Chapter XV: Slavery (1)

Slaves in Ancient Greece--Captives Taken in War--The Slave
Trade--The Price of Slaves--Native Serfs--The Helots--The Penestae
and the Clarotae--The Status of the Slave--Protection against
Ill-treatment--The Slave’s Duties--Modes of Liberation.

All the social and economic conditions of antiquity are based on the institution of slavery, and without it would have been impossible; in fact, slavery is so closely interwoven with the whole life of antiquity that even the political development of the ancient nations and their achievements in the domain of art and industry would be inexplicable without the existence of a large slave population. So great was the importance of slavery in antiquity that any account of Greek life would be incomplete, which did not give some slight sketch of these peculiar conditions.

The institution of slavery in Greece is very ancient; it is impossible to trace its origin, and we find it even in the very earliest times regarded as a necessity of nature, a point of view which even the following ages and the most enlightened philosophers adopted. In later times voices were heard from time to time protesting against the necessity of the institution, showing some slight conception of the idea of human rights, but these were only isolated opinions. From the very earliest times the right of the strongest had established the custom that captives taken in war, if not killed or ransomed, became the slaves of the conquerors, or were sold into slavery by them. This custom, which was universal in the Homeric age, continued to exist in the historic period also, so that not only was it adopted in contests between Hellenes and barbarians, but even in the numerous feuds between Hellenes and Hellenes they often condemned their own countrymen to the hard lot of slavery; in later times, however, it was only in cases of special animosity that they resorted to this expedient; as a rule, they exchanged or ransomed captive Greeks. Besides the wars, piracy, originally regarded as by no means dishonourable, supplied the slave markets; and though in later times endeavours were made to set a limit to it, yet the trade in human beings never ceased, since the need for slaves was considerable, not only in Greece, but still more in Oriental countries.

In the historic period the slaves in Greece were for the most part barbarians, chiefly from the districts north of the Balkan peninsula and Asia Minor. The Greek dealers supplied themselves from the great slave markets held in the towns on the Black Sea and on the Asiatic coast of the Archipelago, not only by the barbarians themselves, but even by Greeks, in particular the Chians, who carried on a considerable slave trade. These slaves were then put up for sale at home; at Athens there were special markets held for this purpose on the first of every month; the slaves were arranged on platforms, so that the buyers might examine them on all sides, for they sought chiefly to obtain physical perfection and strength of limb for hard work, and therefore, if the purchasers desired it, the slaves had to be undressed. Of course, those slaves who were bought merely for the sake of their bodily strength were least valuable; a higher price was given for those who had any special skill or were suited for posts of confidence, and considerable prices were also given for pretty female slaves or handsome boys. Consequently, there was great variety of price; at the time of Xenophon the price for a common male slave, who was only suited for rough work, was half a mina (about £2), else the ordinary average was two minae (about £8); for slaves who possessed any technical skill or higher education the price rose from five to ten minae (£20-£40), and even in exceptional cases amounted to one talent (£240).

A large portion of the slave population consisted of those who were born in slavery; that is, the children of slaves or of a free father and slave mother, who as a rule also became slaves, unless the owner disposed otherwise. We have no means of knowing whether the number of these slave children born in the houses in Greece was large or small. At Rome they formed a large proportion of the slave population, but the circumstances in Italy differed greatly from those in Greece, and the Roman landowners took as much thought for the increase of their slaves as of their cattle. Besides these two classes of slave population, those who were taken in war or by piracy and those who were born slaves, there was also a third, though not important, class. In early times even free men might become slaves by legal methods; for instance foreign residents, if they neglected their legal obligations, and even Greeks, if they were insolvent, might be sold to slavery by their creditors, a severe measure which was forbidden by Solon’s legislation at Athens, but still prevailed in other Greek states. Children, when exposed, became the property of those who found and educated them, and in this manner many of the hetaerae and flute girls had become the property of their owners.

Finally, we know that in some countries the Hellenic population originally resident there were subdued by foreign tribes, and became the slaves of their conquerors, and their position differed in but few respects from that of the barbarian slaves purchased in the markets. Such native serfs were the Helots at Sparta, the Penestae in Thessaly, the Clarotae in Crete, etc. We have most information about the position and treatment of the Helots; but here we must receive the statements of writers with great caution, since they undoubtedly exaggerated a good deal in their accounts of the cruelty with which the Spartans treated the Helots. Still, it is certain that in many respects their lot was a sad one. The constant fear of general insurrection on the part of the Helots entertained by the Spartans, whose own numbers were far fewer, and the terrible severity with which they punished, not only real insurrection, but even merely suspected revolution, prove to us that the statements concerning the cruel treatment of the Helots are not absolutely without foundation. But, as a rule, they did not perform menial slave offices in the houses of the free citizens, but cultivated their lands, and as they were only obliged to hand over a certain part of the profit to the owners, they were able to keep the remainder for themselves, and sometimes to accumulate fortunes and even to purchase their freedom. Nor do we hear of cases in which individual Spartans treated the Helots who were subordinate to them with especial severity--most of the cases of cruelty towards Helots are those in which State reasons seemed to require such proceedings, and were aimed, not at individuals, but at the whole mass of slaves. This was due to a curious arrangement by which the Helots were not, like other slaves, private property of the Individual citizens, but State property and assigned to a particular piece of land, and along with it to the owner for the time being, without enabling him to maintain right of ownership over them. We must not therefore regard the Helots in the same light as ordinary slaves; they were rather public serfs, and on this account they were better off than those who belonged to individual owners. There seems no doubt that besides the Helots there were also private slaves at Sparta, who rendered personal services in the households.

The position and treatment of the slaves varied in different periods, and differed also in the different parts of Greece. Here, too, the conditions of the heroic age were patriarchal, and the distinction between free men and slaves was not so great as afterwards. Trustworthy slaves superintended extensive farms and numerous herds; old female slaves had the whole direction of the household; they were often intimately connected with the inmates of the house, and showed touching fidelity and affection for their masters, with whom they lived on a familiar footing. Similar conditions existed in later times too, but only in remote pasture districts, such as Arcadia, where even in the historic age the slaves were almost regarded as members of the family, ate at the same table as their masters, and shared their labours and recreations. Generally speaking, the Dorians were regarded as stern masters, and the Athenians as kinder and more considerate; in fact, a common reproach against the Athenians was that their kindness degenerated into weakness, and that the slaves were nowhere so insolent as at Athens; they expressed themselves freely, it was said, did not give way even to free citizens in the street, they drank, they met together for common banquets, carried on love affairs, etc., just like free men. These reproaches seem not to have been altogether exaggerated, as is proved by the important part played by slaves in the newer Attic comedy; they were usually insolent, cunning fellows, who cared little for an occasional beating, and were always ready to play their masters a trick, or to intrigue with the sons against their stern fathers. Still it was not unusual in Attica for slaves to run away, and therefore the slave-owners tried to prevent this by stern supervision, and even by chaining and branding. It is natural that the temperament of the Athenians, which changed quickly from extreme to extreme, should not often succeed in finding the right mean between severity and kindness, and therefore, in their sudden transitions from excessive consideration to severest cruelty, a real feeling of attachment between slaves and masters was very rare; still there were instances of devoted fidelity on the part of the slaves, and many inscriptions still extant speak of such devotion continuing even to the grave.

