Chapter XII: Part 12

[192] Adélaïde Marie Filleul (1761–1836). She married the Comte de Flahaut, who was more than three times her age, when eighteen. She went abroad at the commencement of the Revolution, and after the Count’s death on the scaffold, supported herself and her son by her pen. She returned to France in 1798, and married, in 1802, the Portuguese Minister in Paris, the Marquis de Souza-Botelho. Her novels are well known, among the most celebrated being _Adèle de Sénanges_ and _Emilie et Alphonse_.

Her son, Auguste Charles Joseph (1785–1870), served with distinction in Napoleon’s wars, and resided outside France from 1815 to 1830. Returning after the Revolution he held various high diplomatic posts, and was Ambassador to England from 1860 to 1862. He married, in 1817, Baroness Keith and Nairn, and one of his daughters married the fourth Marquess of Lansdowne.

[193] René Louis, Marquis de Girardin (1735–1808), who distinguished himself in the Seven Years’ War, and afterwards settled at Ermenonville. There he gave an asylum to Rousseau, who died in his house. He was fortunate in saving his life in the Terror, and left France to return after the troubles were over.

[194] Jean Antoine Gallois (1761–1828), the friend of Cabanis. He was made President of the Tribunate in 1802. He took but little part in politics after 1814.

[195] André Morellet (1727–1819), French writer. Made a Senator in
1808.

[196] Louis Mathieu, Comte de Molé (1781–1855), who was imprisoned with his father in 1794, but escaped death owing to his youth, and came to England. He held various offices under Napoleon, and was continued in his employment by Louis XVIII. He continued to take a leading part in politics until 1851, and held several important posts.

[197] Giuseppe Acerbi (1773–1846), an Italian naturalist. His book was first published in English. He was Austrian Consul-General in Egypt, 1826–36.

[198] Louis, Comte de Narbonne (1755–1813). He was son of one of Princess Elizabeth’s ladies, possibly by Louis XV. At any rate he was educated at the Court, and given a position in Madame Adélaïde’s suite. He escorted the Princesses to Rome in 1791. After his return he was made War Minister by Madame de Staël’s influence, but only held the post three months. He fled abroad soon after, and did not return till after 18 Brumaire. He offered his services to Napoleon, and was variously employed by him until his death of typhus at Torgau.

[199] Octave Gabriel, Comte de Ségur (1778–1818), son of Louis Philippe, Comte de Ségur, and Antoinette d’Aguesseau. He married his first cousin, daughter of Henri Cardin d’Aguesseau. He showed great literary promise, but drowned himself in the Seine in 1818.

His brother, Philippe Paul (1780–1873), gained much distinction by his military services, and became a recognised writer on military history.

[200] Arnail François, Marquis de Jaucourt (1757–1852), born of a Protestant family. He escaped death during the Terror and left France in 1793. After his return in 1800 he became a Tribune and a Senator, and later held several offices under Louis XVIII.

[201] Giambattista Casti (1721–1803). Born at Montefiasconi, he entered the Church, but gave up a canonry at his native town to travel. He is best known by his poems, and became Poet Laureate of Austria after the death of Metastasio.

[202] Jean Baptiste Chevalier (1752–1836), secretary to the Ambassador to Turkey, Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier, with whom he travelled in Asia Minor in 1784–. He remained abroad during the Revolution, and on his return was made keeper of the Sainte-Geneviève library.

[203] Casimir, Comte de Montrond (1768–1843). He was incarcerated during the Terror, and met in prison Mlle. de Coigny (Duchesse de Fleury), the _Jeune Captive_ of André Chénier, whom he soon afterwards married. After his divorce he became the bosom friend of Talleyrand, and was one of the best known men in French society until obliged to fly the country in 1812 on account of intrigues against Napoleon.

[204] Arcadi Ivanovitch Markoff, the favourite of Catherine II. He was appointed Ambassador to Paris in 1801, but was recalled ere long at the instance of Napoleon, who feared his diplomatic skill and _finesse_. He held several other diplomatic posts, and died at a great age.

[205] Perhaps Pierre Marie, Marquis de Grave (1755–1823), successor to Narbonne as War Minister. He only held the post a few months, as he was obliged to leave the country on account of his devotion to Louis. Trotter says Madame Roland describes him in one of her works as ‘a good-natured little man, unfit for an ordinary situation--rolling his blue eyes and falling asleep over his coffee.’

[206] Edouard Dillon, son of Robert Dillon, and his second wife, Miss
Dicconson; one of a family of thirteen.

[207] Joseph François Talma (1763–1826), the friend of David. He was educated as a dentist, and first went on the stage in 1787. He quite overcame a certain thickness of speech and stiffness of manner, and was later justly celebrated for the purity of his accent.

[208] Roch Amboise Sicard (1742–1822), the head of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum in Paris initiated by the Abbé de l’Épée. The objective of this institution, which still exists, has been to educate the inmates so as to fit them to go out into the world and earn their own living.

[209] Possibly Antoine Henri Bertrand the sculptor. He worked for some
years in Italy with Canova.

[210] Charles de Noailles, afterwards Duc de Mouchy (1771–1834), eldest son of Philippe de Noailles, Prince de Poix. He left France in 1792 and came to England, where he remained till the Consulate. On his return he continued his career in the army, and became Field-Marshal in 1815. He was the bearer of the message from the Provisional Government in 1814 asking Louis XVIII. to return to France.

