Chapter XXIX: Appendix: No. 1.—Page 2, Vol. I (9)

Battle, wager of, during the middle ages, iii. 312.

Bavaria, diet convoked in, i. 338.

Baysy, the birth-place of Godfrey de Bouillon, i. 76 n.

Beard, pledging and redeeming of the, i. 285 and n.

“Bearers of the cross,” title assumed by the first Crusaders,
i. 52 and n.

Bedouin Arabs, their bravery, ii. 391.

Bela IV., king of Hungary, his fear of the Tartars, iii. 6 n.

Belgrade besieged by the Turks, iii. 166.
The Turks defeated, iii. 167.
Taken by the Turks, iii. 213.

“Belial, children of”. i. 65.

Belinas, in Syria, pillaged by the Crusaders, ii. 475.

Bellerophon, statue of, at Constantinople, ii. 138 and n.

Berengaria of Navarre, i. 475.
Married to Richard I. of England, i. 476.

Berenger II., count of Barcelona, penitential pilgrimage of, i. 27.

Bernard, count of Carinthia, i. 338.

Bernard. See _St. Bernard_.

Bernicles, punishment of the, ii. 434.

Bertrand, son of Raymond de St. Gilles, i. 287.

Berytus, plain of, i. 198.
Wealth and importance of the city of, ii. 18.
Besieged by the Crusaders, _ib._
Captured and destroyed by the Saracens, iii. 89.

Bethlehem, i. 21.
The Crusaders take possession of, i. 201.

Bethonopolis, city of, i. 492.

Bibars Bendocdar, the Mameluke chief, ii. 404 and n.
Slays Almoadam, the sultan, ii. 440.
Assassinates Koutouz, iii. 7.
Is proclaimed sultan of Egypt, iii. 8.
Declares war against the Christians of Palestine, _ib._
His continued victories over them, iii. 11 et seq., iii. 63.
His death and character, iii. 64, iii. 65.

Biblies taken by the Crusaders, i. 288.

Bilbeis, city of, i. 388.
Besieged and captured by the king of Jerusalem, i. 394.

Bissarion, Cardinal, speech of, iii. 172.

Bithynia, hostilities in, between the Crusaders and the Turks,
i. 99 et seq.

Blanche, queen-regent of France, ii. 350.
Accompanies her son, Louis IX., on the outset of his crusade,
ii. 368.
Death of, and grief of Louis IX., ii. 475.

Blois, count of, obtains possession of Bithynia, ii. 162.
Is slain, ii. 167.
Anecdote of his devoted heroism, iii. 298.

Blondel, the minstrel, emancipates Richard I. from imprisonment,
iii. 406 (App.).

Bohemond, prince of Tarentum, one of the leaders of the Crusaders,
i. 84.
His character, i. 85, i. 86.
Embarks for Greece, i. 86.
Reception of, by Alexius of Constantinople, i. 93.
Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 108-111.
His barbarous treatment of the Turkish spies, i. 137.
His ambitious views, i. 147.
His defence of Antioch, i. 163.
Made prince of the city and territory, i. 186.
Visits Jerusalem, i. 269.
Surprised and captured in an expedition against the infidels,
i. 275.
Regains his liberty, and at Antioch resists the aggressions of
Alexius, i. 282.
Defeated at Charan, and escapes to Italy, i. 282, i. 283.
Arouses Europe against the infidels, i. 283, i. 284.
Embarks with a large army against the Emperor Alexius, i. 284.
Returns to Tarentum, where he dies, _ib._
Letter from him and others detailing their victory over the
infidels, iii. 360 (App.).

Bohemond, prince of Antioch and Tripoli, a descendant of the prince of
Tarentum, treacherously taken prisoner by the Armenians, ii. 8.
His death, ii. 190.

——, count of Tripoli, enters into a treaty with Bibars, iii. 17.
Bibars’s insulting letter to, on the capture of Antioch, _ib._
His city of Tripoli captured, iii. 69.

Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, elected commander of the fifth
crusade, ii. 55.
Captures Constantinople, ii. 131.
Elected sovereign of Thessalonica, ii. 150.
Shares the spoils of the Greek empire, ii. 152.
Quarrels with Baldwin, ii. 159-161.
Invades Greece, ii. 162, ii. 163.
Is slain, ii. 173.

Bosnia conquered by Mahomet II., iii. 174.

Bosra, city of, i. 317.
Expedition against, i. 318.
Disastrous retreat from, i. 319.

Bourbons, Archambault de, death of, ii. 371.

Bordeaux, itinerary from, to Jerusalem, iii. 351 et seq.
Notices of, _ib._ and n.

Bouvines, battle of, ii. 210.

Brienne, John of, city of Damietta assigned to, ii. 251.
His speech against the invasion of Egypt, ii. 254.
Revisits Europe, ii. 264.
Called to the throne of Constantinople, ii. 288.
Death of, ii. 289.

Brittany, duke of, his bravery, ii. 408.

“Brothers of Mercy,” origin of the, iii. 303.

Bulgarians, notices of the, i. 62.
Oppose the progress of the Crusaders, i. 63 et seq.
Their victories over the Latins, ii. 166-171.

Burbotte, a fish of the Nile, ii. 418 n.

Burgundy, duke of, his death, i. 501.

Byzantium. See _Constantinople_.

C.

Cæsarea besieged and captured by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 277,
i. 278 and n.
Capitulation of, i. 316.
Captured by the Egyptians, iii. 11.

Cairo, caliph of, treats the Christians as allies, i. 16.
Maintains relations with the Crusaders, i. 194.
His object, _ib._
His propositions rejected, i. 195, i. 196.
Sultan of, carries on war against the sultan of Damascus,
ii. 468, ii. 473.
Treaty of peace between, ii. 474.
See _Egypt_.

Caliphs, degeneracy of the, i. 12, i. 13.

Calixtus III., endeavours to stir up a crusade against the Turks,
iii. 165, iii. 169.

Camlets, manufacture of, during the middle ages, iii. 328.

Candia capitulates to the Turks, iii. 235.

Cannon of enormous size used against Constantinople, iii. 148.

Cantacuzenes, emperor of Constantinople, iii. 123.

Capistran, John, preaches a crusade against the Turks, iii. 163.
Death of, iii. 167.

Carac, heroic defence of, i. 453.

Caraffa, Cardinal, commands a crusading fleet, iii. 183.

Cardinals first clothed in scarlet at the council of Lyons, ii. 343.

Carismia captured by Gengiskhan, ii. 320.
The warriors of, commit extensive ravages in Syria, ii. 325.
Defeat the Christian and Mussulman united forces, ii. 326.
Join the sultan of Egypt, and capture Jerusalem, _ib._
Capture Damascus, ii. 332;
but rebelling against the sultan of Cairo, are defeated and
dispersed, _ib._

Carlowitz, treaty of, iii. 236.

Cassia brought from Asia, iii. 336.

Cassin, Mount, i. 21.

Cassius, his dispute with Dolabella, i. 117 n.

Cazan, the Mogul prince, conquests of, iii. 95.
Sends ambassadors to the pope, _ib._
Death of, iii. 97.

Celestine III., Pope, instigates Christendom to undertake the fourth
crusade, ii. 11.

—— IV., Pope, short reign of, ii. 296.

Cemetery for the pilgrims at Jerusalem, i. 10, i. 11.

Cenis, Mount, hospital of, i. 22.

Centius, prefect of Rome, pilgrimage of, i. 25.

Chages, a Mussulman sect, their fanatical devotion, iii. 79.

Chalcis captured by the Crusaders, i. 127.

