of, before taking seat as, 534

Munich, conference at, Doellinger's declaration to, 312-13
Doellinger at, 386;
lectures in, 375
Frohschammer's work in, 473
Moehler with Doellinger in, 377-80
school of theology at, 398-9, 434

Municipal liberties, vigorous growth in Belgium, 38

Muenster (Westphalia), excesses of Anabaptists at, 171

Muenzer, Thomas, intolerance of, 171

Muratori, Doellinger's study of, 387
on evangelists, 419
papal biographies by, 559
and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 148

Murder (_see also_ Assassination, Heretics, and Persecution), on plea
of religion, attitude to, of Rome, 138, 139, 140, 147

Muretus, 101; famous speech of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 130

Muzio, the _Decamerone_ recommended to students by, 215
in favour with Pius V., 214-15
letter from, to Henry III. of France, urging unsparing extirpation
of Huguenots, 143
Machiavelli denounced by, to the Inquisition, 214-15

Mylius, view of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 107

Nantes, city, refusal of, to massacre Huguenots, 119
edict of, revocation of, not approved by Innocent XI., 147;
inconsistency, 170;
remarks on, 260

Napoleon I., causes of his downfall, 281, 284
new power called into existence by, 281
question respecting the durability of his institutions, 238
_cited_ on importance of results, 221
_cited_ on quality of endurance in English nation, 66

Napoleon III., ambition of, 316
and discussion of infallibility doctrine at Vatican Council, 504

Nassau, Lewis of, at Mons, French auxiliaries with, 105

National character, influence of, on events, units of, 557
claims, based on race only, futility of, an instance, 295

Nationality, essay on, 270
auxiliary and substance of present-day revolution, 276
denial of, what it implies, 297
evolution of, three stages in, 284-5;
and definition of, in its final form, 285
idea of, as influencing modern thought greater than that of liberty, 59
modern theory of, greatest advocate of rights of, 297
historical importance of, its two chief causes, 298, 299
how awakened in Europe, 273, 275, 276;
its parentage, 277, 286, 287;
how first seen, 278, 281, 286
mission of, in the world, 300
more absurd and criminal than that of Socialism, 300
political character and value of, discussed, 280 _et seq._
a retrograde step in history, 298
rights of, and greatest adversary of, 297
some of its first supporters, 281-2
a subversive theory, 273
summing up of, 287-8
political theory of, in contradiction with the historic nation, 243
the true, 294, 295

Nations, different, in one State, considerations regarding, 289 _et seq._

Naude, basis of his apology for Charles IX., 147

Navarre, Henry, King of, later Henry IV., King of France, 44
marriage of, with Margaret of Valois, opposed by the Popes, 105,
109, 111, 128;
real facts regarding, 131-3;
representations on, of Charles IX. and his mother, 135;
dissolution of, by Paul V., 114
murder of, schemed as a good deed, 139
and the proposed league of Protestant defence, 145

Navarre, Queen of (Margaret of Valois), death of, reckoned on in
France, 109, and _see_ Marriage, under Navarre, Henry, King of

Neander, rank of, 421
special gifts of, 555
unconventionally of, 384

Nelson, 592

Netherlands (_see also_ Holland _and_ Low Countries), deposition of
Philip II., and establishment of republic, 44
republic of, inaugurated reign of law through freedom of press, 50

Nevers, Duke of (Lewis Gonzaga), high station of, 128
share of, in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 110;
his "ill-timed generosity" on this occasion, 122;
praises of, by Capilupi, 129

Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, 573, 592, 593
distinction drawn between Pope and Court, 417
Doellinger's early appreciation of, 395;
intercourse with, 402
Napoleon III. not condemned by, 413
theory of development different from Doellinger's, 407-8
_cited_ on papal authority, 423

Nicholas I., 431

Niebuhr, 581;
association of his conservatism with revolutionary ideas of Mazzini, 59
Doellinger's gratitude to, 393

Nimes, Bishop of, on infallibility, 515;
opposed to discussion of, 501

Nimes (city), no Huguenot massacres at, 143

Nippold, rank of Doellinger estimated by, 386

Nourrison cited on Machiavelli's sincerity, 227

Nugent, Count, proclamation by, on Italian independence, 285

Nuremberg, Anabaptists at, 157

Octavius, opposition of Gracchus to, 76

Odescalchi, character of, 433

OEcolampadius, Joannes, opinions of, on Church government, 176-7

Ollivier, opposition of, to French lay representation in Vatican
Council, 504

Orange, Prince of (William the Silent), 44
alliance made with, by Charles IX., 105
declaration for (1572), of province of Holland, 103
Huguenot expedition to aid, failure of results, 116, 141
not alienated by Charles IX.'s Huguenot massacres, 120

_Origines de la France Contemporaine_, 569

Orleans, Bishop of, attitude of, to papal infallibility, 228,
316, 515, 523, 524
at Council of Bishops, 1867., 500
patriotism of (1862), 445
permission refused to, for publication of reply to the Archbishop
of Mechlin, 537
promotion of Vatican Council by, 493
unacknowledged agreement with Doellinger, 316
on validity of Vatican Council's decrees, 549
Orleans, city of, horrors of Huguenot massacre at, 124
Orleans dynasty, result of appeal from, in 1848., 590