The rights assigned by law to the master over his slaves were very considerable. He might throw them in chains, put them in the stocks, condemn them to the hardest labour--for instance, in the mills--leave them without food, brand them, punish them with stripes, and attain the utmost limit of endurance; but, at any rate at Athens, he was forbidden to kill them. These severe punishments were generally reserved for special cases of obstinacy, theft, or such like; as a rule, the slaves were treated much as our servants are. Their masters gave them the ordinary dress of artisans and workmen--the exomis, or short garment with sleeves (compare the terra-cotta figure, No. 206);

their food was simple but nutritious, chiefly barley porridge and pulse, sometimes meat; their drink was the cheap wine of the country; they had their own sleeping apartments, usually those of the male slaves were separated from those of the female, except when the master allowed a slave to found a family and to live with one of his fellow-slaves. Legal marriages between slaves were not possible, since they possessed no personal rights; the owner could at any moment separate a slave family again, and sell separate members of it. On the other hand, if the slaves were in a position to earn money, they could acquire fortunes of their own; they then worked on their own account, and only paid a certain proportion to their owners, keeping the rest for themselves, and when they had saved the necessary amount they could purchase their freedom, supposing the owner was willing to agree, for he was not compelled. Generally speaking, the position of the public slaves was even more favourable. There were certain occupations which free men were unwilling to undertake, and for this purpose the State used slaves; thus, for instance, at Athens the executioner, torturers, gaolers, and police were all slaves; they had their own dwellings assigned them by the State, could possess property, and received a small salary from the State out of which they had to feed and clothe themselves; they could also earn money by other kinds of work, and sometimes attained a position of fortune. Some of them, as for instance the Athenian police, held a position which gave them certain rights over the citizens, and, therefore, the position of these public slaves must have been a very independent one, while the numerous temple slaves also felt the hardness of their position much less than those whose owners were private persons.

The protection given to slaves by the State was very small, but here again there were differences in different states. It was only in cases of the utmost emergency that the State interfered between master and slave. In the oldest period the owner had power of life and death over his slave, but later legislation put an end to this, and at Athens, in particular, the master might not even kill a slave if he found him committing a crime, the penalty of which was death; cases of necessary defence, or such where the crime could only be prevented by killing the perpetrator, were, of course, excluded. If any owner had killed his slave without being able to justify himself, he was punished for so doing, not as severely as though he had murdered a free man, but only as if it were a case of manslaughter. Further protection against excessive ill-treatment from their masters was given by the right of sanctuary, which permitted the slave to take refuge at the altar of some god, where he found, at any rate, protection for the time being; they might even, supposing they were too cruelly used by their masters, ask to be sold to another master, and it even appears as if the owner could be legally compelled to grant this request. In other respects the State took little notice of slaves, except to forbid certain things, such as gymnastic exercises, love-making with free citizens, participation in certain festivals and sacrifices. Very curious and characteristic of the view they held of slaves, were the arrangements when a slave had to give evidence in a court of law. So bad was their opinion of the moral character of barbarians, and especially of those who were not free, that they thought the slaves could only be induced to speak the truth by direct physical compulsion, and consequently they were always questioned under torture. If in a suit one party required the testimony of his opponent’s slave, the latter could refuse it, but he did so at the risk of losing the suit. Sometimes a master voluntarily offered his slave as witness. If the torture, of which there were various grades, some of them very severe, inflicted any lasting injury on his body or health, the owner might demand compensation, supposing that he was not the loser in the case.

The mode in which slaves were used varied a good deal, according as an owner required his slaves for his own personal service or household, or used them for work in the field or at some trade, or sent them out to work for others. Among those in the personal service of their master were all who were occupied with the duties of the household and service and attendance on their master and his family. Their number was, of course, regulated by the size of the household; a poor family had often to content itself with a single slave, but very few were so poor as not to have any; in large houses a whole army of slaves was kept, who all had their special duties, though often very slight ones. There were the door-keeper, the slaves who attended their master or his family in the street, the paidagogos, the lady’s maid, the cook, the coachman, the stable boys, water carriers, wool workers, etc. This whole army of servants was usually under the direct supervision of a superintendent or steward, himself a slave, but a particularly trustworthy one, who was often trusted so much by his master as to have charge of his keys and his signet ring. The office of these stewards was of particular importance on the country estates, where they had all the slaves required for farming purposes immediately under them, and had to assign them occupations and superintend their work, unless the master undertook this or himself took up his dwelling on the estate. Slaves who could fill such posts of confidence would, of course, fetch a very high price, and their position can in no way be compared with that of ordinary slaves. The same may be said of those who possessed some intellectual culture, and could serve their masters as secretaries or readers, or even help them in scientific labours, by making extracts, etc.; but this was far rarer among the barbarian slaves of the Greeks than among the Greek slaves of the Romans. The slaves could also render their masters important assistance by technical skill; thus, in a rich household, there would be, besides the cook, a special baker for bread and cakes, also weavers, fullers, embroiderers, whose duty it was to provide the clothing. And as the slaves in the country had to work in field and meadow, to attend the vineyards, and olive gardens, to guard and attend the cattle, so the artisan set his slaves to work in his workshop, and either instructed them himself in his art or bought such as were already trained for the purpose. Even physicians often had slave assistants, and some of these were so much trusted by their masters that they took their place by the sick bed.

It was very common, too, for people who were not themselves artisans to own a number of slaves who practised some particular trade, as in a factory. Among the ancients slaves took the place of machinery, for they were tolerably cheap to buy and maintain, and thus a factory of this kind, worked by slaves, was a good investment for capital, especially if the owner understood enough business to undertake the direction himself, or if he had a good overseer. These factory owners also escaped the prejudices against artisans; to own slaves who made money by the work of their hands was not regarded as “mechanical” so long as they kept their own hands from the work. Thus the father of Demosthenes possessed a knife factory, that of Isocrates a flute factory, Lysias and his brother owned a shield factory of one hundred and twenty workers. The slaves who worked in these were not all necessarily the property of the owner. Very often a slave proprietor who did not understand a business himself, let his house to someone who carried it on at his own risk; or, supposing a master to possess among his slaves one who understood some particular trade, he let him out for a certain time at a fee (which was paid not to the slave, but to the master) to someone who could make use of him, perhaps in a large factory. In this way slaves were often let out for work in the mines, which required a great many hands; in fact, they might be let out for a long or short period, even for days and half-days, for work in the fields, domestic occupations, personal service, etc. Many of the flute girls and hetaerae were slaves, and were hired out by their owners by the hour, day, or month, an arrangement with which we are familiar from ancient comedy.

Moreover, it sometimes happened that slaves who had learned some profession made an agreement with their masters to pay them a certain proportion of their earnings, and keep the rest for themselves; sometimes these lived in their own houses and paid for their own food, and might easily earn enough to purchase their freedom.