Chalil elected sultan of Cairo, iii. 76.
Besieges Ptolemaïs, iii. 77.
Captures it, iii. 85;
and takes several other Christian cities, iii. 89.

Charan, Christians defeated at, i. 283.

Charlemagne, magnificent court of, i. 8.
His amicable relations with Aroun al Raschid, i. 9.
Promulgates religion by the sword, iii. 15 n.
Attempts to destroy the feudal system, iii. 275.
Portraiture of, iii. 358 (App.).

Charles IV., emperor of Germany, projects a fresh crusade, iii. 115.

—— V., his violence to the pope, iii. 216.
Policy of, iii. 219.

—— VIII., of Naples, engages in a crusade against the Turks,
iii. 193.
Receives the crown of Naples, iii. 195.
His army disbanded, iii. 196.

——, count of Anjou, crowned by the pope as king of Sicily, iii. 21.
Defeats his rival Conraddin, iii. 31.
Lands at Tunis, iii. 46;
and takes the command of the Crusaders, iii. 48-52.

Charles-le-Bel, of France, iii. 102.
His death, iii. 103 and n.

Charters, use of, adopted, iii. 320.

Charts, geographical, imperfect state of, during the middle ages,
iii. 335.

Châtelain de Coucy, chivalry of, i. 500 and n.

Chaver, vizier of Egypt, i. 387.
Resists the military preparations against Egypt, i. 390 et seq.

Chegger-Eddour, beauty and genius of, ii. 397.
Incites the Mamelukes to revolt, ii. 439.
Elected sultana of Egypt, ii. 445.
Marries Ezz-Eddin, and yields her regal authority, ii. 459.
Assassinates her husband, iii. 3.
Is sacrificed by her slaves, iii. 4.

Children, Jourdain’s letter on the crusade of, in 1212,
iii. 441 (App.).

China conquered by Gengiskhan, ii. 319.

Chio captured by the Turks, iii. 232.

Chirkou, the emir, i. 387.
Invades Egypt, i. 389 et seq.
Death of, i. 397.

Chirkoùh, family of, ii. 3.

Chivalry, spirit of, in favour of the crusades, i. 55.
Origin and history of, iii. 294 et seq.

“Christ lives!” &c., the war-cry of the Christian soldiers,
i. 281 and n.

Christendom, distracted state of, iii. 201, iii. 202, iii. 217.
Fears of, allayed by the victory of Lepanto over the Turks,
iii. 226.
Improving position of, iii. 230, iii. 245.

Christian army at Jerusalem, pious fervour of the, i. 226, i. 227.
Enthusiasm and valour of, ii. 36, ii. 37.

—— religion, its tendency to soften the manners of the Eastern
conquerors, i. 38.
Influence of, on the Crusaders, i. 56.

Christianity, power of the popes augmented by the progress of, i. 39.
On the sanguinary wars in support of, ii. 310; iii. 15 n.
Overthrown at Constantinople by the Turks, iii. 158.
Extended to China, iii. 304.
Its superiority over Mohammedanism, iii. 346, iii. 347.

Christians of the East respected by the northern barbarians, i. 3.
Persecuted by the Mussulmans, i. 7, i. 8, i. 16, i. 17, i. 19,
i. 32, i. 33.
Defeat the Mussulmans, i. 15.
Favoured by the caliphs of Cairo, i. 16.
Driven from Jerusalem, i. 19.
Their rejoicings at the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders,
i. 236.
Quit Jerusalem on its capture by Saladin, i. 431.
Their great sufferings, i. 433, ii. 7.
War declared against, by the sultan of Egypt, and Palestine ravaged,
ii. 11.

—— of the West, their early attention directed to the East, i. 3.
Excited to resistance by Archbishop Gerbert, i. 17.
Their various pilgrimages, i. 20 et seq.
Welcomed everywhere, i. 22.
See _Crusades_ and _Crusaders_.

Chronicle of Tours, extract from, iii. 359.

Chronicles, ancient, what is fabulous and what not, i. xxiii.
Of the middle ages, iii. 339-342.

“Chronicon Anglicanum,” by Ralph of Coggershall, iii. 395.

Churches, building of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 331.

Chütes, sect of the, iii. 413.

Cities abandoned by the infidels, i. 201.
Enfranchisement of, in Europe during the crusades, iii. 284-287.

Civilization weakens the spirit of fanaticism, i. xxi.
Increasing spread of, in Europe, iii. 229.
Progress of, during and after the crusades, iii. 251 et seq.

Clement IV. supports the second crusade undertaken by Louis IX.,
iii. 26, iii. 27.
Death of, iii. 36.

—— V., Pope, proclaims a crusade at the council of Vienna, iii. 97.

—— VII., his abortive attempts to arouse Christendom against the
Turks, iii. 215, iii. 218.
Imprisoned by Charles V., iii. 216.

Clergy assume arms in the crusades, i. 55.
Oppose the levying of contributions to the second crusade of Louis
IX., iii. 27.
Ascendancy and wealth of, during the age of the crusades, iii. 301,
iii. 302 et seq.
Their influence in the administration of justice during the middle
ages, iii. 315, iii. 316 and n.

Clermont, council at, held by Urban II., i. 44 et seq.

Cœur, Jacques, biographical notices of, iii. 184 and n.

Colonna, Mark Antony, his triumphal entry into Rome after the battle
of Lepanto, iii. 227.

Comans defeat the Latins, ii. 166.
The barbarous hordes of, ii. 333.

Comet, alarm caused by the sight of one, iii. 166.

Commerce of the East, i. 11.
State of, and progress during the period of the crusades, iii. 326
et seq.

Comnena, Anna, the historian, and daughter of Alexius Comnenus of
Constantinople, i. 41 n., i. 73, i. 75, i. 85, i. 88, i. 89, i. 147
et passim.

Comnenus, John, emperor of Constantinople, attacks Antioch, i. 312.

——, Manuel, his hypocritical policy, i. 347 et seq.

——, Michael-Angelus, gains the kingdom of Epirus, ii. 156.

Conon de Bethune, his speech in reply to the Emperor Alexius, ii. 84.

Conrad III., emperor of Germany, i. 337.
Determines on the second crusade, i. 338.
Leaves Germany at the head of the Crusaders, i. 346.
Arrives at Constantinople, i. 348.
Defeated by the Turks, i. 351, i. 352.
Returns to Constantinople, i. 353.
Arrives at Jerusalem, i. 363.
His heroism before Damascus, i. 366.

——, son of the marquis of Montferrat, and marquis of Tyre, engages
in the holy war, i. 451.
Defends Tyre, and repulses Saladin, i. 452.
Fits out a fleet for the Holy Land, i. 457.
His pretensions to the throne of Jerusalem, i. 470.
Ill-treated by Richard I. of England, i. 491.
Insidiously enters into an alliance with Saladin, i. 493.
Assassination of, i. 494.

——, Bishop, leader of the German crusades, ii. 21, ii. 22.
Assassinated, ii. 34.

Conraddin disputes the crown of Sicily, iii. 22.
Is defeated and executed, iii. 31.

——, sultan of Damascus, death of, ii. 275.

Constantine the Great, the promoter of Christian zeal, i. 1.

——, the Armenian prince, i. 122.

