Chapter XXX: Appendix: No. 1.—Page 2, Vol. I (10)

—— count of Champagne, Palestine ceded to, i. 501.
Accidental death of, ii. 17.

——, landgrave of Thuringia, crowned emperor of Germany, ii. 353

—— of Hainault, his bravery, ii. 169, ii. 170.

Heracle, count de Polignac, i. 88.

Heraclius captures Jerusalem, i. 4.
His interview with Henry II., king of England, i. 411.

Hercules, statue of, at Constantinople, ii. 130.

Heresies of the thirteenth century, ii. 198.
Papal crusade against, ii. 199.

Hezas, emir of, i. 181.
Allies himself with the Crusaders, and defeats the sultan of Aleppo,
i. 182.

Hezelon de Kintzveiler, prophetic vision of, i. 234.

Hildebrand, Pope, pretensions of, i. 39.

History, writers of, i. xxii.
Difficulties of reconciling, i. xxiii.
Progress of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 341.

Holy Land, pilgrimages to the, i. 1-3; iii. 248, iii. 249, iii. 349
et seq.
Letter of Innocent III. exhorting Christians to the aid of, iii. 447
(App.).
See _Palestine_.

—— See, political contentions with the, ii. 208, ii. 209.
Its quarrels with Frederick, emperor of Germany, ii. 270, ii. 281,
ii. 292.
See _Popes_.

—— Sepulchre, veneration for the, i. 1.
Melancholy spectacle of its ruins, i. 20.
Pilgrimages to the, i. 21.
Knights of the, i. 308.

Honorius III., Pope, ii. 215.
Urges the sixth crusade, ii. 216.
Death of, ii. 269.

Horses, four, of bronze, carried to Venice, ii. 182.

Hospitals for pilgrims of the Latin Church, i. 10, i. 16, i. 22,
i. 23.

Hospitallers, possessions and power of, ii. 9.
Their quarrels with the Templars, ii. 9, ii. 10; iii. 2.
Their exploits, iii. 98.
Anecdote of the, iii. 299.

Hugh of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, iii. 111, iii. 112.

——, count of Jaffa, i. 313.
Death of, i. 315.

Humbert II., count of Savoy, departs for the Holy Land, i. 249.
Historical notices of, i. 250.

—— II., dauphin of Viennois, takes the cross for the holy war,
iii. 111.

—— de Romanis, curious document issued by, iii. 60, iii. 61.

Humphrey de Thoron, i. 413.
His pretensions to the throne of Jerusalem, i. 470.

Hungarians, their origin, i. 62.
Oppose the progress of the Crusaders, i. 65 et seq., i. 68, i. 71.
Conquered by the Tartars, ii. 323.

Hungary, political state of, ii. 230.
The Crusaders of, defeated by Bajazet, iii. 128.
Invaded by the Turks, iii. 166, iii. 187.
The Turks defeated, iii. 187.
Invaded by Soliman, iii. 214;
and the Hungarians defeated, iii. 215.
Weakened condition of, iii. 218.
Enters into a treaty of peace with the Turks, _ib._

Hunniades, the Hungarian, a leader of the Crusaders, iii. 137.
Is defeated by Amurath, iii. 142.
Valour of, iii. 166, iii. 167.
His death, iii. 167.

I.

Ibu-Ferat, the Arabian historian, iii. 63, 64 n.

Iconium, city of, i. 116.
Taken by Barbarossa, i. 448.

Ida, countess of Hainault, heroic devotion of, i. 246.

——, margravine of Austria, i. 249.

Iftikhar-Eddanlah, governor of Jerusalem, his hostilities against the
Crusaders, i. 204.

Imamat, rights of the, iii. 414.

Imbert de Beaujeu, constable of France, ii. 402.

Indulgences, sale of, iii. 210.

Industry, progress of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 251,
iii. 328 et seq.

Infidels. See _Mohammedans_, _Saracens_, and _Turks_.

Ingulfus, the monk, his account of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, i. 30
and n.

Innocent III., the great instigator of the fifth crusade, ii. 38 et
seq.
His quarrel with Philip of France, ii. 42.
His reproaches against the Crusaders at Zara, ii. 73.
His letter, ii. 153.
His efforts to stimulate the Crusaders, ii. 191, ii. 203, ii. 213.
His crusade against the Albigeois, ii. 199 and n.
His political domination, ii. 208, ii. 209.
Assembles the council of Lateran, ii. 210.
His sermon on the occasion, ii. 211.
His death and character, ii. 214, ii. 215.
Letter from, exhorting Christians to the aid of the Holy Laud,
iii. 447 (App.).

—— IV., disturbances under his reign, ii. 296.
Convokes the council of Lyons, ii. 335.
Determines on the seventh crusade, ii. 338..
Excommunicates Frederick, emperor of Germany, ii. 341.
Deposes him, ii. 353.
Protracted contests between them, ii. 354 et seq.
Levies excessive contributions on Europe, ii. 358.
Encourages the preaching of a fresh crusade, ii. 464.
His character, ii. 490, ii. 491.

Inquisition established in Spain, iii. 267.
Its power, iii. 271.

Isaac Angelus, the emperor of Constantinople, i. 445.
Forms an alliance with Saladin, i. 446.
Deposed by Alexius Angelus, ii. 63-65.
Reinstated by the Crusaders, ii. 93.
His imbecility and bigotry, ii. 108.
His death, ii. 119.

—— Comnenus, dispossessed of Cyprus, i. 475.

Isabella of Constantinople, death of, ii. 192.

Isidorus, Cardinal, bravery of, iii. 154.

Islamism. See _Mohammedanism_.

Ismaëlians, the assassins of Syria and Persia, their dangerous
character, i. 304-306; iii. 425.
Account of their origin and history, iii. 414-431 (App.).
Their possessions, iii. 424.
Various sects and classes of, iii. 420, iii. 421, iii. 428.
Their religious dogmas, iii. 429.

Italy, zeal of, awakened in favour of the crusades, i. 84.
War of factions in, ii. 269; iii. 190.
Invaded by Frederick, emperor of Germany, and devastated by civil
war, ii. 293, ii. 296.
State of, and changes during the age of the crusades, iii. 261.
Republics of, iii. 263.
The clergy and nobility lose their influence in the cities,
iii. 284.
Her extensive commerce during the middle ages, iii. 327.
Progress of architecture in, iii. 332.
Literature of Greece introduced into, iii. 338.

“Itinerary” of the early pilgrims from Bordeaux to Jerusalem, composed
A.D. 333, iii. 351 et seq.

J.

Jacob of Hungary instigates the Crusaders, ii. 462.
Is killed, ii. 463.

Jacques d’Avesnes slain, i. 487.

—— de Maillé, his bravery and death, i. 415, i. 416.

Jaffa, entrance of the Genoese fleet into the port of, i. 211.
Captured by Richard I., i. 489.
Taken by the Mussulmans, ii. 17.
The garrison surprised and massacred by the Saracens, ii. 31 and n.
Captured by the sultan of Cairo, iii. 16.
Great expense of fortifying by Louis IX., _ib._ n.
Battle of, iii. 396 (App.).

Jago, the patron saint of Galicia, i. 21.

James, king of Arragon, engages in the holy war, iii. 29, iii. 30.

—— of Vitri preaches the sixth crusade, ii. 207.

Jane, queen of Sicily, i. 475.

Jebusees, Jerusalem the ancient capital of the, i. 203.

Jehoshaphat, valley of, i. 21.

Jem-jem. See _Zizim_.

Jericho, palms of, i. 21.

