Chapter I: Part 1

THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE.

The LAKE-DWELLINGS of EUROPE:

BEING THE _RHIND LECTURES IN ARCHÆOLOGY for 1888_.

BY ROBERT MUNRO, M.A., M.D.,

SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND; AUTHOR OF
"ANCIENT SCOTTISH LAKE-DWELLINGS OR CRANNOGS."

CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED:

_LONDON, PARIS & MELBOURNE_. 1890.

[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]

Transcriber's Notes: Underscores "_before_" and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. The carat sign (^) is used to indicate that the following character is superscripted. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Obvious spelling mistakes have been corrected. Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.

PREFACE.

The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, in offering me the Rhind lectureship in Archæology for the year 1888, left me no choice of a subject, as they had already suggested that the course should be on the "Lake-dwellings of Europe." Their communication embodying this proposal came upon me with complete surprise, and, indeed, it was with considerable misgiving that I pondered over the undertaking, because at that time I had no special knowledge of lake-dwellings beyond Scotland. But the kind encouragement of friends and the fact that I had two years to collect the necessary materials, ultimately overcame my scruples; and so with the acceptance of this appointment the work now offered to the public may be said to have been begun. My first and almost immediate step was a hasty run to the principal centres of lake-dwelling researches in Europe, so as to get a preliminary idea of the best and most practical way of carrying out this work. It was only then that the magnitude of the labours I had undertaken dawned upon me. The relics from the more important settlements, with few exceptions, were so widely scattered that, to form an intelligible notion of the civilisation and culture of their inhabitants from a study of their industrial remains, scores of museums and private collections had to be visited. Nor was the condition of the literature and records of the various discoveries more favourable to my purpose. The successive investigations by different parties in the more prolific stations were constantly altering the previous records and, in some instances, even falsified the earlier deductions founded on them. Again, descriptive notices were directed more to illustrate the particular and rarer finds of the investigator than to convey to general readers a fair estimate of the _tout-ensemble_ of any special station. Keller's earlier reports were really exhaustive monographs, but by-and-by the subject became so extensive that to carry out the work on the same scale would entail the publication of many volumes. In 1866, when Mr. Lee translated and arranged Keller's first six reports, his work was fairly representative of the progress then made in lake-dwelling researches; but to keep pace with this progress a second edition at the end of the following decade assumed the magnitude of two large volumes.

Since then, however (1878), the results of lacustrine researches have been greater and more important than during any previous corresponding period. The "Correction des Eaux du Jura," together with various harbour alterations in the lakes of Zürich, Geneva, etc., have been the means of enormously increasing the lacustrine collections of Switzerland. In North Italy not only have new and remarkably interesting lacustrine stations been discovered and exhaustively investigated, as Lagozza and Polada, but the researches in the terremare have been such as to entirely alter the previous opinions held in regard to them. Nor has the progress in this field of research in many other countries in Europe been scarcely less important, in proof of which I have only to mention the additions made to the Scottish and Irish crannogs; the curious fascine structures brought to light in Holderness, Yorkshire; the novel revelations extracted from the _terp_ mounds in Holland and other low-lying districts on the coast of the German Ocean; the greatly extended and more accurate details of lacustrine structures in North Germany; the discovery in Hungary of prehistoric mounds analogous to the terramara deposits of Italy, etc. In short there is hardly any corner of the lake-dwelling area in Europe which has not yielded new materials, throwing more or less light on this strange phase of prehistoric life.

In these circumstances I resolved to proceed _de novo_, and to construct my story of the lake-dwellings from whatever trustworthy sources I could lay my hands on. In order to carry out this intention my wife and I perambulated the whole of Central Europe with note and sketch books in hand, visiting, as far as practicable, the sites of lake-dwellings, and searching museums and libraries wherever we thought their relics or records were to be found. The eastern limit of the region thus visited may be represented by a line drawn from Königsberg to Trieste, passing through the intermediate towns of Krakow, Buda-Pesth, and Agram. The materials brought together from within this area are, to a very considerable extent, absolutely new to British archæologists. Of course, in a work which aims at putting into the hands of general readers an epitome of the essential facts and results of lacustrine researches since these singular remains were discovered in Europe, I had to take cognisance of some investigations that have already been fully recorded and illustrated. As it was impossible to illustrate typical groups of objects from all the lacustrine stations, I have, as a rule, in selecting the illustrations for this work, avoided those that have already come within the reach of English readers through the translation of Keller's works, except when they belonged to stations that are the best or only representatives of their kind in their respective localities--as, for example, the Rosen Insel in the Lake of Starnberg. Acting on this principle, I have given very few illustrations of objects from Nidau, Moosseedorf, St. Aubin, Wauwyl; nor, for the same reason, is a prominent place given to the earlier discoveries at Robenhausen, Estavayer, Concise, Cortaillod, etc. In this way I have endeavoured to combine in the work now issued as much novelty as possible, without detracting from its general and comprehensive scope.

As our peripatetic labours drew to a close, the next point to be considered was the method of grouping the materials under six divisions, corresponding with the prescribed number of lectures. This was by no means an easy task, as neither the geographical distribution, nor the historical order of the discoveries, could be exclusively selected as a cementing element in dealing with remains so diversified in character and of so wide a range in space and time. The plan which I have here adopted seems to me to combine the greatest advantages with the fewest drawbacks. Its rationale is as follows:--After introducing my subject by a short account of the circumstances that led to the discovery of the _Pfahlbauten_ in the Lake of Zürich, and glancing at the archæological importance and surprising results of this discovery in other Swiss lakes, the historical element is dropped, and I conduct my readers over Western Switzerland and Savoy, summarising the discoveries in the successive lakes as we move along. In the second lecture we again start near the same place and continue our explorations in an easterly direction, and having examined the Upper Rhine district we cross over to the great Danubian basin, which we follow downwards as far as the lacustrine trail carries us, and ultimately finish with Laibach near the source of the Drave. The third lecture is entirely occupied with the palafittes and terremare in the Po valley. In these wanderings we have virtually made a circuit of the great Alpine chain of mountains, and have seen that the habit of constructing lake-dwellings was prevalent in the upper reaches of the four principal waterways which diverge from its flanks, viz. the Rhine, Rhone, Danube, and Po.

The lake-dwelling area thus surveyed comprises all the remains that can unequivocally be said to belong to the primary development of these structures in Europe, their period of existence being almost exclusively confined to the prehistoric ages of Stone and Bronze. Such being the case, this might be a suitable opportunity for offering some general remarks on the culture and civilisation of their inhabitants; but this I defer to the final lecture, thinking it preferable before doing so to acquaint my readers with various details of analogous remains brought to light in other districts in Europe. Accordingly in the fourth lecture we continue our geographical wanderings. Again starting in Switzerland we discuss the peculiar remains found in La Tène, almost the only exception to the ordinary _Pfahlbauten_ of the Stone and Bronze ages encountered in our previous tour; and thence, moving northwards by the lower Rhine district, we pass to North Germany, where we meet with settlements apparently belonging to all ages. The fifth lecture is exclusively devoted to an exposition of the crannogs and lake-dwellings within the British Isles. In these five lectures we have thus surveyed the entire area in Europe in which the remains of ancient lake-dwellings have been discovered in modern times.

Excepting the well-known reports of Keller and a few monographs on particular stations or districts, the entire literature of the subject may be said to lie buried in the Transactions of learned societies. Having to hunt up and peruse most of these obscure and almost inaccessible articles--the number and extent of which may be estimated by a glance at the accompanying bibliography--it occurred to me that, by tabulating all the works and notices of these researches in chronological sequence, under the names of their respective authors and with correct references to their published sources, I might be conferring some benefit on future investigators, while supplying myself with a simple and ready means of referring to authorities, without the necessity of having to repeat over and over again the voluminous titles of publications. Hence the origin of the bibliography appended to this work, which, however imperfect, will, I trust, considerably enhance its value. Its compilation has given me a great deal of trouble, and the only valuable assistance I derived from other publications of the kind was from Pigorini's "Bibliography of Italian Archæology," which, unfortunately, comes down only to 1874.

There remains now only the pleasant duty of thanking those who have assisted me in bringing the work, so far, to a satisfactory conclusion. On this score my obligations are very great.