CONSTANTINOPLE besieged by the Saracens, i. 5, i. 9.
Popular traditions of its future liberation by the Latins, i. 9.
Eleven of its emperors put to death, i. 35.
The emperor, Alexius Comnenus, seeks the assistance of the Latins,
i. 44 and n.
The Crusaders arrive at, i. 67.
Excesses committed, i. 73.
Reception of the French leaders, i. 92-95.
Seductions of, i. 95, i. 96.
State of, at the time of the second crusade, i. 347.
Isaac Angelus the emperor of, i. 445.
Contentions between the Greeks and the Latins, i. 446, ii. 114-125.
The emperor dethroned, ii. 62.
Description of, ii. 81.
Besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 82.
Captured, ii. 93.
Conflagration in, ii. 105, 106.
Mourzouffle dethroned, ii. 129.
Lascaris chosen emperor, ii. 130.
Captured and plundered by the Latins, ii. 131-133.
Destruction of its works of art, ii. 137-140.
Relics sought for, ii. 141-143.
Amount of plunder obtained, ii. 144, ii. 145.
Baldwin, count of Flanders, elected emperor, ii. 148.
Decline of the Latin empire in, ii. 288.
John of Brienne called to the throne of, _ib._
Wrested from the Latins by the Greek troops of Michael Palæologus,
iii. 10.
Insurrectionary spirit in, iii. 111, iii. 113, iii. 116, iii. 117.
Tottering state of, when menaced by the Turks, iii. 123 et seq.
Besieged by Mahomet II., iii. 145, iii. 148 et seq.
Sanguinary conflicts, iii. 154, iii. 155.
Capture of, iii. 156.
Destruction of the empire of, iii. 158.
The stores of ancient learning and philosophy brought from,
iii. 338.

Constantinople, treaty between the Crusaders for dividing the city and
empire of, iii. 431 (App.).
Statues of, destroyed by the Crusaders, as related by Nicetas
Choniates, iii. 435 (App.).

Corfu surrenders to the Crusaders, ii. 77.
Fertility of, ii. 78.

Corsairs, a band of, join the Crusaders, i. 118.

—— Flemish, released from imprisonment, i. 188.

Cosroës, king of Persia, i. 3.

Coucy, Sieur de, death of, iii. 129.

Courçon, Cardinal de, preaches the sixth crusade, ii. 206, ii. 207.
Accusations against, ii. 208.
Death of, ii. 240.

Courtenay, Peter of, assassinated, ii. 288.

——, Robert of, his losses and death, ii. 288.

——, family of. See _Josselin_.

Courts of Justice established in Europe during the middle ages,
iii. 317 et seq.

Coxon and Marash, or “mountain of the devil,” i. 126.

Creton, Reimbault, origin of the noble family of, i. 222 n.

Cross, the badge of the Crusaders, i. 52.

—— of Christ found at Jerusalem, i. 230.

CRUSADES, AND CRUSADERS. Introduction to the history of the, i. xix.
No spectacle more imposing in the history of the middle age, _ib._
Disasters of the, i. xx, i. xxi.
“A right regal history”, i. xxii.
On the justice of the, i. xxiii.
Causes of, _ib._
Their effects, i. xxiv.
Their early history, from A.D. 300 to 1095, i. 1 et seq.
—— THE FIRST CRUSADE, A.D. 1095.—The numerous pilgrimages of the
eleventh century the forerunner of the, i. 24-30.
Instigated by Peter the Hermit, i. 42 et seq.
Determined on, and the name first assumed, at the council of
Clermont, i. 52.
Enthusiasm inspired thereby, i. 53 et seq.
Miracles and supernatural wonders alleged to be manifested, i. 57,
i. 81.
Large armies collected, i. 61.
Their departure, _ib._
Opposed by the Hungarians and Bulgarians, i. 63 et seq., i. 71,
i. 72.
Progress of, i. 65.
The Crusaders assail Nissa, _ib._
Their disastrous defeat, i. 66.
Enter Thrace, and reach Constantinople, i. 67.
Elect Gotschalk, a priest, as their general, i. 68.
Their progress, i. 69 et seq.
Rapacity and cruelties perpetrated by the, i. 70 et seq.
Signal defeats and general slaughter of, i. 72 et seq.
Fresh armies sent from various parts of Europe, and the names of
their most distinguished leaders, i. 76-88.
Wage war against the Greeks, i. 90, i. 91.
Wretched situation of the remains of Peter’s army in Bithynia,
i. 96.
Opposed by the Seljoucide Turks in Bithynia, i. 97.
Their various contests, i. 99 et seq.
Their arms and accoutrements, i. 99.
They besiege and capture Nice, i. 100-105.
They enter Phrygia, i. 106;
and defeat the Turks, i. 107-111.
Their sufferings in “burning Phrygia”, i. 113, i. 114.
They arrive at Antiochetta, i. 114.
Dissensions among the leaders, i. 116-118, i. 191.
They reach Mesopotamia, i. 121;
and are everywhere triumphant, i. 126.
Their sufferings in Mount Taurus, _ib._
They enter Syria, and capture Antioch, i. 127.
Their sufferings, i. 133 et seq., i. 159-161.
Their vices and debaucheries, i. 136.
Their valorous deeds, i. 140-142.
The sultan of Persia sends an immense army against them, i. 158.
They are besieged, and exposed to famine and desertion, i. 159-164.
They march out of Antioch, and defeat the invading Saracens with
great slaughter, i. 170-174.
Disputes among the leaders, i. 179 et seq.
Their conquests in Syria, i. 183-186.
Their departure for the Holy Land, i. 187, i. 188.
They besiege Archas, Tortosa &c., i. 189 et seq.
Their reliance on prodigies and visions, i. 191, i. 192.
Their march through Palestine, i. 196 et seq.
The immense losses sustained, i. 197.
Their enthusiasm on the first view of Jerusalem, i. 202.
Besiege the city, i. 205 et seq.;
and take it by storm, i. 221-225.
Godfrey de Bouillon elected king, i. 234.
Great victory over the Egyptian forces on the plain of Ascalon,
i. 240-242.
Many of the leaders return to Europe, i. 246, i. 247.
Fresh bodies of Crusaders leave Europe for the East, i. 249, i. 250.
Their leaders, i. 249, i. 251.
Take the city of Ancyra, _ib._
Defeated with great slaughter by the Turks, i. 252, i. 253.
Reflections on their heroism and exploits, i. 257 et seq.
Kingdom founded by their victories, i. 265 et seq.
Death of their great leader, Godfrey de Bouillon, king of Jerusalem,
i. 274.
His brother Baldwin elected as his successor, on whose family the
sovereignty devolves, i. 275 et seq.
Hostilities carried on against the infidels of Palestine and Egypt,
with alternate success and defeat, i. 277 et seq.
Their conquests and high state of prosperity under Baldwin du Bourg,
i. 306.
Their military orders of knighthood, i. 307-309.
Their calamitous defeat at Edessa by the armies of Zengui and
Noureddin, i. 321-327.
Their consternation and despair, i. 328.

—— THE SECOND CRUSADE, A.D. 1142-1148.—The Christian colonies of
the East being threatened by the Mussulmans, call upon the
princes of Europe to assist them, i. 329.
All Christendom aroused by St. Bernard to the impending dangers of
the Holy Land, i. 139 et seq.
Louis VII., king of France, and Pope Eugenius III., determine on a
second crusade, i. 331.
The multitudes assembled for the occasion, i. 342, i. 343.
The cities of Metz and Ratisbon the general rendezvous, i. 344.
Measures for raising money to defray the expenses, i. 345.
The crusaders depart from Europe, headed by Louis VII. and the
Emperor Conrad, i. 346.
Arrive at Constantinople, i. 348, i. 349.
Treacherous policy of the Greeks, i. 348 et seq.
The German Crusaders defeated near Nice, i. 351, i. 382.
The French Crusaders march through Phrygia, and are defeated by the
Turks, i. 355, i. 356.
Their distress and sufferings, i. 357, i. 359 et seq.
Besiege Damascus, and are defeated, i. 365 et seq.
Insufficient means of defence, i. 372.
General characteristics of, i. 373.
Other Crusaders pursue their operations in Spain and Portugal,
i. 374, i. 375.
Reproaches against St. Bernard for the misfortunes of the Crusaders
of the East, i. 376, i. 377.

