Chapter II: Part 2

Nos. 3 to 6, 14, 24, 31, 37, 39 and 40, Collection Vouga;
7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 22 and 29, after illustrations in
_Antiqua_, 1884; 1, 18 and 25, in Museum at Neuchâtel, and
the rest in the Collections of Gross and Schwab.

=91.=--Nos. 1 to 6, Iron fibulæ--7, 21, 22, 24 and 25,
Glass beads--8 to 10, and 36, Bronze pins--11 to 14,
Pincers of bronze and iron--15, Blunt needle--16 (gold)
and 17 (iron), Halves of neck-rings--18 and 26, Bronze
fibulæ--19, Bronze etui, with iron needle (20) found in
it--23, Bronze button--27, 28, 30 and 32, Iron buckles and
clasps--29 and 33, Iron rings--31, A small bronze axe--34,
Iron bracelet--35, Iron hoop 291

Nos. 7, 17, 31 and 32, in Museum Schwab; 16, Museum at
Neuchâtel; all the rest after Vouga (B. 428), or in his
Collection.

=92.=--No. 1, Iron chain (pot-hanger)--2 and 10, Gold
coins--3 to 9, and 11, Coins of silver, bronze, and
_potin_--12 (bronze), 13 and 14 (bone), Dice--15, Iron
ring attached--16, Bronze figure--17, Small bronze wheel,
supposed to have been used as money--18, Bronze cup--19,
Large bronze cauldron, with iron rim and handles--20, Iron
ladle--21, Bronze object, like a tobacco pipe 295

Nos. 1, 10, 15, 17, 19 and 21, after Gross (B. 446); 8,
after Desor (B. 95); 12 to 14, and 18, from _Antiqua_,
1886; the rest after Vouga (B. 428).

LAKE OF PALADRU.
=93.=--No. 1, Half of a bracelet made of lead--2, One side
of an iron shears--3, Iron knife--4, Iron spear-head--5 and
6, Horse shoes--7 and 8, Iron chains and staple--9, Iron
key--10, Iron curry-comb--11, Iron axe--12, Iron spur--13
and 16, Wooden floats--14 and 15, Bone counters--17, Wooden
mallet--18, and 22 to 24, Pottery--19, Wooden spoon--20,
Piece of wood like a bobbin--21, Wooden comb 301

All after Chantre (B. 193).

MAESTRICHT.
=94.=--Bone and horn weapons after Ubaghs (B. 413) 305

For sizes, see page 304.

WISMAR AND GÄGELOW.
=95.=--Nos. 1 and 10, Flint daggers--2, Flint chisel or
hatchet--3 and 6, Polished axes of flint--4, 7, 16 and
17, Perforated axes of stone--5, A stone pestle--8, Stone
mortar--9, Fragment of dark coloured pottery--11 and 12,
Semilunar flint saws or knives--13 to 15, Objects of
bone and horn--18, Sharpening stone--19, Spindle-whorl
(clay)--20, Flint arrow-point 309

Nos. 5, 7, 8 and 19, after Lisch (B. 100), and the rest in
the Museum at Schwerin.

PERSANZIG AND FRIESACK.
=96.=--No. 1, Iron ring--2, Iron hatchet--3 and 4,
Fragments of pottery--5, Clay ring--6 to 9, Fragments
of Slavish pottery of the type found in the Burgwälle 318

Nos. 1 to 5 in the Märkisches Museum, and 6 to 9 in the
Volkerkünde Museum in Berlin.

SPANDAU, NEAR BERLIN.
=97.=--Nos. 1 to 3, Bronze celts--4 and 17, Bronze
lance-heads--5, 6, 7, 12 and 13, Bronze daggers--8 to 11,
Bronze swords--14, A kind of saw of horn--15 and 16, Stone
balls--18, An ornamented bronze "commandostab"(?) 320

After Friedel (B. 396). All the objects are in the
Volkerkünde Museum in Berlin.

CZESZEWO, OBJEZIERZE, ETC. (POSEN).
=98.=--Nos. 1 and 2, Perforated stone axes--3 and 8, Clay
rings--4, Bone pointer--5, Fragment of percolator of
earthenware--6 and 7, Flint celts--9, Bronze neck-ring--10,
Silver neck-ring--11, Bronze pin, part of a fibula 322

Nos. 10 and 11 after Köhler (B. 430), the rest from objects
in the Archæological Museum, Posen.

LAKES OF ARYS AND KOWNATKEN.
=99.=--Nos. 1 to 7, Bone implements--8, 9 and 13, Flint
scrapers--12, Stone celt--10, and 11, Earthenware
vessels--14, Polisher or skate of the metacarpal of a horse 327

All in the Prussia Museum, Königsberg.

TERP-MOUNDS (WEST FRIESLAND).
=100.=--Nos. 1, 16 to 19, and 30, Bone combs--2, 3, 6 and
22, Clay spindle-whorls and weights (?)--4, 20 and 23,
Specimens of earthenware--5 and 15, Bronze dishes--7, Bone
object--8, Bronze shears--9, Iron hammer--10 and 11, Bone
handles--12, Bone ring, ornamented with incised circles--13
and 24, Horn implements--14, Bronze comb--21, Bone
counter--25, Bone button, ornamented with incised lines--26
and 28, Bone pins--27, Bone ornament--29, Bone needle 341

Nos. 25 and 29 are in the National Museum, Edinburgh, and
all the rest in the Museum, Leeuwarden.

=101.=--Iron bridle-bit, found in the terp-mound at Achlum
(now in the National Museum, Edinburgh) 342

IRISH CRANNOGS.
=102.=--LAGORE: Bone with carved designs (_Cat._, p. 346) 352

=103.= ---- Various iron objects (B. 10, pp. 104, 105) 353

=104.= ---- An axe and ladle of iron, and a pot and two
pins of bronze (_Ibid._, except the ring-headed pin,
which is from _Cat._, p. 560) 354

=105.= ---- Bone comb, three glass beads, a bronze dagger
(_Cat._, pp. 163 and 165, 271 and 467), and a fragment
of bronze interlaced work (B. 10, p. 105) 355

=106.= ---- Various implements of iron 356

All in Museum of Royal Irish Academy.