There were various ways of liberating slaves, and the proceedings were different in different states; it was a matter of some importance too, whether a slave was private property or owned by the State or by some sanctuary. There was no definite legal formula for the manumission of private slaves as at Rome; the State did not interfere in the matter, but only demanded a certain tax from the liberated slave. As a rule, the act of manumission was performed before witnesses or publicly in some large assembly, at the Theatre, in courts of law, etc., in order to give the freed man a guarantee of its validity. It often happened that an owner gave all or some of his slaves their freedom in his will, either immediately upon his death or on the condition that the slave should serve his heirs for a certain period, or pay a certain sum to them out of his own earnings in return for his freedom. If a slave purchased his freedom during the lifetime of his master there was a curious arrangement for establishing the legality of the proceeding, since a slave was not able to conclude a legally valid contract. We owe our knowledge of this proceeding chiefly to documents at Delphi. A mock sale had to be carried on; the master sold the slave for a sum mentioned in the contract (which was paid by the slave himself, unless it was remitted by the master) to some god, _e.g._ at Delphi to Apollo, under the condition that he should be free as soon as he entered the possession of the god. The slave did not then become a temple slave, but was set free by the god, probably in return for some small payment to the sanctuary. As these contracts were concluded in the presence of witnesses, usually priests of the divinity in question, and deposited in the sanctuary, the freed slave had the security of not being afterwards claimed by his former master or his heirs, and again losing his freedom. Sometimes these contracts contained clauses which pledged the slave to certain obligations towards his master as long as he lived, or towards his heirs, or to care for the burial and grave of his former master, etc. In most cases the freed slave did not immediately lose all connection with his old master; he was not a citizen, and therefore his former owner became his legal patron. It was not unusual for the contract to specify that in case the slave should die without children, his property should belong to his former master or his heirs, and sometimes this even extended to the children of the slave, supposing they in turn died without legal heirs. It may have often happened, as was also the case among some of the Russian serfs in our own time, that the freed slave was richer than his master, and we may thus explain such obligations as those already mentioned, or the condition that the liberated slave should maintain his master until his death. The right of citizenship was seldom conferred on slaves when they were set free; supposing this was the case, of course, all such obligations were omitted. This was usually done when a slave had deserved especially well of his country; thus, for instance, all those who fought at the battle of Arginusae received their freedom and the right of citizenship. The conditions at Sparta were different; sometimes the Helots received their freedom from the State, especially those children of Helots who were educated and brought up together with the sons of citizens, but the right of citizenship was never combined with this freedom. Still, it was not unusual for children who were born of Spartan fathers and Helot mothers to be both free men and citizens; the celebrated Spartan generals Lysander, Gylippus and Callicratidas, were sons of Spartans and Helots.

It would be impossible to make a guess at the number of slaves in Greece. Statements on the subject are extant, but these are insufficient to give us any general idea. There can be no doubt that the number was a very large one; it was a sign of the greatest poverty to own no slaves at all, and Aeschines mentions, as a mark of a very modest household, that there were only seven slaves to six persons. If we add to these domestic slaves the many thousands working in the country, in the factories, and the mines, and those who were the property of the State and the temples, there seems no doubt that their number must have considerably exceeded that of the free population. The injurious influence of this part of the population, who were chiefly barbarians, was felt in many different ways; and though it is not as evident in Greece as in Rome, where the disastrous results of slavery are most marked, yet we cannot hesitate to affirm that the speedy fall of Greece from her political and social height, and the sad picture she offered under Roman dominion, was due, among other causes, in very great part to the institution of slavery.

THE END.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED FOR THIS BOOK.

I.--WORKS BEARING ON THE SUBJECT GENERALLY.

J. A. St. John. “The Hellenes.” London, 1844.

J. P. Mahaffy. “Social Life in Greece from Homer to Menander.” London, 1875.

W. A. Becker. “Charikles neu bearbeitet von H. Goell.” Berlin, 1877.

C. F. Hermann. “Griechische Privataltertümer,” 3rd ed., edited by H. Blümner. Freiburg and Tübingen, 1882.

Panofka. “Bilder antiken Lebens.” Berlin, 1843.

Panofka. “Griechen und Griechinnen.” Berlin, 1844.

Weiszer. “Lebensbilder aus dem Klassichen Altertum.” Stuttgart, 1862.

A. Baumeister. “Denkmäler des Klassichen Altertums.” Munich, 1884.

Th. Schreiber. “Kulturhistorischer Atlas des Altertums.” Leipzig, 1885.

H. Blümner. “Kunstgewerbe im Altertum.” Leipzig and Prague.

II.--WORKS DEALING WITH SPECIAL SUBJECTS.

1. _Costume._

W. Helbig. “Das homerische Epos aus den Denkmälern erläutert.” Leipzig, 1884, pp. 115-180.

J. Boehlau. “Quaestiones de re vestiaria Graecorum.” Weimar, 1884.

Fr. Studniczka. “Beiträge zur Geschichte der altgriechischen Tracht.” Vienna, 1886.

Th. Schreiber. “Mitteilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Instituts in Athen.” Vol. VIII. (1883), pp. 246 f.; IX. (1884), pp. 232 f.

2. _Birth and Early Childhood._

H. v. Swiecicki. “Die Pflege der Kinder bei den Griechen.” Breslau, 1877.

Becq de Fouquières. “Les jeux des anciens.” Paris, 1869.

L. Grasberger. “Erziehung und Unterricht im Klassischen Altertum.” Würzburg, 1864-1881.

3. _Education._

L. Grasberger. (_See 2._)

J. L. Ussing. “Erziehung und Jugendunterricht bei den Griechen und Römern.” Berlin, 1885.

4. _Marriage and Women._

No special books quoted.

5. _Daily Life within and without the House._

G. Bilfinger. “Die Zeitmesser der antiken Völker.” Stuttgart, 1886.

6. _Meals and Social Entertainments._

Anastasios Maltos. A modern Greek work on the symposia of the Ancient Greeks. Athens, 1880.

7. _Sickness and Physicians; Death and Burial._

Welcker. “Kleine Schriften.” III., pp. 1 f.

8. _Gymnastics._

L. Grasberger. (_See 2._)

J. H. Krause. “Die Gymnastik und Agonistik der Hellenen.” 2 vols. Leipzig, 1841.

Ed. Pinder. “Ueber den Fünfkampf der Hellenen.” Berlin, 1867.

H. Marquardt. “Zum Pentathlon der Hellenen.” 1886.

9. _Music and Dancing._

K. v. Jan. “Die Griechischen Saiteninstrumente. Programm des Lyceums von Saargemünd.” Leipzig, 1882.

Gevaert. “Histoire et théorie de la musique dans l’antiquité.” Vol. II. (1881), pp. 241 f.

K. v. Jan. An article in “Baumeister’s Denkmäler des Klassischen Altertums.” I., 553 f.

10. _Religion._

K. F. Hermann. “Lehrbuch der gottesdienstlichen Altertümer der Griechen.” Second edition. Revised by K. B. Stark. Heidelberg, 1858.