—— THE THIRD CRUSADE, A.D. 1148-1188.—Causes of, i. 382 et seq.
The Christian army marches against Egypt, and commences vigorous
hostilities, i. 389 et seq.
The Sicilian Crusaders lay siege to Alexandria, i. 400.
The calamitous war of the Crusaders with Saladin, i. 402, i. 417 et
seq.
Discord amongst them, i. 409 et seq.
They send deputies to the kings of France and England to solicit
aid, i. 411.
They are defeated by Saladin with immense slaughter, and the king of
Jerusalem made prisoner, i. 418-423.
The holy city delivered up to Saladin, after being eighty years in
possession of the Christians, i. 429.
William, archbishop of Tyre, incites the courts of France and
England to renew the holy war, i. 436 et seq.
Richard I. of England, Philip of France, Frederick Barbarossa, and
other illustrious potentates and knights, engage in the holy
war, i. 441 et seq.
The victorious career and death of Barbarossa, i. 448, i. 449.
The Crusaders invade Ptolemaïs under Guy de Lusignan, and are
opposed by Saladin in numerous conflicts, i. 454 et seq.
Arrival of Richard I. of England, Philip of France, and other
illustrious personages, i. 476.
Discord in the camp, and quarrels between the two potentates,
i. 476, i. 477.
Anecdotes of heroic bravery before the walls of Ptolemaïs,
i. 478-480.
Ptolemaïs taken by the Christians, and numbers slain, i. 481.
Manners and characteristics of, i. 483, i. 484.
Richard I. defeats Saladin at the battle of Arsur, i. 487, i. 488;
and takes possession of Jaffa, i. 489.
The Crusaders march upon Jerusalem, i. 492.
Civil dissensions among, i. 493, i. 498.
They ratify a treaty of peace with Saladin, i. 500, i. 501.
Immense losses sustained, i. 501.
General reflections, i. 502.
Advantages to Europe and civilization, i. 506 et seq.

—— THE FOURTH CRUSADE, A.D. 1195-1198.—Retrospective view, ii. 1 et
seq.
Civil commotions of Palestine among the successors of Saladin at the
time of, ii. 4-7.
Instigated by the exhortations of Pope Celestine III. and Henry IV.
of Germany, ii. 11 et seq.
The illustrious men who engage in it, ii. 14, ii. 15.
The archbishop of Mayence and Valeran de Valeran take the command,
and arrive in Palestine, ii. 15.
Engage in hostilities with the Mussulmans, ii. 16 et seq.
Signal defeat of the Saracens before Berytus, and its important
consequences, ii. 19.
Progress of the German Crusaders under Henry IV., ii. 20, ii. 21.
Dissensions among the leaders, ii. 28-30.
Their departure from Palestine, ii. 31.
A truce concluded between the duke de Montfort and the Saracens,
ii. 32.
Causes of the failure of this crusade, and its mischievous
consequences, ii. 33-35.

—— THE FIFTH CRUSADE, A.D. 1198-1204.—General remarks, ii. 36.
Causes which led to it, ii. 38, ii. 39.
Instigated by Pope Innocent III., _ib._
Preaching of Foulkes in its favour, ii. 42, ii. 43.
The illustrious leaders engaged in it, ii. 45-47, ii. 58.
Aided by Venice, ii. 50, ii. 53 n.
Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, elected the commander, ii. 55.
Quarrels between the Venetians and the French, ii. 64 et seq.
Besiege and capture Constantinople, ii. 82-93.
Defeated by the Saracens, ii. 112.
Contests between the Greeks and the Crusaders at Constantinople,
ii. 114 et seq.
The Crusaders capture and plunder the city, ii. 131 et seq.
Their veneration for relics and images, ii. 141.
Baldwin, count of Flanders, elected emperor of Constantinople,
ii. 148.
The conquered lands of the Greek empire distributed among the
leaders, ii. 149, ii. 150.
The Greeks, Bulgarians, &c. take arms against and almost annihilate
them, ii. 165-173.
Reflections on the consequences of the fifth crusade, ii. 179 et
seq.

—— THE SIXTH CRUSADE, A.D. 1200-1215.—Innocent III. stimulates the
Western world to the deliverance of the Holy Land, ii. 191 et
seq.
Hostilities with the Saracens renewed, ii. 195.
50,000 children engage in the crusade, and perish, ii. 202.
The pope assembles the council of Lateran, and issues decrees for
supporting the holy war, ii. 210, ii. 211.
His death, ii. 214.
His successor, Honorius III., urges the crusade, ii. 216.
Indifference of the kings of France and England, _ib._
Enthusiasm of the German states in its favour, ii. 217.
Andrew II., king of Hungary, engages in the holy war, ii. 217,
ii. 224.
The Crusaders arrive in Palestine, ii. 225, ii. 231.
March into Egypt, and capture the city of Damietta, ii. 232-235.
Numbers return to Europe, ii. 237.
Names of illustrious warriors engaged, ii. 238.
Skirmishes on the banks of the Nile, ii. 243.
Capture of Damietta, ii. 249.
Fresh Crusaders arrive from Germany, Milan, Genoa &c., ii. 253.
March against the capital of Egypt, ii. 256.
Their fleet burnt on the Nile, ii. 258.
Capitulate with the Saracens, ii. 260.
Distresses of the Christian army, ii. 261.
Surrender of Damietta, ii. 260.
Preparations of Frederick II., emperor of Germany, to aid the
Crusaders, ii. 264, ii. 267, ii. 269.
He arrives at Ptolemaïs, ii. 275;
and concludes a treaty with the sultan of Cairo, by which he is
confirmed in the sovereignty of Jerusalem, ii. 278.
Gregory IX. determines to renew the holy war, ii. 283.
Council of Tours for promoting the cause of, ii. 287.
Thibault V., king of Navarre, engages in the crusade, ii. 290.
The pope prohibits his departure, ii. 291.
Agitated state of Palestine, and weakness of the Christian power in,
ii. 293, ii. 294.
Richard, duke of Cornwall, joins the Crusaders at Ptolemaïs,
ii. 295;
but soon returns to Italy, and leaves the Christians of Palestine
to themselves, ii. 296.
Reflections on the ill success of this crusade, and the causes which
led to it, ii. 297 et seq.

—— THE SEVENTH CRUSADE, A.D. 1242-1245.—The Tartars of the middle
ages, ii. 312 et seq.
State of Palestine, ii. 326.
Jerusalem captured by the Carismian hordes, and the Christians
slaughtered, _ib._
The united Mussulman and Christian forces defeated by the
Carismians, ii. 330.
Distress of the Christians, ii. 334.
Innocent IV., at the council of Lyons, determines on a new crusade,
ii. 338.
Louis IX. engages to assist, ii. 345-347.
The distinguished individuals of France who enter into it, ii. 347,
ii. 348.
Preparations of Louis IX., ii. 358 et seq.
He arrives at Cyprus, ii. 369.
Lands at Damietta, and defeats the Mohammedan forces, ii. 385.
Advances on Cairo, ii. 399.
Defeats the Egyptians, ii. 403.
His sanguinary contests with the Mamelukes, ii. 405.
Slaughter of the Christians at Mansourah, ii. 408.
Sanguinary contests with the Mussulmans, and their severe losses,
ii. 413-416.
Exposed to disease, pestilence, and famine, ii.et seq.
Louis IX. captured, and his army destroyed, ii. 428 et seq.
30,000 Crusaders massacred, ii. 430;
and numbers taken into slavery, ii. 435.
Louis enters into an abject treaty with the sultan of Cairo,
ii. 438, ii. 447.
The Christian forces evacuate Damietta, ii. 448.
Heavy ransom paid for the liberation of Louis IX., who quits Egypt
for Syria, ii. 450.
A fresh crusade preached in Europe, ii. 464.
Numbers of Christians in Syria and Egypt embrace the Mohammedan
religion, ii. 469.
Hostilities resumed in Palestine, ii. 474.
Louis quits Palestine, and arrives at Paris in 1254, ii. 478,
ii. 480.
General reflections on the crusade, and its unhappy termination,
ii. 481 et seq.
Desolating crusades against the idolaters of Lithuania, Prussia,
&c., ii. 493.