=107.=--LOUGH GUR: Stone mould for bronze spear-heads
(_Archæological Journal_, vol. xx. p. 170) 358

=108.=--BALLINDERRY: Three bone pins, bone comb, and a
bronze tweezers (_Cat._, pp. 271, 333, 334, 549) 360

=109.= ---- Ornamented stone amulets (B. 391, p. 197) 360

=110.=} ---- Bone or horn pins, ornamented with incised
circles, =111.=} and characters supposed to be Oghams
(_Ibid._) 361, 362

=112.= ---- AND STROKESTOWN: Ornamented bone objects
(_Cat._, p. 342) 362

=113.=--LOUGH FAUGHAN: Earthenware jug (_Cat._, p. 158) 363

=114.=--ARDAKILLEN: Section of crannog at (_Cat._, p. 226) 364

=115.=--DRUMALEAGUE: Plan of crannog at (_Cat._, p. 228) 364

=116.=--CLOONFINLOUGH: Bronze dish, decorated inside
(_Cat._, p. 533) 367

=117.= ---- Nos. 1 to 14, Bronze pins--15, Bone pin--16,
Bronze object--17, Bronze dagger--18, Iron shears--19, Iron
knife--20, Bone counter--21, Ring made of the burr end of a
staghorn--22, Leather shoe 368

All the objects represented in Fig. 117 are in the
British Museum.

=118.=--STROKESTOWN: Bone carved with designs, three of
which are shown full size (_Cat._, p. 345) 369

=119.= ---- Bone comb (_Cat._, p. 271) 369

=120.=--ARDAKILLEN: Bronze brooch (_Cat._, p. 476) 369

=121.=--LOUGH SCUR: Stone mould for bronze axes (_Cat._, p. 91) 370

=122.=--RANDALSTOWN: No. 1, Bronze knife; 2, Bronze
dish--3, Iron axe--4, Silver brooch--5 and 6, Bronze
brooches--7, Glass bead--8 to 13, Bronze pins--14,
Horn vessel 371

Nos. 3 and 14, in the Museum of Royal Irish Academy; 1,
2, and 9 to 13, in the Belfast Museum; 4, after Patterson
(B. 215); 5, 6 and 8, from _Ulster Journal of Archæology_,
vols. iv. p. 269, and vi. p. 103.

=123.=--LISNACROGHERA: No. 1, End portions of a bronze
sword-sheath--2, Rubbing of portion of an ornamented bronze
sword-sheath--3, End portions of a bronze sword-sheath--4,
Bronze sword-sheath in two portions 381

No. 3, in the British Museum, and the rest in Canon
Grainger's Collection; No. 4 is after Wakeman (B. 411).

=124.= ---- Nos. 1 and 2, Iron swords--3, Iron
spear-head--4 and 5, Axe and adze of iron--6 to 9, and
17, Bronze rings--10, Bronze dish--11, 12 and 14, Glass
beads--13, Amber bead--15 and 16, Bronze objects--18, 19,
20 and 22, Bronze ornaments--21, Top of bronze rivet--23 to
25, Bronze ferrules--26, Bronze rivet serrated--27, Bronze
terminal ornament for a handle--28 to 30, Bronze knobs for
the butt-end of spear handles 383

Nos. 1, 3, 5, 10, and 28 to 30, are in the British Museum,
the rest in Canon Grainger's Collection.

=125.=--LOUGH MOURNE: No. 1, Iron axe--2, Clay crucible,
with projecting portion like a handle--3, Canoe--4, Stern
half of canoe--5, Seat in No. 4--6, Section of No. 4
showing projections, left in solid for supporting the seat 387

No. 1 is in private keeping, the rest in the Belfast Museum.

SCOTTISH CRANNOGS.
N.B.--The illustrations marked thus (*) are from woodcuts in the
Collections of the Ayr and Galloway Archæological Association.

=126.=--LOCH DOWALTON: Bronze dish, probably Roman (B. 94) 399

=127.= ---- Bronze dish of thin sheets; riveted (_Ibid._) 400

=128.= ---- Bronze dish of beaten bronze (_Ibid._) 400

=129.= ---- Ring handle and portion of dish of bronze 400

=130.= ---- Bronze penannular brooch, and a bronze ornament
with trumpet-shaped spaces, probably for enamel
(_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii., N.S., p. 155) 401

=131.= ---- Three iron hammers or axes 401

=132.= ---- Portion of whitish glass armlet*; ditto of
streaked glass; blue glass bead with bronze core (B. 94);
4, Beads (two ribbed with greenish glaze, one with red
spots and the other streaked) 402

=133.= ---- Portion of a leather shoe with stamped pattern
(B. 94) 403

=134.= ---- Small portion of Samian ware,* and about the
half of a clay crucible 403

=135.=--LOCHLEE: General view of site of crannog 404

=136.*= ---- Mortised beam, with portion of an upright and
a wooden peg 405

=137.= ---- Sketch showing mortised beams in position 405

=138.= ---- Grooved and mortised beams lying over the
log-pavement 406

=139.= ---- Perpendicular section through the three lowest
hearths, showing structure of third hearth and stratified
deposits below it 407

=140.= ---- Hone of sandstone (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._,
vol. iii., N.S., p. 248) 411

=141.*= ---- Upper quern-stone of granite; portion
of a cup-marked stone with concentric circles; two
spindle-whorls; a flint scraper and flake; and a
polished stone hatchet 412

=142.*= ---- Bone needle, bodkin, hook, socketed dagger,
and club of staghorn 413

=143.*= ---- Wooden tray 413

=144.*=} ---- Piece of ashwood, with carved design
=145.*=} on both sides 414, 415

=146.*=LOCHLEA: Wooden mallet, double paddle, and iron axe 416

=147.*= ---- Iron 3-pronged implement, iron shears
(_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. iii., N. S., p. 248),
and a bronze spatula 416

=148.*= ---- Two bronze fibulæ and a bronze pin 417

=149.*= ---- Bridle-bit, partly of iron and partly of bronze 417

=150.*= ---- Fringe made of the stems of moss, and a piece
of thick leather with copper nails 418

=151.*=--LOCHSPOUTS: Segment of stone disc and a flint scraper 423

=152.*= ---- Bone chisel, showing marks of usage 423

=153.= ---- Three bronze ornaments and small key* 424

=154.*= ---- Portion of a bowl of Samian ware 424

=155.*= ---- Fragments of pottery 424

=156.= ---- A conical ornament of rock-crystal, a glass
bead, and a ring and pendant of jet 425

=157.*=--BUSTON: General view of crannog, looking
northwards. The water in foreground marks the position of
the midden. (From a photograph by Mr. Lawrie) 427

=158.*= ---- Portion of north side of crannog, with space
between inner and second circles of piles dug out, thus
bringing into view the arrangement of the mortised beams
forming the stockade, and the structure of the upper part
of the island. (From a photograph by Mr. Lawrie) 428

=159.*= ---- View of canoe _in situ_ immediately after
exposure. (From a drawing by Mrs. Anstruther) 429

=160.*= Flint knife and clay crucible 430

=161.*= ---- Four bone pins, one ornamented with a check
pattern, (B. 373, p. 216), and another in an unfinished
state; a bone needle; and a bronze pin, with a blue bead
of glass as a top setting 430

=162.*= ---- Bone comb, ornamented with concentric incised
circles, both sides being alike 431

