Chapter XXII: Section XXII: the Author begs leave to refer to it). Mr. Horneman, (2)

[Footnote 44: Gadamis, it would appear, ought to be placed more to the eastward than it appears in the Map of 1798; which will increase the direct distance of Teghery from Tunis, on the Map, by straightening the line of the road.

Gadamis was pointed out to Mr. Magrah, to bear from Tunis, S 4° E; the distance 23 caravan days. Of these, the first 10 were to Kabes, situated in the Map of D’Anville at 163½ G. miles, in a direction of S a very little W from Tunis. If the other 13 days (at the same rate of 16,35) equal to 212½ G. miles, be laid off on the line of S 4 E from Tunis, Gadamis will fall in latitude 30° 29′ 30″, longitude 11° east.

Mr. Magrah was told that it bore SW from Tripoly, but no distance is given. Pliny says, that _Cydamus_ lies opposite to _Sabrata_ (Sabart, or old Tripoly). In one copy of Pliny, it is reckoned 12 journies from the Greater Syrtis. In this position it is somewhat more than 240 G. miles from it; agreeing to 12 journies of the rate of _light_ travelling, described above, page 126.

These _data_ may be of use in the future corrections of the geography, as Gadamis may, from its position, be a useful point of outset.]

[Footnote 45: That Map has been corrected accordingly; and is placed opposite.]

[Footnote 46: Mr. Bruce describes a chain of mountains, extending westward from the Abyssynian branch of the Nile, between the 11nth and 12th degree of north latitude; and having to the north _Dyre_ and _Tegla_. As these places are recognised in Browne’s routes, p. 463, under the names of _Deir_ and _Tuggala_, situated in a mountainous region, I have described the ridge above-mentioned, to run to the WNW instead of west. These places, as well as Harraza and Lebeit, (meant for Ibeit,) are placed very much too far to the west of Sennaar, in the map of Mr. Bruce, Vol. V.]

[Footnote 47: See Proceed. Afr. Assoc. for 1790, chap. ii.]

[Footnote 48: Euterpe, c. 32.]

[Footnote 49: Ptolemy, Afr. Tab. IV. Edrisi, p. 15, _et seq._ Abulfeda, _Prologom._ Article Rivers. _Komri_, or _Kumri_, means _lunar_.]

[Footnote 50: I think I perceive in Mr. Browne’s description of Darkulla, the traces of an alluvial country; that is, one whose soil is formed from the deposition of rivers; intersected by their branches; and periodically inundated. Mr. Browne says of the natives, “they are very cleanly, to which the _abundance of water_ in their country, contributes. They have ferry-boats on the river, which are impelled by poles, partly by a double oar, like our canoes. The trees are so large, from the quantity of water and deep clay, that canoes are hollowed out of them, sufficiently capacious to contain ten persons.” Travels, p. 308, 309.]

[Footnote 51: So says Leo, p. 254.]

[Footnote 52: See the General Map of North Africa, at page 178.]

[Footnote 53: For Edrisi, page 13, places this lake (Kauga,) at ten journies eastward of Semegonda in Wangara.]

[Footnote 54: Here we have a proof that the Eastern people call _Fittré_ by the name of _Kauga_, (or _Cooka_,) as Horneman says. _Dar_ has been explained by Mr. Browne to mean _country_; as _Dar-Fûr_, the country of Fûr, or Foor.]

[Footnote 55: This lake is said by Mr. Horneman, page 118, to be from four to eight journies in circuit; varying its dimensions with the dry or the rainy season; thus increasing threefold with the rains, and leaving, in the dry season, an enriched soil to the husbandman.]

[Footnote 56: This seems to be the river mentioned by Ibn al Wardi, (in Hartman’s Edrisi, p. 62,) as coming from the east, and passing by Ghama (read Begama, or Begarmé,) into the _Nile_; meaning the Nile of the Negroes, (our Niger.)]

[Footnote 57: It should be observed, that Edrisi, (p. 13,) reckons Kauga to the country of Wangara; although some, says he, reckon it to belong to _Kanem_.