Metzger. An article entitled _Divinatio_ in Pauly’s “Realencyklopädie.” II., pp. 1113 f.

Bouché-Leclerque. “Histoire de la divination dans l’antiquité.” Paris, 1880.

Büchsenschütz. “Traum und Traumdeutung im Altertum.” Berlin, 1882.

11. _Games and Festivals._

J. H. Krause. “Ἑλληνικά.” Part I. Olympia. Vienna, 1838. Part II., Pythien, Nemien, und Isthmien. Leipzig, 1841.

E. Curtius. Olympia. Berlin, 1852.

Ad. Böttiger. Olympia. “Das Fest und seine Stätte.” Second Edition. Berlin, 1886.

Holwerda. An article in the “Archæologische Zeitung” for 1880, pp. 169 f.

A. Mommsen. “Delphica.” Leipzig, 1878, pp. 149-214.

H. Guhrauer. “Der Pythische Nomos” in “Supplemente der neuen Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogie.” Vol. VIII., pp. 309 f.

A. Mommsen. “Heortologie. Antiquarische Untersuchungen über die städtischen Feste der Athener.” Leipzig, 1864.

A. Michaelis. “Der Parthenon.” Leipzig, 1871.

Preller. An article in Pauly’s “Realencyklopädie.” Vol. III., pp. 83 f.

Preller. “Demeter und Persephone.” pp. 342 f.

12. _The Theatre._

Wieseler. An article entitled “Griechisches Theater,” in Ersch. Gruber’s “Encyklopädie.” First series. Vol. LXXXIII., pp. 243 f.

Wieseler. “Theatergebäude und Denkmäler des Bühnenwesens.” Göttingen, 1851.

Alb. Müller. “Lehrbuch der szenischen Altertümer.” Freiburg-im-Br., 1886.

W. Donaldson. “Theatre of the Greeks.” Ninth edition, London, 1879.

Lüders. “Die Dionysischen Künstler.” Berlin, 1873.

Sommerbrodt. “Scaenica.” Berlin, 1876. pp. 199 f.

Arnold. An article in “Verhandlungen der 29ten Philologen Versammlung,” 1875. pp. 16 f.

Wieseler. “Das Satyrspiel.” Göttingen, 1848.

O. Benndorf. “Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Attischen Theaters,” an article in the “Zeitschrift für österreichische Gymnasien.” 1875.

13. _War and Seafaring._

W. Rüstow and H. Köchly. “Geschichte des Griechischen Kriegswesens.” Aarau, 1852.

Helbig. “Das Homerische Epos aus den Denkmälern erläutert.” pp. 195-250.

Jähns. “Handbuch einer Geschichte des Kriegswesens von der Urzeit bis zur Renaissance.” Leipzig, 1880.

A. Müller. An article in Baumeister’s “Denkmäler des Klassischen Altertums.” Vol. I., pp. 525 f.

Boeckh. “Urkunden über das Seewesen des Attischen Staates.” Berlin, 1840.

Graser. “De veterum re navali.” Berlin, 1864.

A. Cartault. “La trière Athénienne.” Paris, 1880.

A. Breusing. “Die Nautik der Alten.” Bremen, 1886.

Raoul Lemaître. “Sur la disposition des rameurs sur la trière antique,” an article in the _Revue Archéologique_ for 1883. pp. 89 f.

14. _Agriculture, Trade, and Commerce._

Büchsenschütz. “Besitz und Erwerb.” Halle, 1869.

Büchsenschütz. “Die Haupstätten des Gewerbfleiszes im klassischen Altertum.” Leipzig, 1869.

W. Drumann. “Die Arbeiter und Kommunisten in Griechenland und Rom.” Königsberg, 1860.

Blümner. “Die gewerbliche Thätigkeit der Völker des klassischen Altertums.” Leipzig, 1869.

Blümner. “Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und Römern.” 4 vols. Leipzig, 1875-1887.

15. _Slaves._

Wallon. “Histoire de l’esclavage dans l’antiquité.” Second edition. Paris, 1879.

Büchsenschütz. “Besitz und Gewerb.” pp. 104--208.

INDEX.

_Abacus_, The, 111

Academy, The, at Athens, 119, 127

Acarnania, Javelin-throwers of, 478

“Achaeans, Curly-haired,” 64, 72

Achilles, Wail at the death of, 248;
bandaging the arm of Patroclus, 464

Acropolis, Buildings on the, 179

Actors, Dress of, 4, 46;
Gloves of, 56;
sometimes poets, 421;
selected by poets, and examined by the State, 421;
Division of parts to, 422;
Dumb, 423;
Payment of, 423;
Guilds and Schools of, 423;
Costumes and masks of, 422-444;
Prizes of, 449

Adonis, Festival of, 152

Aeschines, Figure of, 2;
his employment in boyhood, 104;
his allusion to slaves, 532

Aeschylus, The Trilogy of, 411;
his introduction of a second actor, 412;
Songs and Chorus of, 413;
his “Eumenides,” 428;
his contest with Sophocles, 449

Aesculapius, 234;
Sanctuaries of, 238;
Sacrificial offering of cocks to, 336

Aesop’s Fables, 88

Aetion exhibits his picture at Olympia of Alexander’s Marriage, 364

Aetolia, Javelin-throwers of, 478

Agesilaus, Dress of, 50;
Anecdote of, and the hobby-horse, 93

Agora, The, 128

Agrae, The lesser Eleusinia at, 378

Agricultural implements, 493

Agricultural pursuits, 176

Agriculture, in statistical relation to industry and trade, 489;
the chief occupation in the heroic period, 491;
at Sparta, 491;
at Athens, 491;
Irrigation in, 492;
in Arcadia, 493;
Allusion in Homer to, 493;
Implements of, 493

Alcibiades, Shoes named after, 55;
at a banquet, 216

Alcmene, her song to her children, 85

Alexander the Great and Roxana;
picture of their marriage, by Aetion, 364

Alexandria, School of, 128

Alexandria Troas, Ruins of Wrestling School at, 121

Alexandrine period, Varieties of female dress in the, 43

Altis, Grove of, 121, 304, 362, 365

Amazons, Chiton of, 39;
Battle-axe of, 475;
Shields of, 478

Ambrosia, Festival of, 385

Amorgos, Looms of, 48

Ampechonion, The, 43

Amphiaraus, Temple of, 243;
Oracle of, 346;
Figure of, 465;
Helmet of, 469

Amphictyons, The, 369

Amphidromia, The, 82, 83, 84

Amphoras, 373

Amulets for infants, 83, 84;
in curing disease, 243

Anacreon on Conversation, 219

Anaximander introduces methods of measuring time, 184

Anaximenes lecturing at Olympia, 364

Andromache, Head-dress of, 74, 145

Andromeda, Masks relating to, 430

Animals, Sacrifice of, 137, 138, 203, 336, 337

Animals, wild, Hunting, 196

Anthesterian Festival, The, 385

Antioch, School of, 128

Antiphon on spear-throwing, 278

Antisthenes, 127

Aphrodite Anadyomene, 172

Aphrodite bathing, 159

_Aphrodite Pandemos_, 134

_Aphrodite Urania_, 134, 151

Apollo, Figure of, 4;
The chlamys of, 19;
Head-dress of, 66;
invoked at weddings, 137, 144;
at the purification of Orestes, 330;
Sacrifice of asses to, 336;
Oracles of, 342;
Clarian Temple of, 344;
Sacrifice at Pythian Games to, 367;
Hecatomb to, 370;
A slave set free by, 531