—— THE EIGHTH CRUSADE, A.D. 1255-1270.—Dangerous position of the
Christians of Palestine, iii. 7.
War declared against, iii. 8.
Coolness of Pope Alexander IV. and Clement IV., iii. 8, iii. 20.
The crusade supported only by a few French knights under Eudes, son
of the duke of Burgundy, iii. 9.
The Latin Crusaders lose Constantinople, iii. 10.
Misfortunes of the Christians in Palestine, iii. 11 et seq.
Louis IX. of France undertakes another crusade to the Holy Land, and
after extensive preparations he sails with a powerful armament,
and lands at Tunis, iii. 23-37.
England, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, &c. engage to assist, iii. 29.
Great mortality at Tunis, iii. 41.
Death of Louis IX., iii. 46.
The Crusaders conclude a ten years’ truce with the king of Tunis,
iii. 49.
Their fleet is nearly destroyed by a tempest, iii. 51.
The ancient spirit of the Crusaders suspended, iii. 57.
Prince Edward of England arrives in Palestine, _ib._;
but soon returns, iii. 58.
Causes of the failure of this crusade, iii. 58 et seq.
Gregory X. convokes the council of Lyons, and endeavours, but in
vain, to revive a new crusade, iii. 59.
Severe losses and sanguinary contests of the Christians of Palestine
with the Saracens, iii. 69, iii. 80 et seq.
The slaughter of, at the capture of Ptolemaïs, iii. 85 et seq.
Abandoned by their leaders, iii. 87.
Capture and destruction of all the Christian cities along the coast
of Syria, iii. 89.
Indifference of the Western world to the melancholy fate of the
Christian inhabitants, iii. 90.

—— ATTEMPTED CRUSADES AGAINST THE TURKS, A.D. 1291-1396.—Pope
Nicholas IV. directs his attention to the preaching of another
crusade, iii. 93.
The hopes of the West revived by the successes of the Tartars
against the Mussulmans, iii. 94 et seq.
Proclaimed by Clement V. at the council of Vienna, iii. 97.
Philip, king of France, Edward III. of England, and other
illustrious personages, prepare for a formidable crusade, which
is checked by the death of Pope John XXI., iii. 107, iii. 108.
Persecutions of the Christians of the East in consequence of these
attempts, iii. 109.
Benedict XI. endeavours to stir up a crusade, iii. 110, iii. 111.
Assembly of sovereigns and nobles at Avignon, iii. 113, iii. 114.
They capture and burn Alexandria, iii. 116.
Invade the coast of Barbary, iii. 117.
Miraculous interpositions related, iii. 118.
Treaty with the sultan of Egypt, iii. 119.
A crusade against the Turks determined on, iii. 125.
Its illustrious leaders, iii. 126.
Their fatal contests with Bajazet, iii. 127, iii. 128.
Pope Eugenius exhorts to a fresh crusade, iii. 135;
and large armies are collected, iii. 137.
The Christians enter into a treaty with Amurath, which they violate,
iii. 138;
and undertaking another crusade are defeated and annihilated,
iii. 142.
The Crusaders full of bravery but deficient in qualities, iii. 143.
European crusades terminate with the capture of Constantinople, and
the destruction of the Greek empire by the Ottoman forces, in
1453, iii. 156.

—— DEFENSIVE CRUSADES AGAINST THE TURKS, A.D. 1453-1481, iii. 159.
Meeting of Philip of Burgundy, John Capistran, Æneas Sylvius,
Frederick III. of Germany, Pope Nicholas V., Calixtus III., and
others, to endeavour to stir up a crusade against the Turks,
iii. 159-166.
The crusade preached in France, England, Germany, Spain, and
Portugal, iii. 168.
General assembly at Mantua, convoked by Pius II., iii. 172.
His holiness endeavours to arouse the Christian states against the
victorious career of the Turks, iii. 174 et seq.
Accompanies the crusade, and dies at Ancona, iii. 178, iii. 179.
Paul II. and Sextus V. preach the crusade, iii. 179, iii. 182.
Partial successes of the Crusaders, and the discord attending them,
iii. 183.
The Christians lose all their previous conquests, except Cyprus and
Rhodes, iii. 184.
Charles VIII. of Naples engages in a pretended crusade against the
Turks, iii. 192, iii. 193.
Pope Alexander VI. endeavours in vain to stir up the crusade,
iii. 197.
The crusading spirit becomes enfeebled, iii. 197, iii. 201.
Exertions of Leo X. for its revival, iii. 202 et seq.
Great preparations for, iii. 206.
Curious historical documents respecting, iii. 207.
Clement VII. renounces all further hopes, iii. 218.
Career of the Turks checked by their signal defeat in the Gulf of
Lepanto, iii. 227;
and before the walls of Vienna, iii. 235.
General review of the holy wars, iii. 228.
Their influence on the various classes of society in Europe, as
regards the progress of the arts and of general knowledge, iii.
251 et seq.
Concluding remarks, iii. 345-348.

—— APPENDIX.—Bull of Pope Eugenius in favour of the second crusade,
iii. 370.
Bull of Gregory VIII., iii. 380.
Ralph of Coggershall’s account of the crusade under Richard I.,
iii. 395.
Treaty among the Crusaders for dividing the city and empire of
Constantinople, iii. 431.
Jourdain’s letter on the crusade of children in 1212, iii. 441.
Letter of Innocent III. exhorting the Christians to a fresh crusade,
iii. 447.
List of the great officers who followed St. Louis in his crusade to
Tunis, iii. 465.
Receipts of the troncs in France for the expenses of the crusades,
iii. 473;
and their expenditure, iii. 474 et seq.

Cydnus, the river, i. 449 n.

Cyprus, captured by Richard I. of England, i. 475.
Disputes respecting the sovereignty of, ii. 177.
Arrival of Louis IX. at, ii. 369.
Intemperance of the Crusaders at, ii. 370, ii. 371.
Political distractions of, iii. 184.
Subjected to the Mussulmans, iii. 185.
Taken possession of by the Venetians, _ib._
Captured by the Turks, iii. 225.

——, king of, flies from Ptolemaïs, iii. 79.

——, Peter de Lusignan, king of, engages in a fresh crusade, iii. 313
et seq.

D.

Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, appointed patriarch of Jerusalem,
i. 269.
His disputes with Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 285, i. 286.
Letters from him and others detailing their victories over the
Saracens, i. 362-364 (App.).

Daïs, a class of Ishmaëlians, iii. 421.