It is proper in this place to restate and correct the line of distance between _Gana_ and _Dongola_; which will be found in the Proceed. Afr. Assoc. for 1798, p. 122. There it appears, that Kauga is given by Edrisi, at 30 journies, equal on his scale, to 570 G. miles from Dongola; and it is found by Mr. Browne’s statement, to fall at 578. Again, Mr. Horneman says, that Fittré, (or Kauga,) is 40 journies to the eastward of Kashna, (See above, p. 138.) This interval of distance, taking Kashna as it is placed in the Map of 1798, is 653 G. miles; equal to 16⅓ per day; and is perfectly satisfactory. Edrisi allows 36 journies between Gana and Kauga; so that by this account, Gana ought to be nearer to Kauga, by four journies, than Kashna is. In the Map of 1798, Gana is placed eight miles too far to the east. (See the Proceed, p. 121.) This corrected, Gana will be 82 from Kashna; which, however, is still too much for four journies, and agrees better to five.

The interval thus corrected, between Gana and Kauga, is 575 G. miles in _direct distance_; which allows no more than 15½ per day, for Edrisi’s 36 days; whilst his ordinary scale is 19. If therefore, the report of Edrisi is right, Gana must either lie more to the west, or the course of the Niger, along which his route leads, to within ten journies of Kauga, must form a very deep curve to the south, after passing the dominions of Houssa, (of which Gana makes a part.) That it does decline to the south, Mr. Horneman was repeatedly informed, as may be seen above, pages 115, 117, but whether in a degree sufficient to occasion the difference above-mentioned, is not ascertained.

M. D’Anville also had an idea, and so describes it in his Map of Africa, 1749, (possibly from actual information), that the Niger declined to the south beyond Gana; so that the termination of it, in the lake of Semegonda, was 3½ degrees of latitude to the south of Gana; and which, by the bye, would place the lake of Semegonda, about the same parallel with the _Bahr Hemad_ of Mr. Browne. At present, however, we must be content with proportioning the distance between Gana and Kauga; which, admitting a curvature to the south, allows a rate of 16⅓ or 16½; or that of ordinary caravan travelling. It has been shewn that Horneman’s report of the distance between Kashna and Fittré, is very consistent: and there can be no question, that, of the two, we ought to prefer Horneman’s report, from its being less subject to error than the other, which has passed through so many hands, in its way to us.]

[Footnote 58: The Thames, between Maidenhead Bridge and Mortlake, (about 41 B. miles in a straight line,) has a fall of rather more than one foot eight inches in each mile. But this is a _smooth_ part of its course: for although the Thames does not, by any means, spring from very elevated lands, it cannot be supposed to fall less than four feet in each mile, taken on its whole course. On this idea, the Niger should have a fall of more than 8000 feet, in its supposed course to the White River. But even if two feet and a half (which appears very moderate indeed) be allowed, the fall would be no less than 5625 feet, or 115 yards more than an English mile. Is it to be credited, that the bed of the White River, on the south of Darfoor, and at a point not very remote from its source, is a mile lower than the springs of the Joliba, or Niger?]

[Footnote 59: Browne’s Travels, page 473.]

[Footnote 60: Edrisi says, “Ab urbe Ghana ad primos limites terræ Vancáræ est iter octo dierum (orientem versus)—Atque hæc eadem est insula longitudinis trecentorum milliarium, centum et quinquaginta latitudinis, quam Nilus undequaque circundat toto anni tempore. Adveniente verò mense Augusto, et æstu gravescente, Niloque inundante, insula ista vel certè major pars illius aquis obruitur, manetque sepulta aquis quamdiu Nilus terram inundare consuevit.” (Sionita, p. 11 and 12. See also Hartmann’s Edrisi, article Vankara, p. 47 _et seq._]

[Footnote 61: Ebn Haukal, an Arabian geographer, of the tenth century, (lately translated by Sir William Ouseley,) gives the following account of the river _Heermend_, p. 205.

“The most considerable river of _Sejestan_ is the _Heermend_, which comes from Ghaur to the city of _Bost_, and from that runs to _Sejestan_, to the lake _Zareh_. This lake is very small when the waters of the river are not copious; when the river is full, the lake increases accordingly. The length of this lake is about 30 farsangs, (about 110 B. miles,) and in breadth about one _merhilch_. (Day’s journey, or 24 B. miles.) Its waters are sweet, wholesome, &c.”