(1) In collecting the materials on the Continent my work was greatly facilitated by introductory notes from and to eminent archæologists, and among those who so honoured me I have especially to mention EVANS, FRANKS, VOSS, TISCHLER, the late KARL DESCHMANN, MAJOR TRÖLTSCH, PIGORINI, and CASTELFRANCO.

(2) To the custodians of museums and the owners of private collections I am indebted for permission to have notes and sketches taken of objects in their possession. The collections which have supplied me with original illustrations are the following:--

MUSEUMS.

Aix-les-Bains: _Musée de la Ville_.
Annecy: _Musée de la Ville_.
Avenches: _Museum of Roman Antiquities_.
Bâle: _The Museum_.
Belfast: _Antiquarian Museum_.
Berlin: _Märkisches Museum_.
Königl. _Museum für Völkerkunde_.
Berne: _Cantonal Museum. Gross Coll. Federal Hall_.
Bienne: _Schwab Museum_.
Boudry: _Museum_.
Chambéry: _Musée de la Ville_.
Como: _Museo di Como_.
Constance: _Rosgarten Museum_.
Dublin: _Museum of the Royal Irish Academy_.
Edinburgh: _National Museum of Antiquities_.
Frauenfeld: _Sammlung der Hist. Gesellschaft im Thurgau_.
Fribourg: _Musée Cantonal_.
Friedrichshafen: _Museum des Vereins für die Geschichte
des Bodensees_.
Geneva: _Musée Archéologique_.
Isola Virginia: _Museo Ponti_.
Klagenfurt: _Das Historiche Museum des Rudolfinums_.
Königsberg: _Das Prussia Museum_.
Laibach: _Landesmuseum_.
Lausanne: _Musée Cantonal_.
Leeuwarden: _Museum van het Friesch Genootschap_.
London: _British Museum_.
Lucerne: _Historical and Art-Industrial Museum in the Rathhaus_.
Mayence: _Sammlung des Stadt und Alterthumsvereins_.
Milan: _Museo Civico_.
Modena: _Museo Civico_.
Morat: _A small Collection in the Gymnasium_.
Munich: K. _Ethnographisches Museum_.
Neuchâtel: _Musée Archéologique_.
Parma: _R. Museo d'Antichità di Parma_.
Posen: _Archæological Museum_.
Reggio: _Museo Civico di Reggio d'Emilia_.
Rome: _Museo Preistorico_.
Schwerin: _Grossherzogl. Alterthümer Sammlung_.
Sigmaringen: _Fürstl. Hohenzollern'sches Museum_.
St. Germain (Paris): _Musée National_.
Stuttgart: _K. Kunst-und Alterthums-Sammlung_,
and _K. Naturalien-Sammlung_.
Turin: _Museo Civico_.
Ueberlingen: _Steinhaus Museum_.
Varese: _Museo di Varese_.
Verona: _Museo Civico_.
Viadana: _Museo Civico_.
Vienna: _K. K. Naturhist-Hof-Museum_ (_formerly K. K. Munzund
Antikenkabinet_).
Yverdon: _Musée de la Ville_. Zürich: _Sammlung der antiquarischen
Gesellschaft_.

PRIVATE COLLECTIONS.

Boynton, Thomas, F.S.A.Scot., Bridlington.
Castelfranco, Professor, Milan.
Evans, John, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Hemel Hempstead.
Frank, Oberförster, Schussenried, Württemberg.
Grainger, Canon, Broughshane, Ireland.
Restaurant Lacustre (Port), Aix-les-Bains.
Le Mire, M. Jules. Collection of Relics from the Palafitte in the Lake
of Clairvaux, exhibited at the International Exposition, Paris, 1889.
Ley, Herr, Bodmann, Baden.
Leiner, Herr, Constance, Baden.
Lord Talbot de Malahide, Malahide Castle.
Messikommer, Herr Jacob, Wetzikon, Switzerland.
Much, Dr., Vienna.
Quaglia, Sig. Giuseppe, Varese.
Rabut, M., Chambéry. (This collection is now in the British Museum.)
Rambotti, Dr., Desenzano, Italy.
Regazzoni, Professor. (Collection in the _Museo di Como_.)
Vouga, M. A. (Collection in the Boudry Museum.)
Vouga, M. E., Marin.

(3) Messrs. Chantre, Gross, A. and E. Vouga, R. Forrer (editor of _Antiqua_), and others, as well as a large number of the secretaries of Archæological Societies, have most cordially granted me permission to take extracts or copy such illustrations from their published works as I might think necessary. The instances in which I have availed myself of this privilege are acknowledged in the text and in the tabulated list of illustrations.

(4) The following Societies have kindly allowed me to use electrotypes of a number of their woodcuts, all of which are duly specified in the list of illustrations:--

Ayr and Galloway Archæological Association.
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Anthropological Society, London.
Royal Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Royal Irish Academy.
Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland.

(5) The bibliography was to a large extent compiled at the British Museum Library, where I found greater facilities for such work than in any similar institution on the Continent. In addition to ready access to public libraries, I have to acknowledge the receipt of a number of valuable annotations and references in special libraries attached to museums or belonging to Societies. Among the archæologists who have thus aided me I have specially to mention MM. PIGORINI, VOSS, and REINACH (St. Germain). The Hon. H. A. Dillon, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, supplied me with the reference to the capture of an Irish crannog by the English, quoted at page 482.

My learned friend Joseph Anderson, LL.D., greatly assisted me in revising the proof sheets.

For all these varied and valuable contributions to this work, as well as for the many acts of kindness and good wishes received during our peregrinations, I now express my warmest thanks and gratitude.

_Edinburgh, 15th May, 1890._

CONTENTS.

First Lecture.
SETTLEMENTS IN LAKE ZÜRICH, WESTERN SWITZERLAND,
AND FRANCE. PAGES
Introductory--First Discovery of Lake-Dwellings at
Ober-Meilen Early Investigators--General Scope of
Lectures--Descriptive Notices of Settlements in the
Lake of Zürich--Investigations in the Jura Lakes, and
Archæological Result of the "Correction des Eaux du
Jura"--Detailed Notices of the Stations in the Lakes of
Bienne, Neuchâtel, Morat, Inkwyl, Burgäschi, Moosseedorf,
Sempach, Wauwyl, Zug, Baldegg, Geneva, Luissel, Bourget,
Annecy, Aiguebellette, and Clairvaux 1-109

Second Lecture.
SETTLEMENTS IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND, THE DANUBIAN
VALLEY, AND CARNIOLA.
Character of _Pfahlbauten_ in Peat Bogs--Descriptive
Notices of Stations in Lake Pfäffikon, Egelsee, Greifensee,
the Peat Moors at Heimenlachen, and in the Lakes of
Nussbaumen, Constance, Mindli, Bussen, Feder, Olzreuthe,
Starnberg, Atter, Mond, and Fuschl--Suggestive Remains in
Neusiedlersee--Pile Structures in Hungary--Early Researches
in the Lakes of Carinthia and Carniola--Remarkable
Discoveries in Laibach Moor--Notices of supposed
Beaver-traps and similar Machines found in North Germany,
Italy, and Ireland 110-185

Third Lecture.
LAKE DWELLINGS AND PILE STRUCTURES IN ITALY.

First discovered at Mercurago. (_a_) _Western
Lake-Settlements in the Po Valley_: Notices of Stations
in Lake Varese and the adjoining Turbaries of Biandrono,
Cassago-Brabbia, and Pustenga--Researches in the Lakes of
Monate and Varano; in the Turbaries of Mombello, Valcuvia,
and Brenno; in the Lakes of Annone and Pusiano, and in the
Turbaries of Bosisio, Capriano, Maggiolino, Mercurago,
Borgo-Ticino, and San Martino--Remarkable Station in
Lagozza. (_b_) _Eastern Lake-Settlements in the Po Valley_:
Descriptive Notices of the Stations in the Lakes of Garda,
Fimon, and Arquà-Petrarca, and in the Turbaries of Polada
and Cascina. (_c_) _Terremare_: Discovery and Significance
of the Terramara Deposits--Special Investigations at
Castione--Notices of further Typical Stations at Montale,
Casale Zaffanella, and Gorzano--General Remarks on
Terramara Settlements--Their Distribution, Relics, and
Organic Remains 186-276

Fourth Lecture.
SPECIAL CHARACTER OF THE REMAINS FOUND AT LA TÈNE, AND
IN THE LAKE OF PALADRU: LACUSTRINE AND MARINE DWELLINGS
IN THE LOWER RHINE DISTRICT AND NORTH GERMANY.