Damascus, principality of, i. 127.
The sultan of, attacks the principality of Tancred, and is defeated
by Godfrey, i. 273.
He defeats the Christians, i. 290, i. 291.
Description and history of, i. 364, i. 365.
Besieged by the Crusaders, who are defeated through treachery,
i. 366 et seq.
Captured by the Carismians, ii. 332.
Sultan of, carries on war against the Egyptians, ii.468, ii. 473.
Treaty of peace between, ii. 474.

Damietta, city of, described, ii. 231, ii. 232.
Tower of, taken by the Crusaders, ii. 232-235.
Sanguinary conflicts before the walls of, ii. 243.
Captured by the Christians, the inhabitants having perished by
famine, ii. 249, ii. 250.
Great wealth of, _ib._
Surrendered to the Saracens, ii. 260.
Besieged and captured by the Crusaders under Louis IX., ii. 380-385.
Delivered up to the Mussulmans by treaty, ii. 448.
Mussulman rejoicings at, and Arab poem on, ii. 451.
Destroyed by the Mussulmans, ii. 485.
Letter from the count of Artois on the taking of, iii. 456 (App.).
Letter from St. Louis respecting, iii. 461 (App.).

Dandolo, the doge of Venice, ii. 49 and n.
Engages to assist the Crusaders, ii. 50, ii. 51.
His address to the Venetians in favour of the Crusaders, ii. 61.
Virtues of, ii. 146.
Death of, ii. 172.
His treaty with the Crusaders for dividing Constantinople and the
empire, iii. 431 (App.).

Daphnusia, expedition against, iii. 9.

Darcum, castle of, i. 495.

Dardanelles, castle of, built by Selim II., iii. 226.

Dargan, vizier of Egypt, defeated and slain, i. 387.

Despotism, the most fragile of human institutions, iii. 120.

Dicet, Ralph, extract from his history, iii. 394.

Dipsada, serpents so called, i. 199 n.

Dogs, a river in “burning Phrygia” discovered by the sagacity of,
i. 114.

Dol, archbishop of, i. 56 n.

Dolabella, his dispute with Cassius, i. 117 n.

Dorylæum, plain of, i. 106.

Ducas, Michael, excites the Christians to take arms against the
infidels, i. 38, i. 39.

Duelling, origin of, in the middle ages, iii. 313.

Durazzo, siege of, i. 284.

E.

Earthquake visits Palestine, and destroys several cities, i. 291,
i. 292.
In Egypt, ii. 188.

East, anarchy of the, i. 4, i. 5.
Subject to the invasions of the wild hordes of Tartary, i. 31.
Subdued by the Turks, i. 32.
Empire of, approaching to its fall, i. 36, i. 37.
State of, at the time of the third crusade, i. 382.

Ecalthai, the Tartar prince, sends an embassy to Louis IX. at Cyprus,
ii. 373.

Eccelino de Romano, papal crusade against, ii. 422.
His death, ii. 493.

Eclipses, alarm caused by, i. 201, i. 351.

Edessa, occupied by the Crusaders, i. 121.
Governed by Baldwin, i. 124.
The principal bulwark of the Christians, i. 125.
Flourishing state of, i. 306.
Captured and destroyed by the infidels, and the Christians
slaughtered, i. 321-327.

——, Matthew of, i. 101.

Edma, daughter of Baldwin, i. 302.

Edward I. of England, his expedition to the Holy Land, and defeat of
the Saracens, iii. 472 (App.).

Edward, Prince, of England, engages in the crusade to the Holy Land,
iii. 29, iii. 32.
Arrives in Syria, and captures Nazareth, iii. 57.
Returns to England, iii. 58.

Egypt, ambassadors from, received at the camp of the Crusaders,
i. 138.
Their offers rejected, i. 139.
Mussulman forces from, under Afdhal, i. 237-242.
The armies of, defeated by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 278,
i. 286, i. 287, i. 293.
Several of her cities captured, i. 303.
Distracted state of, i. 386 et seq.
Warlike preparations against, i. 389 et seq.
Deposition and death of the caliph, i. 396.
Possessed by Malek-Adel, i. 509.
Famine and plague in, ii. 186, ii. 187.
Terrible earthquake in, ii. 188.
The sultan of, joined by the warriors of Carismia, ii. 326.
Malek-Saleh Negmeddin, the sultan of, ii. 376.
Military and political state of, when invaded by Louis IX., ii. 377,
ii. 378, ii. 379.
The Saracens defeated by Louis, ii. 403.
The Christian forces, in their turn, defeated with great slaughter,
ii. 408, ii. 428.
Almoadam raised to the throne of, ii. 417.
Louis IX. taken prisoner in, ii. 428.
Civil commotions in, ii. 459.
Sultan of, negotiates a treaty of alliance with Venice, iii. 199.
Undertakes an expedition against the Portuguese, _ib._
Memoir of Leibnitz, addressed to Louis XIV., on the conquest of,
iii. 478-493 (App.).

Eleanor of Guienne, the queen of Louis VII., i. 343, i. 346.
Accomplishments of, i. 360.
Her irregular conduct, i. 361, i. 362.
Repudiated by her husband, i. 362.
Results of her divorce, i. 378, i. 472.

Eleuctra, river, venomous serpents of, i. 198.

Elevein, province of, in Wales, iii. 409.

Elidore, miraculous adventure of, iii. 411.

Eloi, St., at the court of Dagobert, i. 10.

Emad-eddin, his conspiracy for dethroning the sultan of Cairo,
ii. 242.

Emaüs, captured by Saladin, i. 427.

Emicio, Count, instigates the Crusaders to the greatest cruelties,
i. 70.

Emirs of Egypt, power of, ii. 444.

Emmaüs, the Crusaders arrive at, i. 201.

England, her resistance to the pretensions of the popes, ii. 303,
ii. 341.
Increase of liberty in, iii. 285.
State of, and changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 256
et seq.

Erard de Severy, his heroic death, ii. 410.

Eude, duke of Burgundy, i. 249.
Killed in battle, i. 254 and n.

—— III., death of, ii. 55.

Eugenius III., Pope, warmly urges on the second crusade, i. 331.
His bull in its favour, iii. 370 (App.).

—— IV. receives the submission of the Greek Church, iii. 135.
Exhorts the Christian states to a fresh crusade, iii. 135, iii. 136.

Euphrosyne, wife of the Emperor Alexius, ii. 94.

Europe, aspect of, changed by advancing civilization, i. xxi.
Political and religious distractions of, ii. 195, ii. 196; iii. 131,
iii. 217, iii. 220.
General state of, ii. 304, ii. 305.
Great preparations for undertaking a crusade against the Turks,
iii. 206.
Curious historical documents respecting, iii. 207.
Divisions among the powers of, iii. 214.
Policy of the sovereigns of, iii. 219.
General emulation in, for the cultivation of the arts, iii. 229.

Eutychians, sect of the, i. 4.

Everard de Puysaie, bravery of, at Jerusalem, i. 224.

Evrard des Barres, grand master of the Templars, i. 356.

Ezeroum, kingdom of, i. 97.

Ezz-Eddin Aybek, surnamed _Turcoman_, made governor of Egypt under
Chegger-Eddour, ii. 445.
Marries Chegger-Eddour, and becomes sultan, ii. 459.
Is assassinated by his wife, iii. 3.

F.

Fair held on Mount Calvary, i. 11.

Fakr-eddin, Imaum, anecdote of, iii. 426.

Fak-reddin, the leader of the Egyptian army, ii. 381.
Defeated by Louis IX., ii. 385.
Takes the command of Egypt, ii. 397.
His letter to the Mussulmans, ii. 398.
Is slain in battle, ii. 403.

Falcandus, the Sicilian historian, ii. 20 and n.