JERUSALEM, taken by the Crusaders, i. xx.
Retaken by the infidels, _ib._
Reverence for, by the early Christians, i. 2.
A peaceful asylum for them, i. 3.
Captured and profaned by the Fire Worshippers, _ib._
Recaptured by Heraclius, i. 4.
Conquered by the Saracens, i. 6.
Christian cemetery at, i. 10, i. 11.
Retaken by the Fatimite caliphs, i. 16.
Christians driven from, i. 19.
Pious pilgrimages to, i. 21, i. 24, i. 29, i. 30.
Hospitals at, i. 23.
Possessed by the Turks, i. 32.
The Christians commence their march towards, i. 196.
Antiquity and early history of, i. 203.
Description of, i. 204.
The enthusiasm of the Crusaders on the first view of, i. 102.
Besieged, i. 205 et seq.
Indignities heaped upon the Christian inhabitants of, i. 207.
Obstinate defence of, i. 218 et seq.
The Crusaders take it by storm, i. 221-225.
Great slaughter, i. 224, i. 225.
Pious fervour of the Christian army at, i. 226, i. 227.
Wealth found in, i. 229.
Godfrey de Bouillon elected king, i. 234.
Rejoicings of the Christians of the East, and despair of the
Mussulmans at the conquest of, i. 236, i. 237.
State of the kingdom of, at the time of the Crusaders, i. 266.
The various authorities for compiling the history of, i. 267 n.
Visited by numerous pilgrims, i. 269.
Legislative code for governing the kingdom of, i. 271-273.
Death of its king, Godfrey, and election of his brother Baldwin,
i. 274.
Quarrels between Baldwin and the patriarch, i. 285.
Death of Baldwin, i. 294.
Baldwin du Bourg elected his successor, i. 296.
Death of Baldwin du Bourg, i. 310.
Foulque of Anjou crowned king, i. 311.
His death, i. 316.
Baldwin III. ascends the throne of, i. 316.
Threatened by Noureddin, i. 328.
Sinister prognostics respecting, _ib._
Christendom aroused to a second crusade by the impending danger of,
i. 329.
Visited by numerous pilgrims, i. 269.
Death of Baldwin III., i. 384.
Amaury, his brother, elected king, i. 386.
His death, i. 399.
Distracted state of, i. 407 et seq.
Deaths of Baldwin IV. and V., i. 412.
Guy de Lusignan elected king, i. 413.
Civil contests and tottering state of, i. 414 et seq.
The king made prisoner, i. 422.
Besieged by Saladin, i. 426.
Surrender of, i. 429, i. 432.
Prognostics of its fall, i. 435.
Disputes respecting the sovereignty of, i. 470, i. 476, i. 477.
Treaty between Richard I. and Saladin, i. 500.

—— governed by the successors of Saladin, ii. 3 and n.
Political state of, ii. 192, ii. 193.
Frederick, emperor of Germany, acknowledged to be king of, ii. 267,
ii. 278.
Agitations of, ii. 279, ii. 282.
Quarrels with the patriarch, ii. 279.
Religious worship suspended, ii. 280.
Captured by the Carismian hordes, and the Christians slaughtered,
ii. 326, ii. 327.
Possessed by the Egyptians, ii. 331.

Jerusalem, three pretenders to the throne of, iii. 63.
Pilgrimages to, and various treaties for protecting the Christians
of, iii. 249.
A spirit of resignation takes the place of the enthusiasm of the
Crusaders, iii. 250 and n.
“Itinerary” to, from Bordeaux, iii. 351 (App.).
Massacres on the taking of, by the Christians, iii. 359.
Acts of the council of Naplouse for reforming the Christians of,
iii. 367.
Letter from Saladin, detailing his conquest of, iii. 372.
Sermon made at, by Mohammed Ben Zeky, iii. 376.

——, “Assizes of,” i. 271-273.

“Jerusalem delivered” of Tasso, more wonderful than that of the
“Iliad”, i. 258.

Jesus Christ, pretended visions respecting, i. 191.
Alleged miraculous communication to the Crusaders, i. 164, i. 165.
The “true cross” of, found at Jerusalem, i. 230.

Jews, massacred and persecuted by the Crusaders, i. 19, i. 70, i. 341.
Destruction of, at Jerusalem, i. 228.

Joannice, the Tartar leader, ii. 166.
Defeats the Latins, ii. 167, ii. 169.

John, king of England, engages in the sixth crusade, ii. 209.

——, king of France, taken captive at the battle of Poictiers,
iii. 112.
Engages in a fresh crusade, iii. 113, iii. 114.

—— of Austria defeats the Turks at the naval battle of Lepanto,
iii. 226.

—— of Brienne, ii. 193.
Accepts the young queen of Jerusalem in marriage, ii. 194, ii. 195.

Joinville, seneschal de, the historian of the seventh crusade,
ii. 371, et passim.
Bravery of, ii. 410.
Taken prisoner, ii. 429.
Excellence and style of his narration, ii. 481.
Anecdote of, ii. 483.
Declines to join the second crusade undertaken by Louis IX.,
iii. 25.

Jordan, waters of the, i. 21.

Josselin de Courtenay, family of, i. 282.
Defeated and taken prisoner, i. 283.
His release, i. 285.
Notices of, i. 295, i. 296.
As count of Edessa he supports the election of Baldwin du Bourg to
the kingdom of Jerusalem, _ib._
Made prisoner by the Turks, i. 296.
His escape, i. 297.
Death of, i. 320.

——, son of the preceding, succeeds to the county of Edessa, i. 321.
Loses Edessa, i. 324.
Dies a prisoner at Aleppo, i. 379.

—— de Montmorency slain, i. 481.

Josseraut de Brançon, bravery of, ii. 416.
His death, _ib._

Jourdain, M., his letter on the “Assassins” of Syria, iii. 413.
On the crusade of children in 1212, iii. 441.

Judæa, the promised land, i. 1.
See _Palestine_.

Judicial combat in the middle ages, iii. 313.

Julian, emperor, undertakes to rebuild the temple, i. 2.

——, cardinal, preaches in favour of a fresh crusade, iii. 137,
iii. 139.
Is slain, iii. 143.

Julius II., his speech at the council of Lateran, iii. 201.

Jurieu, the Reformer, considers the Turks as auxiliaries to the
Protestants, iii. 246.

Justice, administration of, in Europe during the middle ages, iii. 311
et seq.

K.

Karacoush, minister of Saladin, i. 456 n.

Karaites, khan of the, ii. 318.

Kelaoun, the sultan of Cairo, iii. 65.
Concludes a truce with the Christians of Ptolemaïs, iii. 66.
Enters into treaties with European princes, iii. 67 and n.
Captures and destroys Tripoli, iii. 69.
His death, iii. 76.

Kerbogha, sultan of Mossoul, his siege of Antioch, i. 158 et seq.
His haughty reply to the deputies of the Crusaders, i. 168.
Defeated, i. 173, i. 174.
His magnificent encampment, i. 175.
Defeats the Crusaders, i. 252, i. 253.

Ketboga, the Mogul chief, iii. 6.
Slain, iii. 7.

Khedhrewis, a class of Ismaëlians, iii. 428.

Khothbeh, a sermon made at Jerusalem after its capture by Saladin,
iii. 376.

Kilidj-Arslan, the Turkish chief, i. 97, i. 100, i. 106.
His bravery before Antioch, i. 173.
Defeats the Crusaders, i. 252, i. 253.

Knighthood of learning conferred during the middle ages, iii. 339.

Knights in the army of Peter the Hermit, i. 64 n.

—— of chivalry engage in the crusades, i. 55.
Called “The Champions of God and of Beauty,” _ib._
Spirit and devotedness of the, iii. 295, 296.
Their deference to the fair sex, iii. 297.