Descriptive Notice of Antiquities found at La Tène and in
the Lake of Paladru--Notices of Stations in the Palatinate,
at Deûle à Houplin, and of one of a remarkable character
near Maëstricht--Detailed Notices of Stations in (_a_)
_Mecklenburg_, (_b_) _Pomerania and Central Prussia_,
(_c_) _Posen and Poland_, and (_d_) _East Prussia and
Livland_--General Remarks on the Settlements of North
Germany and their relation to the _Burgwälle_--Ancient
Marine Dwellings on the Coasts of Holland and Western
Germany--_Terpen_, _Warfen_, and _Wurthen_ 277-348

Fifth Lecture.
THE LAKE DWELLINGS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

I.--IRISH CRANNOGS: First Discovery of a Crannog at
Lagore--Subsequent Discoveries, especially during the
workings of the Commissioners for the arterial drainage of
Ireland--General Features of Crannogs then observed, with
Notes of the Relics collected on them--Notices of typical
Crannogs at Randalstown and Tonymore--Researches of Messrs.
G. H. Kinahan and W. F. Wakeman--Crannogs in the County of
Fermanagh--Recent Discoveries at Lisnacroghera and in Lough
Mourne--List of Irish Crannogs, alphabetically arranged,
with Notes and References.

II.--SCOTTISH CRANNOGS: Historical Notice of their
Discovery--Details of Characteristic Stations at Dowalton,
Lochlee, Lochspouts, Buston, Airrieoulland, Barhapple,
White Loch of Ravenstone, and Friar's Carse--Stone
Lake-Dwellings and other Artificial Islands--List of
Scottish Crannogs, alphabetically arranged, with Notes and
References.

III.--ENGLISH LAKE-DWELLINGS: The _meres_ of Norfolk and
Suffolk, etc.--Pile Structures in London--Crannog in
Llangorse Lake, Wales--Suggestive Remains in Berks--Recent
Lacustrine Discoveries in Holderness.

IV.--GENERAL REMARKS ON LAKE-DWELLINGS WITHIN THE BRITISH
ISLES: Their Structure and Modes of Access, Gangways,
and Canoes--Their Local Distribution and Ethnographical
Significance--Their Range in Time--Their Relation to
Analogous Remains in Europe 349-494

Sixth Lecture.
THE LAKE-DWELLERS OF EUROPE: THEIR CULTURE AND
CIVILISATION.

Founders of the earliest Lake-Dwellings lived in the Stone
Age, and were acquainted with agriculture, the rearing of
cattle, and various industries--Art of Boring and Sawing
Stones--Jade Implements and their significance among
the Lake-Dwellers--Introduction of Metals--Transition
Period and Copper Age(?)--Bronze Age and its
characteristic Arts and Industries--Osteological Remains
of the Lake-Dwellers--Iron Age--The sudden appearance
of Implements and Weapons of Iron among the Swiss
Lake-Dwellers indicates a new Race of People--Who were
these new comers?--Distribution of La Tène Civilisation in
Europe--General Conclusions 495-554

Bibliography of Lake-Dwelling Researches in Europe 555-583

Index 585-600

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. LAKE ZÜRICH. PAGE
=1.=--OBER-MEILEN: No. 1, Flint knife--2, Flint saw in
its wooden handle--3 and 4, Stone axes--5, Bronze axe--6,
Bear's tooth, perforated--7, Hammer of staghorn--8,
13, and 17, Perforated stone axes--9, Amber bead--10,
Bronze armlet--11 and 15, Stone axes or chisels in horn
handles--12, Polisher of stone, with small perforation
for string--14, Spindle-whorl of earthenware--16, Flint
arrow-point 6

No. 5 in Museum Schwab, and the rest in Antiq.
Museum at Zürich.

=2.=--BAUSCHANZE, KLEINER HAFNER, AND GROSSER HAFNER:
Nos. 1 to 7, Specimens of pottery--8, Spindle-whorl of
earthenware--9, Bone needle--10, Horn implement--11,
Flax-heckler of bones--12, Bone dagger--13 and 14, Mortised
beams--15 and 16, Flint implements--17, Bear's tooth,
perforated--18 and 28, Ornamental bracelets--19 and 27,
Pendants--20, Involved rings--21 and 22, Agricultural
implements of horn--23, Fish-hook of bone--24 to 26, Bronze
pins--29, Part of a chain--30, Ornamented knife--31,
Earthenware vase, placed on a clay support ring--32, Bronze
implement, with handle--33 to 37, Various tools and a
spiral. (These objects are of bronze when not otherwise
specified) 11

Nos. 1 to 17 after Keller (B. 336, Pl. i. and ii.), the rest,
with the exception of 21 to 23 and 31, from _Antiqua_, 1883.
Nearly all in Zürich Museum.

=3.=--WOLLISHOFEN: Nos. 1 and 2, Grip-ends of two
swords--3, 4, 5, and 14, Various forms of arrow-heads--6,
8 to 11, 19, and 23 to 26, Specimens of pins--7, Ornamented
socketed spear-head--12 and 18, Wheel ornaments--13 and
15, Bracelets--16, Comb--17, Copper flat celt--20, Fibula,
with small ring on its twisted pin--21 and 27, Button
and stud--22, Handsome vase--28, Finger-ring--29 to 31,
Pendants--32, An ornamented wheel of tin--33, A twisted
ring with eight small rings--34, Fish-hook--35, Axe from
Letten. (All bronze, with the exception of No. 17) 14

All in Zürich Museum. One or two of the pins are after
Heierli (B. 448).

=4.=--WOLLISHOFEN: Nos. 1 to 7, Chisels, etc.--8 and 18,
Hammers--9 and 10, Sword-handled implements--11 to 15,
Various forms of knives--16, 20, and 25, Hatchets--17 and
22, Fragments of dishes--19, Ring-handle--21, Anvil. (All
the above objects are of bronze.)--23, Leaden cake with
bronze loop--24, Another similar object, with two loops
(from Onens)--26, Bronze needle 15

All the objects are in the Zürich Museum. No. 24 after
Heierli (B. 448).

=5.=--WOLLISHOFEN: Nos. 1 to 4, 7, 9, 11, and 12, Specimens
of pottery--5 and 10, Clay bobbins--6, Two views of a
fragmentary wheel of earthenware--8, Crescent (restored) of
burnt clay--13 to 20, Various forms of Spindle-whorls of
earthenware 17

All in Zürich Museum. Nos. 9, 11, and 12 after Heierli
(B. 462, Pl. ix.).

LAKE OF BIENNE.
=6.=--MOERINGEN: Nos. 1 and 3, Pendants--2, 14, and 15,
Vessels--4, 9, and 10, Fibulæ--5, Handle of rapier, 21
inches long--6, Knife with solid handle (bronze)--7,
Saw--8, Ornamented bracelet--11 and 16, Razors,--12 and 17,
Socketed chisel and gouge--13, Hammer, with socket and loop 29

All bronze, and after Desor (B. 252).

=7.=--VINELZ: Nos. 1 to 8, Flint arrow-points--9, Flint
scraper--10 to 12, Flint daggers, one (No. 11) in wooden
handle, surrounded by a withe--13, Stone axe in V-shaped
horn-fixer--14, Stone bead--15, 16, and 18, Bone pins--17,
Copper awl in bone handle--19, Object of superficial plate
of a boar's tusk, perforated with four holes--20 and 21,
Horn buttons--22 to 28, 30, and 31, Various tools and
articles of copper--29, 32, and 33, Specimens of pottery 35

All the objects in Cantonal Museum at Berne
(No. 29 after B. 462, Pl. xviii. 10).