[211] With the battle of Austerlitz, late in 1805, ended all hope of a successful European coalition against Napoleon. The wavering counsels of the Prussian Cabinet were decided once and for all by the action of their envoy, Haugwitz, who concluded a treaty with Napoleon upon receipt of news of the battle. The Austrians had to take the best terms they could obtain, and by the Treaty of Presburg, in December, retired from the struggle bereft of their fairest provinces. Napoleon, who had given the kingdom of Naples to his brother, Joseph, now turned to make peace with England. He found Fox, the new Foreign Minister, less pliant than he had hoped. The restitution of Hanover, which had been handed over to Prussia a few months before, was insisted upon, as well as the maintenance in Sicily of Ferdinand. To the former demand Napoleon agreed, and seemed inclined to accede to the latter request, until he found that the Russian envoy, d’Oubril, was prepared to throw over England, and sign a separate treaty. He then changed his tone and demanded the cession of Sicily to Joseph; but by so doing lost the opportunity for peace with both countries, for the Czar repudiated the preliminaries signed by d’Oubril, and Fox recalled his envoy from Paris. The failure of these negotiations put an end for the moment to Napoleon’s designs on Portugal. A large portion of the French army never actually reached Bayonne, but was elsewhere employed against the Prussians. Lord St. Vincent remained with his fleet at Lisbon until it was evident that the danger of an invasion of Portugal was past; and a large force of troops, under Lord Rosslyn, who had been assembled at Plymouth to await eventualities, was at the same time disbanded.

[212] Three months (_Annual Register_ for 1806, Chapter ix.).

[213] Francis Charles, Earl of Yarmouth (1777–1842), eldest son of Francis, second Marquess of Hertford, whom he succeeded in the titles in 1822. He married, in 1798, Maria Fagniani. He had been one of those English who were detained in France after the rupture of the peace of Amiens. He was released early in June owing to Fox’s personal intervention, and was a bearer of a verbal message from Talleyrand to him on the subject of peace. As it was necessary to keep these communications secret, and as Lord Yarmouth’s return to his family in France would not in any way excite attention, Fox sent him back to Paris with orders to conduct the subsequent negotiations with the French Government.

[214] Talleyrand first offered the Hanse Towns.

[215] Adam Georges Czartoriski (1770–1861). He was first brought to Petersburg as a hostage, but gained the Emperor’s friendship, and was made Foreign Minister at his accession. The views he held were liberal and enlightened, and every influence he possessed over his master was for the best. Despairing, however, of carrying out his schemes he resigned in 1807, but still retained the Emperor’s ear.

[216] James, second Earl of Rosslyn (1762–1837), nephew of the Lord Chancellor, whom he succeeded in 1805. He had already served in Portugal, 1796–9, as second-in-command to Sir Charles Stuart.

[217] The Russian Ambassador in England.

[218] Lord Holland in the _Memoirs of the Whig Party_ maintained
his entire disbelief in these rumours.

[219] Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke (1765–1818), afterwards created Duc de Feltre. He was War Minister 1807–13, and held the same post under Louis XVIII. in 1815. It was said of him, ‘C’est l’homme d’épée qui doit le plus à sa plume.’

[220] The town of Gaeta was besieged by the French under Masséna, and capitulated before the Neapolitan and English forces, fresh from their victory at Maida, were able to intervene. By this capture, Masséna’s army of 18,000 was freed to make common cause with Regnier against the Calabrians, and as all hope of success in that quarter was thereby removed, Sir John Stuart withdrew his troops to Sicily.

[221] Manuel de Godoy (1767–1851), Prime Minister of Spain. He obtained
this title from having concluded the peace with France in 1795.

[222] Spanish Ambassador in Paris.

[223] Lord Howick was First Lord of the Admiralty, and Lord Henry Petty
Chancellor of the Exchequer.

[224] Ali Pacha, vizier of Janina (1744–1822), son of an Albanian chief. He made his name by cruelty and brigandage, and was appointed Governor of Trikala by the Turks for his assistance against Russia. He allied himself to Napoleon in 1797, and again in 1807, but went over to the English after the treaty of Tilsit. He made himself practically independent of the Turks, who decided to rid themselves of him, and having taken him prisoner, treacherously put him to death.

[225] Two important points were at issue between England and the United States, and popular excitement had risen to such a pitch in the latter country that a non-importation order had been issued against British goods, to take effect on November 15. The first ground of complaint was the right claimed by England of searching and taking deserters out of American ships; the second, the practice of seizing ships engaged in the carrying trade between France and her colonies, although they had touched at a neutral port.

[226] James Monroe (1758–1831) who took a leading part in the war of Secession and sat in the United States Senate from 1790 to 1794. He was then sent as Ambassador to Paris, but was recalled two years later. He was again sent there in 1802, and was employed for some years in London and Madrid. He returned to America after the refusal of Jefferson to ratify this treaty. He was appointed Secretary of State in 1811, and was elected President in 1816, a post which he retained until he retired from public life in 1825. He was the author of the message to Congress in 1823, embodying the principles known as the ‘Monroe doctrine.’

[227] William Pinkney (1764–1822), an Englishman by birth, who gained distinction in the legal profession. He was first sent to London in 1796 by Washington and added diplomacy to his other employments. Going back to America in 1804 he returned to England two years later, and remained as Minister till 1811. He was Attorney-General of the United States for three years, and was Minister to Russia for a short time.

[228] The latter was taken ill on the journey, returned immediately to
England, and died a few days after his arrival.

[229] The correspondence relating to these negotiations is given in the
_Annual Register_ for 1806.

[230] ‘His tenacity about the _uti possidetis_, and his frequent recurrence to that phrase, led Napoleon to reproach him with an adherence to “des formules Latines,” which to those well acquainted with the nature of Lauderdale’s acquirements in classical phraseology was diverting enough.’ (_Memoirs of the Whig Party_).

[231] Comte de Montrond. See _ante_, ii. 159.

[232] Baron André Jakovlevitch Budberg (1750–1812).

[233] Ambassador to Russia, 1804–06, and again in 1807.

[234] Jerome Bonaparte’s ship, the _Veteran_, was one of Admiral Villaumez’s fleet, now France’s sole hope on the high seas. Originally detailed for the Cape of Good Hope, Villaumez had crossed over to the West Indies on hearing of the capture of the African settlement by the English. He was unable to elude the vigilance of Sir Thomas Cochrane, and three squadrons under the command respectively of Sir John Borlase Warren, Sir Richard Strachan, and Admiral Louis were despatched to confront him. Villaumez seeing that his fleet could not hope to escape _en masse_, gave the order for his ships to separate. Only one however, was successful in regaining France safely, and Jerome was only able to save his crew and guns by running his ship ashore on the coast of France. Sir John Warren’s fleet was despatched with exemplary haste, but lost several days at Spithead owing to contrary winds. To this delay Mr. Allen, in the _Annual Register_ for 1806, attributes the escape of Villaumez’s squadron.