Knowledge, state of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 337 et
seq.

Koran, doctrines of the, iii. 346.

Koutouz elected sultan of Egypt, iii. 5.
Assassinated by Bibars, iii. 7.

L.

Ladislas, duke of Bohemia, i. 338.

Ladislaus, king of Poland and Hungary, engages in a fresh crusade,
iii. 137.
Is defeated and slain by Amurath, iii. 142.

Lance, sacred, which pierced the side of the Redeemer, pretended
discovery of the, i. 165, i. 166 and n.
Borne to battle by Raymond d’Agiles, i. 169, i. 170.
Doubts entertained of its miraculous influence, i. 176.
Offerings made to the, i. 192.

Langres, bishop of, his speech against the treachery of the Greeks,
i. 349.

Lascaris chosen emperor of Constantinople, ii. 130.
His address to the Greeks, _ib._
Abandons the city, ii. 131.
Proclaimed emperor at Nice, ii. 156.

Lateran, council of, convoked by Julius II., iii. 201.
By Leo X., iii. 202.
By Pope Innocent III., iii. 210.

Latins of the West, their hostility to the Greeks, and their hatred of
the emperor Alexius, i. 89-92, i. 194.
Their violent disputes, ii. 113-115.
They capture Constantinople, ii. 131.
The Greeks rebel against their domination, ii. 165, ii. 166.
Decline of their empire in Greece, ii. 288.
Dispossessed of Constantinople, iii. 10.
See _Constantinople_ and _Crusaders_.

Laws, the administration of, during the middle ages, iii. 311 et seq.

Lazar-houses, establishment of, iii. 336.

Lazarus, St., order of, historical notices of, iii. 298 and n.

Lebrun, Hugh, count of Angoulême, engages in the crusades, ii. 393.

Leibnitz, his ideas in favour of the crusades, iii. 247.
Memoir of, addressed to Louis XIV. on the conquest of Egypt,
iii. 478-493 (App.).

Leo X., his exertions for reviving a crusade against the Turks,
iii. 202 et seq.
Allows the sale of indulgences, iii. 210.
After the preaching of Luther, the crusades cease to engage his
attention, iii. 213.
The distinguished age of, iii. 229.

—— Sguerre, conquests of, ii. 156.

Leopold, duke of Austria, his treatment by Richard I., i. 484.
His caustic reply to Richard, i. 490.
Detains him a prisoner in Austria, i. 507.

Lepanto, naval battle of, in which the Turks are signally defeated,
iii. 225.
Great rejoicings throughout Christendom, iii. 226, iii. 227.

Leprosy in the West, ii. 308.

Lethal, pilgrimage and fanaticism of, i. 28, 29 and n.

Lewenstein, virgin of, miraculous vision of the, i. 444.

Liberty, progress of, in England, iii. 256-258.
Increasing spirit of, in Europe, during the crusades, iii. 284-292.

Lion, curious anecdote of its docility, i. 180.

Lisbon taken from the Moors, i. 375.

L’Isle-Adam, grand master of the knights of St. John, iii. 213.

Litbert, bishop of Cambray, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, i. 29.

Literature, state of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 333 et
seq.

Litz, Martin, preaching of, ii. 44, ii. 45 and n.
His possession of relics and images, ii. 141, ii. 142.

Livre Tournois, explanation of, ii. 389.

Lombardy, confederacy in, ii. 269.

Louis II. of Hungary, slain by the Turks, iii. 215.

—— VII. of France, resists the encroachments of the pope, i. 330.
Destroys Vitri, _ib._
Repents, and determines on a crusade against the infidels, i. 331.
His measures for raising money to defray the expenses of the war,
i. 345.
His devotion, i. 346.
Leaves France at the head of the Crusaders, _ib._
Arrives at Constantinople, i. 349.
Marches through Phrygia, i. 353;
and defeats the Turks, _ib._
Is surprised and defeated, i. 355.
Report of his death, _ib._
His piety and determination, i. 357, i. 358.
Arrives at Antioch, with a part of his army, i. 360.
Repudiates his queen, Eleanor of Guienne, i. 362.
Leaves Antioch, and proceeds to Jerusalem, i. 363.
His unsuccessful military operations, i. 366 et seq.
Leaves Palestine, and returns to Europe, i. 378.
The unfortunate results of his crusade, i. 378 et seq.
He revokes his promise of revisiting the Holy Land, i. 379.

—— IX. (or St. Louis), his recovery from a dangerous malady, ii. 345
and n.
He determines on prosecuting a seventh crusade against the infidels
of the Holy Land, ii. 346 et seq.
Makes extensive preparations, ii. 358 et seq.
Quits France, ii. 368;
and arrives at Cyprus, ii. 369.
Conciliates the Christian litigants, ii. 371, ii. 372.
Receives an embassy from the Tartar prince Ecalthai, ii. 373.
Arrives before Damietta, ii. 379.
His address, ii. 380.
His speech to the Crusaders, ii. 381.
Defeats the Mohammedan forces, ii. 382.
Captures Damietta, ii. 385.
His severe loss at the battle of Monsurah, ii. 408.
His continued contests with the Egyptians, ii. 413 et seq.
The sufferings of his army, ii. 413-422.
He attempts to regain Damietta, but is defeated, and surrenders as a
prisoner, ii. 428.
Religious resignation of, ii. 433.
Enters into a treaty with Almoadan for his ransom, ii. 438, ii. 447.
Departs from Egypt, ii. 450.
Consternation throughout France at his capture, ii. 452.
His arrival at Ptolemaïs, ii. 453.
Deliberations and speeches of his knights respecting their future
operations, ii. 455, ii. 456.
His negotiations with the Mohammedans of Egypt and Damascus,
ii. 459.
Singular message to, from the “Old Man of the Mountain”, ii. 467.
He fortifies the cities of Palestine, ii. 470, ii. 474, ii. 476.
Negotiates a treaty with the emirs of Egypt, ii. 472.
Treaty violated, and hostilities resumed against him, ii. 474.
Anecdotes of his pious devotedness, ii. 476, ii. 479.
Quits Palestine, and arrives at Paris, ii. 478, ii. 480.
Reflections on his character and misfortunes, ii. 484 et seq.
He determines upon another crusade to the Holy Land, iii. 23,
iii. 24.
The illustrious names who take the cross in his support, iii. 25.
His extensive preparations, iii. 27 et seq.
His expedition to the coast of Tunis, iii. 38.
His illness and fervent devotion, iii. 42-45.
His death, iii. 46.
His virtues and piety, iii. 54-56.
Letter of, on his captivity and deliverance, iii. 458 (App.).
List of the great officers who followed him to Tunis, iii. 465.
His death-bed instructions, iii. 467.

Louis XIV. joins a Christian confederation against the Turks,
iii. 233, iii. 234.
Memoir of Leibnitz, addressed to, on the conquest of Egypt,
iii. 478-493 (App.).

——, count of Chartres, engages in the fifth crusade, ii. 45.

Loyola, Ignatius, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 248.

Lulli, Raymond, preaches a fresh crusade, iii. 103-106.

Lusignan. See _Guy de_.

Luther, his preaching against indulgences and the crusades, iii. 211.
Its important consequences, iii. 212.
He preaches against the Turks, 220; but denounces a Christian
crusade, iii. 221-223.

Lyons, council of, ii. 335.
Determines on the seventh crusade, and excommunicates Frederick II.
of Germany, ii. 338, ii. 341.
Council at, convoked by Gregory X., for reviving a new crusade,
iii. 59.

M.

Maarah, siege and capture of, i. 183-186.