Famine in Europe, ii. 56 and n.
In Egypt, ii. 56, ii. 112.
Its frightful effects, ii. 186, ii. 187.

Fanaticism, spirit of, weakened by civilization, i. xxi.
Rage of, i. 481, i. 482.

Fatimite caliphs recapture Jerusalem, i. 16.

Fatimites, dynasty of the, extinguished, i. 396.

Fayel, lady de, i. 503.

Fedaïs, a sect of assassins in Syria, iii. 421.
Curious anecdote of one, iii. 426.

Fergant, the Breton, i. 183.

Feristha, the historian, i. 31.

Feudalism established at Jerusalem, i. 271-273.
Its yoke first shaken off in Lombardy and Italy, iii. 284.
Evils of, iii. 275 et seq.
Its fall, iii. 292, iii. 293.

Flanders, nobility of, engage in the fifth crusade, ii. 47, ii. 83.
Bravery of the soldiers of, ii. 415.

——, count of, his speech to the Christian army at Jerusalem, i. 230.

Florence rejoices at the defeat of the French Crusaders, ii. 453.

Florine, daughter of Eude I., slain, i. 134 and n.

Foulke, a French knight, and his beautiful wife, fate of, i. 181.

——, count of Anjou, and son of Foulque le Rechin, engages in the
holy wars, i. 310.
Marries the daughter of Baldwin du Bourg, _ib._
Crowned king of Jerusalem, i. 311.
His death, i. 316.

Foulque-Nerra, count of Anjou, penitential pilgrimages of, i. 25,
i. 26.
Death of, i. 26.
Miraculous incident relative to, iii. 355 (App.).

Foulkes, curé of Neuilly, preaches in favour of the fifth crusade,
ii. 42-45.
Death of, ii. 57.
Tomb of, _ib._ n.

“Fountain of the Clerks,” London, iii. 384.

France, enthusiasm of, for the Christian crusades against the infidels
of Palestine, i. 53, i. 79.
The Crusaders of, and their most distinguished leaders, i. 87,
i. 88.
Louis IX. engages in the second crusade, i. 337 et seq.
Ruled by the minister Suger, i. 376.
Lamentations of, for the fate of the Crusaders, i. 376, i. 377.

——, placed under the papal interdict, ii. 42.
Political contentions in, ii. 195, ii. 208.
Engages in the sixth crusade, ii. 207.
Louis IX. and several distinguished personages engage in the seventh
crusade, ii. 347, ii. 348.
The nobles of, form a league to resist the exactions of the pope,
ii. 358.
Enthusiasm of, for the seventh crusade, ii. 362, ii. 363, ii. 365.
Improved state of society in, ii. 364.
Innocent IV. takes charge of the kingdom during the absence of Louis
IX., ii. 368.
State of her navy, ii. 369.
Consternation of, on receiving the news of the defeat and capture of
Louis IX. by the Egyptians, ii. 452.

France undertakes a second crusade under Louis IX., assisted by
various powers, iii. 24 et seq.
Invades the coast of Barbary, where Louis dies, iii. 117.
Her troops take possession of Rome, iii. 194.
Political troubles of, iii. 112, iii. 113.
The Crusaders of, defeated and slaughtered by Bajazet, iii. 128.
Consternation of the French, _ib._
Important changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 254 et
seq.
Extension of liberty in, iii. 285, iii. 291, iii. 292.
Receipts of the troncs for the expenses of the crusades, iii. 473;
and their expenditure, iii. 474 (App.).
Her treaties with the Ottoman Port, iii. 488 (App.).

Francis I. of France, his letters respecting the crusade against the
Turks, iii. 207.
His injunctions, iii. 209.
Made prisoner at the battle of Pavia, iii. 214.
Policy of, iii. 219.

Francis of Assise, or St. Francis, piety of, ii. 244.
His address to Melik-Kamel, ii. 245.
Founds the religious order of Cordeliers, ii. 246.

Franks, military valour of the, i. 37; ii. 87.
Carry on their hostilities against the infidels, i. 282 et seq.
Attack Constantinople, ii. 87.
Character of the, ii. 174.
See _France_.

Frederick II., emperor of Germany, enters into vows to fight against
the infidels of Palestine, ii. 263.
His extensive preparations, ii. 265.
Sets sail, and returns to Otranto, ii. 270.
His marriage at Rome with the heiress of the king of Jerusalem,
ii. 266.
Acknowledged to be the sovereign of the holy city, ii. 267.
His quarrel with the pope, ii. 270 et seq.
Opposed by the clergy, ii. 280.
Quits Palestine for Europe, ii. 281.
His victories in Lombardy, ii. 281.
Excommunicated by Gregory IX., _ib._
Treaty with his holiness, ii. 282.
Renewed rupture with the pope, ii. 292.
Excommunicated, ii. 292, ii. 341.
His indignation, ii. 344.
Is deposed by the pope, ii. 353.
His protracted contests with, ii. 354 et seq.
Enters into negotiations with Melik-Kamel, ii. 273, ii. 276.
Arrives at Ptolemaïs, ii. 275.
Concludes a treaty, ii. 278.
Death of, ii. 461.
His character, ii. 490.

—— III. of Germany endeavours to stir up a crusade against the
Turks, iii. 164.

——, duke of Swabia, joins the Crusaders, i. 468.
Death of, i. 470.

——, king of the Romans, ii. 209, ii. 217.

G.

Galata, fortress of, captured by the Latins, ii. 87.

Gargan, Mount, i. 21.

Garnier, count de Grai, i. 78.

Gaston de Béarn, i. 88, i. 212.
Dies in Spain, i. 247.
Ordinances of, i. 262 n.

Gaucher de Chatillon, his heroic death, ii. 427.

Gauthier de Brienne lays claim to the kingdom of Sicily, ii. 53,
ii. 178.
Engages in the holy wars, ii. 78.
Captured and put to death by the Carismians, ii. 331, ii. 332.

Gaza, capture of, by Saladin, i. 426.
The Crusaders surprised and cut to pieces at, ii. 295.

Gecko, the serpent of Egypt, i. 199 n.

Gelaleddin, sultan of Carismia, death of, ii. 326.

Gemaleddin, the historian, i. 175 n.

Gengiskhan, the Tartar chief, historical notices and conquests of,
ii. 317 et seq.
Death of, ii. 321.

Genoese, their fleets and victories, i. 40.
They relieve and assist the Crusaders at Antioch, i. 145;
at Jaffa, i. 211;
and at Arsur, i. 277.
Their contests with the Venetians, iii. 2.
They lose the colony of Caffa, iii. 184.

Geoffrey de la Tour, anecdote of, i. 180.

—— de Lusignan, i. 413.
Defeated and made prisoner by Saladin, i. 422.

—— de Rançon, i. 354.
Commits a fatal blunder, i. 355.

Geography, progress of, during the period of the crusades,
iii. 333-335.

Georgians, a warlike people, ii. 265.

Gerard of Avesnes, heroic death of, i. 268.

Géraud, St., Baron d’Aurillac, i. 19 n.

Gerbert, Archbishop, excites resistance to the Saracens, i. 17.

Germany, state of, at the time of the second crusade, i. 337.
Enthusiasm of, in its favour, i. 339.
The Crusaders of, defeated by the Turks, i. 353.
The fourth crusade preached and undertaken by, ii. 14-16.
The Crusaders return from Palestine, ii. 31.
Political and religious contentions in, ii. 209, ii. 353.
Changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 258-260.
Extension of liberty in, iii. 284.

Gertrude, wife of Andrew II. of Hungary, ii. 217.

Gervais, count of Tiberias, taken prisoner and put to death, i. 290.