Apollo-Coropaeus, Oracle of, 345

_Apoxyomenos_, The, of Lysippus, 285

Arcadians, The, 458

Arcesilas of Cyrene, 514

Archery, Skill of Cretans in, 300;
Instruction in, 124 (_See, also_, Bow and Arrows)

_Archon Basileus_, Dress of the, 4

Areopagus, The, 102

Arginusae, the battle of, Slaves at, 531

Argolis, 371

Argos, Prophecy at, 344

Ariadne, 444

Aristarchus, inventor of sun-dials, 185

Aristophanes, his allusions to chitons and mode of wearing the hair, 69;
allusions to nurseries, 85;
allusion to the mother of Pheidippides, 98;
his descriptions of marriage, 134, 170;
“Birds” of, 140;
“Frogs” of, 200;
allusion to fidelity of citizens to judicial duties, 195;
The “Acharnians” of, 236, 383;
his account of the recovery of Plutus from blindness, 240;
Comedies of, 392;
Jokes of, 436

Aristotle, Shaven face of, 73;
his allusion to the flute, 112;
teaches in the Lyceum, 127;
his opinion of work, 490;
of tradesmen, 510

Arithmetic in Spartan education, 101;
in Attic education, 111, 127

“Armour-race,” The, 273, 274

Arms, Exposure of, 18

Arms, presented to _ephebi_, 118;
used in war, 452;
of Homeric soldiers, 460;
of later times, 462-480

Army of Sparta, 454-456;
of Athens, 456-460 (_See, also_, Soldiers)

Artemidorus, Dream-book of, 342

Artemis, Chiton of, 29;
Dolls offered to, 92;
invoked at weddings, 137, 144;
Sacrifice at Pythian Games to, 367

Artist, Profession of, 489, 500;
Workshop of an, 504

Askolia, Game of, 384

Aspasia, 172

Astragals (_See_ Knuckle-bones)

Astronomy in Attic schools, 114, 127

Athene at her toilet, 159;
as a weaver, 498

_Athene-Hygeia_, 375

_Athene Polias_, 372, 375, 377

Athens, Dress at, 12;
Shoes worn at, 55;
Walking-sticks at, 64;
Mode of dressing the hair at, 68;
System of education at, 102-132;
Tribes and clans of, 143;
Daily life in, 179-201;
Streets and suburbs of, 179, 180;
Houses at, 179, 181;
Duties and voluntary services of citizens of, 194, 195;
Banquets in, 203-232;
Festivals of, 372-390;
Theatre of, 396;
Military service in, 456

Athletes, Hair of, 69;
Complexion of, 285;
Position and training of, 302-305;
useless to the State, 305;
at Olympia, 358

Auditorium of theatres, 398-402

Augustus, Obelisk of, in the Campus Martius, 185

Babylonians, their arrangements for measuring time, 184

Ball, Game of, 223, 299

Bankers, 190, 516, 517, 518

Banquets for men, 203;
Order of proceedings at, 205;
The various dishes served at, 206, 207;
Drinking at, 209;
at religious festivals, 349;
at Olympia, 363 (_See, also_, Symposium)

Barbers’ shops, 189, 190

_Barbiton_, The, 314

Barley-cake, 208

Barter, 515

Basilinna, 386, 387

Baskets for learning to walk, 86

Bathing children, 85

Baths for new-born infants, 80;
in gymnasia, 121;
for bride and bridegroom, 137;
of women, 159;
for men, 192-194;
Public and private, 192, 193;
connected with the gymnasia, 192

Battering-ram, 480

Battle-axe, The, 475

Beard, the, Modes of wearing, 71-74

Beer, 211

Bib, The, 24, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39

Birds, Snaring, 197;
Sacrifice of, 336

Birds of Aristophanes, 140

Birth and Infancy, Period of, 78-98

Birthdays, 203

“Black broth,” 178

Blindness, Cures for, 240

Board of Inspection in Sparta, 99

Boating, 126

Boehlau on the woman’s chiton, 21

Boeotians, Food of, 206

Bogies, 88

Boots, 52, 53

_Boule_, The, 195

Bow and Arrows, Teaching the use of, 124;
Construction of, 300;
in war, 476, 477 (_See, also_, Archery)

“Bowl of Duris,” The, 307

Boxing, 116, 123, 291, 292;
subject to special rules, 292;
Injuries from, 293;
Methods of, 293-296;
Thongs used in, 293, 296;
at Olympia, 353

Boys, Clothing of, 100, 118;
Education of, 99-132;
Gymnastic exercises of, 100, 115, 116, 119-124;
Oath taken by, 117;
period when classed as _ephebeia_, 117;
exercised in arms, 124;
horse-riding, swimming, boating, and marching, 124-126;
Advanced instruction of, 127, 128;
at quoit-throwing, 278;
as priests, 325, 326;
at the Olympic games, 353, 354;
at Pythian games, 368;
at theatres, 447;
as slaves, 521

Branchidae, The Sanctuary of, 344

Bread, 207, 208

Bridal dress, 138

Bridal presents, 135

Bridal procession, 139

Bridal song, 140

Bridal torches, 139

Brooches, 6

Brygos, vase painter, 30

Burning the dead, 250, 254, 255

Byzantium, Intemperance at, 197

Cakes, 207, 208;
for Cerberus, 245

Callirhoe, The sacred water of, 137

Calypso, 145

Camps, 455

Caps, Shape and material of, 59

Captives taken in war, 452

Carriages for infants, 90;
of the rich, 198

Caryatid, Dress of a, 37;
Head-dress of a, 75

Castanets, 320

Cattle rearing, 176, 496, 497

Cavalry, 452, 457, 479, 480

Cenotaphs, 264

Ceos, Burial ordinances of, 251

Cerberus, 245

Chairs, 202

Chariot races, 353, 354-357, 368, 373

Charioteers, Costume of, 4, 354

Chariots, Fighting from, 451

Charon, The pilos of, 59;
his fees, 245

Chemises, 43

Children, Customs at the birth of, 78-80;
Swaddlings for, 80;
Suckling, 81;
Legitimation of, 81;
Exposure of, 82;
Naming, 83;
Welcome and Dedication of, 82, 84;
Charms for, 84;
in the nursery, 85;
Bathing, 85;
Weaning, 85;
learning to walk, 87;
Clothing of, 88;
Threats for quieting, 88;
Stories for, 88;
Toys for, 89-92;
Games of, 92-97;
Chastisement of, 98;
Education of, 98;
Registration of new-born, 143;
bound to obedience, 148;
at meals, 178;
at the Feast of Cans, 386;
as slaves, 521 (_See, also_, Boys and Girls)