Sir John Borlase Warren (1753–1822), son of John Borlase Warren, of Stapleford, Nottinghamshire. He entered the Navy in 1771, and saw much service. He became Rear Admiral in 1799, and was sent to Russia in 1802 to compliment Alexander on his accession.

[235] Mr. Fox had been lent Chiswick House by the Duke of Devonshire,
and was moved there at the end of July.

[236] Near Malmesbury, in Wilts.

[237] The funeral was fixed for October 10, by a curious coincidence
the anniversary of his first election for Westminster.

[238] The new appointments were, Lord Howick, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; Mr. T. Grenville, Admiralty, in place of Lord Howick; Mr. Tierney, President of Board of Control, in succession to Mr. Grenville; Lord Sidmouth, President of the Council, in place of Lord Fitzwilliam; and Lord Holland, Lord Privy Seal, in place of Lord Sidmouth.

[239] Lord Holland states fully his reasons for accepting office in a letter to Lord Lauderdale, dated September 22. It is published in _Memoirs of the Whig Party_, ii. 53.

[240] Early in March Murat was given the Duchy of Berg and Cleves, ceded to Napoleon by Bavaria, and other territories claimed by Prussia were occupied by French troops a month later--this without any communication to the Prussian Cabinet.

These and other arbitrary actions, following closely on the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine, opened the eyes of the Prussians to the true policy of the French Emperor, but the final blow to their _amour propre_ was the discovery of their Ambassador in France, Lucchesini, that Napoleon had cheated them over Hanover, by his willingness to restore it to England, and that he threw no obstacles in the way of the immediate re-establishment of the Kingdom of Poland.

[241] Prince Louis Ferdinand, nephew of Frederick the Great, was born in 1772. He served with distinction against Napoleon and was killed at Saalfeld in 1806 in command of the advance guard.

[242] ‘They want ordnance, and yet would begin by spiking one of their great guns.’ Lord Holland relates this as another remark of Windham’s upon the proposal.

[243] Sir Home Popham’s expedition to South America, where he effected the capture of Buenos Ayres on June 28. He had been originally despatched to the Cape of Good Hope, where he met with complete success and annexed that colony to the British Empire. Fired with this triumph he made his way to the Rio Plate, without any instructions from Government, who on hearing of his destination took steps to stop him, but their orders arrived too late. Buenos Ayres remained in his hands until August 4, when it was retaken by the Spaniards, with severe loss to the British.

[244] Lord Morpeth was sent to Berlin to offer the assistance of England conditionally upon the immediate restoration of Hanover. He arrived at headquarters two days before the battle of Jena, and found Haugwitz, with whom he was to negotiate, unwilling to meet him in any way. The intriguing Prussian still hoped to retain Hanover, and expected after the battle to be able to say so. The result, however, was contrary to his expectations, and as no diplomatic negotiations were possible in the confusion after the battle Lord Morpeth returned to London.

[245] Bartholomew Frere (1778–1851), a younger brother of John Hockham Frere, and son of John Frere, M.P. for Norwich. He was Secretary of Legation to his brother in Spain and held various minor diplomatic posts.

[246] M. Jacobi, the Prussian Minister, had left England when diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken off in the spring. He passed Lord Morpeth on the sea, and reached England early in October.

[247] In the interval which elapsed since Lady Holland’s last entry in her journal the whole position of Europe had again changed. The Prussian army, decimated in one day at Jena and Auerstadt, had practically ceased to exist; Frederick William was a fugitive at the eastern end of his dominions in Königsberg. Napoleon had occupied Berlin, and in two months had become master of many of the Prussian fortresses, which it should have taken him years to reduce. Lucchesini in the course of his negotiations for peace in Berlin was even ready to give up those strongholds which had not surrendered, but the patriotic party were too strong to allow the King to consent to further ignominy. Russia was prepared to give her assistance, and this nerved Frederick William to continue the war. Haugwitz resigned, but the King rendered this lucky event ineffective by also dismissing Count Stein, the only really able man in his councils.

[248] War was formally declared between Russia and the Porte towards
the end of December.

[249] Gustavus IV. succeeded, at the age of fourteen, to the crown of Sweden after his father’s assassination in 1792. His hatred of Napoleon and inclination towards an English alliance were the leading features of his reign--features to which he so obstinately adhered as to cause his country much unrest and suffering, and his own downfall. He was deposed in 1809 in favour of his uncle.

[250] The dissolution took place in October, and the new Parliament met on December 15. Tierney was defeated at Southwark by Sir Thomas Turton. He obtained a seat, however, at Athlone.

[251] Sir Samuel Auchmuty (1756–1822), born in New York, of Scotch descent. He served the crown in America as a volunteer, obtaining a commission. He went to India, where he saw much service. He took Monte Video, and showed considerable skill on this expedition until superseded by General Whitelocke, who arrived with further reinforcements. He later returned to India, and was also employed in the East Indian islands.

Sir Home Popham, who was court-martialled in March, and reprimanded for his share in the unauthorised expedition to Buenos Ayres, remained with his fleet off the Rio Plate after the loss of the town. The Government were much disconcerted by the whole affair, but the enthusiasm of the public forced them to send reinforcements instead of orders of recall. Three thousand men were despatched with Sir Samuel.

[252] General Robert Craufurd (1764–1812). He served under Lord Cornwallis in India, and was Quartermaster-General in Ireland during the insurrection of 1798. His force was joined to General Whitelocke’s. He commanded a light brigade in the Peninsula and was killed at the storming of Ciudad Rodrigo. This expedition was intended for the conquest of Chili, but was diverted to Buenos Ayres.