Orsi, Doellinger's tribute to, 387

Orsini, Cardinal, Legatine mission of, to France, his instructions, 137;
Charles IX.'s representations to him, 138

Oscott, Wiseman's work as President of, 438

Osiander, Andreas, _cited_ on toleration, 157

Ossat, D' 114 & _note_

Overbeck, on Epistle to Diognetus, 420

Oxford movement, Doellinger told of, by Brewer. 402
Wiseman's influence on, 438

Paderborn, Bishop of, on infallibility of Pope, 518

Paine, Thomas, 585;
citation of, from _Rights of Man_, on the confusion of political
forms with political liberty, 238

Pallavicini, Theiner on, 431

Panhellenism, 284

Panigarola, panegyric by, on Charles IX., 125

Panslavism, rise of, 284

Papacy, the, acknowledgment of small principalities of Italy, 355
based on organic development, 321-4
and the Byzantine Empire, 353
extraordinary notions of Godwin Smith on the, 267
future of, 367-70
government of, reform in, 363-5
reform of, attempted by Pius IX., Doellinger on, 365
removal to France, a challenge to schism, 370
temporal power of, _see_ Temporal power

Papal Legations rescued from Austria at the Congress of Vienna, 283
See, confusion between direct and indirect authority of, 256
struggle with the Franciscans, 552

Papinian, _cited_ on political progress, 79

Paramo, 428

Paris, attitude hostile to the Huguenots, 116, 117
attitude after the murder of Coligny and Massacre of St. Bartholomew
in, 106, 126, _and see both heads_
France governed by, during revolution of 1789, 88
Mendoca's praise of its Catholic inhabitants, 124
Archbishop of, cardinals hat refused for, by Pius IX., 526
career of, 526
character of, 326
French representation on Vatican Council urged by, 505
on Papal infallibility, 532
on validity of Vatican Council's decrees, 549
university of, and the Inquisition, 570

Paris, Matthew, Lea's authorities on, 558

Parliamentary corruption in America, past and present, 578
government, primitive republicanism the germ of, 32

Parma, centre of historical work, 387
(1862) nationality in, 292

Partition of Poland, _see under_ Poland

Pascal, Blaise, advocate of passive obedience to kings, 48
_cited_ on varying standards of right and wrong, 220

Passaglia, fame of, 413
on papal liberty, 313
reputation of, 502

Passive obedience to the State, doctrine upheld by theologians and
philosophers, 47, 48
taught by Luther, 156, 161, 180;
asserted by Calvin, 180-81

_Patrie_, French newspaper, criticism by, of Wiseman's address at Rome,
439, 443, 444, 445;
his reply, 439

Paul, Father, 432

Paul III., Pope (Cardinal Farnese), hatred of the Medici family, 214;
letter from Sadolet, praising the extermination of the Vaudois, 217

Paul V., Pope (Borghese), aware of premeditated Huguenot massacre, 114

Peace of St. Germains, as affecting French Huguenots, 105;
alarmist views on, held by Salvati, 110

Peasants' war, the, in Germany, attitude of Luther towards, 155, 156
& _note_, 162

Pegna, Arragonese origin of, 558, 560
character of works of, 428

Pelleve, Cardinal, Archbishop of Sens, on the premeditation of a massacre
of Huguenots, 111

Peloponnesian war, influence of, on Athens, 69

Penn, William, 410;
follower of doctrine of toleration, 84

Pennaforte, home of St. Raymond, 556

Pennsylvania, democratic constitution of, 84

People, _see also_ Democracy _and_ Will of the People
sovereignty of, idea of parent of idea of Nationality, 277
wishes, etc., of, as criterion of right, teaching on, of the French
Revolution as to, 271

Percin, authority on the Inquisition, 554
German ignorance of, 428

Peresius, on Bible inspiration, 514

Perez, Antonio, accusation by, of

Philip II. of Spain, 104

Pericles and democracy, 9, 68
effort to prevent predominance of any particular interest in
politics, 10

Perronne, on biblical critics, 514
on commission of preparation for Vatican Council, 500
hostility to Passaglia, 413
rank of, 417

Persecution, attitude to, of Marsilius, 562
by Catholics, principles of, 168-170, 186
by heathen Rome, justified on political grounds, 186
mediaeval, justification of, 254
method of escaping from imposition of religious disabilities, 250
natural stage in the progress of society, 250
Protestant theory of, 150;
the book by H.C. Lea, review, inadequate as history of, 574
reasons for and against, as a political principle, 252
some noted supporters of, 570
Spain and Sweden contrasted, 170
two propositions regarding, 572-3

Persian wars, influence of, 67

Persians, makers of history, 240

Petavius (s.j.) and the idea of development in religion, 591, 592
Doellinger's early study of, 379
Doellinger's gratitude to, 393
Morris of Exeter advised to read, 380

Peter Martyr, death of Servetus approved by, 185

Petrucci, communications of, forecasting the Massacre of St.
Bartholomew, 109
mysticism of, 376

Philip II., king of Spain, aid of, essential to crush French Huguenots, 104
the St. Bartholomew massacre urged by, 116-17
orders from, for slaughter of Alva's Huguenot prisoners, 142
revolt against, of the Netherlands, 44