Chionis, jumping feat of, 269

Chiton, The, long and short, and by whom worn, 3, 4;
Homeric descriptions of, 6;
Change in the cut of, 8;
of Hermes, 11;
of workmen and others, 12;
Modes of wearing the, 14, 15;
combined with the himation, 17;
worn at home, 19;
its resemblance to the peplos, 20;
worn by women, 21, 24-26;
Changes in, 30;
Construction of, 33;
Folds of, 33, 34;
Arrangement of, 37;
Varieties of, 39-41;
Colour of, 44, 45;
Patterns of, 46;
Material of, 47, 48;
on the stage, 438;
of soldiers, 465

Chlaina (Cloak), 3;
shape of, 7, 8;
material of, 15

Chlamys, The, 7;
place of its origin, 17;
shape and mode of wearing, 18;
of Hermes and Apollo, 18, 19

Choragia, The, 418

Choruses, 214, 350, 389, 392, 394, 413, 415;
Training of, 417, 419, 420;
Prizes to, 419;
The selection of, 420;
Dress of, 444

Circe, 145

Cirrha, 368

Cithara, The, taught in Attic schools, 112;
Construction of, 309-311;
Manner of playing, 311;
at Pythian games, 366

Cithara player, Dress of, 32;
at banquets, 133

Citizens, Daily life of, 188-201;
Judicial duties and voluntary services of, 195;
as soldiers, 456

Civic rights of young men, 133

Civil duties, 195

Clans at Athens, 143

Clarian Temple of Apollo, The, 344

Clarotae, The, 522

Cleisthenes, Reforms of, 457

Cleon, 428

Cloak, The, 7;
Mode of wearing, 15, 17, 19;
Coloured, 47

Clocks, Water, 185-187

Clothes, Washing, 156, 157

Club, The, 475

Club-rooms, 179, 192

Cnidus, Medical school of, 235, 239

Cock and quail fighting, 228

Coffins, Material and shapes of, 252, 253

Coins put into mouths of dead men, 245

Callicratidas, 532

Colours of dress, 44-47

Comedy, 414, 415, 436-442

Comus, The, 230

Concubinage, 145, 146

_Condottiere_, The, 459

Conjurers, 217

Conversations and discussions at symposia, 219

Cooking, 206

Corinth, Female morality at, 170;
The hetaerae of, 171;
Temple of Aphrodite at, 173

Corn dealers, 510

Corymbus, The, 68

Cos, Medical school of, 235, 239

Cosmetics, 165

Costume, Knowledge of, essential to a complete picture of past ages, 1;
Theatrical, 432-444
(_See, also_, Dress)

Costume, Greek, Incorrect ideas of, 2;
Two kinds of, 2;
Names of garments in, 3
(_See, also_, Dress)

“Cothurnus,” The, 436

Cottabus, Game of, 194, 220, 221

Cotton garments, 49

Council of Five Hundred, 195, 449

Cradles, 81

Crematoria, The, 250

_Crepida_, 54

Crete, Marriage custom at, 145;
skill of its people in archery, 300, 478

Crobylus, The, 68, 75

Ctesibius, Water clock of, 187

Cuirass, The, 460, 462, 464, 465, 479

Culture of Greeks, 110

Cup-bearers, 178, 221

Cups, Wine, 213

“Curl-holders,” 64, 71

Curls worn by men, 64, 65, 68

Curse on murderers, 251

Cybele, Musical instruments used in the worship of, 319, 320

“Cyclops,” The, 415

Cymbals, 320

Cynic philosophers, Dress of, 20;
Bare feet of, 49;
Beards of, 74;
at the Cynosarges, 127

Cynosarges, The, at Athens, 119

Cyrene, Silphium of, 514

Daily life at Sparta, 175-179;
at Athens, 179-201

Dancing, at symposia, 216;
Pantomimic, 217;
chiefly confined to professional performers, 321;
between the sexes unknown, 321;
for religious purposes, 321;
in the worship of Dionysus, 321;
in armour, 321;
Singing combined with, 321;
Distinction in ancient and modern, 322;
in connection with religious mysteries, 348;
after religious ceremonies, 350;
Choric, 417

“Daughter of Niobe, A,” 39

Death and burial, Customs connected with, 244-264

Delos, Proficiency in swimming of inhabitants of, 126

Delphi, Oracle of, 342, 343;
Pythian games at, 366-370

Demeter, Offering of swine to, 336;
Wanderings of, 381;
Festival in honour of, 382

Democedes, the physician, 238

Demosthenes, 194;
Factory of the father of, 529

Dice, 97, 192, 194, 223, 224, 225, 347

Diogenes, his allusion to the care taken of sheep, 498

Diomede, Helmet of, 468

Dionysus, Fillet on forehead of, 71;
Festival of, 118;
in a vase picture, 169;
his journey to Hades, 200;
Hymn in praise of, 212;
Worship of, 320;
Sacrifice to, 333;
Goats offered to, 336;
Festivals of, 383-390;
Theatre of, 298, 403, 445;
on the stage, 442

“Dionysus, The Little,” 96

_Dionysos-Eleutheros_, 386, 389

Diplax, The, 8

Discipline in Sparta, 100

“Discobolus,” The, in the Vatican, 277

Diseases, described in inscriptions, 239;
Modes of curing, 239-243

Dishes at a birth-festival, 84;
sometimes enumerated in verse, 206

Divorce, Grounds of, 148, 149

Dodona, Oracle of Zeus at, 344

Dogs for hunting, 196;
carried about in the propitiation of Hecate, 331

Dolls, 90-92

Door, Decking the, on the birth of a child, 78

Doric and Ionic costume, Differences between, 22-30

Dough, as a substitute for table-napkins, 206

Dowry, Bride’s, 135,136;
Return of, 149

Dragon, Apollo’s fight with the, 367

Drama, Origin of, 392;
Divisions of the, 411, 416;
Choregraphic element in the, 417;
Representation of the, 421-448

Dramas at Eleusinian festivals, 381;
at the Feast of Cans, 389, 390

Drapery in Egypt 4000 B.C., 9;
among
the Phoenicians, 9;
as shown in vase paintings, 30, 33, 34

Drawing, Teaching of, 113, 127

Drawing lots at Olympia, 360

Dream oracles, 240-243

Dream-book of Artemidorus, 342

Dreams, 341;
revealing the will of the gods, 342

Dress, of actors, 4;
at Athens, 12;
of charioteers, 4;
of cynic philosophers, 20;
of flute players, 4;
of gods, 3;
of harp players, 4;
in Ionia, 12;
of the age of Pericles, 2;
of priests, 4, 327;
of riders, 18, 125;
of soldiers, 8, 18, 455;
in Sparta, 12;
of workmen, 12, 19, 502;
of youths, 18, 100, 106, 118;
of women, 20-49;
Colour and pattern of, 44;
with designs of figures, 47;
Material of, 47, 48;
of hetaerae, 48;
of children, 87, 88;
paidagogoi, 103;
of female gymnast, 132;
of bride, 138;
of bridegroom, 139;
of a corpse, 245;
of funeral mourners, 251;
of peasants, 497;
of slaves, 524