LAKE OF NEUCHÂTEL.
=8.=--ST. BLAISE: Nos. 1 to 18, Various implements and
tools of copper (with exception of No. 4--bronze)--19,
Stone wrist-bracer--20, Horn implement, polished and
perforated--21, Horn spear-head--22 to 24, Bone pins--25
and 26, Stone axes, one partially perforated--27, Fossil
ammonite, perforated for suspension as an ornament--28,
Flint dagger in wooden handle 41

Nos. 8, 10 to 19, 21, 25, and 27 after _Antiqua_; No. 2
in Neuchâtel Museum; No. 28 in E. Vouga's collection;
the remaining Nos. after _Anzeiger_ (B. 376a).

=9.=--AUVERNIER: Nos. 1 to 8, Hatchets of various forms--9
to 11, Knives--12 and 18, Chisel and gouge--13, 19, and 20,
Hammers--14, Star-like ornament--15 and 16, Sickles--17 and
24, Pendants--21, A small anvil--22, One valve of mould
for winged celt. (All the above are of bronze.)--23, A
trilocular cup of earthenware--25, Bone disc, ornamented
with concentric circles--26, Bone implement perforated in
middle--27, Bronze spiral--28, Stone anvil in wooden casing 43

Nos. 1 to 6 and 13 in Dr. Evans's collection; Nos. 8, 12,
and 24 after Desor (B. 95, Figs. 36, 46, and 66); and the
rest in the Gross Collection at Berne.

=10.=--CORTAILLOD AND BEVAIX(16, 18 and 23 to 26): No. 1,
Involved pendant of bronze rings--2, Large fish-hook--3,
Torque--4, Ornamented socketed spear--5, Tip of a sword
sheath--6, Fibula--7, Earring--10, 12, and 21, Pendants--13
to 15 and 26, Bracelets--16 and 18, Axes--17, Wheel--19,
Sword--20, Cup--22, Stud--23 and 24, Pins, one with an
ornamented flat disc as a head--25, Razor. (All the above
are of bronze.) No. 8, Horn harpoon--9, A small earthenware
vase, with four small holes for suspension--11, Pendant,
the composition of which is unknown 46

Nos. 1, 2, 8, 9, and 11 in Museum at Boudry; 3 to 6 and
13, after Vouga (B. 414a); 10, 12, 18, and 21 in Schwab's
Museum; 19, in Museum at Bâle; 15, 17, and 22 after Keller
(B. 61 and 286); 14, 16, and 23 to 26 after Desor
(B. 95 and 252); 20, after Gross (B. 392, Pl. xxii. 8).

=11.=--CONCISE AND CORCELETTES: No 1, Bronze necklace--2,
Bronze pin, with tin head--3, 8, 10, and 11, Bronze
pins--4 and 5, Tin wheels--6, A hollow bronze ring--7,
Wooden comb--9, 12, and 13, Bronze pendants--14, Bracelet
of lignite--15, Spectacle ornament of bronze--16, Bronze
rod, with terminal rings--17, horn pendant--18, Amber
bead, attached to a portion of bronze wire--19, Bronze
knife in horn handle--20, Bronze tube--21 and 22, Vessels
of pottery--23, Centre portion of a bronze horse-bit--24,
Handle and tip of bronze sword 56

Nos. 1, 6, and 12 after Vouga (B. 414d); 16 and 21 to 23 in
Museum at Lausanne; 20 in Museum at Boudry; 24, Dr. Evans'
Collection; the rest from _Antiqua_ (1886, Pl. x., xi.,
and xii., and 1888, Pl. viii.)

=12.=--ESTAVAYER: No. 1, Sickle--2 and 3, Wheel
ornaments--4, 12, 14, and 26, Various forms of fibulæ--5,
Comb--6 and 10, Pendants--7, Razor-knife--8, Saw--9,
Button--11, Double-legged pin--13, Portion of chain
ornament--15, Amber bead--16, Gold earring--17, 19, and
23, Bronze axes--18, 22, 24, 30, and 31, Various forms
of bronze knives--20, Perforated hammer--21, Vessel of
pottery--25, Flint arrow-point--27, Disc-shaped head of a
pin--28, Portion of a spiral-headed pin--29, Horn object
(see page 511). (All of bronze, except when otherwise
specified) 62

Nos. 1 to 11, 17, 19, 21, 24, and 25 in Museum of Fribourg;
12, 13, 18, 20, 23, 30, and 31 in Cantonal Museum, Berne;
15, 16, 22, and 29 after Keller (B. 336); 14 and 27 after
_Antiqua_ (B. 449); 26 after Vouga (B. 414c);
28 in Collection Gross.

=13.=--CHEVROUX, FOREL, AND PORTALBAN: No. 1, Flint dagger
in wooden handle--2, Copper chisel--3, Bronze pendant--4
and 6, Bone pins--5, Flint arrow-point--7, Amber bead--8
and 14, Vases of coarse pottery--9, Bronze comb--10, Bronze
fibula--11, Bronze razor with handle--12, Globular head of
bronze pin with perforations--13, 17, and 18, Pendants of
Horn--15, Iron Implement--16, Copper dagger--19, Implement
of jawbone of a deer--20, Horn bracelet--21, Bronze
bracelet--22, Bronze rings (_portemonnaie_) 65

Nos. 1, 3 to 6, 8, and 14 in Museum at Lausanne; 2 and 16
in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 10, 11, 12, and 17 to 20 after
Vouga (B. 414b and 414d); 15 after Troyon (B. 31);
21 in Museum, Fribourg; 22 after _Antiqua_ (B. 449).

LAKE OF MORAT.
=14.=--VALLAMAND AND GRENG-INSEL: No. 1, Iron knife,
with the tang and portion of back of bronze--2, 4, and
10, Bronze pendants--3, Fish-hook with portion of wire
attached (bronze)--5, Bronze rod, with oblong perforations
and curved ends--6, Ornamented bronze chisel--7, Bronze
button--8, Bronze razor in wooden case--9, Portion of flint
dagger, beautifully chipped--11 and 12, Bronze combs--13
to 16 and 18, Specimens of pottery--17 and 20, Objects of
horn--19, Bronze dagger (Roman?)--21, Pin, with portion of
chain attached--longer in the actual specimen (bronze) 72

Nos. 1 and 3 after Heierli (B. 462); 2, 4 to 7, and 10 to
13 in Museum at Lausanne; 8, 14, 15 and 18 in Cantonal
Museum, Berne; 9 and 17 in Museum at Morat; 16 after Keller
(B. 61); 19 and 20 in Museum at Avenches; 21, Collection Gross.

LAKE OF SEMPACH.
=15.=--Nos. 1 to 7 and 11, Various bronze implements
and weapons--8, 9, and 10, Stone axes, perforated
and beautifully polished 77

All in Museum at Lucerne.

LAKES OF WAUWYL, ZUG, AND BALDEGG.
=16.=--No. 1, Perforated stone implement--2 and 3, Portions
of stone axes, one showing commencement of secondary
perforation--4 and 5, Stone chisels, one in bone handle--6,
Bone dagger--7, Horn harpoon--8, Polished stone, curiously
shaped and perforated for suspension--9 to 11, Pottery--12,
Cup made of staghorn 79

All in Museum at Lucerne, except No 8--Museum, Zürich.

LAKE OF GENEVA.
=17.=--MORGES, THONON, AND ST. PREX.--No. 1, Bit of
pottery, with herring-bone pattern--2 and 3, _Armillæ
sacræ_ (see page 531)--4, Bracelet--5, Curious object--6,
Fish-hook--7, Sword--8, Mould--9, Pendant--10, Anklet--11,
and 16 to 18, Various forms of knives--12 to 15, Celts or
axes. (All of bronze) 84

Nos. 1, 14, and 18 in Museum at Annecy; 2 to 6 after Keller
(B. 286); 7 and 8 after Troyon (B. 31); 9 and 10 after
Rabut (B. 138); 16, after Perrin (B. 282); 11 to 13, and 17
in Museum at Lausanne.

=18.=--GENEVA AND TOUGUES (9, 10, 12, and 13): Nos. 1 to 4,
and 10, Various forms of bronze celts--5, Bronze knife--6,
Stone mould--7, Portion of bronze fibula--8, 11, and 14 to
17, Bronze pendants--9, Bronze sickle with raised knob--12
and 13, Earthenware dishes ornamented on the inner side--18
and 19, Bronze razors 91

All in the Museum of Geneva, except 9 and 19 in
Museum at Annecy.