[253] Aaron Burr’s (1756–1836) conspiracy was a sequel to his defeat for the Presidency of the United States by Jefferson in 1801. This was mainly brought about by General Hamilton’s influence, which was again brought to bear against him in 1804 when he stood for the Governorship of New York. A duel took place in which General Hamilton was shot dead. Burr after this went to the West and established himself on the Mississippi. He gained over General Wilkinson, the commander of the United States army at New Orleans, to assist him in his schemes, though nobody appeared to know their exact trend. Jefferson, however, grew alarmed, Wilkinson recanted, Burr was arrested, and the whole plot fell to the ground. Burr was acquitted of actual treason, and went to Europe. There he remained, first in one country, then in another, till 1812, when he returned to America. He took no further active part in politics, and died in extreme poverty.

[254] Lord Mulgrave was Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1805–6.

[255] Preparations for this expedition ceased with the fall of the Ministry. Their successors again took the project into consideration, but the troops destined to take part in it under Sir Arthur Wellesley were sent instead to Portugal.

[256] Charles, third Duke of Richmond; born in 1735, died on December
29, 1806. He was succeeded by his nephew, Colonel Lennox.

[257] The charges of immorality raised against the Princess of Wales by Sir John and Lady Douglas were laid before a Committee of the Cabinet in 1806 for investigation. It was composed of four members, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justice (Lord Ellenborough), and Lords Grenville and Spencer, with Sir Samuel Romilly, the Solicitor-General, as legal adviser. Their report acquitted her of the more serious charges, but animadverted with severity on the levity of her conduct. The Princess replied with a letter to the King ‘the joint composition of Lord Eldon, Mr. Perceval, and Mr. Plomer; the first furnishing the law, the second the argument, and the third the prolixity. It concluded with a request to be restored to the comfort and honour of his Majesty’s royal presence’ (_Memoirs of the Whig Party_, ii. 151). This the King referred to the Cabinet, and after many deliberations, with the exception of Mr. Windham, they concurred in the report.

It is curious that Lord Eldon, who it is here suggested was the secret adviser of George III., was also the confidential adviser of George IV. at the time of the trial in 1820.

[258] This incident is fully described in _Coke of Norfolk_, ii. 69–73. Mrs. Berney and her friend were in the habit of parading the town every day in a carriage decked in Colonel Wodehouse’s (the Tory candidate) colours. One day, however, the Whigs produced a carriage arranged to closely resemble theirs in every particular, but flaunting the rival hue. A riot ensued, for which the Berney family held Coke and Windham responsible, though they had in no way countenanced the trick. All three candidates were convicted of treating, but as no petition was brought against Colonel Wodehouse, he retained the seat. Mr. Coke’s brother, Edward Coke, resigned his seat for Derby, for which the former was elected; while the latter took the vacant seat at Norwich. Mr. Windham was returned for Higham Ferrers by Lord Fitzwilliam.

[259] ‘A clear and precise rule was laid down for the regulation of the circuitous trade by the enemy to the colonies, which defined the difference between a continuous and intercepted voyage’ (Alison, _History of Europe_, v. 677). The discussion of the question of impressment of seamen was postponed till some future occasion, owing to the difficulties which surrounded it. The British Government pledged themselves in the meantime to use their powers with the utmost moderation. President Jefferson, however, refused to ratify the treaty.

[260] At the rupture of the Treaty of Amiens.

[261] Lord Minto had been appointed Governor-General of India. He at first refused to accept office, and only did so at the earnest desire of Lord Grenville. That he was loath to do so is shown by letters, published in vol. iii. of his _Life and Letters_, to Lady Minto, who on the score of health was precluded from accompanying him. Fox first offered the appointment to Lord Lauderdale, but the Court of Directors refused to receive him. He therefore consented to waive his claim to the dignity.

[262] In answer to Lord Howick Mr. Perceval explained that the word ‘attached’ was taken from a letter of Mr. Fox to Talleyrand published in the Correspondence, in which he had ‘subscribed himself “with the most perfect attachment”’ (_Hansard_).

[263] William Roscoe (1753–1831), the author of the _Lives_ of _Lorenzo de’ Medici_ and _Leo X._ He was elected in the Whig interest as member for Liverpool in 1806, but was defeated at the succeeding election.

[264] William Frederick, second Duke of Gloucester (1776–1834), son of William Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Maria, Countess of Waldegrave. He married, in 1816, Princess Mary, George III.’s daughter.

[265] Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge (1774–1850), seventh son of
George III.

[266] This is probably the paper printed in _Memorials and Correspondence of C. J. Fox_, ii. 340, &c. It was to be delivered to the King in 1789, with the memorial, also drawn up by Minto and Burke, containing a justification of the Prince’s and Duke of York’s conduct during their father’s illness. Both documents were discussed at a meeting of the Whig leaders held at Carlton House, and it was decided not to present the memorial with this paper, but to accompany it only with a short explanatory letter.

[267] Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.

When the Grenville Ministry first took office on Mr. Pitt’s death no stipulation was made to the King regarding the Catholic question. The Irish Catholics, seeing Ministers in power most of whom they knew to be favourably inclined to their claims, began at once to agitate for the removal of disadvantages under which they laboured. The greatest anomaly was, that by the Act of 1793 Irish Catholics could become officers in the army there (though still unable to rise to certain staff appointments), but could not hold that rank in England. A promise, however, had been made at the time that matters would be speedily readjusted. This and other points were brought to Mr. Fox’s notice soon after he had taken office, but he advised a postponement of the suggested petition to Parliament, as likely for the present to be of no permanent advantage. He stated, however, that he was quite willing to risk a dissolution of the Ministry on the question, if they so wished it. Better counsels prevailed; but after Mr. Fox’s death the matter again came to the front. Ministers were in a dilemma. On one side they risked the King’s displeasure, on the other they would be obliged to proclaim certain parts of Ireland where agitation was breaking out, on a question with which they themselves sympathised. The former evil was considered the least, and it was decided by a clause in the Mutiny Act to allow Irish Catholics and Dissenters to serve in the English army. To this the King was agreeable; but Ministers desired to go further. It was found easier to bring forward the matter in the form of a Bill, and one was drafted which opened the staff appointments to the Catholics, and also allowed English Dissenters to serve in the army and navy. Lord Howick thought he had received the King’s consent to this, but subsequently the latter flatly refused to confirm it. The Bill was dropped, but the Ministers reserved for themselves the right to bring forward the question again, should circumstances so demand. This the King requested them to withdraw; they refused, and were at once dismissed.