Drinking parties, 197, 202, 209;
Representations of, 212

Drinking songs, 215

Drunkenness, 230;
of women, 170

Dumb-bells, 116;
used in jumping, 266

Duris, vase-painter, 30;
his representation of school-teaching, 106

Dwellings in Sparta, 177;
in Athens, 179, 181

Dyeing the hair, 166

Early rising, 194

Ear-rings, 65

Ecstasy, 341

Education, Distinction in the Doric and Ionic states in system of, 99;
in Sparta, 99-102, 130, 132;
in Athens, 102-132
(_See, also_, Schools)

Egypt, Drapery in, 9

Eleusinian celebrations, 151, 377-382

Elians, The, 358, 363

Embalming, 249

Embroidery, 45, 130

_Ephebi_, 117;
Double use of the term, 117;
The oath taken by, 117;
their change of dress, and dedicatory rites, 118;
Military education of, 124, 126, 127, 456

Ephesus, Ruins of wrestling school at, 121;
theatre of, 402

Ephors, The, 454

Epicureans, The, 128

Epidaurian sacrifice, 379

Epidaurus, Sanctuary of Aesculapius at, 239, 242, 243

Epithalamium of Helen, 141

Erinnys, The, 335

Eros, Glorification of, 220

Ethics, 110

Etruscan graves, Spirals found in, 65

Euphorbus, The hair of, 65

Euripides, his tirades against married life, 134, 170;
Songs from 216;
on

Olympic games, 365;
Tetralogies of, 412;
“Cyclops” of, 415;
represented on the stage, 428

Evil eye, The, 83

_Exomis_, mode of wearing the chiton, 13;
on the stage, 438

Exposure of infants, 82

Eyebrows, Dyeing the, 166

Factories, 529

Fair at Olympic Festival, 367

Fairy tales, 88

Farms, Management of, 492, 493

“Fast and Loose,” Game of, 226

Feast of Adonis at Alexandria, 391

“Feast of Pitchers,” The, 386

Feet, the, Coverings for, 49-55

Felt garments, 49

Fencing, 124

Festivals, Costume for, 3, 46;
at the birth of children, 82-84;
of the Panathenaea, 124;
at marriages, 138;
for women, 151;
of Adonis, 152;
Religious, 195, 349, 350, 351;
Frequency of, 203;
National, 350;
at Olympia, 351-366;
at Delphi, 366-370;
Isthmian, 370;
Nemean, 371;
Athenian, 372-391

Fibulae, 6, 32, 33, 39, 69

“Ficoronese Cista,” The, 296

Fireless sacrifices, 334

Fish, Eating, 207

Fish-market, 191

Fishing, 197

“Five-lines,” Game of, 224

Flowers for funeral wreaths, 245

Flute, the, Instruction in, 107, 112;
neglected at Athens, but popular at Thebes, 112;
its Bacchic origin, 112;
carefully avoided in Sparta, 113;
Construction of, 315;
playing, 316-319;
at Pythian games, 366

Flute players Costume of, 4;
at symposia, 214, 216;
at sacrificial ceremonies, 338;
as slaves, 521

Forfeits, 213

Fortune-telling, 347

“Frogs,” The, of Aristophanes, 200

“Frog’s wine,” 210

Fruits, 208

Fuller’s earth used in washing, 188

Funerals, 203, 245-264;
Bearers at, 252;
Cars at, 250;
Games at, 290;
Laments at, 246;
Orations at, 255

_Gamelion_, The month, favourite time for weddings, 136

Games of children, 92-97, 223;
at the symposium, 220, 223-229

Gaming houses, 197

Gaolers, 525

Gardens at Athens, 182

Geometry in Attic schools, 114, 127

Gifts for new-born children, 83

Girdle, The, 11, 20, 23, 24, 35, 39

Girls, Early marriages of, 92;
Education of, 129;
Domestic instruction of, 130;
Plato on the education of, 130;
their gymnastic training in

Sparta, 130, 131;
debarred from social intercourse, 133;
as priestesses, 325, 326;
of Elis, 366

Glaucus, 304

Gloves, 55, 56

Goat-rearing, 497

Gods, Costume of, 3;
Libations to, 212;
Temples of, 324;
modes of revealing their will, 324;
their desire for worship and sacrifice, 324;
Prayers to, 328;
Sacrifices to the, 331-335

Gold masks discovered at Mycenae, 72

“Good genius,” the, Drinking in honour of, 209

Gorgias, his discourses at Olympia, 364

Graser on arrangement of rowing-benches, 484

Grasshoppers, Golden, for the hair, 68, 69, 71

Graves, 252;
Adornment of, 254;
Libations at, 256;
Care of, 262

Greaves, 460, 461, 462

Greece, Conditions in heroic period, 451

“Guest-friend,” The, 199, 200

Guests, Reception of, 203, 204

Gylippus, 532

Gymnasia, The, 115;
State institutions, 119;
at Athens, and their arrangement, 119, 120;
of Rome, 120;
Teachers in, 122, 123

Gymnasiarchs, The, 122

Gymnastic exercises, 265-305;
in Sparta, 301;
in Athens, 115-124;
of Spartan girls, 130, 131

Hades, Temple of, 243

Hair, the, Modes of wearing, of men, 64-74;
of women, 74-77;
curled, 64, 75;
plaited, 66, 67, 75;
ornamented, 65, 68, 77;
cut short, 69;
Modes of cutting, 71;
Shaving, 71;
Scenting, 74;
Kerchiefs for 76, 77;
parted in the middle, 76;
with “Greek knot,” 76;
with a fillet, 77;
of _ephebi_, 118;
Laconian custom of cutting off the bride’s, 144;
dyeing, 166;
cut off at funerals, 251;
of soldiers, 455

Handicrafts, 176;
of gods, 498;
depreciation of, 499, 500;
in the hands of three classes, 500;
of foreigners, 501

Hands, Washing, at meals, 205, 206;
Lines of, 347

Hangmen, 525

Harp, The, 215

Harp players, Costume of, 4;
at symposia, 215

Hats, Place of origin of, 56;
Various shapes of, 56-59;
of straw, for women, 61

Head, the, Coverings for, 56-61

Hecate, Propitiation of, in cases of madness, &c., 331, 336

Hecatomb, Offering of a, 337;
to Apollo at the Pythian Festival, 370;
to Athene Polias, 377

Hector, 145;
Wail at death of, 248

Helen, Epithalamium of, 141

Helios, Sacrifice of horses to, 336

Helmet, The, 466-469;
of Diomede, 468;
of Amphiaraus, 469

“Helots,” The, 454, 455, 478, 522

Hephaestus, The pilos of, 59;
Gifts to newly-wedded pair from, 143;
at the forge, 498

Hera, invoked at weddings, 137;
with her mirror, 163;
Temple of, 362

Herbs, Medical, 234

Hercules, Drunken, 230

Hermes, The chiton of, 11;
The himation of, 15;
The chlamys of, 18;
The petasos of, 56;
Cradle of, 81;
Libation to, at symposia, 230;
Inventor of the lyre, 307