=163.*= ---- Iron axe-head 432

=164.*= ---- Part of an iron padlock (see footnote, page
431), a bronze brooch, a small iron object, bifurcated at
one end, and a socketed spear-head 433

=165.*= ---- Two gold finger-rings, a gold coin, and a
variegated glass bead 433

=166.*= ---- Fragment of pottery, showing a short spout 434

=167.*=--AIRRIEOULLAND: Scarlet beads of vitreous paste 435

=168.*= ---- Portion of a clay crucible and a bronze button 436

=169.*=--BARHAPPLE: Piece of jet or cannel coal 437

=170.=--FRIAR'S CARSE: Perforated stone axe 440

=171.= ---- Fragments of pottery, with bands of small
impressed spaces 441

=172.=--CARLINGWARK LOCH: Large bronze cauldron
(_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 7, and x. p. 286) 444

=173.=--LEDAIG: Wooden comb (_Ibid., vol. x. p. 82_) 446

=174.=--LOCH-INCH-CRYNDIL. Bone comb 447

=175.=--BARLOCKHART AND MACHERMORE: Stone ring (_Ibid._,
vol xv. p. 268) and stone implement with hollowed surface
on each side (_Ibid._, vol. xiv. p. 127) 448

=176.=--Bone combs for comparison with those from the
lake-dwellings 453

ENGLISH LAKE-DWELLINGS.
=176=_a_.--HOLDERNESS: Nos. 1 and 2, Broken portions
of long bones, perforated for handle, and used as
implements--3, Flint saw--4, Bronze spear-head 473

From objects in the possession of T. Boynton, Esq.

MEDIÆVAL OBJECTS FOUND IN BRITISH LAKE-DWELLINGS.
=177.=--Forward half of canoe found in Loch Arthur or
Lotus, Kirkcudbrightshire (_Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot._,
vol. xi. p. 21) 480

=178.=--Canoe found in Loch Canmor, Aberdeenshire (B. 94) 481

=179.=--Bronze (brass) vessel found in Loch Canmor (_Ibid._) 483

=180.=--Bone tableman found in the Loch of Forfar (_Ibid._) 484

=181.=--Bronze (brass) pots found in Loch of Banchory (_Ibid._) 484

=182.=--Bronze (brass) pot and jug, found in Loch of Banchory 485

=183.=--View of surface of the Isle of the Loch of
Banchory, showing foundation of a stone building (_Ibid._) 485

MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS ILLUSTRATING CULTURE AND
CIVILISATION OF LAKE-DWELLERS.
=184.=--No. 1, Wooden yoke (Vinelz)--2, Clay moulding of
cottage walls (Robenhausen)--3, Clay crucible (Mondsee)--4,
Wooden pile driver (Cortaillod)--5, Fragment of pottery,
adorned with bits of birch-bark (Moosseedorf)--6, Stone
hammer-axe, broken before the perforation had been
completed (Bauschanze)--7, Stone axe with oval perforation
(_Ibid._)--8, Portion of clay funnel blackened with soot
(Lake Bourget) 499

Nos. 1 and 2, in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 3, in Dr. Much's
Collection; 4, after _Anzeiger_, 1881, Pl. x.; 5, after
Keller (B. 336); 6 and 7, in the Antiq. Museum, Zürich: 8,
in the Museum at Aix-les-Bains.

=185.=--Nos. 1, 8, 10, 13 and 14, Handles of wood, showing
different forms of mounting stone, and the flat types of
bronze axes--2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 26 and 27, Objects of horn
and bone--3, 16 and 17, Flint saws in handles--4, Pick of
staghorn--7, Tine of staghorn, mounted in wooden handle--12
and 18, Small ornamented boxes of staghorn--15, Perforated
axe of staghorn--19, Comb, of strips of yew wood--20,
Perforated roundlet of human skull (_Zeit. für Ethn.
Verhand._, vol. xviii. p. 368)--21 and 22, Small bones
perforated--23, Fossil ammonite from the Jura Mountains,
perforated for suspension--24, Beads of staghorn--25,
Wooden board pierced by a bolt, and measuring thirteen by
sixteen inches (B. 336, p. 48)--28, Knife of nephrite--29,
Chisel of nephrite 503

These objects are from the following stations:--Locras
(1, 7, 11 and 28), St. Aubin (2, 3, 5, 6 and 9),
Concise (12 and 20), Castione (13), Mondsee (14, Dr.
Much's Collection), Wollishofen (15 and 18), Sipplingen
(16, Museum Friedrichshafen), Vinelz (10, 17 and 19),
Oefeliplätze (21 to 24, See B. 462), Schaffis (4, 25 and
29), Gerlafingen (26), Sutz (27).

Nos. 1, 7, 19, 28 and 29, after Gross (B. 392); 2, 5, 6, 9
and 15, Museum Zürich; 3, 11 and 12, after Keller (B. 286);
4, 10, 17, 26 and 27, Cantonal Museum, Berne; 8, Museum at
Avenches.

=186.=--Nos. 1 to 5, 7 and 9, Various forms of bronze
swords--6, Part of sword, with blade of iron and handle
(imperfect) of bronze, ornamented with inlaid strips of
iron--8 and 11, Daggers of bronze--10, A remarkable double
celt of copper, fourteen inches in length, and perforated
with a small hole 517

The objects were found in the following stations:--Locras
(1 and 10), Corcelettes (2), Auvernier (3), Moeringen (4,
5 and 6), Lattringen (7 and 11), Nidau-Steinberg (8), and
Sutz (9).

Nos. 1, 3 to 6, and 10, in Collection Gross; 2, in Museum
at Lausanne; 7 to 9, and 11, in Schwab Museum at Bienne.

=187.=--Wooden handle and bronze sickle from Moeringen,
after Gross (B. 392) 519

=188.=--No. 1, Perforated bronze bracelet (from Auvernier
and after Gross, B. 392)--2, Bronze circular ring
(Wollishofen)--3, Tin bracelet (Montilier)--4, Bronze
bracelet (Bieler Insel)--5, Open bracelet with spiral ends
(Moeringen)--6, Bronze bracelet ornamented with inlaid
bands of iron (Moeringen)--7, Ornamented bronze bracelet
(Auvernier) 520

Nos. 1, 5, 6 and 7, Collection Gross; 2, Museum Zürich; 3,
Museum Schwab; 4, Cantonal Museum, Berne.