LAKE OF LUISSEL.
=19.=--Nos. 1 to 3, Handles of three bronze swords,
with the tips of the first two--4, The bronze tip of a
scabbard--5, Small bronze ring 94

No. 1 in Museum at Lausanne; 2 and 3 in Cantonal Museum,
Berne; 4 and 5 after Troyon (B. 31).

LAKE OF BOURGET.
=20.=--Nos. 1 to 4, Socketed spear-heads--5, 12, and 15,
Daggers--6, 7, 8, 13, and 14, Knives--9 to 11, and 17,
Hatchets--16, Sword handle--18, Socketed hammer with
side loop--19, Chisel--20 and 21, Sickles--22 and 23,
Razors--24, Tweezers--25, Girdle clasp--26, Stone mould.
(All bronze except No. 26) 100

Nos. 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 20, in Museum of St. Germain:
2, 11, and 21, in the Collection at Restaurant Lacustre
(Port); 5, 8, 12, 14 to 16, 25 and 26, in Museum
at Chambéry; 7, Collection Rabut; 10 in Museum at
Aix-les-Bains; 13, 17 to 19, 22 and 23, Collection
Costa de Beauregard (after Perrin, B. 179).

=21.=--Nos. 1 and 2, Bronze tubes with loose rings--3
to 6, and 12, Objects of unknown use--7, Spiral finger
ring--8, 11, and 14, Vessels--9, Needle--10, 18, 19, 21,
30 and 31, Pins--13, 22 to 26, and 32, Various forms of
arrow-points--15, Portion of clay ceiling ornamented
with concentric circles--16, 17, and 29, Ornamented
bracelets--20, Bronze tip of a sword sheath--27, Amber
bead--28, Glass bead--33, Bronze button--34 to 37, Pottery,
portions of dishes and a percolator. (All bronze, except
when otherwise specified) 101

Nos. 1, 2, 15 and 36, in Museum at Aix-les-Bains; 3, 7, 9
and 10, in Museum, St. Germain; 4, 6, and 12, in Restaurant
Lacustre (Port); 5, 8, 11, 23, 24, 26 to 28, 30, 32, and
33, in Museum at Chambéry; 13, 14, 16, 18 to 22, 25 and 31,
Collection Costa (after Perrin. B. 179); 17, 29, 34, 35 and
37, after Rabut (B. 138).

LAKE OF ANNECY.
=22.=--No. 1, Bronze flat celt--2 Bronze pin--3, Copper
bead--4, Bronze anklet (after Rabut)--5, 6, and 7, Flint
weapons--8, and 9, Stone axes--10, Arrow-point of clay
schist 103

All in Museum at Annecy.

LAKE OF CLAIRVAUX.
=23.=--Nos. 1 to 4, Flint weapons--5, Horn chisel, with
handle as part of the horn--6 and 8, Stone axes in horn
settings or handles--7, Horn hammer-axe, with portion of
the wooden handle still remaining--9, 13, and 14, Bone
implements--10, A flat object of polished stone with a
small perforation at one end--11 and 12, Bronze dagger and
chisel--15, Wooden dish 106

No. 15, After Le Mire (B. 219), the rest from a collection
exhibited at the Paris International Exposition of 1890.

LAKE OF PFÄFFIKON.
=24.=--ROBENHAUSEN: No. 1, Flint arrow-point--2,
Bone arrow-point--3, Pendant of red stone--4, Copper
celt--5 and 6, Small red stones, with a series of round
perforations--7, Horn cup--8, Stone celt in horn casing
(Museum of Mayence)--9, Nephrite chisel in horn handle
(Museum, Munich)--10, Hammer stone--11, Bronze celt--12,
Horn hammer partially perforated--13, Perforated stone
disc--14, Fragments of pottery (one from _Antiqua_,
1885)--15, Wooden knife--16, 17, and 18, Earthenware
dishes, one resting on a clay ring--19 and 23, Stone
axes with wooden handles--20 and 21, Clay weights--22,
Earthenware crucible--24, Implement of wood, supposed to be
hook for picking up fishing lines (Museum, Berne)--25, Roll
of yarn (after Keller, B. 126)--26, Wooden club 115

All, except as above specifed, in the Zürich Museum.

=25.=--ROBENHAUSEN: Specimens of cloth, fringes, ropes,
matting of bast, nets, etc. 117

All from _Antiqua_ (1882-3, Pl. vii. and viii.;
and 1885, Pl. ii.).

NIEDERWYL.
=26.=--No. 1, Flint saw in wooden handle--2, Inverted
dish of earthenware, showing rudimentary feet and an
ornamentation of hollow dots in lines--3, Clay weight--4,
5, and 6, Earthenware vessels--7, Stone hatchet in wooden
handle--8 and 9, Stone axes--10, Band of birch-bark, neatly
punctured (B. 336, Pl. vi. 10) 122

Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 after B. 62; 2 after _Antiqua_,
1884, Pl. 36; the rest in the Zürich Museum.

LAKE OF CONSTANCE.
=27.=--WANGEN: Nos. 1 to 3, Flint arrow-points--4, Flax
comb of bones--5 and 6, Stone axes in horn handles--7, 8,
and 9, Perforated stone axes--10, Stone chisel--11 and 16,
Various forms of fish-hooks of bone--12 and 13, Ornamented
spindle-whorls of earthenware--14, Stone pendant--15, Flint
saw in wooden handle--17 to 19, Specimens of earthenware
dishes--20, Perforated stone disc 126

Nos. 5, 7 to 9, and 20 from Museum at Sigmaringen; 14 and
18, Rosgarten Museum, Constance; the rest in Zürich Museum.

=28.=--UNTERSEE, MINDLISEE, AND BUSSENSEE (the two latter
lakes are in the vicinity of Lake Constance): No. 1, Stone
chisel in horn handle (Markelfingen)--2 and 3, Copper
pins--4, 5, and 7, Bronze pins (Insel Weerd)--6, Bronze
knife (Insel Weerd)--8, Amber disc (_Antiqua_, 1884,
Fig. 60)--9, Amber bead (_Ibid._, 1883, Fig. 20)--10,
Perforated stone implement--11, Copper dagger--12, Curious
stone axe--13, Stone celt with small hole for suspension
(Steckborn)--14 and 15, Bronze implements (imperfect)--16,
Metal bracelet--17, Tortoise-shell, perforated with two
holes--18, Bone whistle--19, Horn harpoon (both the latter
from Steckborn) 131

Nos. 1 and 16 from Museum at Friedrichshafen; 2 to 7, 10 to
12, 14, and 15 Rosgarten Museum, Constance; 13, 18 and 19
after _Antiqua_, 1885, and 17 _Ibid._, 1883, Fig. 19.

=29.=--BAY OF CONSTANCE: No. 1, Bronze object--2 and 3,
Bronze pins--4 to 6, Fragments of ornamented pottery--7, 9,
and 10, earthenware dishes--8, Neck of dish with graduated
holes (see Fig. 11, No. 21, and Fig. 14, No. 16)--11 and
12, Flint implements--13, Fragment of stone axe partially
perforated--14 and 15, Broken stone axes 134

All from Rosgarten Museum, except Nos. 14 and 15 from
Friedrichshafen Museum.

=30.=--BODMANN: Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 14, Bone
implements--3 and 5, Horn spears--9, Bronze fibula
(Roman)--11 to 13, Group of 3 bronze celts--15, Stone celt
in horn handle--16, Bone pointer in horn handle--17, Flint
saw in handle of horn (reindeer?)--18, Clay spindle-whorl
(ornamented)--19, Fish-hook of bone--20 and 21,
Earthenware vessels 137

Nos. 5, 6, 10 and 21 from Friedrichshafen Museum; 11 to
13 from Mr. Ley's Collection at Bodmann; the rest from
Rosgarten Museum, Constance.