Herodotus, on female dress, 22, 30;
Travels of, 198

Hesiod, in Attic schools, 110;
his opinion of work, 490

_Hetaerae_, Dress of, 48;
Literary culture of, 129;
Position of, 133, 173;
without legal protection, 173;
at meals, 203;
at symposia, 216;
as slaves, 521;
reason of their social intercourse with men, 172;
Tax exacted from, 173;
in Old Comedy, 170;
sanctioned by the State, 171;
Celebrities amongst, 172;
their influence on the marriage relationship, 148;
in a vase picture, 167;
at the theatre, 447

Hiero, vase painter, 9, 30

Himation, The, 3, 6;
mode of wearing, 15;
of youths, 18;
of women, 26, 41;
as a scarf, 41;
Colour of, 14, 45;
Embroidery of, 47;
drawn over the head, 60

“Hipparchs,” The, 457

Hipparchus, 215

Hippias, Discourses at Olympia of, 364

Hippocrates, Oath of, 236

Hippodamus of Miletus, 179

Hippodrome, The, 356, 361

Hobby-horse, The, 93

Homer, his reference to skins as the dress of soldiers, 8;
his allusion to Laertes gardening, 55;
in Attic schools, 110;
his description of the life of nobles, 175;
his allusion to warm baths, 192;
allusion to physicians, 233;
his account of the funeral games in honour of Patroclus, 357;
his allusions to armour, 465, 466, 467, 475;
to agriculture, 493;
to handicraftsmen, 498

Honey, of Hymettus, 208;
used to check dissolution of a corpse, 249

Horace’s _Plagosus Orbilius_, 105

Horae, The, 143

Horse-cloths, 125

Horse-racing, 270, 357

Horse-rearing, 496

Horse-shoes, 480

Hospitality, Custom of, 199

Human sacrifice, 335

Hunting, among the Dorians, 178;
among the Athenians, 196

Hymen, Torch of, 140

_Hymenaeus_, 140

Hysiae, Prophecy at, 343

Iacchus, 379, 380

Immorality of the age of Pericles, 174

Implements of agriculture, 493

“Incroyables,” 94.

“Incubation” in the cure of disease, 239-242

Infantry, 452;
Armour of, 461;
in the time of Persian wars, 478

Infernal deities, 335, 349

Inns, 200, 366

Inscriptions on tombs, 256, 257

Interpreters of dreams, 342;
of prophecies, 343-347

Ionia, Dress in, 12;
Shaving in, 72

Ionic and Doric costumes, Differences between, 22-30

Iphicrates, Shoes named after, 55;
re-introduces the sword into the Greek army, 475

Ismenus, The sacred water of the, 137

Isocrates, 128;
lecturing at Olympia, 364;
Factory of the father of, 529

Isthmian games, The, their similarity to the Olympic, 370;
Prizes and recitations at, 370

Javelin-throwing, 278, 279, 282, 478

Javelins, Hunting with, 196, 475;
in war, 476

Jewel caskets, 164

Judges at Olympic games, 358

Judgment of Paris, The, 159

Judicial duties, 195

Jugglers, 218

Jumping, 116, 121;
Varieties of, 265;
Dumb-bell used in, 266, 267;
Leaping-poles in, 268;
Spring-boards in, 269;
Distances covered in, 269, 270;
at Olympia, 353, 360

Jurymen, 195

Kerameikos, The, 377

Kerchiefs for the hair, 76, 77

Kisses in the worship of gods, 329

Kitchen, The, 183

Kite-flying, 93

Kladeos, The, 121

Knees, the, Exercises in bending, 299

“Knuckle-bones”, 97, 194, 224;
Mode of playing with, 225

Kolotes, Table of, at Olympia, 362

_Kolpos_, The, 11, 28, 30, 33

Laconian marriage custom, 144

Ladas, The runner, 271

Lady’s maid, 162

Laertes, 55, 145, 176

Laïs, 172

Lament, Funeral, 246

Lance, The, 472, 476, 480

Laws of Lycurgus, 100

Laying-out a corpse, 246, 249

Leaping-poles, 268

Leather tunics, 49

Lectures at Olympic Festivals, 364

Legends told to children, 88

Legitimation of children, 81

Lenaea, Festival of, 384

Leto, Sacrifice at Pythian games to, 367

Libations, Daily, 328;
as bloodless sacrifices, 335;
at the sacrifice of animals, 338

Linen garments, 22, 29, 47, 497

Lions, 196, 197

“Liturgies,” The, 275, 375, 418

Lots, Drawing, at Olympia, 360

Love, Idea of, in “New Attic Comedy,” 134;
in _Aphrodite Urania_, and _Aphrodite Pandemos_, of, 134.

Love-charms, 95

Lunch in Athens, 191

Lycabettos, The, at Athens, 119

Lyceum, The, at Athens, 119, 127

Lycurgus, Laws of, 100

Lye, as a substitute for soap, 188

Lyre, the, Instruction in, 107, 112;
played at banquets, 215;
an invention of Hermes, 307;
Construction of, 307-309;
Manner of playing, 311

Lysander, 532

Lysias, lecturing at Olympia, 364;
owner of a shield factory, 529

Lysippus, the _Apoxyomenos_ of, 285

Machinery in the Greek theatre, 409-411

Madness, Methods supposed to cure, 331

Maenads, The, 390

Magic, Antidotes to, 84;
in curing disease, 243

Magna Graecia, Lunch in, 191;
Luxurious living in, 206

Manuring the ground, 494

“Market of Hippodamus,” 180

Market-place, The, 190, 514

Marriage, entered into early by girls, 92, 136;
Tirades of Aristophanes and Euripides against, 134;
a matter of contract between fathers or guardians, 135;
Bride’s dowry at, 135;
Homeric custom of bridegroom bringing presents at, 135;
Engagement prior to, 136;
Favourite month and days for, 136;
Ceremonies of, 137;
Banquet at a, 138;
Dress of bride and bridegroom at, 138, 139;
Bridal procession at, 139;
Singing and torches at, 140, 141;
Gifts and congratulations after, 142;
Monumental representations of, 143, 144;
Laconian custom of, 144;
Laws of Lycurgus respecting, 146;
Grounds for dissolution of, 148, 149;
Symbolical customs at, 140, 141

Masks, theatrical, Material of, 425;
Designs of, 426;
Three kinds of, 426, 428;
for different sexes, ages, phases of character, and moods of mind, 429;
for mythological characters, 430

Massage in gymnasia, 123, 285

Match-makers, 135

Mattock, The, 493

_Maza_, 208

Meals, in Sparta, 177, 178;
in Athens, 191, 194;
in the evening, 202;
Reclining at, 205;
Simplicity of, in

Athens, 206;
The various dishes at, 206, 207

Meat, Varieties of, 206

Medical schools of Cos and Cnidus, 235, 239

Medical students, 236

Medusae, The, 88

Meeting-halls, 179

Megalopolis, Theatre of, 402

Memnon, Figure of death of, 469

Menander, Shaven face of, 73

Menecrates, 237