Machines used at the siege of Jerusalem, i. 217-219.

Magi, worship of the, i. 4.
Annihilated by Mohammedanism, i. 5.

Magicians among the Saracens, i. 220 and n.

Magistracy in France during the middle ages, iii. 319.

Mahomet, frenzy of his followers, i. xx.
Spread of his religion, i. 4, i. 5.
The empire of, i. 12.
New sectaries of, _ib._
Principles of the religion of, i. 382.
See _Mohammedans_.

—— II., his accession to the Ottoman throne, iii. 143, iii. 144.
His powerful empire, iii. 144.
Besieges Constantinople, iii. 148 et seq.
His fleet defeated, iii. 149.
His extraordinary land fleet, iii. 150.
Captures the city, iii. 156.
Defeated at Belgrade, iii. 167.
His extended conquests, iii. 171, iii. 174, iii. 180, iii. 184.
His negotiations with Pius II., iii. 174.
He swears to annihilate Christianity, iii. 180, iii. 181.
Invades Hungary and different parts of Europe simultaneously,
iii. 187-189.
Defeated by the Hungarians, _ib._
Death of, iii. 191.
Divisions in his family, _ib._

Mainfroy, of the house of Swabia, slain, iii. 21.

Malek-Adel, brother of Saladin, i. 491.
Takes possession of Egypt, &c., i. 509.
His ambitious policy, ii. 5, ii. 71 n.
Opposes the Crusaders, ii. 16.
Defeated by the Christians before Berytus, ii. 18, ii. 19.
Renews hostilities, ii. 195.
The throne of Syria abdicated by, ii. 226.
His death and character, ii. 236.

Malek Saleh Negmeddin, sultan of Egypt, extent of his conquests,
ii. 376, ii. 377.
His preparations for resisting the Crusaders under Louis IX.,
ii. 377.

Malek-Scha, conquests of, i. 32.
Court of, i. 34.

Malleville, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 64.

Malta, knights of St. John transferred to, iii. 214.
Heroic defence of, against the Turks, iii. 224.

Mamelukes, first established by Saladin, i. 402.
Their bravery, i. 459.
Their treachery, ii. 398.
Defeat the Crusaders, ii. 405.
Revolt against Almoadan, ii. 439, ii. 440.
The Syrians refuse to acknowledge their authority, ii. 459.
Their rise and fall, ii. 486.
They defeat and expel the Tartars from Palestine, iii. 8.
Their victories against the Christians, iii. 11 et seq.
Capture Tripoli, iii. 69;
Ptolemaïs, iii. 85;
and several other Christian cities, iii. 89.

Mamouh, sultan of Persia, uncalculating policy of, in encouraging the
Turks, i. 31.

Mansourah, sanguinary battle at, ii. 404 and n.
And death of many illustrious Crusaders, ii. 408.

Mantua, general assembly at, to incite resistance to the Turks,
iii. 172.

Manuel, emperor of Constantinople, visits France, iii. 130.

Manufactures, progress of, during the middle ages, iii. 328 et seq.

Marcel, treachery of, ii. 428.

Margarit, Admiral, sent to the defence of Tripoli, i. 453.

Margat, fort of, captured by the Mussulmans, iii. 48.

Marguerite of Flanders, wife of Baldwin, death of, ii. 155.

—— of Provence, wife of Louis IX., ii. 369.
Her agonizing situation during the misfortunes of Louis, ii. 432.

“Market of the Franks” at Jerusalem, i. 11.

Markets of the Franks established, i. 16.

Maronites, sect of, i. 4.

Martel, Charles, victories of, i. 6.

Matthew of Edessa, the historian, i. 14 n., i. 147 n. et passim.

Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, iii. 187.

Maudoud, prince of Mossoul, assassinated, i. 292.

Maximilian, emperor of Germany, letters of, iii. 202.

Mecca, temple of, destroyed and rebuilt, iii. 226.

Medicine, state of, and progress during the period of the crusades,
iii. 335, iii. 336.

Mehallah, canal of, fatal to the Crusaders, ii. 420, ii. 425.

Melik-Kamel, the sultan of Cairo, ii. 226.
Conspiracy against, ii. 242.
His speech respecting the Crusaders, ii. 260.
Signs a treaty of peace, _ib._
Enters into negotiations with Frederick II., emperor of Germany,
ii. 273, ii. 276.
Concludes a treaty, ii. 278.
Death of, ii. 294.
Political contests thence arising, _ib._

Melisende, queen of Jerusalem, i. 313, i. 315.

Memphis, solitude of, i. 21.

Mercœur, duke of, defeats the Turks, iii. 231, iii. 232.

Mersbourg, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 70, i. 71.
Described, i. 70 n.

Merwan II., cruelty of, i. 8.

Mesopotamia, entered by the Crusaders, i. 121.

Mezerai, the historian, ii. 484.

Michaud, M. Jourdain’s letters to, iii. 413, iii. 441.

Middle Age, reflections on the state of society from 1571 to 1685,
iii. 251 et seq.

Military orders of Christendom, i. 307-309.

Minerva, statue of, at Constantinople, destroyed, ii. 108.

Minieh, town of, ii. 427.

Miracles, pretended, i. 164, i. 165.

Modhaffer Abyverdy, his elegy on the taking of Jerusalem, i. 236.

Moguls, sovereign of the, his conquests, ii. 317 et seq.
Historical notices of, ii. 487.
They capture Bagdad, iii. 4.
Their warlike operations against the Mussulmans, iii. 5.
Take the principal cities of Syria, _ib._
General terror of the, iii. 6.
History and conquests of, under Tamerlane, iii. 132, iii. 133.
See _Tartars_.

Mohammedanism, victorious career of, i. 33 et seq.
Not a religion of the sword, iii. 15 n.
Triumph of, under Mahomet II., iii. 158.
Its inferiority to Christianity, iii. 346.
The two leading sects of, iii. 413.
Evil principles of, iii. 241.

Mohammedans, conquests of the, i. 5 et seq.
Contests with the Crusaders before Antioch, i. 158 et seq.
Manners and characteristics of the, i. 183.
The cities of Palestine abandoned by the, i. 209.
Number slain at Jerusalem, i. 228.
Their despair on the conquest of Jerusalem by the Christians,
i. 236, i. 237.
Sustain various defeats by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 277.
Their continued hostilities with the Christians in Palestine, Egypt,
&c., i. 278-328.
Their prayers and exhortations against the Crusaders, i. 474.
Arouse themselves against the Crusaders, ii. 240.
Panic amongst the, ii. 242.
Propose conditions of peace, ii. 247, ii. 257.
Their alarm, ii. 251, ii. 252.
They burn the fleet of the Crusaders on the Nile, ii. 258;
and compel them to capitulate, ii. 260.
Defeated by the Carismians, ii. 330.
Political quarrel among the, ii. 376.
See _Saracens_ and _Turks_.

—— of Tunis encounter the Crusaders, iii. 40.

Mohyeddin Almoury, the imaum, iii. 63, iii. 64.

Molahed, epithet of, explained, iii. 419.

Monasteries founded during the middle ages, i. 22, iii. 303, iii. 304.

Montes Jovis, monastery of, i. 22.

Montferrat, marquis of, i. 338.
Visits the Holy Land, i. 452.

Montfort, Philip de, pays the ransom for Louis IX., iii. 450.

Moors, expelled from Lisbon, i. 375.
Their contests and defeats in Spain, ii. 201, ii. 268.
Their expulsion, iii. 243, iii. 266, iii. 375.

Morosini, Thomas, elected patriarch of Constantinople, ii. 151.

Moslems. See _Turks_.