It is well known, that there is no _outlet_ from the lake Zareh.]

[Footnote 62: Begama of Edrisi.]

[Footnote 63: Mr. Browne, (page 473,) states the distance between _Donga_, and the (_southern_) limit of Bornu, to be 20 journies.]

[Footnote 64: Mr. Horneman’s informant called it _Ungara_; and it appears that the Arabs name it _Belad-el-Tebr_, or the country of gold. (Herbelot and Bakui.) Mr. Browne was told, in Darfoor, that gold was not found in any quantity, to the west. But Wangara, a country of gold, at least in former times, lies to the west of Darfoor!]

[Footnote 65: There is a town named _Taboo_, a considerable way to the SW of Fezzan. D’Anville writes it _Tibedou_. It seems to be the _Tabidium_ of Pliny, one of the towns conquered by the Romans, under Balbus. (Pliny, lib. v. c. 4 and 5.) Pliny says, c. 8. that “the Romans possessed the country, even to the river Niger, which separates _Africa_ from _Ethiopia_;” and gives a long list of provinces and towns subject to them. It may be conceived, that besides Fezzan, Gadamis, Taboo, &c. they possessed the fertile tract, in the line from thence to the Niger; that is, Agadez, Kashna, and perhaps Gana.

It may be remarked that Pliny (c. 8) speaks of TWO _Ethiopias_; and quotes Homer, as having divided them into _Eastern_ and _Western_. One may conceive that the division between them, was the fertile tract in question, extending from Fezzan, in the line towards the Niger.]

[Footnote 66: _Levata_ of Leo, page 245.]

[Footnote 67: From Mourzouk to Gatron, (or Kattron,) south 54 miles; understood to be of British standard, and to include the windings of the road. Thence to Tegerhie, SSW 33 miles. To Abo 7 days; and thence to Tibesty, 3 days in an easterly direction. Finally, to Burgu, 18 days; each of which 28 days are reckoned 18 B. miles _by the road_. See above, page 107.

It has been calculated in page 155, that Teghery, by the general result of the authorities, should be placed S 26 W, 68 G. miles from Mourzouk.

From thence, the 10 days to Tibesty, in an easterly direction, may be taken at about 140 G. miles; which meeting the line of 7 days, equal to 98 G. miles from Temissa, (See Proceed. Afr. Assoc. 1790, chap. iv.) places Tibesty at 133 miles SE by E. from Mourzouk.]

[Footnote 68: The _Troglodytæ_ were found in every place where nature or art had prepared recesses for them; and are always gifted with superior swiftness of foot. In particular, in Pliny, lib. vii. c. 2. and in Hanno’s Voyage, &c.

Considering that _Fezzan_, under the name of _Garamanta_, was one of the earliest known inland countries of Africa, to the Greeks, it is not altogether improbable that the first idea of the characteristic swiftness of the _Ethiopian Troglodytæ_, was derived from thence. And considering also the false idea entertained by the Greeks, of the bearing of the western side of Africa, Hanno might have supposed the source of the river _Lixus_, the reported seat of _his_ Troglodytæ, to have been situated in the centre of Africa.]

[Footnote 69: Horneman was told by the Augilans, that the Tibbo of Febabo, or Burgu, (it is not clear which) spoke a language that resembled the _whistling_ of birds. He also takes occasion to remark, what Herodotus says concerning the language of the Ethiopians, hunted by the _Garamantes_; but probably without referring these last to the country of Fezzan.]

[Footnote 70: It appears in page 176, (_note_) that Burgu is 18 journies from Tibesty; which, at 14 G. miles each, (as they are of 18 B. miles by the road,) produce 252 miles. Burgu is said, page 119, to be situated to the south, _some days_ distant from Febabo. On the construction the line of 252 miles passes to the eastward of Febabo, (placed at 10 days to SSW from Augila, see page 108,) _so far_, as to place Burgu to the _south-eastward_, instead of _south_, from Febabo. It may be, that Febabo does not bear so far to the west, as SSW from Augila; as less than 14 miles per day cannot well be allowed, from Tibesty. I have therefore altered the bearing from SSW, and made it somewhat nearer to the meridian. The Berdoa, or Bardeo of Leo, (pages 245, 246,) agrees to this position, 500 Arabic miles from the Nile, in the midst of the Desert of Libya; and abounding with dates.]