=189.=--Nos. 1 to 3, Bronze pendants (Onens)--4 and 5,
Bronze pins (Lake Bourget), after Perrin (B. 282, p.
187)--6, Double-wheel ornament of tin (Auvernier), from
_Anzeiger_, 1881--7, Pendant of tin (Auvernier)--8,
Gold pendant (Moeringen), after Gross (B. 286)--9,
Bronze tube containing two pins, Nos. 10 and 11 (Lake
Bourget), after Rabut (B. 138)--12, Bar of tin perforated
(Corcelettes)--13, Bronze ornament (Hauterive)--14,
Bronze pendant (Auvernier)--15, Needle-holder of pottery
(Moeringen)--16, Bronze razor-pendant (Hauterive)--17,
Bronze pendant, like a small bell (Moeringen), in Zürich
Museum--18, Bronze object (Auvernier)--19, Part of bronze
fibula--20, Bronze dish of Scandinavian type. These two
objects are in the Museum of Lausanne, and are here
represented after Montelius (B. 348) 521

Nos. 1 to 3, 13 and 14, in Museum of Neuchâtel; 7, 8, 12,
15, 16 and 18, in Collection Gross.

=190.=--Bronze knife (Dr. Evans' Collection) from Lake
Bourget 524

=191.=--No. 1, Complete bridle bit of horn
(Corcelettes)--2, Side pieces of horn for bridle-bit
(Montale)--3 and 4, Ditto (Moeringen)--5 and 6, Ditto
of bronze (Moeringen)--7, Complete horse-bit of bronze
(Moeringen)--8, Ditto ditto (Corcelettes)--9, Two
cheek-pieces of bronze for a bridle-bit (Estavayer)--10,
Portion of the bronze railing of a chariot (Estavayer)--11
and 12, Bronze discs, supposed to be ornaments for horse
harness (Auvernier)--13, Portion of disc, slightly curved,
and perforated in centre 525

No. 1, after Dr. Brière (B. 463a); 2, after Dr. Boni (B.
421); 3 and 4, in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 5, 6, 7, 9, and
11 to 13, in Collection Gross; 8, in Museum of Lausanne;
10, in the Museum of Fribourg.

=192.=--Bronze mirror from Portalban (B. 420, Pl. xxxix.) 528

=193.=--No. 1, Quarter of a plate of earthenware
symmetrically perforated (Lake Bourget)--2, Ditto, with
ornamentations of tin strips (Cortaillod)--3, Fragment
of pottery that had been mended with tin strips--6, Vase
similarly ornamented (Hauterive)--7, 8 and 10, Toy dishes
(Auvernier)--9, Child's rattle of earthenware (Moeringen) 530

No. 1, in British Museum; 2, in Museum Schwab; 3 and 4, in
Museum at Aix-les-Bains; 5, in Museum at Chambéry; 6, in
Museum at Neuchâtel; 7, 8, and 10, in Collection Gross; 9,
in Cantonal Museum, Berne.

=194.=--Discoidal stone, common in Bronze Age 531

=195.=--Nos. 1 and 2, Wooden _bâtons de commandement_
(Castione)--3, Ditto (Moeringen)--4, Bronze tube, with
attached rings (Bourget)--5 to 8, Earthenware images
(Laibach)--9 and 10, Clay figures (Lake Bourget)--11, Stamp
of earthenware with _croix gammée_ or _swastika_--12,
Pieces of clay-plaster so marked (Lake Bourget)--13,
Figure like that of a duck, ornamented with tin strips
(Hauterive)--14, Clay figures like that of a pig
(Corcelettes)--15 and 16, Bronze figures (Bodmann)--17,
Crescent (Lake Bourget)--18, Ditto (Moeringen)--19,
Ditto (Hauterive) 532

Nos. 1 and 2, after Strobel (B. 328e); 3, after Gross (B.
286); 4, in Restaurant Lacustre, Port (Aix-les-Bains); 5 to
8, in Museum at Laibach; 9 and 10, after Costa (B. 176); 11
and 12, after Perrin (B. 282); 13, from _Anzeiger_, 1881;
14, in Collection Gross; 15 and 16, in Steinhaus Museum,
Ueberlinger; 17, in British Museum; 18, in Cantonal Museum,
Berne; 19, in Museum at Geneva.

=196.=--No. 1, Bronze pin--2, Bronze (copper?) bead--3,
Bone disc--4 and 5, Bronze bracelets--6, Bronze ring--7,
Bronze ornament--8 to 11, Bronze bracelets--12 and 13,
Bronze pins--14, Earthenware vase 540

Nos. 1 to 7, after Gross (B. 286); 8 and 9, from _Antiqua_,
1884; 10 to 14, after Keller (B. 336).

=197.=--Iron axe, with portion of wooden handle
(Bieler Insel), in Cantonal Museum, Berne 544

=198.=--Iron spear-head, ornamented with bronze or copper
(Lake Bourget), in Museum, Chambéry 544

=199.=--No. 1, Bronze helmet, with "late Celtic"
ornamentation (Berru)--2, Bronze helmet with fret
ornamentation--3 and 4, fragments of glass bracelets
(Hradischt)--5, Bronze fibula (La Tène)--6, Bronze
fibula (Hradischt)--7, Iron spear-head (Lower Thielle),
ornamented with a design of frets, spirals, and running
scrolls on each side (the designs are shown half the
original size)--8, Iron spear-head--9, Bronze ornament,
with portions of red enamel--10 and 11, Bronze fibulæ--12,
Bridle-bit--13, Gold bracelet--14 and 15, Bronze studs for
horse harness--16, Iron sword--17 and 18, Bone counters
(Hradischt) 547

No. 1, after Bertrand (_Arch. Celt. et Gauloise_); 2, and
8 to 16, after Fourdrignier (_Sépulture Gauloise de la
Gorge-Meillet_); 3, 4, 6, 17 and 18, after W. Osborne (see
page 549); 5 and 7, after Vouga (B. 428).

SKETCH-MAPS, PLANS, SECTIONS, ETC.
Plan of lake-dwellings in the lakes of Zürich, Pfäffikon,
Greifen, and Zug 9

Plan of lake-dwellings in the lakes of Bienne, Morat, and
Neuchâtel; also showing Correction des Eaux du Jura 23

Distribution of lake-dwellings at Cortaillod 45

Sketch-map of the shore of lake Neuchâtel, near Bevaix,
showing the relative positions of the stations of the
Stone and Bronze periods 50

Sketch-map, showing stations in Lake of Geneva 86

Sketch-map, showing stations in the Lake of Bourget 95

Plan of lake-dwellings in the Lake of Constance 129

Sketch of Laibach Moor, showing position of lake-dwellings 171

Sketch-map, showing lake-dwellings in the Lake of Varese
and neighbourhood 189

Plan and sections of terramara at Gorzano 263

Sketch-map, showing distribution of lake-dwellings and
terremare in the eastern part of the Po valley 266

Plan of lake-dwelling in Persanzigsee 314

Plan and sections of Crannog at Lochlee 416, 417

THE LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE.

First Lecture.

SETTLEMENTS IN LAKE ZÜRICH, WESTERN SWITZERLAND AND FRANCE.