Mossoul, sultan of, attacks and defeats the Christians, i. 290,
i. 291.
See _Kerbogha_.

Mourzoufle, of Constantinople, stirs up insurrection against the
Latins, ii. 111, ii. 112.
Insidious policy of, ii. 118.
Destroys Alexius, and ascends the throne, _ib._
Treachery of, ii. 119.
His contests with the Latins, ii. 119-128.
Dethroned, ii. 129.
Captured and executed, ii. 157.

Music, rise of, in Italy, iii. 333.

Mussulmans. See _Mohammedans_, &c.

“Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum,” Raynouard’s notes upon, iii. 494-500.

Mythology during the period of the crusades, iii. 342.

N.

Naccaire, the name of a kettledrum, ii. 381.

Naples, conquered by Henry VI., ii. 20.
Invaded by the Turks, ii. 189.
Agitations of, ii. 192, ii. 193.
State of, during the age of the crusades, iii. 263.

Naplouse, city of, pillaged, i. 291.
Decrees of the council of, i. 311 and n.
Acts of the council for reforming the Christians of Palestine,
iii. 367.

Nasr-allah, vizier of the sultan Afdhal, ii. 4 and n.

Natural history, knowledge of, increased during the crusades,
iii. 330.

Navigation, progress of, during and after the period of the crusades,
iii. 251, iii. 321 et seq.
Codes of maritime rights established, iii. 324.

Nazareth, bishop of, miracle imputed to, i. 319.
Captured by the Crusaders, iii. 57.

Negmeddin, his negotiations with Louis IX., ii. 388.
Death of, ii. 397.

Nestorians, sect of, i. 4.

Neufmontier, abbey of, founded by Peter the Hermit, i. 247 n.

Nevers, count de, i. 341, i. 342.

Nezzarians, a sect of Ismaëlians, iii. 420.

Nice, the capital of Bithynia, besieged, i. 99-105.
Sultan of, desolates the country, i. 112.

Nicea, possessed by the Mussulmans, i. 33.
The sultan of, defeats the Crusaders, i. 75.

Nicephoras Phocas heads the Greeks, and captures Antioch, i. 13.
His assassination, i. 14, i. 36.

Nicetas, his account of the sacking of Constantinople by the Latins,
ii. 133-137.
His history of the contests between the Greeks and the Latins,
ii. 174, ii. 175.
Fragment from, iii. 435.

Nicholas IV., Pope, attempts to revive a fresh crusade against the
East, iii. 93.

Nicopolis, the modern name of Emmaüs, i. 201.

Nile, battles on the banks of the, ii. 243.
Mouth of, filled with heaps of stones, ii. 485.

Nissa assailed by the Crusaders, i. 65, i. 66.

Nobility, historical notices of, iii. 278 et seq.

Normans join in the crusades, i. 82.

Northampton, a council held at, for aiding the second crusade of Louis
IX., iii. 29.

Nosaïris, sect of the, iii. 428.

Noureddin, son of Zenguis, and sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, defeats
and slaughters the Christians of Edessa, i. 326, i. 327.
Threatens Jerusalem, i. 328.
Extensive power of, i. 361, i. 396.
His conquests, i. 379.
Heroic character and benevolent sentiments of, i. 383-385.
His warlike preparations against Egypt, i. 389.
Conquers Egypt, and deposes the caliph, i. 396.
His death, i. 399.

Novagero, his eulogies on Leo X., iii. 204.

O.

Octaï, khan of the Tartars, ii. 321.
His extensive conquests, ii. 322.

——, chief of the Mamelukes, anecdote of, ii. 442.

Oderic Vital, the chronicler, i. 41 n., i. 82, i. 250 n. et passim.

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, i. 83.

Odoacer, marquis of Syria, i. 338.

“Old Man of the Mountain,” i. 304-306.
His singular message to Louis IX., ii. 467.
Visit to the court of, ii. 468.
Origin and history of his party, iii. 413 et seq. (App.).
Curious letter of, iii. 434.

Oleron, rolls of, established, iii. 324.

Olives, Mount of, i. 21, i. 214.

Olivia, bishop of Paderborn, ii. 233 and n.

Omar, Caliph, captures Jerusalem, i. 6.
Mosque of, wealth found in the, i. 224, i. 229.

Ommiades, dynasty of the, i. 8; iii. 414.

Ordeal by fire, i. 193.

Ordeals during the middle ages, iii. 312.

Ores, explanation of, ii. 404.

Oriflamme, or royal standard, i. 354.

Orpin, count of Bourges, i. 249.

Ortock, the Turkish general, conquests of, i. 33.

Otho of Savoy, excommunicated, ii. 209.
Makes war against the pope, ii. 209.

Otranto, captured by the Turks, iii. 189.
Abandoned, iii. 191.

Otto of Frisingen, i. 352.

Ottoman Port, her treaties with France, iii. 488.

Ottoman empire, its origin and history, iii. 120 et seq.

Ottomans, defeated by Tamerlane the Tartar, iii. 132, iii. 133.
Reconquer the provinces overrun by Tamerlane, iii. 133, iii. 134.
Their power under Mahomet II., iii. 144.
Capture Constantinople, and overturn the Greek empire, iii. 156.
See _Turks_.

Oulagon, commander of the Moguls, iii. 4, 6.

Outtreman, the Jesuit, i. 41 n.

Ozellis, valley of, in Phrygia, i. 106 and n.
Battle of, i. 107-111.

P.

Paganism annihilated by Mohammedanism, i. 5.
State of in the thirteenth century, i. 219; ii. 218-223.

Paladins, the order of, iii. 294.

Palæologus, Michael, his troops recapture Constantinople, iii. 10.

——, John, emperor of Constantinople, his vacillating policy,
iii. 123.

——, Constantine, character of, iii. 144, iii. 156 n.
Prepares for the defence of Constantinople, and appeals in vain to
western Europe for aid, iii. 145.
His great efforts, iii. 151, iii. 154.
His death, iii. 156.

——, Andrew, sells his claims to the empire of the East, iii. 194.

PALESTINE, visited by the early Christians, i. 2.
The Crusaders march through the country of, i. 196 et seq.
State of, at the period of the crusades, i. 265, i. 266.
Ravaged by the infidels, devastated by locusts, and visited by an
earthquake, i. 291.
Continued hostilities in, i. 292-328.
Victories of Saladin in, i. 425.
Its capital, Jerusalem, taken from the Christians, i. 429.
Ceded to Henry, count of Champagne, i. 501.

——, governed by the successors of Saladin, ii. 3 n.
Civil contests in, previous to the fourth crusade, ii. 4-7.
Agitated and discordant state of, ii. 4-7, ii. 189, ii. 192,
ii. 194, ii. 293, ii. 294.
Earthquake and famine in, 189. State of, at the time of the sixth
crusade, ii. 225.
Oppressions of the Christians of, ii. 265.
No longer considered a place of blessedness, but of exile, ii. 300,
ii. 301.
Subdued by the Carismians and Egyptians, ii. 330.
Distress of the Christians of, ii. 334.
Cities of, fortified by Louis IX., ii. 470, ii. 474.

——, on the Christian cities fortified by Louis IX., iii. 1.
Quarrels among the Christians of, iii. 2, iii. 3.
Among the Saracens, iii. 3.
Alarm of the Christians at the power of the Moguls, iii. 6.
Increasing difficulties of, iii. 11 et seq.
The Christians defeated, and the country laid waste, _ib._
Divisions among the Christians, and conquests of the Mamelukes,
iii. 69, iii. 85, iii. 89.
Destruction of all the Christian cities along the coast of, iii. 89.
Renewed persecutions of the Christians, iii. 109.
Subjected to the absolute domination of the Turks, iii. 202.
Acts of the council of Naplouse, for reforming the Christians in,
iii. 367 (App.).