Philo of Alexandria, Lucius's attacks on, 420
on customs of the Essenes, 26

Philosophers, doctrine of passive obedience, upheld by, 48
schemes of, for ideal societies, why never realised, 270-71

Piatti, apologist of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 148

Piedmontese government and the Papacy, 368-9

Pilgrim fathers, belief of, not influencing the American revolution, 584-5

Pistoja, on treatment of heretics in Rome under Pius V., 138

Pitra, influence of, in France, 404

Pius IV., Pope, Bull _Multiplices inter_, published by, 520-25

Pius V., Pope, blessing given by, to war against Huguenots, 141
denunciatory letter from, to court of France, 110
patron of Muzio, 214-15
previous information of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew supplied
to, 130-31
strong anti-Protestant views of, 138-9
on the peace of St. Germains, 105

Pius VII., Pope, destruction of church of France by, 323
influence on Doellinger, 402
_cited_ on Papal authority, 323

Pius IX., Pope, alarm of dissenting bishops allayed by, 519
Archbishop of Paris rebuked by, 526
brief of, to the Archbishop of Munich, censuring Frohschammer, 481-5
character of, described by Doellinger, 365-6
confidence in the support of the bishops at the discussion of Papal
infallibility, 523-4
on Doellinger's _Kirche und Kirchen_, 415
on the infallibility of the Pope, 496
personal popularity of, 497
quarrel with Russia, 493
reform of excommunication laws, 531
treatment of Doellinger, 411
Vatican Council convened and prepared for by, 492-511
obstinacy in management of Vatican Council, 532
reforms of, 402
refusal of permission to Theiner to publish acts of Council of Trent, 431
and Vatican Council, Doellinger's estimate of, 431
veneration of, spell broken by protesting bishops, 531

Planck, Moehler's address to, 378

Plantagenet, house of, claims backed by Rome against house of Bruce, 35

Plantier, authority on Louis Philippe, 402

Platen, diaries of, description of Doellinger's early studies in, 375

Plato, _Laws_, 22
on class interests, 69, 71
opinions of, 71
not without perverted notions of morality, 18
_Republic_ of, 270

Plebeians, Roman, struggle with aristocracy, 13, 14

Plotinus, ideal society of, 270

Plutarch, religious knowledge of, 406

Poland, 105;
Anjou as candidate for throne of, 105;
prospects of, after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 144
an exception to common law of dynastic States, 274;
and why, 275;
the consequence, the partition, 275
extinction of, 283
government of, and the Reformation, 43
partition of, awakening theory of nationality in Europe, 275
religious toleration in sixteenth century, 103
republic of, nature, 49
Socinians in, Beza's hostility to, 146
wrath in, at the Huguenot massacres, 120

Pole, Cardinal, _Il Principe_ brought to notice of, 214
_cited_ on political scruples, 219

Polish exiles, why always champions of national movements, 286
Protestants, strength and unity of, 103
revolution, causes united in, 284

Political corruption, Hamilton's paradox on, 581
disorders, distribution supersedes concentration of power as remedy
against, under Solon, 7
equality at Athens, 68
forms, confusion with popular rights, 238
freedom inherently absent in France, 237-40
habits and ideas special to particular nations, varying in the
national history, 297
intelligence, not culture, the test of a conquering race, 242
liberty in modern times the fruit of self-government, 253
life a sign of true patriotism, 293
opposition to Vatican Council, absence of, 511
power should be in proportion to public service, 8
observance of this principle at Athens, 8
principles, obligation of, essentials for understanding, 458
science, America's rank in, its exponents, 578
theory of nationality in contradiction with the historic notion, 243
thoughts on the Church, 188

Politics, attitude to, of the best Americans, 578
conscience in, expedient elasticity of, 212-14
contemporary, Doellinger's part in, 400-403
honesty in, approved by great men, 219-23;
not always expedient, 219-21;
opinions of Pope Clement, 214;
Machiavelli, 212;
Michelet, 213;
Molino, 213;
Sarpi, 213;
Soto, 213
laws of, rest on experience, 391
liberty highest end of, 22, 23, 24
Machiavellian, tribute to, 219
principles of, high teaching regarding, in Plato's _Laws_ and
Aristotle's _Polities_, 22
retribution in, 220-23
science of, impartial study, unknown in seventeenth century, 43-46;
impartial study originated by Grotius, 46

Politics and science, authority of, now re-established, extent of, 453;
discoveries and principles of, how generally judged, 454

Polygamy, attitude of reformers to, 159, 160

Pontiac, price on head of, 213

Pope, the, and the court, Lamennais's distinction between, 464-5
intervention of, between state and sovereign, 257

Popes, the (Medicean), unofficial countenance of Machiavelli, 214

Popular rights, confusion of political forms with, 238

Population, masses of, not benefited by liberty of subject, 94
relief of, aim of modern democracy, 95

Porrette, Marguerite, 558, 568

Portugal, lay representative of, on Vatican Council, 507

Postel, 382

Potomac, army of, 579

Praetorius, 432

Presbyterianism, democratic element in, 81, 82
Doellinger's sketch of, 336-7

Prescott, W., 569

Press, freedom of, in Netherlands Republic inaugurated reign of law, 50

Principles, false, place of, in social life of nations, 272
political, obligation of, essentials for understanding, 458
touchstone and watershed of, 454