The investigations of geologists in the early part of this century, culminating in the publication of Sir Charles Lyell's "Principles of Geology," not only upset current theories regarding the past history of our globe, but also revolutionised the very formulæ on which these theories were founded. The influence of this drastic clearance of antiquated machinery in geology soon extended to the collateral sciences, and one of the first to benefit from the improved methods was archæology. The first great application of scientific methods to prehistoric researches was made in the north of Europe. The Scandinavian savants, in attempting to pry into the early history of their people, found so little reliable information in their sagas and other mythological fables, that they cast them altogether aside as useless or misleading. Struck with the elegance and beauty of the stone weapons and implements so profusely scattered over the land, they seized the idea, occasionally previously mooted by writers in other countries, but hitherto never seriously considered, that there was a time when people were entirely ignorant of the use of metals, and, in the prosecution of their social industries, had to depend exclusively on such tools as could be manufactured out of stone, horn, wood, etc. To this idea they soon afterwards linked another, which experience has also shown to be founded on accurate observation, viz. that their earliest metal objects were made from a nearly uniform compound of copper and tin, known as bronze. Iron, it was maintained, was not known in the country for several centuries afterwards; but, on the other hand, when it became known, it gradually superseded bronze in the manufacture of all cutting implements and weapons, on account of its superior qualities for such purposes.

These simple observations in the hands of the Scandinavian scientists supplied the essential elements of a new system of classification, which has since become so familiar all over the world as the three ages of Stone, Bronze and Iron. Its adoption by Dr. Thomsen, in 1830, as the basis of arranging the prehistoric materials in the Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen, and, a few years later, in the Museums of Lund and Stockholm, marks the commencement of a new era in the history of prehistoric archæology. Other nations were not slow in following in the footsteps of the northern savants, and to such an extent was this new departure carried that for a time at least, all antiquarian objects were classified as belonging to one or other of the so-called ages, on the mere knowledge of their composition. So fascinating was the spell of this new doctrine, that it was some time before even experienced archæologists could see the fallacy of adhering rigidly to such a method of arranging objects; as if, the instant a bronze or an iron implement became known, the manufacture of its analogues in the inferior materials there and then ceased for ever. While, therefore, conceding that the chronological sequence of the three ages, as determined in Scandinavia, is generally correct, and holds good also for European countries, I consider it radically wrong to suppose that the respective epochs indicated by these successive stages of civilisation, especially in districts widely separated, are identical in point of time. Many local circumstances in a country, such as the poverty of the people, their isolation and distance from commercial highways, etc., have often so contributed to the persistency of customs and usages, elsewhere become obsolete and entirely superseded, that a chronological comparison of its progress in civilisation, as defined by the three ages, becomes perplexing, if not misleading, when applied to other countries. The question resolves itself, therefore, into this: that each well-defined archæological or geographical area must ascertain the chronological sequence and duration of these ages for itself.

But whatever may be the value of this system when applied to the elucidation of early European civilisation, one thing is certain--that it was the means of evoking throughout the entire world an enormous amount of interest in archæological pursuits. Henceforth primeval antiquities of every description, the merest "waifs and strays" of humanity, things which previously were utterly ignored, were now eagerly collected, described, and catalogued; and in every centre of intelligence societies and journals were founded with the express object of following up the new found trail of prehistoric man. Since then the problem of man's place in nature has come largely to the front, and now appeals for its solution to all departments of science, and to all legitimate processes of reasoning. Among those who devoted their energies to the study and elucidation of the archæological phase of this problem was the learned Ferdinand Keller, President of the Antiquarian Association at Zürich, to whom the world is indebted for one of the most remarkable archæological discoveries of this century--a discovery which in its consequential results is unique for the variety and wealth of materials with which it has illustrated that singular but long unknown and forgotten phase of prehistoric civilisation in Europe, which found its outcome in the habit of constructing dwellings in lakes, marshes, etc. This discovery of Dr. Keller was not of the nature of a lucky find, but was the result of a purely mental process--a spark of superior intelligence--fostered, I have no doubt, by his knowledge of these very Scandinavian doctrines to which I have just referred.

In countries whose lakes and rivers are fed from snow-clad mountains and glaciers, it is observed that their waters find their greatest diminution in winter, when a portion of their supply is temporarily suspended in the form of ice. This phenomenon became unusually intensified in Switzerland during the winter of 1853-4, so much so, that the level of its lakes had sunk lower than had ever before been known. Some of the inhabitants of the village of Ober-Meilen, on the east shore of Lake Zürich, took advantage of this circumstance to extend their vineyards, by recovering portions of the exposed shore, which they enclosed with stone walls, and filled in the space with mud, so as to bring its surface above the ordinary level of the lake. In the course of these operations the workmen came upon the heads of wooden piles around which were portions of stags' horns, stone hatchets and other implements (=Fig. 1=), which excited some curiosity among them. The event, however, was not singular in the district, as objects of a similar character were on several occasions encountered along the shore of the lake; and even in this same spot, in 1829, when the little harbour of the village was being deepened, bits of rotten piles, as well as implements of stone and horn, were turned up among the dredged stuff. They were not, however, deemed of sufficient value to be rescued from the mud, so that, along with it, they were carried away and re-deposited in deep water. Also at Männedorf, a village a few leagues farther up the lake, during the winter of 1843-4, while its harbour was being enlarged, similar discoveries were made. A few of the relics were on this occasion collected and sent to the Museum at Zürich, where they are still to be seen. Indeed, these, and other recorded instances of antiquarian remains being fished up or dredged from the Swiss lakes, are by no means exceptional events; but, however suggestive they may now appear, they all failed to excite in the minds of their beholders that great deduction which will for ever associate the name of Keller with the lake-dwellings of Europe. On this occasion the schoolmaster of the village of Ober-Meilen, Mr. Æppli, whose house was close by, considered the find of sufficient importance to be brought under the notice of the Antiquarian Association at Zürich, which he accordingly did in the month of January, 1854. Thus it was that Dr. Keller appeared on the scene. From the investigations which subsequently ensued the following general facts were ascertained.

(_a_) _Composition of Lake-bed._--First, or uppermost, there was a stratum of yellowish mud, from 1 to 2 feet thick, mixed with rounded pebbles, and in all respects similar to what was being deposited in the shallow indentations of the lake in the vicinity. Beneath this was a deposit of blackish mud, mixed with decayed organic matter, and varying in thickness from 2 to 2½ feet, in which the tops of the piles appeared and all the relics were found. The third stratum was in composition somewhat similar to the first, and, like it, with the exception of the deeply penetrating piles, was devoid of antiquarian remains.

(_b_) _Disposition of the Piles, etc._--The exact dimensions of the area occupied by the piles were not determined, but it appeared to be considerable, and to stretch along the shore within a few fathoms of the ordinary water-mark. The piles were made of different kinds of wood--oak, beech, birch, and fir being the most prevalent--and they varied in thickness from 4 to 6 inches. Sometimes entire stems were used, but more frequently they were split into halves or quarters. They were about 1½ foot apart, and had a kind of systematic arrangement in rows parallel to the beach. Some piles were pulled up, and their tips were found to have been pointed by blunt tools, the cuts of which were, in the estimation of experienced carpenters who had examined them, precisely similar to those which would be made by those very stone implements collected around them.