[Footnote 71: Notwithstanding the appearance of retributive justice in these attacks on the Tibbo, by the Sultan of Fezzan, yet Mr. Horneman lets us a little into the secret, by informing us, (page 68,) that “for some years past, the Sultan has augmented his revenues considerably, by _cursory expeditions_ against the Tibbos of Burgu.” And the result of the above expedition was, “the _stealing_ of about two hundred people, which were sold,” &c. It may be remarked, that Mr. Browne says of the Sultan of Darfoor, that a part of his revenue arises from a participation in the profits of the _selatia_, or _slave-hunting_ parties, (page 299.) And of the Negro country of _Dar Kulla_, he says, that even the public regulations are framed with a view to the _entrapping_ of individuals for slaves. (308.) So that the slave trade exists much in the same manner, in this quarter of Africa, where none of the slaves are purchased by European traders, as in the west.]

[Footnote 72: It has appeared that the caravan travellers in stating the time between distant places, are apt to give the whole time that elapses between their leaving one place, and arriving at another. Hence the days of halt, have often been added to the days of march; and a faulty route of travelling has thence been adopted. This, no doubt, occasioned the low rate adopted, soon after the institution of the Association: and which nothing but actual experiment can effectually correct.]

[Footnote 73: The proof of this fact is most satisfactorily established, by Herodotus, and by Ibn Haukel, a geographical writer of the tenth century, whose work has been lately translated by Sir William Ouseley; to whose labours the science of Geography is much indebted.]

[Footnote 74: Mr. Horneman regards this nation as the _Terga_ of Leo, situated in the western quarter of the Great Desert. (Leo, page 245.)]

[Footnote 75: Ptolemy has a city named _Tagama_, at the Niger, but too far to the east, to answer to the position here given. (Afr. Tab. IV.). There is also a _Tegoma_ in our geography, near Kashna.]

[Footnote 76: Many persons have expected to find in the interior of Africa, the remains of the Carthaginian nation, expelled by the Romans. Considering, however, the vast interval of time that has elapsed, we can hardly expect to find the remnant of a nation, continuing so far unmixed with the surrounding nations, as to preserve their distinction of character and language. Besides, it would really seem as if the Carthaginians themselves, (meaning the descendants of the Phœnicians,) were not to be regarded as a _nation_, so much as _bodies_ of _citizens_, inhabiting commercial towns: so that their language may never have prevailed generally over Barbary.]

[Footnote 77: Mr. Browne (page 232) denominates the people of the _Greater_ Oasis, _Muggrebine_ Arabs, as well as those of the _Lesser_. It is probable then, that all the Oases are colonies of the _Tuarick_.]

[Footnote 78: See the sketch opposite to page 111.]

[Footnote 79: The Moors, and Arabs call the country of the Negroes, which was designed by the Romans under the name of _Nigritia_, SOUDAN. Abulfeda includes all the known part of Africa, south of the Great Desert, in BELAD SOUDAN, or the country of Soudan. (The word _Souda_ or _Suda_, in Arabic, signifies _black_.)

Mr. Browne, who had visited a part of Soudan, namely _Darfoor_, agrees that Soudan corresponds to our _Nigritia_; being “a general term for the country of the Blacks.” (page 182.) In his preface, page xxv. he says that “nothing can be more vague, than the use of the word Soudan, or Sudan. Among the Egyptians and Arabs, _Ber-es-Soudan_ is the place where the caravans arrive, when they reach the first habitable part of _Dar-Fûr_: but that country seems its _eastern extremity_; for I never heard it applied to Kordofân or Sennaar. It is used equally in Dar-Fûr to express the country to the west; but on the whole, seems ordinarily applied to signify that part of the land of the Blacks nearest Egypt.”

It has been seen, however, that the people of Tunis and Fezzan, reckon Houssa, that is, Kashna, and the adjacent countries, to Soudan; whence it must be extended westward to Tombuctoo, at least. Whether it ought to be extended farther west, I know not. The term, which is of Arabic origin, may possibly have in its application, a limited range, and may not embrace the entire country of the Negroes.]