Principles and interests, relative importance of, 449

Priscillian, fate of, Lea's view on, 572

Property, liberty and connection between, 54

Protagoras _cited_, 70

Protestant authorities, use made of, by the Ultramontanes, 451-2
Church government, agitation for reform in Prussia, 347
establishment, its views on government, 260
Reformers, _see_ Reformers
"Protestant Theory, The, of Persecution," 150, & _see_ 254, 255, 576
involved in Luther's teaching, 164
developed by Melanchthon, 164 _et seq._
carried to an extreme by the Anabaptists, 172
carried out by Calvin, 178;
and defended by Beza, 183
continued in Massachusetts, 187
characteristics of, 168-70
failure of, 187
Zwinglian varieties of, 174 _et seq._

Protestantism, aversion of, to freedom, 240
and the civil power, 150, 159, 161, 181
decline of, in Northern Europe, Doellinger's description of, 342-51
Doellinger's survey of, 302-303
final acceptance by, of toleration, 187
friendly feeling of Doellinger towards, 396-7
growth of, 325-52
and the later mediaeval sects, essential difference between, 271
never successful in France, 595
toleration as, cause and effect of its decline, 255

Protestants, the, _see also_ Huguenots and Lutherans
as cats' paws of France against Spain, 105-16
ordinance of Louis XIV. against, and their action, 50
position and apparent prospects of (1572), 102
English, unanimity amongst, 189
Polish, unity and strength among, 103

Provincial massacres of Huguenots, 105

Prussia, nationality shown in the opposition to Napoleon I., 281

Prynne, on study of records, 393

Pufendorf, expositor of Grotius' doctrines, 46

Purgatory, release from (_see_ Indulgences), obtainable from the Pope,
belief in, 495

Puritans in America, intolerance of, 187

Pusey, Dr., Doellinger's letters to, 395-6
in favour of Vatican Council, 493

Puygaillard, mission of, to ensure provincial massacres of Huguenots,
118 _note_, 119

Pythagoras, an advocate of government by aristocracy, 21

Quetelet, 589

Quicherat and other authorities on Joan of Arc, 558

Quinet, cause to which he attributes the breakdown of the French
Revolution, 595

Radowitz, Doellinger's debt to, 402
potential liberality of, 414

_Rambler, The_, 447

Rambouillet, French Ambassador at Rome, 136

Ranke, Leopold von, calm indifference of historical deductions of, 390
estimate of Macaulay by, 391
old age of, friendship with Doellinger, 396
style of, admiration of Doellinger for, 393
_cited_ on judgment of time, 221;
on Luther's conservatism, 161;
on Machiavelli's merits, 228

Rattazzi, impoverishing policy of, 509

Raumer, source of historical work of, 386

Rauscher, Cardinal, opponent of Papal infallibility, 532, 533, 535, 544

Ravignan, 400

Raymundus, Doellinger's opinion of works of, 382

Raynaud, account of Machiavelli's death, 215

Rebellion punished by death by the Church in the Middle Ages, 216-19

Reformation, the, discredited by the Peasants' War, 155
Doellinger on, 393-7
early character of, 153
effect of, on governments, 41, 42, 43

Reformers, Protestant, attitude of, to polygamy, 159, 160
common origin of their views on State policy, 150-51
intolerance of, exemplified, 184
Saxon and Swiss, reason of their political differences, 173, 177
on the treatment of heresy, 183
views of, on Church and State, 181
writings of, 150

Regicide (_see also_ Assassination _and_ Murder) urged by mediaeval
Church to remove tyrants, 217-18

Reid, 593

Reisach, Cardinal, _see_ Munich, Archbishop of

Religion in relation to the American government, 584-5
decay in belief of, among Greeks, 8
development of, attitude to, of Bossuet, 591
how it influences State policy, 150
principles of, non-sectarian study of, unknown in seventeenth
century, 45-46
reconcilable to liberty, dispute on, 467-9
toleration in, early advocates of, 52
turned into engine of despotism after
Reformation, 44
true, definition of, 197
differentiation of, from false, standards for, 449

Religions, multiplicity of, danger from, limited, 250
suppression of, due to danger from doctrine in pagan and mediaeval
times, 251;
only necessary when practice of, dangerous to State, 251

Religious crime, civil jurisdiction over, Beza's views, 146
disabilities, danger of, greater than multiplicity of religions, 250
in Ireland made an engine of political oppression, 253
intelligence and zeal, office of, 460
liberty, defined, 151-2
effect on, of State control, 151-3
incompatibility of, with unity frequent, 252
in Maryland, 187
and political emancipation, connection of, not accidental, 292
persecution and slavery, 64
toleration, _see_ Toleration

Renan, Ernest, commendation by, of dishonesty in politics, 225
rank of, as writer in France, 417

Renouvier, Flint's agreement with, 594-5

Representation separability from taxation, origin of this principle
in Middle Ages, 39
in America, restrictions on, 579

Representative assemblies, methods of strengthening, 97
government, earliest proclamation and enactment of, 26
not discussed in classical literature, 25, 26
origin of, in Middle Ages, 39

Republic, French (the first), its title and what it signified, 277

Republic of 1848 (France), of what school the triumph, 590

Republican views of Zwingli and Calvin, 42

Republicanism of Athens, 68
primitive, germ of Parliamentary government, 32
true, defined, 277