Ghibellines, faction of the, ii. 269.

Gibel, besieged by the Crusaders, i. 189 and n.

Gilbert, a leader of the crusades, i. 356.

Giraffe, its first introduction into Europe, iii. 330.

Giselbert, prophetic vision of, i. 234.

Gisors, assembly convoked at, by the kings of France and England,
i. 436.

Glaber the monk, chronicle of, i. 19, i. 20, i. 23.

Glass, manufacture of, during the middle ages, iii. 329.

Gnostics, sect of the, iii. 495 et seq.

Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lorraine, the distinguished leader of the
first crusade, i. xx., xxi., i. 76 and n., i. 77-79.
Wages war against the Greeks, i. 90.
His alliance with Alexis of Constantinople, i. 92.
Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 110, i. 111.
Dangerously wounded by a bear, i. 115.
His quarrel with Bohemond, i. 146, i. 147.
His heroic bravery, i. 172.
Forms an alliance with the emir of Hezas, and defeats the sultan of
Aleppo, i. 182.
Takes Jerusalem by storm, i. 221.
Elected king, i. 234.
Defeats the Egyptian forces on the plain of Ascalon, i. 240-242.
His quarrel with Raymond, i. 244.
Political measures and conquests of, i. 267.
Besieges Arsur, i. 268.
Extraordinary prowess of, i. 269.
He concedes political power to the patriarch of Jerusalem, _ib._
Divides the conquered lands among the companions of his victories,
i. 270.
His legislative code, i. 271-273.
His death and character, i. 274.

—— abbot of Clairvaux, i. 329 n.

Godfrey, bishop of Langres, i. 331.

Gorgoni, valley of, in Phrygia, i. 106 and n.
Battle of, i. 107-111.

Goths, monarchy of the, overturned, i. 5.

Gotschalk, a priest, elected general of the Crusaders, i. 68.
His progress, i. 69 et seq.

Greece, invaded by Boniface, king of Thessalonica, ii. 162, ii. 163.
By the Turks, iii. 122.
Humiliated condition of, iii. 134.
Conquered by Mahomet II., iii. 171.
Her want of energy to resist the Turkish domination, iii. 243.
Her probable emancipation, iii. 245.

Greek, knowledge of, diffused and cultivated in the West, ii. 181 and
n., iii. 204.
Brought from Constantinople, iii. 338.

Greek Church submits to papal authority, iii. 135.

Greek empire, its weakened condition, i. 4, i. 5.
The conquered lands of, distributed among the Crusaders, ii. 149,
ii. 150.
Its approaching fall, iii. 144.
Capture of its capital by Mahomet II., iii. 156.
Destruction of the, iii. 156-158.

Greek fire, i. 5.
Destructive properties and terrific appearance of, ii. 14, ii. 401.
Use of, iii. 29.
Note upon, by Renaudot, iii. 387 (App.).

Greeks, on the rising energies of the, i. 13.
The cool indifference of their prelates, _ib._
They are defeated by the Saracens, i. 14.
Zimisces, their emperor, gains a signal victory, i. 15.
Opposed to the formidable tyranny of the Turks, i. 34, i. 35.
Their moral condition and character, i. 35-37; ii. 100 et seq.,
ii. 174.
Their contests with the Crusaders, and hostility to the Latins,
i. 90, i. 91, i. 93, i. 446, i. 447.
Their perfidious policy to the Crusaders, i. 348 et seq., i. 356.
Are defeated by Barbarossa, i. 448.
Their contentions with the Latins, ii. 103, ii. 113-115.
Their reverence for relics and images, ii. 141.
Rebel against the Latins, ii. 165.
Defeat and massacre them, ii. 168, ii. 169.
Their different historians, ii. 175.
Dispossess the Latins of Constantinople, iii. 10.
See _Constantinople_.

“Green Knight,” distinguished bravery of the, i. 452.

Gregory VII., Pope, his character, i. 39.

—— VIII., bull of, in favour of a crusade against Saladin,
iii. 380 (App.).

—— IX., Pope, character of, ii. 269.
His rage against Frederick II. of Germany, ii. 270, ii. 271.
Hostilities with, ii. 272, ii. 281.
Treaty with, ii. 282.
Determines to renew the holy war, ii. 283.
Quarrels with and excommunicates Frederick, ii. 292.
His death, ii. 296.

—— X. convokes a council at Lyons for reviving a new crusade,
iii. 59.
His death, iii. 66.

——, Cardinal, iii. 52.

—— St., of Nyssen, i. 2.

Grenier, Eustache, regent of Jerusalem, i. 297.

Guelphs, faction of the, ii. 269.

Guibert, Abbé, i. 56 n.

Guichenon, the historian of the house of Savoy, i. 250 n.

Guicher, a French knight, i. 180.

Guienne. See _Eleanor of_.

Guillebard, St., pilgrimage of, i. 24 n.

Guis de Trusselle, i. 83.

Guiscard, Robert, the Norman, i. 84.

Gundechilde, wife of Pancratius, i. 120.

Gunther, the monk, his history of the Greeks, ii. 175, 176.

Guy, abbot of Vaux de Cernay, ii. 64.

—— de Lusignan, i. 403.
His rebellion against Baldwin IV., i. 407.
Selected by Sibylla, his wife, as the sovereign of Jerusalem,
i. 413.
His contentions with Saladin, i. 417 et seq.
Defeated and made prisoner, i. 422.
Released from captivity, i. 453.
Besieges Ptolemaïs, i. 454.
His conflicts with Saladin, i. 458.
Obtains the sovereignty of Cyprus, i. 501.

—— de Malvoisin, bravery of, ii. 408, ii. 415.

—— du Châtel, slain, ii. 426.

—— de Chatillon, slain, ii. 481.

—— of Tremouille, death of, iii. 129.

Guymer, the corsair chief, i. 118.

H.

Haco, king of Norway, engages in the seventh crusade, ii. 361.
His political motives, _ib._

Hafiz, the Persian poet, his description of Jerusalem, i. 202.

Hakim, Caliph, fanatical excesses of, i. 16, i. 17.
Inconstancy of, i. 20.

Halys, defeat of the Crusaders on the banks of the, i. 252.

Haman Eddin, secretary of Saladin, i. 397.

Hammer, M. Raynouard’s notes on his “Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum”,
iii. 494-500.

Hapsburg, family of, their origin, iii. 260.

Harem, city of, taken by the Crusaders, i. 140.

Haroun al Raschid, glorious reign of, i. 8.
His amicable relations with Charlemagne, i. 9.

Hassan, founder of the Ismaëlians, his origin and history, iii. 415 et
seq. (App.).

Hegira, first age of the, i. 5.

Helen, statue of, at Constantinople, ii. 140.

Helena, St., her piety, i. 2.
Pious pilgrimage of, i. 27.

Helian, his speech against the Venetians, iii. 200.

Hemingford, Walter, the chronicler, iii. 472.

Henry II., king of England, urged to join the Crusaders, i. 411.
Determines on renewing the holy war, i. 438.
His quarrels with the king of France, i. 440.
His convocation at the Fountain of the Clerks, London,
iii. 394 (App.).

—— III., ascends the throne of England, ii. 216.
Refuses to assist the Crusaders, ii. 352.
His opposition to the pope and his barons, ii. 394.

—— VI. of Germany engages in the fourth crusade, ii. 13 et seq.
Conquers Naples and Sicily, ii. 20.
Progress of his armies in Palestine, ii. 22 et seq.
Death of, ii. 31;
and character, ii. 34 and n.

—— VIII. of England, policy of, iii. 219.