(_c_) _Relics._--The relics were of a mixed character, and included the following:--Stone celts and chisels, some of them being still fixed in their horn handles and fastenings (=Fig. 1=, Nos. 3, 4, 11, and 15); perforated hammer-axes (Nos. 8, 13, and 17); mealing-stones and polishers (No. 12); various implements made of flint, as scrapers, flakes (No. 1), saws (No. 2), and some rude arrow-points (only one being neatly finished, No. 16); various objects of horn and bone (Nos. 6 and 7); also some wooden clubs, fragments of pottery, spindle-whorls (No. 14), shells of hazel-nuts, etc. Among the relics then collected were a bead of amber (No. 9) and a bronze armilla (No. 10).

After careful consideration of the facts thus brought to light, Dr. Keller came to the conclusion that the piles had formerly supported a wooden platform, that on this platform huts had been erected, and that, after these had been inhabited for a long period, the whole structure had been destroyed by fire.

A knowledge of these discoveries at Ober-Meilen, and of Dr. Keller's opinion in regard to them, soon spread among the surrounding inhabitants, the immediate result of which was a sudden crop of lacustrine explorers, who carried on a vigorous search for similar remains in this and the adjacent lakes. For their guidance were requisitioned all sorts of traditions, stories of submerged cities, of which many abounded, recollections of the occasional finding of implements and weapons of unusual types, etc.; but of greatest service was the local knowledge of fishermen, who, from practical experiences of disasters to their nets and fishing gear, could at once point out numberless localities where large fields of submerged piling were to be found. In the spring of the same year the celebrated station known as the Steinberg, at Nidau, in Lake Bienne, was discovered, as well as numerous other stations in the lakes of Bienne, Neuchâtel, and Geneva; so that before an illustrated account of the Ober-Meilen discovery could appear in the Transactions of the Antiquarian Society of Zürich Dr. Keller had important materials of a similar character from other localities to record. This report, entitled "Die Keltischen Pfahlbauten in den Schweizerseen," appeared towards the close of the year 1854, and at once attracted the attention of archæologists in all countries. Since then lacustrine investigations in search of lake-dwellings have been incessantly carried on, not only in Switzerland, but in many other countries in Europe, with the result that each year has seen an increase in their number, as well as a corresponding enhancement of the archæological value of the materials so discovered.

Prominent among the early investigators whose names have a claim to be associated with this great discovery which has so popularised the name of the Zürich antiquary were Colonel Schwab, of Bienne, whose splendid collection of lake-dwelling antiquities now adorns his native town; Professor Desor, author of the admirable little treatise "Les Palafittes, ou Constructions lacustres du lac de Neuchâtel," and other works; and Professor Troyon of Lausanne, whose work, "Habitations lacustres des temps anciens et modernes," is so well known. But foremost among them all stood Keller himself, who from time to time, according to the demands of fresh discoveries, issued systematic reports of the Pfahlbauten, of which no fewer than six had appeared previous to the year 1866. In that year was published the English edition of Keller's reports, arranged and translated by Mr. Lee. It is needless to pursue here any further in historical order the various means, whether as publications or investigations, by which Keller's discovery was being pursued, as they come to be dealt with elsewhere. Suffice it to say that within a few years of its publicity, the existence of lacustrine villages all over Central Europe in prehistoric times was fully established.

From these remarks you will have some idea of the work before us in these lectures. It contemplates a critical and summary review of the principal results of the investigations of the lake-dwellings of Europe during the last half-century. This embraces a large geographical area, extending, roughly, from Ireland to Bulgaria, and from Venice on the Adriatic to the shores of the Baltic. Of the very numerous researches to which I shall have to refer, some were conducted by private individuals, others by public or scientific bodies, but all presumably more or less qualified to give a correct report of the facts. The records of successive discoveries have been generally published in the proceedings of local societies, but sometimes in separate monographs of extremely limited circulation. As to the antiquities, some have found their way to dealers, and have disappeared to foreign lands. A large proportion, however, have been carefully preserved in the respective districts or countries in which they were found, and are now located in public museums or private collections, where, as a rule, they are intelligently arranged and duly labelled. In conducting you, as it were, over this wide area, amidst such diversified materials, I shall be guided, to a certain extent, by geographical convenience, even at the expense of historical sequence; and in discussing typical finds I shall, as far as this may be practicable, make use of diagrammatic and pictorial illustrations, believing that even a poor illustration often conveys more information than the most accurate description.

LAKE ZÜRICH.

Further discoveries in Lake Zürich were not so speedily effected as in some of the other Swiss lakes, and for a few years the interest in this subject was transferred to more distant localities. In the following year, 1855, Colonel Schwab visited Zürich and made further researches at Männedorf and Ober-Meilen. From the latter he succeeded in securing a considerable number of objects, especially stone hatchets, some of which were made of nephrite, and a bronze celt of the flat type (=Fig. 1=, No. 5).

In 1858, in the course of some dredging operations for the purpose of deepening the mouth of the Limmat, fragments of pottery, bits of piles, and some peculiar beams having one or two square-cut holes (=Fig. 2=, Nos. 13 and 14) were dredged up. Dr. Keller recognised here the site of a Pfahlbau which extended both under the little island called Bauschanze and outwards towards the lake. (B. 22 and 336.)

Two other localities near the outlet known as the "Kleiner Hafner" and "Grosser Hafner" were also proved to have been stations. The former was opposite the north end of the Tonhalle, and about 150 yards distant from the original shore. It occupied a circular area of about 1½ acre in extent and, when the water was low, its surface was only some 3 feet submerged. The Grosser Hafner was farther off in the lake, and its area was considerably larger than that of the Kleiner Hafner. On a clear day in both these localities stones and the tops of piles could be seen. Another locality known to Dr. Keller at this early period was about two miles from Zürich, on the west shore of the lake and just opposite the steamboat pier at Wollishofen. Here the lake-bed consisted of a deposit of fine mud, and owing to the constant commotion made by the steamers in passing to and fro the _débris_ of the lake-dwelling had been greatly covered up. (B. 336.)

As the Kleiner Hafner lay directly along the course followed by the steamers, and greatly obstructed their passage, the authorities, in 1867, resolved to have the obstruction removed altogether. For this purpose a dredging machine was used, by means of which a segment several feet thick was removed from its surface. During this operation the same kind of perforated beams which had already attracted attention at the Bauschanze were turned up among the stuff, together with numerous objects of flint, stone, bone, etc., similar to those at Ober-Meilen (=Fig. 2=, Nos. 9 to 17). In addition to these, however, there were bronze axes of the winged type, some spoon-shaped crucibles, large clay rings and fragments of pottery of an unusually fine kind (=Fig. 2=, Nos. 1 to 8). But, what was considered still more strange, there were among these relics some iron weapons and Roman tiles.