=31.=--NUSSDORF, MAURACH, LÜTZELSTETTEN, etc.: Nos. 1 to 5,
Flint implements and weapons--6 and 7, Bone combs--8, Bone
chisel--9 to 13, Pendant, needle, and daggers of Bone--14
and 15, Clay spindle-whorls--16 to 19, Copper celts
(Maurach)--20, Forepart of stone axe--21, Flat, circular
pendant of stone--22, Fish-hook of boar's tusk--23,
Staghorn hammer, with portion of wooden handle--24,
Nephrite knife in horn handle (Dingelsdorf)--25, Flint
saw in its handle--26 and 27, Pottery 140

Nos. 25 to 27 (Lützelstetten) from Rosgarten Museum,
Constance, and all the rest from the Antiq. Museum at
Stuttgart.

=32.=--UNTER-UHLDINGEN: Nos. 1 to 3, 29 and 30, Bronze
axes--4 to 8, 14, 24 and 25, Ornamental pins of bronze--9
and 12, Bronze knives--10 and 13, Bronze chisel and
awl--11, Iron knife--15, Iron fibula--16, Clay bobbin--17,
Socketed spear of bronze--18 and 19, Bronze fish-hooks--20,
Spiral bronze arm-ring--21 and 22, Couple of bronze
bracelets--23, Bronze sickle--26, Iron spear--27, Fragment
of pottery--28, Circular die or stamp of earthenware 143

All from the Museum at Stuttgart, except No. 20--Rosgarten
Museum, Constance.

=33.=--HALTNAU (3, 5 and 13) AND HAGNAU: Nos. 1 to 5,
Various forms of flat bronze celts--6, Bronze bracelet--7,
8, and 10, bronze pins--11, Curious implement of bronze--9,
Bronze knife--12 and 13, Bronze ring ornaments--14,
Iron knife 145

Nos. 3, 4 and 9 from Museum at Friedrichshafen; the rest in
Rosgarten Museum at Constance.

FEDERSEE.
=34.=--SCHUSSENRIED: Nos. 1 to 8, Flint arrow-points
and scrapers--9 to 12, Stone celts--13, Broken stone
polisher--14, Perforated stone hammer-axe--15 and 16,
Implements of horn and bone--17, 24 and 25, Fragments of
ornamented pottery--18, Earthenware spoon--19, Stone chisel
in horn handle--20, Semilunar flint saw of Scandinavian
type (Museum of Nat. Hist., Stuttgart)--21 to 23,
Vessels of earthenware 149

From Mr. Frank's Collection at Schussenried.

=35.=--SCHUSSENRIED: Nos. 1 to 5, Specimens of earthenware
dishes--6, Peculiar scoop of horn (similar objects have
been found on the stations of Robenhausen, Wollishofen,
and Baldegg)--7, Horn pick, perforated 150

From Mr. Frank's Collection.

LAKE OF STARNBERG.
=36.=--Nos. 1, 2, and 7, Knives--3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 28 and
29, Various forms of pins--5 and 19, Awl and chisel--8,
Dagger, with three rivets--9, 12, and 20, Three varieties
of axes--13, Needle--14, Socketed arrow-point of a southern
type. (The above are of bronze.)--15, Bone ornament or
counter--16, Earthenware counter--17, Clay bead--18, Bronze
sickle--21 and 22, Fibulæ of bronze--23, Bead of variegated
glass--24 and 30, Bone discs (see page 527)--25, Fragment
of an ornament of bronze plate--26, Neatly-wrought object
of horn, supposed to be for weaving purposes--27,
Double fish-hook of bronze 154

=37.=--No. 1, Peculiar iron knife--2 and 3, Cheek-pieces
of horse-bits of bone--4 to 10, Bronze pins--11 and 13,
Staghorn hammers (perforated)--12 and 17, Stone celts, one
in horn holder--14 and 15, Flint saw and arrow-point--16,
Portion of a dish of dark earthenware 155

All the objects represented in Figs. 36 and 37 are in the
Ethnographical Museum, Munich.

MONDSEE AND ATTERSEE.
=38.=--MONDSEE: Nos. 1 and 6 to 12, Flint arrow-points,
one (No. 10) with portion of stem attached by asphalt--2
to 4, Flint saws (Krummesser)--5 and 9, Flint scrapers--13
to 15, Stone axes--16, 27 and 28, Bone chisels, showing
marks of usage--17 and 18, Perforated teeth--19, Bone
ornament--20, and 24 to 26, Bone and horn implements--21
and 22, Ornaments of white marble--23, Bone arrow-point 158

All from the Collection of Dr. Much, Vienna.

=39.=--MONDSEE AND ATTERSEE: Nos. 1, 2 and 5, Copper
celts--3, 4, 6, and 17 to 19, Copper or bronze daggers--7
to 12, Bone implements--13, Marble button--14, Copper
fish-hook--15, Clay figure--16, Necklace of marble beads,
after Dr. Much (B. 287)--20 and 21, Flint knives--22,
Fine specimen of perforated stone axe-hammer head 159

Nos. 17, 18 and 22 from Nat. Hist. Museum, Vienna; 20 and
21 after Count Wurmbrand (B. 276); the rest from Dr. Much's
Collection.

=40.=--MONDSEE: Nos. 1 to 8, Specimens of pottery--9,
Circular stone, highly polished and perforated 161

All from Dr. Much's Collection.

NEUSIEDLERSEE AND KEUTSCHACHERSEE.
=41.=--Nos. 1 and 3, Stone hammer-axes--2, Hammer-stone,
with finger mark--4 and 5, Flint flakes--6, Fragment of
polished celt--7, Small urn--8 to 10, Specimens of pottery 165

Nos. 1 to 9 after Count Bela (B. 283); 10 from the
Rudolfinum Museum at Klagenfurt.

LAIBACH MOOR.
=42.=--Nos. 1 to 5, Flint implements and weapons--6 and
16, Well-finished hooks of horn--7, Peculiar object of
bone, supposed to be a bait for catching fish--8, Ornament
of horn--9, Chisel of greenstone--10, Ornamented dish of
earthenware--11, Clay figurine like a hedgehog--12, Celt
of nephrite--13, Horn object, perforated at the one end
lengthways--14, Piece of horn ornamented with a check
pattern of incised lines--15, Bone needle--17, Fragment of
ornamented pottery with transverse perforation--18, Stone
anvil with traces of copper--19, Object of pottery open
at both ends--20, Base of a dish marked with a depressed
cross--21, Object of pottery, conical at both ends--22,
Mould of earthenware--23 and 24, Portion of a figure of
earthenware resembling the human form (see Fig. 195) 173

=43.=--Nos. 1 to 4, and 6 to 9, Specimens of pottery--5,
Perforated cone of earthenware--10, Stone hammer-axe 175

=44.=--Various forms of staghorn clubs or hammer-axes 176

=45.=--Nos. 1, 2 and 7, Bronze daggers--3 and 4, Handles of
bronze swords--5, Winged celt of bronze--6 and 8, Copper
implements--9, Copper axe--10 and 11, Copper daggers--12
and 13, Bronze pins--14, Crucible of earthenware--15,
Scoop or mould of earthenware 178

=46.=--Beaver-trap of oak, thirty-two inches long 179

All the objects represented in Figs. 42 to 46 are in the
Landesmuseum at Laibach, with the exception of Fig. 42, No.
20, which is in the Natural History Museum, Vienna.

=47.=--Wooden machine found in the Moor of Samow, North
Germany, and preserved in the Museum at Rostock. (After
Professor Merkel in the _Zeit. für Ethn. Verhand._, 1874.) 180

=47=_a_.--Similar machine from the Valle di Fontega, North
Italy, showing the two central valves detached, and some
sticks found along with it. (After Meschinelli, B. 467.) 181

=47=_b_.--Antique wooden implement from Ireland, showing
upper and under surfaces. (From _Ulster Journ. Arch._,
vol. vii.) 183

LAKE VARESE.
=48.=--ISOLA VIRGINIA: Nos. 1 and 2, Flint knife and
saw--3, Flint scraper in a horn handle--4, Flake-knife of
obsidian--5, Bronze knife--6, Bronze dagger--7 to 9, Bone
needles, etc.--10, Conical object of burnt clay, perforated
like the neck of a bottle--11, Polisher of serpentine,
in the form of a stone celt (see p. 193)--12, Bronze
fish-hook--13 to 17, 22 to 24, and 26 to 29, Specimens
of pottery--18, Flat and circular stone, highly polished
and perforated in centre--19, Mould of sandstone--20,
Square piece of wood, supposed to have been used as a
float for fishing net--21, The half of a spindle-whorl
of earthenware--25, Bone chisel 191

Nos. 25 to 29, after Ranchet and Regazzoni (B. 326), and
the rest from Sig. Ponti's Museum on the Isola Virginia.