The Correspondence and Minutes of the Cabinet, referred to here and subsequently, are printed in the Appendix to Lord Holland’s _Memoirs of the Whig Party_.

[268] Lieut.-General Whitelocke (1757–1833). He distinguished himself in St. Domingo in 1793–4, but failed signally before Buenos Ayres. In his attack on the town he showed himself incompetent to deal with an unexpectedly determined resistance, and agreed to a convention whereby the English troops were obliged to withdraw. On his return to England he was tried by court martial and cashiered. Lord Holland states in the _Memoirs of the Whig Party_ that this appointment was due to Windham’s dislike of General Whitelocke (who held the post of Inspector-General) and his desire to appoint someone as his successor who would be more willing to carry out his schemes.

[269] Elizabeth, Countess of Sutherland in her own right, Lord Granville Leveson-Gower’s sister-in-law, only daughter of William, eighteenth Earl of Sutherland. She was born in 1765, and married, in 1785, George Granville, Earl Gower, who succeeded his father as second Marquess of Stafford in 1803, and was raised to a Dukedom in 1833. The Duchess died in 1839.

[270] This was in accordance with the resolution which Mr. Rose says in his Diary he had taken never to say a word or give a vote on the subject. He disapproved not of the abolition of the Slave Trade itself, but of the methods pursued in putting it down, which he considered were unfair to the colonists.

[271] Arthur James, eighth Earl of Fingall (1759–1836), who succeeded his father in the titles in 1793. He was one of the leaders of the Catholic movement at this time.

[272] John, second Baron Ponsonby, of Imokilly (1770?–1855), son of William Brabazon Ponsonby, first Baron Ponsonby, who died in 1806. He was Ambassador in Constantinople and Vienna and was created a viscount in 1839. His only sister married Lord Howick.

[273] William Elliot, of Wells, the Chief Secretary. He died in 1818.

[274] William Conyngham Plunket (1764–1854), created Baron Plunket in 1827. He was appointed Attorney-General for Ireland in 1805 by Pitt, and retained this office under the Whig Government.

[275] Mr. Charles Kendal Bushe.

[276] See _ante_, ii. 174. Mr. Eden was Secretary to the American
Commission and Mr. Allen Assistant-Secretary.

[277] A Committee was appointed on February 10, on the motion of Mr. Biddulph, member for Denbigh Borough, to examine the efficiency of regulations and checks, already introduced, to control public expenditure; to consider what further steps were advisable for the same object, and to diminish ‘the amount of salaries and emoluments without detriment to the public service.’

[278] William Garrow (1760–1840), barrister, who sat in several Parliaments in the Whig interest. He was knighted in 1812; made Attorney-General in 1813, and Baron of the Exchequer 1817–32.

[279] This was the pamphlet drawn up by Perceval, and known as ‘the Book.’ It was never given to the world, for just as the Princess’s friends resolved upon its circulation, the Ministry was dismissed and the Tories returned to power. A few copies escaped from the printers’ hands, and were bought back for large sums by the Government.

[280] Owing to the infraction of treaty obligations in Moldavia and Wallachia by Turkey, largely instigated by Sebastiani the French Ambassador at Constantinople, Russia thought fit to declare war with the Porte late in 1806. Alexander, however, had need of all his forces to meet the French in Central Europe, and he suggested to the English Government that a fleet should be sent to Constantinople to secure their joint interests, and to demand the dismissal of Sebastiani. This was done, and Arbuthnot, the British Minister, was ordered to insist on the latter point, on the pain of instant bombardment. Unfortunately Arbuthnot had to leave owing to ill health, and Sir Thomas Duckworth, the British Admiral, allowed himself to be drawn into fruitless negotiations, and finally withdrew without accomplishing his object.

The force sent to Egypt under General Mackenzie captured Alexandria, but lost a large number of prisoners in an attack on Rosetta. Nothing further was effected, and the troops were removed in the autumn.

[281] John Armstrong (1758–1843), American Minister in France and Spain
1804–10.

[282] The Right Hon. Charles Long (1761–1838), afterwards created Lord Farnborough (1820), Secretary of State for Ireland 1806, and Paymaster of the Forces for many years.

[283] George Rose (1744–1818), a devoted adherent of Pitt. He was for many years Secretary of the Treasury, and held various minor offices under the Tories.

[284] This is amusing and interesting, in light of Lord Malmesbury’s conversation with Canning, which he quotes in his diary as having taken place on March 14. Canning ‘said, what he had told me before, that he had received and rejected overtures from Lord Grenville.... He declared with a threat that he never would sit in the same Cabinet as Addington.’

[285] Sir William Drummond, born about 1770; died in 1828. He was appointed Minister at the Court of Naples in 1801, and again in 1806, and Ambassador to the Porte in 1803.

[286] No action was taken in these matters owing to the fall of the
Ministry, and Canning allowed the question to lapse.

[287] Alexander Hamilton, Marquess of Douglas (1767–1852), British Ambassador at St. Petersburg. He succeeded his father as tenth Duke of Hamilton in 1819.

[288] He stated in a letter to Lord Holland, dated April 27, that he
wished to attach himself completely to the Prince.

[289] Right Hon. Charles Bragge, who married Lord Sidmouth’s sister, and took the additional surname of Bathurst in 1804. He sat in the House of Commons 1790–1823, and died in 1831.

[290] Philip, third Earl of Hardwicke (1757–1834), son of the Right Hon. Charles Yorke. He succeeded his uncle in 1790, and was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1801 to 1806.

[291] Lord Hardwicke’s half-brother, Charles Philip Yorke (1764–1834). He was Secretary at War, 1801–3; Home Secretary, 1803–4; and First Lord of the Admiralty, 1810–11.

[292] March 18.