Pancratius, an Armenian prince, joins the Crusaders, i. 120.

Paphlagouin, the Crusaders pass through, i. 251.

Papyrus Masson, i. 250.

Paris, council of, held in 1188; decree of the, for providing Saladin
tenths, iii. 384 (App.).

“Pastors,” the name given to certain Crusaders, ii. 462.

Paul II., Pope, instigates the crusade against the Turks, iii. 179.
Death of, iii. 182.

Paultre, M., memoir of, on the Forest of Saron, iii. 388 (App.).

Pelagius, Cardinal, instigates the prosecution of the sixth crusade,
and proceeds to Egypt, ii. 239.
His obstinacy in carrying on the war in Egypt, ii. 256, ii. 257.
Negotiates for peace, ii. 259.

Persia, empire of, torn by intestine wars, i. 4.
Sends an immense army against the Crusaders, i. 157, i. 158;
which marches against the Turks, iii. 182;
and is destroyed, iii. 183.
Sends an embassy to the princes of the West, iii. 231.

Peter the Hermit, character of, i. 40.
His pilgrimage to Jerusalem, i. 41, i. 42.
His different appellations, i. 41 n.
His visit to Pope Urban II., i. 42.
His interview with the patriarch of Jerusalem, and his enthusiasm,
_ib._
Traverses all Europe to arouse the Christians against the infidels,
i. 43.
Attends the council of Clermont, i. 48.
His inciting speech, _ib._
Chosen general of the crusade, i. 61.
Introduced to Alexis Comnenus, at Constantinople, i. 68.
Loses his authority, i. 75.
Wretched situation of the remains of Peter’s army, i. 96.
Deserts the camp of the Crusaders, and is retaken, i. 135.
Sent to treat with the Saracen leaders, i. 165.
His speech, _ib._
Arouses the enthusiasm of the Christian army by his address, i. 215.
Returns to his own country after the conquest of Jerusalem, i. 247.
Death of, _ib._ n.

—— of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, proposes a fresh crusade, iii. 113
et seq.

—— of Blois preaches the crusade, i. 442 and n.

—— de Salviac, notices of, i. 246.

Petrarch, an apostle of the holy war, iii. 110.

Pharamia, captured by Baldwin, i. 293.

Pharescour, insurrection of the Mamelukes at, ii. 440.

Philip I., king of France, excommunicated, i. 47.
State of his kingdom, i. 79, i. 80.

—— Augustus, king of France, determines on renewing the holy war,
i. 438.
His quarrels with the king of England, i. 440.
Arrives at Palestine, i. 473.
Quits Palestine, and returns to France, i. 485.
His quarrel with Pope Innocent III., ii. 42.
Largely contributes to the sixth crusade, ii. 207.
Death of, ii. 264.

—— III., son of Louis IX., iii. 42, iii. 47.
Returns to France, with the dead bodies of his father, wife, and
brother, iii. 53.

—— le Bel of France, takes the cross, iii. 100.
His death, _ib._

—— le Long of France, iii. 100.
His death, iii. 102.

——, duke of Burgundy, assembles his nobility at Lille, iii. 169.
Curious festival held, and the enthusiasm of his nobility in favour
of a fresh crusade, iii. 160, iii. 161.

—— of Swabia, his address to the French barons, ii. 68.

——, count of Flanders, i. 402. Slain, i. 481.

—— of Valois convokes an assembly at Paris for reviving a fresh
crusade, iii. 107.
Compelled to renounce his intentions, iii. 110.
Death of, iii. 112.

Philosophy of the ancients brought from Constantinople, iii. 338.

Phirous betrays the city of Antioch to the Crusaders, i. 147-157.
Murders his brother, i. 153.

Phœnicia, the Crusaders pass through, i. 196.
Richness of, _ib._

Phrygia, the country desolated by the sultan of Nice, i. 112.

Physicians, ignorance of, during the middle ages, iii. 336.

Pierre de Dreux engages in the holy war, ii. 216.

Pigeons, letters conveyed by, i. 182 and n.

Pilgrimages, ardour for, to the Holy Land, i. 1, 2.
Interrupted by the Goths, &c., i. 3.
Undertaken by St. Arculphus, St. Antoninus, and Peter the Hermit,
i. 7.
By St. Bernard, i. 10.
During the eleventh century, i. 20 et seq.
They assume the character of an armed crusade, i. 54.
Number of, on the termination of the crusades, iii. 248, iii. 349 et
seq. (App.).

Pilgrimages of penance by distinguished personages to the Holy Land,
&c., i. 24-31.

Pilgrims, hospitals built for the reception of, i. 22, 23.
Kind treatment of, i. 23.
Arrival of, at Jerusalem, i. 269.
Buy off their vows, ii. 298.

Pisans, conquests of the, i. 40.
Aid the Crusaders by their fleets, i. 145, i. 286.

Pius II., Pope, exhorts the Christian states to a crusade against the
Turks, iii. 172.
Convokes an assembly at Mantua, _ib._
His negotiations with Mahomet II., iii. 173, iii. 174.
His zealous endeavours to resist the advance of the Turks, iii. 174
et seq.
Engages in the crusade, iii. 178;
and dies at Ancona, iii. 179.

Plague in Egypt, ii. 187.

Plaisance, papal council at, i. 44.

Poictiers, count of, his capture and release, ii. 415, ii. 416.

Poitevins, their severe conflicts with the Saracens, ii. 415, ii. 416.

Pons, abbot of Vézelai, preaches in favour of the second crusade,
i. 335.

—— de Balasu, death and character of, i. 190.

Popedom, contests for the, i. 84; iii. 125.

Popelicains, religious principles of the, ii. 197.

Popes, increase of their power during the progress of Christianity,
i. 39.
Their political pretensions and quarrels, ii. 302, ii. 303, ii. 306,
ii. 342, ii. 353; iii. 20, iii. 268.
Their domination during the age of the crusades, iii. 268 et seq.
See _Rome_.

Portugal submits to Alphonso, i. 375.
The sultan of Egypt’s expedition against, iii. 199.

Pourcelet, Wm., his heroic self-sacrifice, i. 489.

Prester John, notices of, ii. 318.

Printing, instrumental in preserving the literary treasures of the
East, iii. 338.

Prodigies, miraculous, seen at Antioch, i. 173, i. 183.

Provençalex, origin of the name, i. 94 n.

Provisions, scarcity and dearness of, i. 134 and n.

Prudhommes, maritime code drawn up by the, iii. 324.

Prussia, paganism of, in the thirteenth century, ii. 218.
Manners and customs of the inhabitants, ii. 219, ii. 220.
Their religious belief, and festivals, ii. 221, ii. 222.
Subdued and converted by the Holy See, ii. 223.
Reflections on the papal crusade against, ii. 309.
Funeral ceremonies of, iii. 455 (App.).

Ptolemaïs, the Crusaders march through the country of, i. 199.
Deceit of the emir of, i. 200.
Besieged and captured by Baldwin, i. 286.
Captured by Saladin, i. 425.
Description of, i. 454; iii. 70, iii. 71.
Besieged by Guy de Lusignan, who is opposed by Saladin, i. 454 et
seq.
Retaken by the Christians, i. 481.
Hostilities at, commenced by the Christians, ii. 16.
Possessed by John of Brienne, ii. 196.
Arrival of the sixth crusade at, ii. 224;
of Frederick of Germany, ii. 275.
The commercial capital of Palestine, iii. 1.
Discords between the Venetian and Genoese residents of, iii. 2.
Quarrels between the Mussulmans and the Christians of, iii. 73,
iii. 74.
Besieged by the sultan of Cairo, iii. 76 et seq.
Dissensions among the citizens, iii. 80.
After many sanguinary contests the city is captured and destroyed,
iii. 85 et seq.