Hitherto there was little or nothing done to the Grosser Hafner, and the "Haumessergrund" at Wollishofen, and so the surmises of Dr. Keller regarding them might have died with him, had it not been for the extraordinary exertions of the people of Zürich to have their beautiful environments made still more attractive by art. These extensive alterations, begun some six years ago, and scarcely yet completed, have so entirely changed the aspect of the shore in the immediate neighbourhood of the outlet, that visitors whose recollection of the town dates farther back than these transformations, will hardly recognise the locality. A splendid bridge now spans the opening of the Limmat, and on both sides of it are elegant promenades, gardens, and ornamental quays, which occupy what was formerly part of the lake. The filling up of such a great area of lake-bottom involved the use of dredgers, which, with revolving buckets, raised stuff from the most convenient shallows along the shore, and having dropped it into boats, it was then transported to its final destination. Among the localities selected for these operations were the Grosser Hafner and the outskirts of the Bauschanze. The rich loamy deposits of the Haumessergrund at Wollishofen were also found suitable for mixing with the gravel and for forming a good soil for the floral and horticultural gardens which now form such a conspicuous ornament to the fashionable walks along the northern shore of the lake.

The Grosser Hafner[1] supplied a wonderful medley of antiquarian objects, apparently of all ages--stone hatchets (one of which was 10 inches long), horn handles, bone implements, etc. Among bronze objects were: hatchets of the winged type, chisels, sickles, knives some ornamented with half-circles, points, and lines (=Fig. 2=, Nos. 30 and 35); pins with large heads, oval or round, and sometimes perforated and variously ornamented (Nos. 24, 25, and 26); arm-rings, both closed and open, and ornamented with engraved lines, dots, etc. (Nos. 18 and 28); a few spirals (No. 34), small rings and pendants (Nos. 19 and 27); two solid rings attached by a band (No. 29); a group of four rings--one being larger, on which the other three were hung (No. 20); a pin-like object, 15½ inches long, with a handle like that of a sword (No. 32); lance-heads, some of which were ornamented; a few small beads of amber. Among the fragments of pottery were two vessels complete with round bases (No. 31), and part of a moon-shaped crescent, rudely ornamented with depressions like finger-marks.

Here, again, as in the Kleiner Hafner, objects apparently of a later date were found, among which were Roman tiles, pottery of the kind known as _terra sigillata_, and an iron spear-head; also upwards of 16 coins of the time of Augustus, Tiberias and Vespasian.

On the other hand, at the Bauschanze, while objects of the stone age were very numerous, there were scarcely any of bronze. Most of the objects collected on this station were dispersed; but among the few that have come to the knowledge of antiquaries are some remarkable implements of horn, like picks, said to be field-hoes (Nos. 21 and 22). One of these is 14½ inches long, pointed at one end and chisel-shaped at the other. Another (10½ inches long) is also pointed at one end, but forked at the other. Both are perforated with an oval hole for the insertion of a wooden handle.[2]

WOLLISHOFEN.--The greatest of all the finds in Lake Zürich was that at Wollishofen. (B. 448, 449a, and 462.) Here, again, the dredging machines brought up a large quantity of wood, among which were some of those peculiar oak beams with square-cut holes, already noticed (=Fig. 2=, Nos. 13 and 14). The wood was of various kinds, and so abundant that the poorer people were in the habit of collecting it for firewood. Although the antiquities of the stone age were numerous, the great feature of this station is that it belonged to, or at least existed during, the most flourishing period of the bronze age. Notwithstanding pilfering, and the difficulty of detecting the smaller objects, the collection, as now deposited in the Museum at Zürich, must be considered one of the most important in the whole series of lake-dwelling researches. Among the more remarkable objects were the following:--

_Weapons._--Four bronze swords, one only of which is complete (=Fig. 3=, No. 1); its entire length is 28½ inches, including the handle, which is also of bronze (barely 4 inches long), and to which the blade is attached by two rivets; another (No. 2), which is defective both in the blade and handle, is of a different type, especially in the formation of the handle, which was intended to have bone or wooden plates fastened with rivets to the remaining bronze portion; it is ornamented with a combination of circles or semicircles, in incised lines or dots. Three daggers, two of which have rivet-holes, and the third has what appears to be the remains of a tang. Eleven arrow-heads of bronze, and several of flint and bone. Of the former, two only have sockets (Nos. 4 and 14), the others being imitations of the ordinary flint forms (Nos. 3 and 5). Lance-heads were in much larger numbers than either the swords or daggers; they are mostly socketed, with side rivet-holes for fixing the handle; they vary in length from 3½ to 8 inches, and are sometimes ornamented, as shown in No. 7, and only two had tangs. Portions of wood are supposed to be fragments of bows.

_Industrial Implements and Ornaments._--The stone hatchets are exceedingly well-made, and appear to have been partly sawn from water-worn boulders of serpentine and hornstone. None were of _nephrite_ or _jadeite_; a few of horn have been noted (=Fig. 185=, No. 15). The bronze hatchets (=Fig. 4=, Nos. 16, 20, and 25) were numerous, the greatest number having four wings and sometimes a loop at the side; the direction of the cutting edge is generally at right angles to that of the wings, but in a few instances parallel to it (as in No. 16); at the top of the hatchet there is a hole or small recess. Of the flat kind there were a few, one of which is here figured (No. 25). Two small ones are of copper (=Fig. 3=, No. 17). The knives are mostly ornamented with running patterns or circles or semicircles in dots or lines, and the blades are all more or less curved (=Fig. 4=, Nos. 11 to 15); the handles were sometimes solid and of a piece with the blade, but more frequently they were of horn or wood, and attached by tangs or rivets. It is rather remarkable that amongst the large number of knives collected at Wollishofen there is not one of the socketed kind, which, as we shall afterwards see, are so frequently met with in Lake Bourget and some stations in western Switzerland. Some sickles of the usual type, fish-hooks, and a few of the socketed razor knives. Of bronze hammers there are six, all of which are socketed and either round or rectangular in shape (=Fig. 4=, Nos. 8 and 18). The round one, No. 8, is ornamented with a series of circular grooves, and has a socket 1¾ inches deep; it weighs 490 grs.