=49.=--BODIO, CAZZAGO, AND BARDELLO: Nos. 1 to 7, Flint
implements and weapons--8 to 11, 21 and 40, Bronze
daggers--12, 22, 23, and 25 to 29, Bronze pins--13, Bronze
chisel or awl--14 and 39, Fragments of pottery--15, Stone
celts--16, 32, 33, 35, 36 and 38, Various objects of stone
perforated with one or more holes, probably used as buttons
or beads--17 to 19, Bronze fish-hooks--20 and 44, Bronze
celts--24 and 43, Socketed spear-heads of bronze--30, Stone
polisher (see p. 193)--31, Stone mould--34, Spindle-whorl
of earthenware--37, Fragment of a perforated stone axe--41,
Ornament of thin bronze--42, Chisel of serpentine 196

Nos. 1, 4 to 7, 10, 11. 30, 32 and 39, from Museo Civico,
Milan; 2 and 3, from Collection Castelfranco; 8, 9, 12, 13,
18, 20 to 22, 25 to 29, and 43, from Sig. Ponti's Museum,
Isola Virginia; 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 31, 33 to 38, 41 and
42, after Regazzoni (B. 327); 16, from Collection Quaglia,
Varese; 24 and 44, from the Museum at Varese.

=50.=--TORBIERA DI CAZZAGO-BRABBIA: Nos. 1 and 2,
Flint knives--3 to 6, Flint arrow-points--7 and 8,
Flint spear-heads--9 to 15, bronze fibulæ (except No.
12--iron)--16, Portion of bronze fibula--17, Bronze
ornament--18, Curious object made of bronze rods--19,
Bronze ring--20, Copper celt--21, Bronze celt--22 to 28,
Bronze pins--29, Spindle-whorl of earthenware--30, 31, and
36, Wooden floats--32, Harpoon of horn--33, Stone celt
(chloromelanite)--34 and 35, Pottery 199

Nos. 1 (Torbiera di Mombello) and 11 (labelled "Bodio
Centrale"?) are from the Museum at Varese; 2 and 4 to 8
after Quaglia (B. 423); 3, Collection Castelfranco; 9,
14, 15, 17, 19, 23 to 27, 32 and 33, Collection Quaglia;
10, Museo Civico, Milan; 12, 13, 16, 20 to 22, 28 and 29,
Collection Regazzoni, Como; 30, 31, and 34 to 36 after
Regazzoni (B. 327); 18, after Marinoni (B. 159).

THE TURBARIES OF BOSISIO, CAPRIANO, ETC.
=51.=--Nos. 1 to 7, Flint arrow-points--8, Flint
lance-head--9 and 10, Bronze celts--11, Bronze spoon--12,
Bronze knife--13, Bronze pin--14 and 18, Bronze fibulæ--15
and 16, Bronze bracelets--17, Bronze pendant--19, Spiral
ring of bronze 205

Nos. 1 to 7 Collection Castelfranco; 8, 9 and 12,
Prehistoric Museum in Rome; 10 and 11, Museo Civico, Como;
13 and 15 to 19, after Marinoni (_Mem. Soc. It. di Sc.
Nat._, vol. vi.); 14, Museo Civico, Milan.

THE TURBARIES OF MERCURAGO, SAN GIOVANNI, ETC.
=52.=--Section of a portion of the peat, showing
arrangement of the piles 206

=53.=--Earthenware dish cover 206

=54.=--Flint arrow-heads 207

=55= and =56=.--Earthenware dishes, showing portions of
string attached to small handles 207, 208

=57.=--Portion of a canoe 208

=58= and =59=.--Two wooden wheels 208, 209

=60.=--Nos. 1 and 3, Bronze daggers--2, 4 to 6, 10 and
11, Bronze pins--7 and 8, Flint knives--9, Conical beads
of vitreous paste--12, 13 and 14, Pottery--15, Bronze
pendant (Phallic)--16, Spindle-whorl of soapstone--17, A
canoe and two paddles--18, Clay weight--19 and 20, Stone
celts--21, Wooden float of fishing-net--22, Spindle-whorl
of terra-cotta--23, Upper and under sides of an earthenware
cover of a vessel 211

All after Gastaldi (B. 40, 168, and 294).

LAGOZZA.
=61.=--Nos. 1 to 4, Flint knives--5 and 6, Flint
arrow-heads--7, Pendant of steatite--8, Stone adze--9,
Fragment of linen fabric 10, Stone celt--11, Wooden
comb--12 to 17, Various specimens of flat spindle-whorls
made of dark earthenware 214

Nos. 1 to 4, 10 and 12 to 17 from Museum Civico, Milan;
9, Collection Castelfranco; the rest from the Prehistoric
Museum at Como.

=62.= Nos. 1, 2, 4 to 6, 8, 9 and 15, Specimens of
pottery--3, 10 and 13, Fragments of ornamented plates--7,
A fragment of pottery, showing handle of a dish with
two transverse holes--11 and 12, Two polished sandstone
pebbles with scratchings on surface--14, Clay weight,
kidney-shaped, and perforated at both ends 215

Nos. 1, 8 and 14 from Museo Civico, Milan; 11 and 12 after
Castelfranco (B. 354); 15, Collection Castelfranco;
the rest from Museum at Como.

LAKE GARDA.
=63.=--PESCHIERA. (Except when otherwise mentioned, all the
objects represented in this figure are of bronze): Nos.
1 to 5, Razors--6, A double-stemmed pin--7, A needle--8
to 18, and 20 to 27, Specimens of ornamental pins--19,
Neck-ring--28, Comb--29, Comb of bone--30, A small-winged
celt--31 and 32, Bracelets--33, Sickle--34, A small pendant
of lead--35, An awl--36, A chisel 222

=64.=--PESCHIERA: Nos. 1 to 7, Daggers--8, and 22 to 25,
Fibulæ--9, Chisel--10, Socketed lance-head--11, Knife--12
to 16, Pins--17, Object of unknown use--18 and 19,
Fish-hooks--20, 21, 30 and 31, Fish-spears--26, Small
cross made of tin--27 to 29, Pendants--32, Winged celt.
(All bronze with the exception of No. 26.) 223

=65.=--PESCHIERA, MINCIO, and IL BOR: Nos. 1 to 9, Various
implements and weapons of flint--10, and 12 to 14, Bronze
dagger-knives--11, Bronze celt--15, Bronze chisel--16,
Arrow-head of bronze--17, Ornamented knife of bronze--18,
Bronze dagger--19, Portion of a polished implement of
stone--20, Portion of spiral wire of bronze--21 and 22,
Bronze pins--23, Bronze stud--24, Wheel-like objects of
bronze, supposed to be the heads of pins--25, Bronze cap
for the butt-end of a wooden handle--26 to 30,
Pottery--31, Wrist bracer of stone 225

The objects from Lake Garda, illustrated above,
are thus located:--

Rome (Prehistoric Museum), Fig. 63, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 21, 24,
26, 27, 29 and 31; Fig. 64, Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13 to 17,
19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30 and 32; Fig. 65, Nos. 1 to
9, 16, 17, 19, 25, 27, 28, 30 and 31.

Vienna (Natural History Museum), Fig. 63, Nos. 1, 2, 9, 12,
15, 17, 18, 25, 30, 32, 33, 35 and 36; Fig. 64, Nos. 18 and
29; Fig. 65, Nos. 10 to 14, and 21.

Zürich (Antiq. Museum), Fig. 63, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13,
14, 16, 19 and 20; Fig. 64, Nos. 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 22
and 31.

Verona (Museum Civico), Fig. 63, Nos. 22, 23, 28 and 34;
Fig. 64, Nos. 25 and 26; Fig. 65, Nos. 26 and 29.

Collection Rambotti, Fig. 65, Nos. 18, 22 and 23.

After Cavazzocca (B. 355), Fig. 65, Nos. 15, 20 and 24.