[293] Charles Manners-Sutton (1755–1828), raised to the See of Canterbury in 1805, and father of Viscount Canterbury (for many years Speaker of the House of Commons).

[294] Lord Auckland was President of the Board of Trade. His letter is
printed in _Lord Auckland’s Journal and Correspondence_, iv. 300.

[295] Charles William, Viscount Milton (1786–1857), only son of William, fourth Earl Fitzwilliam, on whose death in 1833 Lord Milton succeeded to the titles. He remained member for Yorkshire until 1831.

[296] The figures were: Wilberforce 11,806, Milton 11,177, Lascelles 10,989, the two first being therefore returned. Wilberforce’s expenses, after many of his supporters had paid their own, amounted to 28,600_l._, while those of his opponents were reckoned to be 200,000_l._ (_Dictionary of Nat. Biog._).

[297] Mary Elizabeth, born in 1806. She married, in 1830, Thomas
Atherton, third Baron Lilford, and died in 1891.

[298] Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau, fifth Earl Cowper (1778–1837), who succeeded his brother in 1799. He married, in 1805, Amelia, daughter of Peniston, first Viscount Melbourne. After Lord Cowper’s death she married Lord Palmerston in 1839.

[299] The Hon. Sir Arthur Paget (1771–1840), second son of Henry, first Earl of Uxbridge. He held various diplomatic posts, and was appointed, in 1807, Ambassador to the Porte. He retired from the service two years later.

[300] David Richard Morier (1784–1877), son of Isaac Morier, Consul-General of the Levant Company at Constantinople. Commencing at the age of twenty, he held various diplomatic posts in the East, was secretary to Lord Castlereagh at Châtillon, &c., and was for many years Minister at Berne.

[301] Mr. Adam brought a motion in the House of Commons on July 2, 1807, in defence of the warrant for a pension to the Scotch Judge, Lord Cullen, of 400_l._ a year, with a reversion of 200_l._ for life to his wife. He argued that it was fair, if a judge was not sufficiently well off to keep up his position. Lord Cullen was devoting two-thirds of his income to pay his father’s debts.

[302] It was burnt in 1831 by the mob, on account of the opposition of
its owner to the Reform Act.

[303] ‘Conversation’ Sharp.

[304] The _History of Brazil_ was the only part published.

[305] George William, sixth Duke of Argyll (1766–1839), who succeeded his father in 1806. He married, in 1810, Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of George, fourth Earl of Jersey, and previously wife of the Earl of Uxbridge (afterwards Marquess of Anglesey), whom she divorced.

[306] Lord John Russell.

[307] Lewis, describing this visit in a letter to his mother, says, ‘I happened to wake about six o’clock, and hearing the billiard balls in motion, I put on my dressing-gown and went into the gallery, from whence looking down into the great hall, I descried Tom Sheridan and Mr. Chester (who had not been to bed all night) playing with great eagerness. Fortunately, Tom was in the act of making a stroke on which the fate of the whole game depended; when I shouted to him over the balustrade, “Shame! Shame! A married man!” on which he started back in a fright, missed his stroke, and lost the game’ (_Life and Correspondence of M. G. Lewis_, ii. 5).

[308] Hon. Henry Edward Fox (1802–59), afterwards fourth Lord Holland; always a weakly child from birth. He was afflicted with a form of hip disease, which gave him much trouble all his life.

[309] Lord Holland says in the _Memoirs of the Whig Party_: ‘Mr. Ponsonby was brought into Parliament at the beginning of the session for the purpose of assuming an ascendency over a large, intelligent, and independent body of gentlemen with scarcely twenty of whom he was personally acquainted. A preposterous scheme!’

[310] William Belsham (1752–1827), author of a series of works, which he combined to form a _History of Great Britain to the Conclusion of the Peace of Amiens_.

[311] Napoleon’s insistence on one of the secret articles of the Treaty of Tilsit, requiring Russia to close her ports against English vessels, was the actual reason for the Czar’s declaration of war against England. Lord Granville Leveson left St. Petersburg early in November 1807.

[312] Prince Stahremberg was Austrian Minister in London. Lord Holland states that he did not consider his information reliable except where it was substantiated by documents. Metternich was Austrian Ambassador at Paris. The declaration of war of both Austria and Prussia was entirely due to Napoleon’s instigation, as one step in his campaign against British commerce. Both countries had the sense to give no reason for their action.

[313] These letters, Mr. Fox asserted in a speech in the House of Commons, were the origin of the rupture of the peace of Amiens. Certainly they were the means of rousing Napoleon’s ire, for Coleridge had to leave Rome in 1806 in all haste, after a friendly warning that the Emperor intended his arrest. He was Secretary to the Governor of Malta, Sir Alexander Ball, 1804–5, a post which was rather the result of a chance visit to the island than an official appointment. He wrote for the _Courier_ for several years at this period of his life.

[314] George, second Lord Kenyon (1776–1855), who succeeded his father in 1802. Lord Kenyon seconded the Address, but his speech was delivered in so low a tone as to be inaudible below the bar (_Hansard_).

[315] The British expedition to Copenhagen in September 1807, which resulted in the seizure of the Danish fleet and the bombardment of that city. Canning had private information of the secret clauses of the Treaty between Napoleon and Alexander at Tilsit. His refusal to produce papers which would incidentally have brought his secret agent to light, coupled with what they considered his shabby behaviour in joining the Tory Government, caused him much odium amongst the Whigs.

[316] Milnes?

[317] Mr. R. Campbell came over in the _Revenge_, man-of-war, with the deputies who had arrived to ask for English assistance against the French. Napoleon invaded Spain late in 1807, and set up his brother Joseph on the throne. This was too much for the _amour propre_ of the Spaniards; they rose in arms, and in every town occupied by the invader outbreaks of the most ferocious description took place.

[318] Solano was Governor of Cadiz. The French fleet consisted of five ships of the line and one frigate, which had escaped to that port after Trafalgar, and had lain there ever since. They were forced to surrender a fortnight later to the Spaniards, as they were unable to leave the harbour on account of Lord Collingwood’s fleet, which was waiting for them outside.