There is a considerable number of chisels and gouges (=Fig. 4=, Nos. 1 to 7), small tubes, broad-headed nails and studs. One bronze punch is bifurcated (_Antiqua_, 1886, Pl. v. Fig. 8). An elegant vase of solid bronze (=Fig. 3=, No. 22), and fragments of large situlæ, made of thin bronze plates riveted (=Fig. 4=, Nos. 17 and 22). One of the most remarkable objects is that represented on =Fig. 4=, No. 21, which is supposed to be an anvil. Several long pins with sword-like handles, similar to one found on the Grosser Hafner (=Fig. 4=, Nos. 9 and 10). Bronze hair-pins were so numerous that they are to be counted by hundreds in the Museum (=Fig. 3=, Nos. 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19 and 23 to 26). One bronze comb and one bronze fibula (=Fig. 3=, Nos. 16 and 20). Bracelets are well represented, both closed and open; they are either flat or in solid mass (=Fig. 3=, No. 13), and generally ornamented; one (No. 15), open at the ends, is made of two stout wires, one of which is spirally grooved, and the other plain; these wires are united at the ends by a tin pin, which passes through a loop formed by the recoil of the ends of the wires. A large hollow ring (three inches internal, and rather more than four inches external diameter) is highly ornamented. (See =Fig. 188=, No. 2.) Finger-rings (=Fig. 3=, No. 28), pendants (Nos. 29, 30, and 31), buttons (No. 21), studs (No. 27), a so-called _portemonnaie_, for ring money (No. 33), portions of girdles (=Fig. 4=, No. 19). There are also one ringlet of gold and three beads, one of amber and two of glass. Amongst the nondescript objects are several small wheels--three of pottery (=Fig. 5=, No. 6), five of bronze (=Fig. 3=, Nos. 12 and 18), and two of tin (No. 32)--a leaden weight, which has a high loop of bronze (=Fig. 4=, No. 23). An object of the same kind (No. 24), with two loops, was found at Onnens. Besides the two copper celts (=Fig. 3=, No. 17) there were two small copper awls and several bits of this metal.

_Pottery._--The pottery at Wollishofen shows vessels made of two kinds of paste, one fine, and the other coarse containing a mixture of rough sand. The vessels varied much in size, the smallest being only about one inch in diameter, and the larger ones, judging from the curve of the fragments, ranged from sixteen to twenty-seven inches in diameter. They had no glaze, nor can it be said that the wheel was used in their manufacture, although some are very symmetrically shaped. No quartz or sand was mixed with the fine paste, of which the more ornamental vessels were made (=Fig. 5= Nos. 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 11, and 12). Some had a conical-shaped base, and could only be made to sit in soft material, such as sand, or by means of a ring, like those figured from the Kleiner and Grosser Hafner. One small vessel was trilocular, having its three chambers or bowls attached to one common base. Some very flat vessels were found, which are supposed to have been lids (=Fig. 5=, No. 7). Spindle whorls of burnt clay variously ornamented (=Fig. 5=, Nos. 13 to 20), and some other objects like modern thread pirns (Nos. 5 and 10) are in abundance. Portions of six crescents are all differently ornamented. Some now in the Museum have been restored, so as to show their original form and ornamentation, and it is from one of these that the illustration here given was taken (=Fig. 5=, No. 8). Some dishes took the forms of animals, as in No. 4, and were probably used as lamps.

Among other objects may be mentioned some bits of red stone, supposed to have been used as paint; foundry materials, as moulds and bronze dross; portion of a dug-out canoe; various bits of sawn and cut horn; etc.

_Human Remains._--The only portion of a human skeleton was a skull, which, according to Dr. Kollmann, is of the mesocephalic type. (B. 420, p. 90.)

_Organic Remains._--Wheat, millet, hazel-nuts, and crab-apples, were identified.

MÄNNEDORF.--I have already incidentally referred to the discovery of the site of a lake-dwelling at Männedorf before 1854, when such antiquities were not understood (page 4). In 1866, however, a portion of lake-bottom close to where these early discoveries were made, measuring about eighty feet by thirty, was deepened to facilitate the passage of steamers, when further evidence as to the nature of this settlement was disclosed. The piles were so closely set that there was hardly the breadth of a pile between them. The objects collected were very similar to those already described from Ober-Meilen, among which was a spoon-like crucible like those from Robenhausen. (B. 126, p. 263.) The discovery of a second station near the mouth of the Surenbach, between Männedorf and Uetikon, was noticed by Dr. Keller in his second report. (B. 22, p. 121.)

UETIKON.--Remains of another station are to be found close by the landing stage at Uetikon, from which on several occasions antiquities of the Stone Age were picked up. More decided indications of the character of this settlement were, however, revealed in 1886, in consequence of some dredging operations that were carried on. On this occasion were found not only piles, bones of various animals, as stag, ox, and pig, fragments of pottery, stone hatchets, and flint implements--the usual relics of the Stone Age--but also a few bronze rings and hair-pins. (B. 462, p. 17.)

In the Zürich Museum may be seen a considerable number of the relics from this station, among which are twenty-three stone celts (one being still in its horn fastening), five flint saws or scrapers, four pointers of horn, and a semi-globular spindle-whorl.

ERLENBACH.--Near Erlenbach were two settlements, one at Winkel, a few minutes' walk above the village; and the other at Wyden, about an equal distance below it. In 1886 the usual indications of the Pfahlbau settlements, such as piles and various industrial relics, were found in the course of some dredging operations, but the objects were mostly dispersed. (B. 462, and 420a, p. 73.)

LETTEN.--In 1877, while digging a canal in connection with the Zürich waterworks, some remarkable antiquities of bronze and iron were dug up, which Dr. Keller describes in the eighth report of the lake-dwellings. They were found in a portion of the cutting extending some eight hundred yards in length at a place called Letten, on the right bank of the Limmat, nearly opposite to where the Zihl joins it. The objects lay in a fine mud deposited by the river, and underneath a bed of gravel of the same origin. Dr. Keller came to the conclusion that the "Lettenfunde" belonged to a settlement analogous to, and probably contemporary with, the later Pfahlbauten, with the relics from which they in many respects agree. A careful inspection of the Letten relics--which include two swords, one or two spear-heads, a variety of winged celts, a couple of sickles with raised buttons, knives, a great number of hair-pins of diversified forms, an involved ring-ornament, etc., all of bronze--shows that they are of a more recent period than the lake-dwellings. Among the bronze celts are forms (as for example that in =Fig. 3=, No. 35) which have never been found in the true relic bed of a lake-dwelling; and besides there are other objects, such as a fibula, and a piece of iron partly fashioned, probably intended for a sword, which are characteristic of the La Tène period. (See =Fig. 87=, No. 6.) While deepening the bed of the Limmat similar objects, as well as those of preceding and succeeding ages (Roman), have been frequently found. The Letten objects correspond more with the pre-Roman antiquities found in the Nidau-Büren Canal and in some of the later tumuli, and may therefore be said to link together the products of two very different civilisations, viz. the bronze age of the lake-dwellings, and the subsequent iron age, so characteristic in La Tène.

For the relative positions of these stations see Sketch Map, page 9.

LAKE OF BIENNE.