Republics, government by, good opinion of Louis Philippe as to, 56, 90
of Poland and Venice, contrast between, 49

Resistance, doctrine of, 54
law of, as manifested in the American Revolution, 586

Restoration, French (under Louis XVIII.), effects of, on Nationality, 282
the true, that of 1688., 580

Rettberg, 420

Retz, Cardinal de, opposed to, yet ignorant of, Machiavelli's
doctrines, 218
_cited_ on political adaptability, 219

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, an inconsistency, 170;
not approved by Innocent XI., 147;
remarks on, 266

Revolution, identity of, and difference from, passive obedience, 162
one of the worst enemies of civil freedom, 300
its most powerful auxiliary, present day, 276
Protestantism favourable to, 181
American--
not inspired by the belief of the Pilgrim Fathers, 584-5
nothing of, in common with the French, 580
spirit of, 580, 587
supreme manifestation of the law of resistance, 586
of 1848, double debt to, of Nationality, 287
the French--
abolition by, of traces of national history, 278
the (1789), causes leading up to, 85, 86, 87
change produced by, how effected, 271;
consequences, 272
characteristics peculiar to, roots far back in history, 280
denounced by Burke, 219
doctrines of, adversary of the old despotic policy, 276
essential difference between it and others, 271
injured by its religious policy, 86
ethnological character of, 277, 278
nothing in it in common with the American revolution, 580
revival of a conquered race, 241
no constructive idea given rise to by it, 241
substance of its ideas, 280
theory of equality disastrous to liberty, 88
of 1688, "divine right of freeholders" established by, 54
principles of, anticipated, 179
statesmen of, represented as ancestors of modern liberty, 53

Revolutionary leaders of 1789, ideas of, contrary to idea of
Nationality, 281

Revolutions, three phases of those subsequent to the Congress of
Vienna, 284-5

Rhode Island, State of, rise of, 187

Richelieu, Cardinal, historical insight of, 409
method of dealing with Protestants, its effect, 116
on subjection of nation, 48
_cited_ on historical deductions based on success, 221

Riehl, on abstract ideas and their power, 585

Rimini, 559

Rio, 432; _cited_ on Doellinger as a theologian, 399

Ritschl, 389

Robespierre, fate of, 401
terrorism of, causes of production of, 262

Robinson _cited_ on progressive revelation, 592

Rochelle, La, siege of, 113 _note_, 115, 118

Roman conquest of Europe and its consequences, 277 _et seq._

Romans, as makers of history, 240
persecution of Christians by, reasons for, 196, 198

Rome, _see also_ Church, the conflicts with, 461-91
attitude at, towards Doellinger, 410-14
and the Church at variance, 516-17
popularity of Machiavelli in, 214
statesmen of, permeation of, with Greek ideas, 16
Court of, reformation demanded by Strossmayer, 536
religious power of, as the preservation of civilised Europe,
Lea's view, 568
and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, its complicity (believed in),
128, 131;
reception at, of the news of, 132, 134, 135
result of Vatican Council, scorn of opposition, 544
ties of English Catholics with, tightened by Wiseman, 438
Wiseman's Address at, criticised by _The Patrie_, 439;
his reply and rebuttal of "covert insinuations" in _The Home and
Foreign Review_, 439-40;
reply of that publication, 440;
statement of facts concerning the Address, 444
Emperors of, above legal restraint, 78, 79
pleasure of, force of law possessed by, 31
Empire of, creation of the Roman people, not by usurpation, 77, 78
better services rendered by, to cause of liberty than by the
Republic, 15
seat of, transferred from Rome to Constantinople, 30
heathen, persecution by, how justified, 186
Republic of, conversion into monarchy by Julius Caesar, 15
influenced by precept and example, 13, 14
ruined by its own vices, 74

Roscher, intercourse of, with Doellinger, 403

Rosmini, 381;
disciples of, 314
Doellinger's pupils sent to, 381
erudition of, 400

Rossi, De, 431; Doellinger's guide in Rome, 411
on epistles of St. Ignatius, 419
friendship with Cardinal Reisach, 501

Rouen, clergy of, desirous of Huguenot extirpation, 142
reluctance of Carouge to allow Huguenot
massacre at, 119

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, cause of his power as a political writer, 84
definition of the social compact, 57
effects of his teaching on Marat, 57, 58
proclaimer of equality, 273
vindication of natural society by, 263
on true sense of country, 294

Royalism, execution of Charles I., a triumph for, 51

Royalty exalted into a religion (_see also_ Divine Right of Kings
_and_ Passive Obedience), 47

Ruinart, credulous criticism of, 420

Ruemelin, 589; on political expediency, 222

Russia, and its adoption of Greek Church, 333-4
attitude of, to Vatican Council, 508
quarrel of, with Pius IX., 493

Russian nationality attacked by Napoleon I., 281

Saccarelli, Doellinger's tribute to, 387

"Sacerdotal Celibacy," 561;
and the _Droit du Seigneur_, 566

Sacred College, the, attitude of, on the St. Bartholomew, 140

Salviati's eminence at, 110

Sadolet, Paul, _cited_, on massacre of Vaudois of Provence, 217

Sailer, 402

St. Augustine, _cited_, 197;
in praise of Seneca, 25

St. Bartholomew, the Massacre of (_see_ Massacre of St, Bartholomew),
44, 101;
not a crime of the people, 43