[319] Don Gonzalo O’Farrill (1754–1831), Spanish General, who sided
with Joseph Bonaparte, and became his War Minister.

[320] At Madrid on May 2 Murat put a large number of people to death without trial for supposed participation in riots which had taken place there that day.

[321] The French General, Count Pierre Dupont, who was in command of the French forces in Andalusia. He was defeated by Castaños at Baylen in July 1808, and forced to lay down his arms with 18,000 men.

[322] The Duke of Infantado was implicated, as Lady Holland relates, in the supposed plot of Ferdinand, Prince of the Asturias, against his father, Charles IV, in October 1807. The whole conspiracy was looked upon in many quarters as a device of Godoy’s to ruin his rival Escoiquiz. The Duke accompanied Ferdinand to Bayonne the following April, and after his master’s deposition offered his services to Joseph Bonaparte. On the first favourable occasion, however, he turned against him and was given a Spanish command.

[323] The picture was painted in 1763, and is now at Mount Stuart, Lord
Bute’s residence in the Isle of Bute.

[324] Second daughter of Alexander, Duke of Gordon, and sister of
Charlotte, fourth Duchess of Richmond.

[325] At Baylen.

[326] Afterwards better known as Count Torreno. He was a member of the first Cortes at Cadiz, and had to leave Spain at Ferdinand’s return. He lived in Paris until 1820, when he came back to Spain.

[327] Manuel Freyne (1765–1834), general, who served with distinction
throughout the war. He refused employment under Ferdinand.

[328] From Spain, where he went as Ambassador early in 1809. He
succeeded Canning as Foreign Secretary.

[329] John, second Marquess of Lansdowne, previously referred to in
these pages as Lord Wycombe.

[330] By a former family arrangement Lord Lansdowne was enabled, should his brother die childless, to draw up a deed of appointment as to the disposition of the property.

[331] Georgina Anne, who died in 1819.

[332] George, ninth Earl of Winchilsea, and fourth Earl of Nottingham
(1752–1826), who succeeded his uncle in 1769.

[333] Joseph Berington (1746–1827), an Englishman educated at the College of St. Omer. He became a priest, and was one of the first of that persuasion to wear black clothes in England, from which others had up to then refrained for fear of persecution. He was the author of a number of works, historical and philosophical.

[334] Canning’s statement was published in the papers on November 28. It took the form of a letter to Lord Camden laying the blame on him for the misunderstanding with Lord Castlereagh.

[335] Lady Elizabeth Foster married William, fifth Duke of Devonshire,
on October 19, 1809.

[336] For the Chancellorship of the University, rendered vacant by the death of the Duke of Portland on October 30. Lord Grenville, Lord Eldon, and the Duke of Beaufort were the rival candidates.

[337] Martin Davy (1763–1839). He was elected Master of Caius in 1803, and held that position until his death. He was a staunch Whig, and was given a living near Cambridge in 1827.

[338] A town in Portugal, one of the sights of which is a magnificent
cathedral.

[339] Lady Anne Fitzpatrick, and her father, Lord Upper Ossory.

[340] An amendment to the Address was moved in both Houses, deploring the ill-success of the late expeditions, and demanding an inquiry into the reasons of their failure. Creevey says in his journal (_Creevey Papers_, i. 123): ‘Notwithstanding Tierney’s calculations and prophecy that we should be in a majority, we were beat by ninety-six.’

[341] The figures were 144 to 92, against the Amendment.

[342] His motion was, ‘To appoint a Committee to inquire into the
policy and conduct of the late expedition to the Scheldt.’

[343] William Frederick Eden, eldest son of William, first Lord Auckland. He was born in 1782, and was, at the time of his death, Deputy-Teller of the Exchequer.

[344] Domingo Antonio de Souza, Marquis de Funchal (1765–1832),
Portuguese Ambassador in England.

[345] William Windham died on June 4, 1810, from the effects of a severe operation for a tumour on his hip. About a year before he had sustained an injury from some falling woodwork, when engaged in trying to save from fire a valuable library belonging to his friend the Hon. Frederick North, and on this the disease fastened.

Windham’s father, Colonel Windham, married, after his first wife’s death, Sarah Hicks, widow of Robert Lukin, of Dunmow. To a nephew by this connection, Captain (afterwards Admiral) Lukin, Windham left his property on condition he took the family name.

His diary was published by Mrs. Henry Baring in 1866.

[346] As Chancellor of Oxford University.

[347] Henrietta Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the Hon. Edward Bouverie.
She married, in 1790, James St. Clair Erskine, second Earl of Rosslyn.

[348] John Clerk, of Eldin (1728–1812), seventh son of Sir John Clerk, of Penicuik. He lived about six miles from Edinburgh. He was the author of _An Essay on Naval Tactics_, which he claimed had much effect on the warfare of the day.

[349] Queen Mary’s remains were removed to Westminster in 1612.

[350] Holland House.

[351] General Fox was appointed Governor of Portsmouth in 1808, on his
return from Sicily, and died there three years later.

[352] General Sir Ronald Craufurd Ferguson (1773–1841), son of William Ferguson, of Raith. He saw much service, and sat for many years as a Whig in the House of Commons. The appointment, which he was obliged to relinquish at Cadiz, was that of second-in-command.

[353] Charles Fox entered the Navy in 1809, but disliked the life so much that he left in 1813, and entered the sister service two years later.

[354] The whole building was restored and remodelled by Street in 1866,
and now forms the garrison church.

[355] Captain Graham Moore (1764–1843), afterwards Admiral Sir Graham Moore, G.C.B., third son of Dr. John Moore. He was in command of the English squadron which escorted the Regent of Portugal to Brazil, and was for some years a Lord of the Admiralty.

[356] James Moore (1763–1834), second son of Dr. John Moore. He was a
surgeon, and wrote two books on his brother’s life and campaign.