Puy, bishop of, named as the apostolic legate, i. 53.
Death of, i. 179.

Puyset, castle of, i. 313 n.

Q.

Quinze-Vingts, hospital of, ii. 487.

R.

Radnor, the lord of, anecdote of, iii. 408 (App.).

Ralph of Coggershall, his “Chronicon Anglicanum,” iii. 395.

Ramla, city of, besieged and captured by the Saracens, i. 280.

Raoul de Caen, the historian, i. 86 n., i. 163, i. 192, et passim.

—— de Coucy, slain, ii. 408.

Ravendel, capture of, i. 121.

Raymond, count of Thoulouse, engages in the first crusade, i. 52.
Marches at the head of 100,000 Crusaders, i. 88.
Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 111.
Miraculous recovery from illness, i. 115.
Enters Jerusalem by storm, i. 223.
Returns to Constantinople, and receives from the emperor the city of
Laodicea, i. 246.
Revisits Jerusalem as a pilgrim, i. 269.
Appointed regent of Jerusalem, i. 407.
His speech against Saladin, i. 417, i. 418.
Suspected of treachery, i. 419, i. 422 n.
Death of, i. 423.

——, the last count of Thoulouse, character and death, ii. 394,
ii. 395.

——, count de St. Gilles, one of the leaders of the crusades, i. 87,
i. 251, i. 252.
His quarrel with Godfrey, i. 244.

—— of Poictiers, appointed governor of Antioch, i. 312.
His interest in the crusades, i. 361.
Is slain, i. 379.

—— d’Agiles, the historian, i. 88 n., i. 190, et passim.

Raynouard, M., his notes on Hammer’s “Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum”,
iii. 494-500.

Redemption, mystery of the, celebrated at Jerusalem, i. 24.

Reformation, first dawnings of the, in Europe, ii. 196, ii. 197.
The Turkish hostilities favourable to its principles, iii. 246.

Relics, veneration for, among the Crusaders, ii. 141, ii. 142.

Religion, sanguinary wars in the name of, ii. 310.
Despotic principles of, noticed, ii. 111, ii. 241 and n.
Mingled with the institutions of the middle age, ii. 111, ii. 295,
ii. 299.

Renaud de Chatillon, biographical notices of, i. 403.
Raised by marriage to the throne of Antioch, _ib._
Makes war on the emperor of Constantinople, i. 404.
Defeats the Saracens, _ib._
His various military adventures, i. 404-415.
Taken prisoner by Saladin, i. 422.
Put to death, i. 424.

Renaudot, M., his description of the Greek fire, iii. 387 (App.).

Rephraim, valley of, i. 213.

Reslans, family of the, iii. 428.

Resurrection, church of the, i. 1.

Rhamnus, the shrub, i. 212.

Rhodes, defended by the knights of St. John, iii. 185.
Besieged by the Turks, iii. 188, iii. 189.
Captured, iii. 213.

RICHARD I., king of England, his quarrels with the king of France,
i. 440, i. 441.
Prepares for the holy war, i. 441 et seq.
Captures Cyprus, i. 475.
Married to Berengaria of Navarre, i. 476.
His arrival before the walls of Ptolemaïs, and his quarrels with
Philip of France, i. 476, i. 477.
Defeats Saladin at Arsur, i. 487, i. 488.
Surprised by the Mussulmans, i. 489.
Rebuilds Ascalon, and negotiates with Saladin, i. 491, i. 499.
Marches on Jerusalem, i. 492.
Retreats, i. 497.
His personal exploits, i. 498.
His interview with Aboubeker, i. 498 n.
Enters into a treaty of peace with Saladin, i. 500, i. 501.
Character of, 504; iii. 257.
Detained as a prisoner in Austria and Germany, i. 507.
Returns to England, i. 508.
Death of, ii. 42.
Anecdote of, ii. 43 n.
His adventures in the Holy Land, and his contests with Saladin,
iii. 395 et seq. (App.).
Account of his imprisonment in Germany, iii. 405 et seq.

Richard, duke of Cornwall, joins the Crusaders at Ptolemaïs, ii. 295.
Returns to Italy, ii. 296.

——, prince of Salerno, i. 86.

Rinaldo, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 74 and n.

Rion de Loheac, notices of, i. 245 n.

Robert, king of Scotland, pilgrimage of, i. 21.

——, duke of Normandy, father of William the Conqueror, undertakes a
penitential pilgrimage, i. 27.
Dies, i. 28.

——, son of William the Conqueror, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 82.
Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 111.
Returns home, and dies in prison, i. 248.
Historical notices of, iii. 357 (App.).

——, count of Flanders, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 83.
Surnamed “The Lance and the Sword,” _ib._
Returns to his own country, and is killed by a fall from his horse,
i. 247 and n.

——, count of Paris, i. 83.
His reception by Alexius of Constantinople, i. 94.
Mortally wounded, i. 108.

—— de Vair, slain, ii. 408.

—— de Trils, death of, ii. 165.

—— le Frison, count of Flanders, penitential pilgrimage of, i. 27.
Anecdote of his son, i. 56 n.

Robert the Monk, the chronicler, i. 49 n.

Rodolphe, chancellor of Jerusalem, i. 328.

—— de Rhenfield, duke of Swabia, i. 76.

Romances during the period of the middle ages, iii. 342-344.

Romanus-Diogenes, death of, i. 36.

Rome, early pilgrimages to, i. 21.
A second time the capital of the world, i. 39.
Besieged by Frederick II., emperor of Germany, ii. 293.
Agitated state and desolation of, ii. 296.
Its alarm at the threatened invasions of the Turks, iii. 189.
Possessed by the French, iii. 194.
See _Popes_.

Rosnay, prior of, ii. 409.

Rossi, his speech to the Crusaders, ii. 84.

Rousseau, J. J., his remarks on the Crusaders, ii. 36.

S.

Saadi, the Persian poet, ii. 189 and n.

Sabeans, sect of, i. 4.

Sadoletus, his eloquent exhortation in favour of a crusade against
the Turks, iii. 206.

St. Ambrose, pretended revelation of, i. 164.

St. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, incites the nations of Christendom to
the second crusade, i. 329 et seq.
Miracles imputed to, i. 339 and n.
His great influence, i. 343.
Reproaches against, for the misfortunes of the Crusaders, i. 376,
i. 377.
His death and character, i. 380, i. 381.

——, monastery of, i. 22 n.

St. Clair, virgins of, self-mutilated and slaughtered, iii. 86 n.

St. Dominic, order of, its origin, iii. 304.

St. Eusebius, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 350.

St. Francis, order of, its origin, iii. 304.

St. George, his miraculous appearance to the Christian army, i. 221.

St. Jerome, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 350.

St. John, knights of, i. 281, i. 307.
Heroic devotion of the, i. 308.
Their noble reply to Mahomet II., iii. 186.
Their bravery in the defence of Rhodes, iii. 188, iii. 189.
Driven from Rhodes, 213. Transferred to Malta, iii. 214.
Their brave defence of Malta, iii. 224.

St. Kenelmus, miracles attributed to, iii. 409.

St. Martin, the patron saint of Germany, ii. 31, ii. 32 and n.

St. Paulina, her pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 350.

St. Simeon, port of, i. 140.