[Footnote 80: The following information occurs in a letter from Mr. Jackson of Santa Cruz, to Mr. Willis, dated 1st of July, 1797.

“I have informed myself particularly concerning Houssa, and I find there is no such place. The environs of all great towns are called in the Arabic of this country, _El Huz_, or _Huza_.”]

[Footnote 81: The reader is requested to compare the description of this Mound in Herodotus, (Euterpe, 137, 138,) with that in the Voyage on the Tanitic branch of the Nile, in the _Mémoires sur L’Egypte_, p. 215, _et seq._ See also the Geog. System of Herodotus, p. 513, for the application.]

=OBSERVATIONS=
ON THE
LANGUAGE OF SIWAH.
BY WILLIAM MARSDEN, ESQ. F. R. S.

* * * * *

_To the Right Honourable Sir_ JOSEPH BANKS, _Bart_.

DEAR SIR,

My curiosity has been much gratified by your obliging communication of Mr. Horneman’s specimen of the language spoken at _Siwah_, or the Oasis of Ammon, in the Lybian Desert; and it will afford satisfaction to you in return, to be informed, that notwithstanding the accident to his papers, which we must all regret, and which might cause some doubt to attach to the correctness of a list subsequently formed, I am enabled to identify the words he has transmitted, amongst the dialects of Africa with which we are already acquainted, and thereby to increase the confidence we feel in the general accuracy of this zealous and enterprising traveller.

Not having any previous knowledge of the extensive people whom he calls _Tuarick_, of whose language he was given to understand that this of _Siwah_ is a dialect, I directed my attention in the first instance to the numerous specimens I possess of the languages spoken by various tribes of Negros, in the northern part of the continent, but without being able to trace in any of them the slightest similitude. I then pursued my comparison through the Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldaic, and the different branches of the Ethiopic; and although I thought some distant affinity perceptible, it was not such as could be insisted upon. I was next led to examine the language spoken by the inhabitants of Mount Atlas, known in Morocco by the names of _Shilha_ شلح, and _Breber_ or _Berber_ بربر, but in their own country by that of _Amazigh_ امزيغ; and here I had the satisfaction of ascertaining the object of my search. The following examples will, I doubt not, be judged sufficient evidence of the language of these countries of _Siwah_ and _Shilha_, distant from each other by the whole breadth of Africa, being one and the same; and I scarcely need to claim even that reasonable allowance which every candid person will make for the difference of orthography that unavoidably results from the different circumstances under which collections of this nature are formed.

Siwah. Shilha.

Head, _Achfé,_ _Eghf, Eaghph._

Eyes, _Taun,_ _Tet, Tetten, Azain._

Hand, _Fuss,_ _Efus, Aphoose._

Water, _Aman,_ _Aman._

Sun, _Itfuct,_ _Taffought, Tafogt._

Cow, _Ftunest,_ _Tefnast, Taphonest._

Mountain, _Iddrarn,_ _Adarar._

Dates, _Tena,_ _Tini, Teeny._

The earliest account of the _Shilha_ language of which I am at present aware, is that given by Jezreel Jones, in a Latin epistle published at the end of Chamberlayne’s Oratio Dominica, in 1715. He says, “Lingua Shilhensis vel _Tamazeght_, præter planities _Messæ_, Hahhæ et provinciam Daræ vel Drâ, in plus viginti viget provinciis regni Sûs in Barbaria Meridionali. Diversæ linguæ hujus dantur dialecti in Barbaria, quæ ante Arabicam, primariam Mauritaniæ Tingitanæ et Cæsariensis provinciarum linguam ibi obtinuêre, et hodiernum inter Atlanticorum Sûs Dara et Reephean Montium incolas solum exercentur.” A specimen is added, consisting of about one hundred words. In the excellent account of Morocco published in Danish, by George Höst, in 1779, there is also a short vocabulary of this language, where the words are given with apparent accuracy, in the Arabic character.