St. Bernard, 434

St. Brieuc, agreement with Gratry's views, 537

St. Cyprian, intolerance a rule of life from the days of, Lea's view, 562

St. Dominic as the First Inquisitor, 553;
so entitled by Sixtus V. 558
attitude of, to heretics, 428, 554
house of, at Toulouse, headquarters of the Inquisition, 552

St. Elizabeth of Hungary, strange choice by, of a confessor, 570

St. Francis of Assisi, Lea's view of, 569

St. Germains, Peace of, advantages of, to French Huguenots, 105;
alarmist views on, of Salviati, 110

St. Irenaeus, language of, which might be taken as Arian, 592

St. Louis, Archbishop of, on the Immaculate Conception, 545
on Papal Infallibility, 533, 545;
his protest against the doctrine, 499

St. Martin, mysticism of, 376;
study of, by De Maistre, 377

St. Poelten, Bishop of (Fessler), and the proposed discussion of Papal
Infallibility at Vatican Council, 500-501, 513
reform urged by, 495
Secretary of Vatican Council, 501

St. Raymond and the Inquisition, 556-7

St. Sulpice, Catechism of, Lea's deductions from, 570
opposition of, to Lamennais's Ultramontanism, 463

St. Thomas Aquinas, later exponent of Plato's _Politics_, 72
_cited_ on the relation of Kings to the People, 36, 37

Sainte Beuve, C.A., _cited_ on political fatalism, 221

Ste. Hilaire, Barthelemy, _cited_ on Machiavelli's politics, 219

Salvianus on social virtues of pagans, 33

Salviati, despatches of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 132, 133;
as utilised by Acton, and his predecessors, 102
on the "spirit of a Christian," as shown by Charles IX. at the Massacre
of St. Bartholomew, 122
on the true reason for the Navarre marriage, 135

Samarra, the, 569

San Callisto, Doellinger's visit to, 411

San Germano, treaty of, 555

San Marino, 386

Santa Croce, Nuncio, information derived from, on the Massacre of
St. Bartholomew, 102;
on the plans framed at Bayonne against Huguenots, 108 & _note_, 108-9
alleged report by, on the intended Huguenot massacre, 131-2

Sarpi, Paolo, _cited_ on political honesty, 213

Savigny, 380;
influence of, on Doellinger, 376
leading doctrines of, 594
source of historical works of, 386

Savonarola, Girolamo, 556

Savoy, motto of its abortive rising in 1834., 286
not surprised by the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 109
Duke of, and the marriage of Coligny, 110

Say, J.B., _cited_ on political virtues, 219

Schelling, 403
estrangement of, from Doellinger, 381
mythology of, 405
_cited_ on collective thought, 585-6

Scherer, Edmond, _cited_ on progress, 221

Schlegel, H.W.F. von, classed as Ultramontane, 451
studied by Doellinger, 375

Schleiermacher, F.E.D., Doellinger on, 375

Schmalkald, Confession of, on excommunication, 158

Schomberg on Charles IX. and the provincial massacres, 120

Schopenhauer, metaphysics of, Doellinger's love for, 381

Schottmueller, 421, 574;
conclusions of, on the trial of the Templars, 563

Schrader, Clement, reputation of, 502
on commission of preparation for Vatican Council, 500

Schwarzenberg, Cardinal, manager of German elections to Commission
on Dogma, 529, 532
Cardinal, opposition of, at Vatican Council, 525-6
on Papal Infallibility, 544

Schwenkfeld, Kaspar von, his doctrines condemned by Melanchthon, 167

Science, demands of, on its students, 453
liberty of, in the Church, 461-91
liberty in, questioned through Frohschammer's excommunication, 477
power of, to act upon religion, not foreseen in 1679., 595

Science and religion, reconciliation of, 462;
denied by Frohschammer, 462;
accepted by Lamennais, 462-3

Science, truth essential in, 449
German, great services to intellectual liberty, 469
religious, definition of, 389

Scientific truth, certainty of essentials for understanding, 458

Sclopis, Count, on character of Machiavelli, 226

Scotland, Doellinger on Presbyterianism of, 337
triumph of Reformation in, over the State, 43

Scott, Hope, consulted by Doellinger, 395

Sega, Bishop of Piacenza and Nuncio, attitude of, to murder for the
glory of God, 139

Self-government, faculty of, opposed to tradition of antiquity, 31
in a great democracy, how alone preservable, 277;
that kind of, which constitutes true republicanism, 277
modern political liberty the result of, 253

Self-sacrifice, renovation of society on principles of, 58

Seneca, his elevated sentiments praised by St. Augustine, 25
religious knowledge of, 406
views of, 73

Sermoneta, 131

Servetus, Michael, 430;
his condemnation approved by Melanchthon, 167;
and by other Reformers, 175, 184-5;
defended by Calvin, 181-2;
but not politically justified, 184-5

Seward, W.H., on the rights sought by the revolting Americans, 587
praise by, of Hamilton's statesmanship, 581