LAKES OF FIMON AND OF ARQUÀ-PETRARCA.
=66.=--No. 1, Bronze celt--2, Clay ring--3 to 12, Specimens
of pottery 231

Nos. 1 to 8, after Lioy (B. 295); 9 to 12,
after Cordenons (B. 464).

POLADA.
=67.=--No. 1, Bronze dagger with bone handle--2 and
3, Bronze celts--4 to 11, Specimens of pottery--12, A
remarkable saw, formed of four flints set in a groove in
a wooden handle, and retained in position by asphalt--13
and 14, Handles of earthenware vessels--15 and 16, Stone
celts--17, Horn club or axe--18, Implement of staghorn--19
and 20, Clay weights 235

=68.=--Nos. 1 to 20, Flint weapons and implements--21
and 32, Bone buttons--22 to 24, Ornamented cakes of
terra-cotta--25 to 27, Objects of bone--28, 29 and 36,
Spindle-whorls of earthenware--30, Marble button--31, Tooth
of bear, perforated--33, Ornamented bone ring--34 and 35,
Wrist bracers of polished stone--37, Large dish, perforated
with round holes--38, Large vase of elegant form 237

All the illustrations in Figs. 67 and 68 are from
Dr. Rambotti's Collection at Desenzano.

TERREMARE.
=68=_a_.--Pottery from Terremare in the vicinity of Parma 241

=68=_b_.--Anse lunate or cornute, in the vicinity of Parma 242

=69.=--Bone comb (Vico-Fertile) 242

=70.=--Bone wheel-ornament, supposed to be head of a pin
(Campeggine) 242

=71= and =72=.--Horn and bone implements (_Ibid._) 243

=73.=--Portion of a bone handle (Castione) 243

=74.=--Fragments of bone implements (Campeggine) 243

=75.=--Discoidal stone (_Ibid._) 243

=76.=--Bronze sickle (_Ibid._) 244

=77.=--Bronze spear-head (Bargone di Salso) 244

=78.=--Bronze celt (Castellazzo) 244

=79.=--Bronze awl with bone handle (Campeggine) 244

=80.=--Various forms of clay spindle-whorls or beads (_Ibid._) 245

=81.=--Stone mould (Castelnuovo) 246

The illustrations in Figs. 52 to 59, and 68_a_ to 81 are
those prepared by the Anthropological Society of London for
Mr. Chambers' translation of Gastaldi's work (B. 91).

=82.=--Photographs showing arrangement of piles and _contrafforte
dell' argine_, at Castione, after Pigorini (B. 407) 253

=83.=--Nos. 1 to 3, Bronze razors--4, Bronze comb--5,
Horn hatchet or chisel--6, Bronze awl, with ornamented
bone handle--7 to 11, Bronze pins--12, 13, 24 and 25,
Bronze hatchets--14 to 17, stone moulds--18 and 19, Bronze
daggers--20, Bronze arrow-point--21 and 22, Objects of
clay--23, Ornament of limestone 255

All in the Museums of Parma and Reggio, and found on the
following stations: Monte Venere (1 and 2), Campeggine
(3 and 7), Quingento (4), Castione (8 to 15, 17, and 21
to 23), Cassinalbo (16), Scandiano (18, 19, 20, and 25),
Castellazzo (24).

=84.=--Nos. 1 to 3, Flint implements--4, Horn
implements--5, 7 and 15, Objects of bone supposed to be
arrow-points--6 and 17, Horn objects, supposed to be the
cheek-pieces of bridle-bits--8 and 18, Horn dishes--9
and 10, Ornamented buttons of terra-cotta--11, Upper and
under sides of one of these buttons--12 to 14, Bone combs,
ornamented--16, Wheel-like object of bone, supposed to be
the head of a pin--19, Long comb of horn--20, Bone pin--21
and 22, Handles of earthenware vessels (_anse lunate_)--23
and 24, Clay figurines--25, Object of horn--26, Bone,
perforated with round holes, supposed to be a flute--27,
Bronze comb--28 to 34, Bronze pins 258

All these objects are from Montale, and deposited in the
Museum at Modena, except the bone comb No. 13, which is in
the Museum at Reggio-Emilia; but there is one very similar
to it, figured by Boni, from Montale (B. 421).

=85.=--Nos. 1 to 3, and 12, Bronze weapons--4, 13 and 14,
Bronze celts--5, Bronze sickle--6, Stone mould for rings--7
to 9, Bronze pins--10, 11 and 15, Bronze razors--16,
Ornamented bone comb--17, Spindle-whorl of earthenware--18,
Bone pin--19 and 23, Bronze objects--20 and 21, Bronze
pendants--22, head of bronze pin 259

These objects are in the Museum at Modena, with the
exception of Nos. 12 to 14, 17 and 19, after Coppi (B.
293_a_), and were found in the following stations:--Montale
(1 to 6), Redù (7, 8, 10, and 15), Gorzano (9, 11 to 14,
17, and 19 to 23), and St. Ambrogio (16 and 18).

=86.=--Nos. 1 and 2, Bone combs--3, Portion of horn,
worked--4, Arrow-point of bone--5, Handle of earthenware
vessel--6, 8 and 9, Bronze pins--7, Bone pin--10, 13,
and 19 to 21, Bronze spears and daggers--11, Flint
spear-head--12, Bronze knife, showing handle and portion
of the blade--14 to 16, Flint implements--17 and 29,
Spindle-whorls of earthenware--18, Stone button--22, Bronze
razor-knife--23; Bronze arrow-point--24, Iron spear-head,
much corroded--25, A flat ring of wood--26, 27, 30 and 31,
Fragments of pottery--28, Portion of clay weight 268

The objects represented by Nos. 1 to 13 and 18 are in the
Museum at Viadana, and the rest are after Marinoni (B. 265).

OPPIDUM LA TÈNE.
=87.=--Nos. 1 to 5, Ornamented sword-sheaths of iron--6,
Piece of iron, roughly forged, supposed to be intended
for a sword--7 and 8, Sword handles--9 to 12, Portions of
sheaths, showing various kinds of ornamentation--13 and 14,
Suspension clasps on the under side of the sheaths--15,
Various incised designs, found on swords, supposed to be
makers' marks 283

Nos. 1, 8 and 12 after Vouga (B. 428); 3, 4 and 5 after
Keller (B. 22 and 126); the rest in the Museums of Bienne
and Neuchâtel.

=88.=--Nos. 1 to 6, 11, 12, and 17 to 21, Various forms
of lance-heads--7, 10, 13 and 14, Conical tips for the
butt-end of wooden lance handles--8, 9, 15 and 16, Points
for darts or arrows. (All these objects are of iron) 285

Nos. 7, 10, 15 and 16, are from Collection Vouga, the rest
are from the Collections of Schwab, Desor, and Gross.

=89.=--No. 1, Umbo of a shield (iron)--2, Handle of shield
(iron)--3 and 4, Bronze ornaments of a shield--5, 7 to
11, and 21, Bronze ornaments for horse harness--6, Iron
spur--12, Waggon wheel of wood with iron tire--13, Iron
implement of unknown use--14 to 18, Bridle-bits of iron
(No. 17 is veneered with bronze)--19, Linch pin of waggon
wheel (iron)--20, Ornament of thin bronze, supposed to
be for a helmet 287

Nos. 1, 13, 15, 16, and 18 to 20, from Collection Vouga; 3
to 5, and 8 to 11 (Museum of Geneva), after Vouga (B. 428);
2, Museum of Bienne; 7 and 17 (Collection Dardel), after
_Antiqua_; 6, 14 and 21, after Gross (B. 446); 12, after
drawing in _Anzeiger_, 1882, Pl. xxv.

=90.=--Nos. 1 to 7, Hatchets--8 to 12, and 23, Knives--13
and 14, Prongs--15 to 17, Shears--18, 27 and 28,
Razors--19, 20, 21, 35, 36 and 38, Various objects of
conjectural use--22, Hammer--24, 25 and 29, Hand-saws--26,
Pointed implement with wide socket--30 to 32, Sickles
or scythes--33 and 34, Chisels--37, File--39 and 40,
Fish-hooks (bronze).
All the objects are of iron except No. 40 289