[357] Dom John was appointed Regent of Portugal in 1799, on account of his mother Queen Maria I.’s insanity. In conformance with Napoleon’s orders he proclaimed in November 1807, that he was about to detain all British subjects and property in Lisbon, upon which the British Minister, Lord Strangford, at once went on board the fleet, and broke off diplomatic relations. On consideration, however, the Regent preferred to remain friendly with the English and move the Court to Brazil; consequently Lord Strangford returned, but not till after the Portuguese royal family had already embarked. This is the point here insisted upon, for Lord Strangford was accused of inferring in his despatch that the departure of the Court was chiefly due to his own representations.

[358] Mariano Luis Urquijo (1768–1817), Spanish statesman, who acted in opposition to the Prince of the Peace and was imprisoned by him for two years. After the detention of the Royal family, he gave up hope for Spain, and sided with Joseph, with whom he fled to France.

[359] Admiral Lord Amelius Beauclerk, G.C.B. (1771–1846), third son of Aubrey, fifth Duke of St. Albans, and Catherine, daughter of William, Earl of Bessborough.

[360] Admiral Sir Roger Curtis, Bart. (1746–1816), naval
commander-in-chief at Portsmouth.

[361] Ferdinand of Naples withdrew to Sicily in 1805, and there
established himself with his Court under British protection.

[362] Lord Amherst was Commander-in-Chief in Sicily.

[363] Attorney-General in Lord Grenville’s Administration.

[364] The French army of 72,000 men under Masséna invaded Portugal early in September. Wellington had only 50,000 men at his disposal; half of whom were Portuguese. He retreated before the invaders, but was able to deliver a severe check to their advance, at Busaco, on September 27, with but little loss to his own force.

[365] The critical state of the King’s mind was adversely affected by the illness of Princess Amelia. After her death, on November 2, he became permanently insane.

[366] Yet Masséna represented to Napoleon some weeks later that the frontal attack on the British position was only a feint, which had developed from over-keenness into a general engagement. His dispatches, however, captured after the action, made no mention of this fact (Sir Herbert Maxwell’s _Life of Wellington_).

[367] Afterwards Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt, and Black Rod.

[368] George Ponsonby.

[369] It is impossible to trace so extended an interpretation in the report of the speech given in _Hansard_, though a veiled meaning is possible in some of his carefully worded allusions to the royal power.

[370] The ordinary composition of the Cortes was a three-chamber assembly consisting of clergy, nobility, and commons. The Central Junta, in whom the power of calling together the Cortes rested, decided that as a compromise with the extreme party of reform, only two chambers (the higher clergy and nobility sitting together in one) should be summoned to assemble early in March. The advance of the French, however, postponed the meeting, and the supreme government was placed in the hands of a Regency of five. These took good care to keep the power as long as possible, and when the Cortes was at last found necessary, only one chamber could be elected, and that within the boundaries of Cadiz, for the French were almost at their gates. See Appendix B, p. 297.

[371] General Sir Robert Wilson (1777–1849), author of _The History of the British Expedition to Egypt_. He served both in the British army and in various continental corps. He was dismissed the service in 1820 for his supposed conduct at Queen Caroline’s funeral, but was reinstated by William IV.

His Lusitanian Legion was amalgamated with the Portuguese army during its reorganisation.

General Drouet joined Masséna with the Ninth corps, forcing Wilson across the Mondego, from fear of being surrounded.

[372] Sir Robert’s affair at Puerto de Baños was an attempt to check Ney, at the head of a large force, with a number of Spanish and Portuguese levies. He lost a thousand men in the attempt.

[373] Huskisson resigned his post at the Treasury in 1809, and followed Canning into retirement. His pamphlet entitled ‘The Depreciation of the Currency’ received much notice.

[374] One of the gentlemen in attendance on the Prince of Wales. ‘That
warlike scaramouch Macmahon,’ of Peter Pindar. He died in 1817.

[375] The Committee of the House of Lords was appointed by ballot, each Peer having the right to send in a list of twenty-one names. That of the House of Commons was named by the Chancellor of the Exchequer.

[376] The report of the Bullion Committee, of which Horner was President, was that paper issues were liable to depreciation unless convertible at any time into money.

[377] The appointment was not filled up till 1812, when Lord Hertford
accepted the post.

[378] Gustavus IV. (1778–1837), who succeeded his father as King of Sweden in 1792. His tactless and inconsequent behaviour so irritated his people that they deposed him in 1809, and gave the crown to his uncle. After leaving Sweden Gustavus lived chiefly in Switzerland.

[379] Lucien Bonaparte’s second wife was Madame Jouberthon, the widow of a stockbroker. He quarrelled with his brother over this marriage, and after the Duc d’Enghien’s death went to Italy. He attempted to reach America, but was captured by an English ship, and after a detention at Malta, was brought to England. There he remained until 1814.

[380] William, fourth Duke of Queensberry (1724–1810), the celebrated courtier and _roué_, known as ‘Old Q.’ The larger portion of his money was left to Lord and Lady Yarmouth, the latter being Maria Fagniani, whom the Duke always considered was his daughter. George Selwyn believed that this lady was his child and not the Duke’s, and also left her money.

[381] Henry, Duke of Buccleugh became fifth Duke of Queensberry; Sir Charles Douglas, Marquess of Queensberry; and Lord Wemyss, Earl of March.

[382] The Duke of York had been compelled to resign this post in 1809,
owing to the scandalous charges brought against him by Mrs. Clarke.

[383] See _Further Memoirs of the Whig Party_, p. 39.

[384] Grenville.

[385] Lord William Cavendish Bentinck (1774–1839), second son of William Henry, third Duke of Portland, who saw much service in various parts of the world and rose to the rank of major-general in 1808. He was appointed Envoy and Commander-in-Chief in Sicily in 1811, and for three years was practically governor of the island. His sudden departure, after a stay of only ten days, had the desired effect of alarming the Sicilian Court, which became much more amenable, after his return, to the reforms he proposed to introduce. The King was notoriously incapable of reigning, and the power was in the hands of the Queen, who detested the English, and was intriguing with the French.

[386] They were imprisoned for a protest against the illegal taxation which was being enforced by the Court, but were released and recalled in January 1812.