Shakespeare, study of, Doellinger's motive for, 432

Sherman, General, 579

Sicily, the Inquisition in, 1224., 553-4

Sickel, 422

Sidney, Algernon, character of, 53
slight knowledge of Machiavelli's works, 218

Sieyes, 277; council suggested by, 96
doctrine of, 57

Sigismund, King of Poland, Beza's advice to, on Socinianism, 146

Sigonius, Doellinger's gratitude to, 393

Simancas, annotations of, on Campeggio's commentary, 559-60

Simpson, 432

Sixtine Chapel, Vasari's paintings in, illustrative of the Massacre
of St. Bartholomew, 135

Sixtus V., Pope, attitude of, to the murder of the Guises, 121-2
Doellinger's estimate of, 424
St. Dominic entitled by, the First Inquisitor, 558
a strong Pope, 138

Slavery and democracy, 63

Slavery, general extinction of, in Europe in Middle Ages, 39
principle of, implicit opposition of Stoics to, 25, 26
and practice of, rejected by Essenes, 26

Slavonic races, 245
stationary national character of, 241

Smith, Adam, doctrine of, 57
known in France, 219

Smith, Goldwin, on the Catholic Church in Ireland, 259
on history, success only attribute acknowledged by, 223

Smith, Sir Thomas, on English attitude to the French, after the
Huguenot massacres, 144 & _note_

Socialism, baneful alliance of, with democracy, 92, 93, 98
and slavery, 63

Societies, Epicurean notion that they are founded on contract for
mutual protection, 18

Society and government, association and correspondence of, 265

Society of Jesus (_see also_ Jesuits), Arragonese influence in
its constitution, 557

Socinians, reason of their persecution, 169

Socinus, partial advocate of toleration, 52

Socrates, 406; on democracy, 71
death of, crowning act of guilt of Athenian government, 12
method of, essentially democratic, 71
records of, 409
view of, on laws of country as sole guide of conduct, 18

Solon, decentralisation of power advised by, to remedy social
disorders, 7
doctrine of, that political power should be commensurate with
public service, 8
influence of, on democracy, 66, 68
revision of laws of Athens by, 6
good results of his forethought in providing for revision of
Athenian constitution, 7, 8

Sophists, doctrine of, 70
their ideas of utilitarianism, 17

Sorbin, Confessor of Charles IX., and the Orleans massacres, 126;
his account of the death of Charles IX., 126-7 & _note_
on premeditation of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 112

Soto, on political conscience, 216
_cited_ on assassination as a political resource, 213

Spain (_see also_ Cadiz Constitution), abortive monarchy of (1812), 89
absolute monarchy in, due to appropriation of tribunal of Inquisition, 41
designs against, of Charles IX., utilisation in, of the Protestants,
105, 116
effect on, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124, 143
and the Inquisition, 152
Montalembert's journey to, 425
national character of rejection of French forces and ideas, 281
Parliamentary system of, origin, 34
reasons for persecution in, 170
and representation on Vatican Council, 507
view in, of the planned character of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124

Spinoza, advocate of passive obedience to the State, 48
interpreter of Machiavelli, 228

Spirit of the American Revolution, what it was, 587;
what it was not, 584-5

Spondanus, Bishop, on Gregory XIII., reasons for permitting the Navarre
marriage, 128

Stahl, J., 589; injustice of Doellinger to, 391

Stahr, A., _cited_ on historical deductions, 221

Stanley, Dean, considered Vatican Council important to all
denominations, 493

State, the (_see also_ Church and State), authority of, excessive in
ancient times, insufficient in Middle Ages, 4
free constitution of, free action of Church a test of, 246
limitations of its duties, 3
and religious liberty, 151-3
sole authority according to modern theory, 151
sole care of the Absolutists, eighteenth century, 273

State Church, its connection with the community, 260
of Ireland, Goldwin Smith on, 259

States, boundaries of, as coincident with Nationalities, J.S. Mill on, 285
classic, taking from citizens more than they gave them. 17;
vice of, 16
small, drawbacks of, 295

States-General, the, and the Inquisition, 570

Stein, 282

Stenzel, G.A.H., _cited_ on political expediency, 222

Stephen, Leslie, _cited_ on philosophy of history based on truth, 223

Stewart, Dugald, praise of Machiavelli, 224

Stoics, their emancipation of mankind from subjugation to despotic rule, 24
their implied opposition to principle of slavery, 25, 26
their teaching nearest approach to that of Christianity, 24, 25
views of, 73

Stolberg, classed as Ultramontane, 451

Story, on Tocqueville's views of the American Constitution, 576
_cited_ on _The Federalist_, 581

Strappado, the, 569

Strasburg, Senate of, reluctance of, to act harshly to Catholics, 172

_Stratagemma, Lo, di Carlo IX._, and its author, 129

Strossmayer, Bishop (upon Turkish frontier), 548;
absence of, from vote on decree (involving acceptance of
Infallibility), 543
demand for reform made by, 536
opposition of, at Vatican Council, 522
protest of, to Vatican Council altered before presentation, harmony
restored by, 542
on authority of Vatican Council, 541
on the dogmatic decree, 527, 533
on ungenerous treatment of Protestants, 541

Strozza, Philip, 113 _note_

Stuart, House of, misrule of, only temporarily foiled under Cromwell, 50
upholders of supremacy of kingship over people, 47

Suarez, revision of MS. of, in Rome, 428

Suffrage, limitations of, effects of, 96
restricted, not always a safeguard of monarchy, 2
universal, of what school the triumph, 590