Several years ago you were so kind as to transmit for me to Mr. Matra, His Majesty’s Consul at Morocco, (a gentleman whose exertions for the advancement of useful knowledge, and particularly of that which is the object of the African Association, deserve the highest praise,) a copy of an extensive alphabetical list of English words, which I printed and distributed with the view of facilitating the attainment of languages not to be met with in dictionaries, and in consequence of which I received from him, through your hands, a very valuable communication. “It is not, (he says in a letter dated in 1791, that accompanied it,) the printed copy Mr. Marsden sent me, but an exact duplicate. His copy, with the words translated into Arabic, is sent to _Tombuctoo_, I fear but with little chance of its returning.” That copy never did return; but the transcript I received contains a version of all the words into the Mauritanian dialect of Arabic, for the purpose of enabling a _talb_, or priest, from the _Shilha_ country, to write opposite to each, in the same character, the corresponding terms in his language. I have been used to consider this as a very curious document, even when I believed it to apply only to the western coast of Africa, but its importance will be much increased, if we should find, as there is ground to presume, that the _Shilha_ or _Berber_ extends across the whole continent, in a direction between the Negro dialects on the southern side, and the Moorish or Arabic of the Mediterranean coasts, and that it was the general language of all Northern Africa before the period of the Mahometan conquests. Independently of the Arabic terms, which must ever accompany the progress of that religion, I think it exhibits some strong marks of affinity to that class of Oriental languages which the German writers have distinguished by the name of Shemitic; and if this should be established, (contrary, however, to the opinion of Höst,) it will not be unreasonable to suppose it the ancient Punic, corrupted by the influx of words successively introduced by the colonies or armies of Greeks, Romans, and Goths, and at length mixing again with a branch of the original stream, in its connection with the modern Arabic.

I am, Dear Sir, &c.

W. M.

_Spring Garden, 1st May_, 1800.

P. S. Since writing the foregoing, I have adverted to the chapter on the Oasis of Ammon, in the learned work of my friend Major Rennell, (the Geographical System of Herodotus examined,) and perceive from the extracts he has selected, (p. 589, 590) that Herodotus understood the Ammonians to be composed of Egyptians and Ethiopians, and their language to be formed from a mixture of both, which might have been true in his time; but that the Arabian geographers, Edrisi and Ibn Al Wardi, assert that Santariah (which the Major has proved to be the Oasis of Ammon, or _Siwah_) is inhabited by Berbers mixed with Arabs.

MAY, 1802.
=LIST OF THE SOCIETY,=
INSTITUTED 1788, FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXPLORING
THE INTERIOR OF AFRICA.

* * * * *

The Countess of Aylesbury.
The Right Hon. Henry Addington.

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The Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K. B.
The Hon. Thomas Brand.
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Sir Adam Ferguson, Bart.
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The Duke of Northumberland.
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The Duke of Roxburgh.
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The Earl of Shaftesbury.
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The Bishop of Winchester.
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The Rev. Dr. Winne.

Lord Yarborough.
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HONORARY MEMBER.

Major James Rennell, F. R. S.

* * * * *

THE COMMITTEE.

The Earl of Moira.

The Bishop of Llandaff.

Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Treasurer.

Sir John Stepney, Bart.

Sir William Young, Bart. Secretary.

* * * * *

_Any Person desirous of becoming a Member of the African Association, is desired to signify the same to a Member of the Committee; or, in Writing, to Mr. Henry Chisholm, Clerk to the Meetings, No. 23, Bridge-street, Westminster._

N. B. _The Subscription of each Member is Five Guineas annually._

* * * * *
Printed by W. Bulmer and Co.
Cleveland-row, St. James’s.

Transcriber's note:

The changes indicated in the Errata and the errata
of Appendix IV. have been done.

pg 2 Changed: to asssit others to: assist

pg 36 Changed (x2): _Torfauc_ to: _Torfaue_

pg 84 Changed: for ascersaining the to: ascertaining

pg 85 Changed: is was a necessary to: was a necessary

pg 99 Changed: of the Tauricks to: Tuaricks

pg 100 Changed: re-establisment to: re-establishment

pg 111 Changed: little intercouse to: intercourse

pg 133 (footnote 25) Changed: between Augla and Zuila to: Augila

pg 139 Changed: as are denominatd to: denominated

The correction (Errata) of Monachie to: Menschie in page 14,
has also been done in page 77.

The correction (errata of Appendix IV.) of Metho to: Metko in
pages 171 and 172, has also been done in pages 114 and 117.

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.