SALADIN, genius and fortunes of, i. xx.
Account of, i. 397 and n.
Appointed vizier of Egypt, _ib._
His character, i. 398.
His wars with the Christians of Syria, i. 401, i. 402 et seq.,
i. 417 et seq.
Defeats the Christians at Tiberias, i. 418-423.
His barbarous executions of the Christian knights, i. 424.
His further victories, and capture of numerous cities in Palestine,
i. 425 et seq.
Besieges and captures Jerusalem, i. 426, i. 429, i. 432.
His victorious career, i. 451 et seq.
Defeats the Crusaders at Ptolemaïs, i. 460, i. 466.
His conflicts with Richard I. and Philip of France, i. 478.
Is defeated by Richard at Arsur, i. 487, i. 488.
Destroys Ascalon by fire, i. 490.
Negotiates with Richard, i. 491, i. 499.
Enters into a treaty of peace, i. 500, i. 501.
Character of, i. 504, i. 505 and n.
His death, i. 508.
Dissolution of his empire, i. 509.
His dominions divided among his successors, ii. 2, ii. 3 and n.
The civil wars thence arising, ii. 4 et seq.

——, letter of, detailing his conquest of Jerusalem, iii. 372
(App.).
Sermon made on the occasion, iii. 376.
His contests with Richard I., iii. 395 et seq., iii. 405.

—— tenths, decree of the council of Paris for raising the, iii. 384
(App.).

Salisbury, earl of, engages in the seventh crusade, ii. 360. Slain,
ii. 408.

——, William of, joins Louis IX., ii. 379.

Samosata, city of, i. 123.

SARACENS, their fanaticism and bravery, i. 5.
Their conquests, i. 5, i. 6.
Capture Jerusalem, i. 6.
Defeated by Zimisces, i. 15.
Hostile spirit against the, i. 17.
Their contests with the Crusaders before Antioch, i. 158 et seq.
Reply of their general to the deputies of the Crusaders, i. 168.
Their order of battle before Antioch, i. 170.
Defeated by the Crusaders, i. 173, i. 174.
Insults to the Christian army before Jerusalem, i. 214.
Their preparations for resistance, i. 215, i. 216.
Advance from Cairo, i. 237;
and are defeated with great slaughter on the plain of Ascalon,
i. 240-242.
Defeat the Christians, i. 291.
Their dynasty almost annihilated, i. 382.
Defeat the Christians at Tiberias with immense slaughter,
i. 418-423.

Saracens, defeated by the Crusaders, ii. 18, 29.
Attacked by Louis IX., ii. 383;
and defeated, ii. 403.
Their severe conflicts with Louis, ii. 413 et seq.
Everywhere victorious, ii. 424 et seq.
Capture the king, ii. 428;
and annihilate his army, ii. 429 et seq.

——, divisions among the, iii. 3.
Letter from Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, and others, detailing
their victories over them, iii. 362-364 (App.).
Letter from St. Louis respecting them, iii. 461.
Defeated by Edward I. of England, iii. 472.
See _Mohammedans_.

—— of Africa, invaded by the Christian forces, iii. 117.

Sarepta, taken by the Crusaders, i. 288.

Saron, forest of, memoir on the, iii. 388 (App.).

Satalia, pillaged by the Christian forces, iii. 183.

Sauria, in Phrygia, miseries of the Crusaders in, i. 113.

Scanderberg of Albania defeats the Turks, iii. 178.
Death of, iii. 180.

Scharmesah, in Egypt, captured by the Crusaders, ii. 397.

Sclaves, notices of the, i. 374.

Scete, solitude of, i. 21.

Scurvy, disease of, among the Crusaders, ii. 418 n.

Sefed, besieged and captured by the Mamelukes, iii. 13, iii. 14.
The inhabitants slaughtered, iii. 15.

Seldjouc, Turkish dynasty of the, i. 31, i. 32.
Tribes of, i. 34.
Their military ardour, i. 34, i. 35.
Dynasty of, almost annihilated, i. 382.

Selim ascends the Ottoman throne, iii. 201.
His warlike disposition, iii. 202.
Conquers the king of Persia and the sultan of Egypt, _ib._
Succeeded by Soliman, iii. 213.

Selim II. ascends the Ottoman throne, iii. 225.

Semlin, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 64.

Senna, brought from Asia, iii. 336.

Sepulchre. See _Holy Sepulchre_.

Serfage, under the feudal system, iii. 283, iii. 284, iii. 289 et seq.

Sergines, bravery of, ii. 426.

Serpents of the river Eleuctra, i. 198.
Various names of, i. 199 n.

Sextus IV. implores the aid of Christian Europe against the Turks,
iii. 189.

Sibila, city of, captured and burnt, i. 40 and n.

Sibylla, daughter of King Amaury, and wife of Guy de Lusignan,
ambition of, i. 413.
Death of, i. 470.

Sicilian vespers, iii. 66.

Sicily, conquered by Henry VI., ii. 20.
Crown of, granted by the pope to Charles, count of Anjou, iii. 21.
Discontents and revolts in, iii. 66.

Sidon surrenders to the Christians, i. 289.
Captured by the Mohammedans, ii. 392.
Surprised by the Turcomans, who slaughter the Christians, ii. 474.
Fortified by Louis IX., ii. 476.
Captured and destroyed by the Saracens, iii. 66.

Sigismund of Hungary, defeated by Bajazet, iii. 128.

Sigur, prince of Norway arrives at Jerusalem, with large forces to
assist Baldwin, i. 289.

Silk of the East, i. 11.
Manufacture of, during the middle ages, iii. 328, iii. 329.

Siloë, fountain of, i. 10, i. 209.

Simeon, patriarch of Jerusalem, i. 42.

Sins to be expiated by visiting the Holy Land, ii. 191.

Sirvente, a poem of the Troubadours, iii. 19, iii. 20 n.

Smyrna, pillaged by the Christian forces, iii. 103.
Captured and destroyed by Bajazet, iii. 133.

Sobieski, king of Poland, defeats the Turks at Vienna, iii. 235.

Soliman, the Turkish chief, extensive conquests of, i. 33.

——, the Ottoman sultan, takes possession of Belgrade and Rhodes,
iii. 213.
Invades Hungary, and defeats the Hungarians, iii. 214, iii. 215.
Besieges Vienna, iii. 217.
Death of, iii. 224.

Soneidanis, a class of Ismaëlians, iii. 428.

Sophronius, patriarch, death of, i. 6.

Sophia, victory of, iii. 137, iii. 139.

Souliers, family of the, i. 41 n.

Spain, crusades in, i. 375.
War with the Saracens and Moors, ii. 201, ii. 268.
Emancipated from Moorish domination, iii. 243.
State of, and changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 264
et seq.
Expels the Moors, iii. 266;
and establishes the Inquisition, iii. 267.
Increase of liberty in, iii. 285.

Spies, Turkish, barbarous treatment of, i. 137.

Statuary destroyed at Constantinople by the Latins, iii. 438-440.

Stellion, serpent so named, i. 199.

Stephen, duke of Burgundy, slain at Ramla, i. 282.

——, count of Blois, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 83.
Letter of, i. 95.

——, count of Chartres, slain at Ramla, i. 282.

—— de Salviac, notices of, i. 246.

Sugar, introduced into Europe during the middle ages, iii. 330.

Suger, prime minister of France, styled the “father of his country”,
i. 376.
Death of, and character, i. 380, i. 381.

——, Abbot, i. 330.
His advice to Louis VII., i. 341.

Sunnites, Mohammedan sect of the, iii. 413.

Surnames, on the origin of, ii. 282.

Swabia, royal family of, nearly extinct, iii. 21.

Sweno, king of Denmark, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 133.
Slain, i. 154 and n.