Sunderland, 410

Sura, Bishop of, 519

Sweden, bishops of, and political assassinations, 217
religion in, Doellinger on, 341-2
working of Protestant theory of persecution in, 170

Swift, Jonathan, 409

Swiss, the, true nationality of, 294-5
Constitution (1874), significant work of modern democracy, 91
reformers, unlikenesses of, to the Saxons, 173

Switzerland, _see_ Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and
Calvinism in, Doellinger on, 338-9
Cantons of, influence in days preceding French Revolution, 50
progress and success of democracy in, 91
and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 120, 124-5

Sybel, H. von, historical style of, 384
_cited_ on historical deduction, 221

Sylla, invested with dangerous powers, 77

Syllabus, the Archbishop of Paris led by, to urge moderation, 526
the, designed to restore authority to the Church, 492
opinions of Pius IX. collected in, 496-8
opposition controlled by, 524
Prince Hohenlohe opposed to discussing state maxims of, at Vatican
Council, 503-4
Symmachus, _cited_, 196

Synods, Acts of, alleged tampering with, as affecting doctrine of
Infallibility, 499

Tacitus, confession of, respecting mixed constitutions, 20

Taine, Henri, Doellinger's ambiguous praise of, 417
influence of, on Doellinger, 434

Talleyrand de Perigord, Charles Maurice, 100
signs of sympathy with idea of nationality shown by, 282-3
_cited_ on Hamilton, 581

Tapparelli, classed as Ultramontane, 451

Taxation of American colonists, opposition of Lords Chatham and
Camden to, 55
exemption of clergy from, 34
inseparable from representation, origin of this principle in Middle
Ages, 39

Taylor, Sir Henry, on necessity for political subtlety, 219

Teligny and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 107

Tempesti on Catherine de' Medici and the Massacre of St-Bartholomew, 148

Templars, Doellinger's lecture on, 433
trial of, Lea's conclusions on, 552, 563

Temporal power of the Papacy, 312-13, 352-62, 367-71, 412-16, 422-5
antagonism to, 315-16
Doellinger on, 301-74

Terror, the, _see_ Reign of Terror

Tertullian, language of, which might be taken as Arian, 592

Teutonic races, missionaries the channel of conversion to Christianity, 245
union political more than religious, 244
State and the Church, quarrel between, cause of revival of democracy, 80
tribes, Christianity readily accepted by, 199

Theiner, A., early views of, superseded, 429
_Life of Clement the Fourteenth_, by, 411
Permission to publish acts of Council of Trent, refused to, by the
Pope, 431
skill of, as editor, 421
as source of information on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 102
views of, on Jesuits not in agreement with Doellinger, 411-12

Theognis on domination of oligarchies, 6

Theology in Germany, unique and scientific, 317, 347-51, 376, 471-82
schools of, at Munich, 375, and Tuebingen, 376

Theramenes as statesman, 70

Thiers, Adolphe, opinion of Machiavelli's works, 227

Thou, De, and the charge against the Bordeaux clergy, 127 _note_
on the Navarre marriage, 128
reproached for condemning Huguenot massacres, 147

Thucydides on reformed government at Athens, 12

Tocqueville, 400;
indictment brought by, against democracy, 93
influence of, on Doellinger's politics, 414
on the inspiration of the American Revolution, 584
on the need for two chambers in a Senate, 575-6
_cited_ on the American federal constitution, 576
on democracy and absolute government, 239

Toledo, Councils of, framework of Parliamentary system of Spain, 34

Toleration, advocacy of, by William Penn, 84
of Anabaptists, varying views of Reformers on, 157, 164, 176
anonymous tract on, against Calvin, 182
Calvinism a danger to, 180
cause and effect of decline of Protestantism, 255
early attitude of Reformers towards, 153-55, 168
in the early church, 186
Edict of, deceitful, of Charles IX., 117
Maryland an example of, 187
as a political principle, reasons for and against, 252
religious, in Poland, 103
forced upon Protestantism, 187
Protestant theory of, 151
and religious liberty, 152
traditional, attitude to, of Lea, 562
views of Beza on, 146

Tommasini, praise of Machiavelli, 226

Torquemada, 569

Tosti, on Papal Liberty, 313
on Temporal Power, 412

Toulouse, and the Albigenses, 556
Count of, and the Council of Arles, 565

Treitschke, _cited_ on Political Morality, 222

Trent Commissioners and prohibited works, 215

Trent, Council of, 111, 175
intolerance of, reformed by Vatican Council, 493-4
spirit of, 138

Treviso (province), story of, 387

Tridentine Reformation, _see_ Trent, Council of

Tronchin, on Voltaire's death, 215

Tuebingen, heresies of, 381
school of positive theology at, 376, 377

Turgot, attempted reforms of, 85
_cited_ on political expediency, 220
views of, on single or double form of Legislature, 576

Turin, Court of, policy of, 445

Turks, Charles IX.'s pourparlers with, 104

Twesten, _cited_ in support of Machiavelli's policy, 229

Tyrol, movement in, against Napoleonic institutions, a national one, 281

Ultramontane school, eminent writers of, two peculiarities of, 451
supersession of, 452

Ultramontanism, _see also_ Doellinger extreme, considered to be keystone
of the Church, by Lamennais, 462-3

United States, _see_ America