Chapter XXIV: Parzival, the Brave Man Slowly Wise (2)

Gawain could no longer stand. Fainting they laid him on the grass. Gramoflanz rides up, and is grieved to find his rival in no condition to fight. Parzival offers to take Gawain’s place; but Gramoflanz declines, and the combat is postponed till the morrow. Parzival is then escorted to Arthur’s Court, where Gawain would have him meet fair ladies; he holds back, thinking of the shame once put on him there by Cundrie. Gawain insists, and ladies greet the knight. Arthur again makes Parzival one of the Round Table. Early the next morning, Parzival, changing his arms, meets Gramoflanz in the lists, before Gawain has arrived; and vanquishes him. Then comes Gawain and offers to postpone the combat as Gramoflanz had done. So the combat is again set for the next day. In the meanwhile, however, various matters come to light and explanations are had; Arthur succeeds in reconciling the rival knights and adjusting their relations to the ladies. So the Court becomes gay with wedding festivals, and all is joy.

Except with Parzival. His heart is torn with pain and yearning for his wife. He muses: “Since I could love, how has love dealt with me! I was born from love; why have I lost love? I must seek the Grail; yet how I yearn for the sweet arms of her from whom I parted--so long ago! It is not fit that I should look on this joyful festival with anguish in my heart.” There lay his armour: “Since I have no part in this joy, and God wills none for me; and the love of Condwiramurs banishes all wish for other happiness--now God grant happiness to all this company. I will go forth.” He put his armour on, saddled his horse, took spear and shield, and fled from the joyous Court, as the day was dawning.

And now he meets a heathen knight, approaching with a splendid following. They rode a great joust; and the heathen wondered to find a knight abide his lance. They fought with swords together, till their horses were blown; they sprang on the ground, and there fought on. Then the heathen thought of his queen; the love-thought brought him strength, and he struck Parzival a blow that brought him to his knee. Now rouse thee, Parzival; why dost thou not think on thy wife? Suddenly he thought of her, and how he won her love, vanquishing Clamide before Pelrapeire. Straight her aid came to him across four kingdoms, and he struck the heathen down; but his sword--once Ither’s--broke.

The foolish evil deed of Parzival in slaying Ither seems atoned for in the breaking of this sword. Had it not broken, great evil had been done. The great-hearted heathen sprang up. “Hero, you would have conquered had that sword not broken. Be peace between us while we rest.”

They sat together on the grass. “Tell me your name,” said the heathen; “I have never met as great a knight.”

“Is it through fear, that I should tell my name?”

“Nay, I will name myself--Feirefiz of Anjou.”

“How of Anjou? that is my heritage. Yet I have heard I had a brother. Let me see your face. I will not attack you with your helmet off.”

“Attack me? it is I that hold the sword; but let neither have the vantage.” He threw his sword far from them.

With joy and tears the brothers recognized each other; and long and loving was their speech. Then they rode back together to the Court. They entered Gawain’s tent. Arthur came to greet them, and with him many knights. At Arthur’s request each of the great brothers told the long list of his knightly victories. The next day Feirefiz was made a knight of the Round Table, and a grand tournament was held. Then the feast followed; and again, as once before, to the great company seated at the table, Cundrie came riding. She greeted the king; then turned to Parzival, and in tears threw herself at his feet and begged a greeting and forgiveness. Parzival forgives her. She rises up and cries: “Hail to thee, son of Gahmuret--Herzeloide’s child. Humble thyself in gladness. The high lot is thine, thou crown of human blessing. Thou shalt be the Grail’s lord; with thee thy wife Condwiramurs, and thy sons Lohengrin and Kardeiz, whom she bore to thee after thy going. Thy mouth shall question Anfortas--unto his joy. Now the planets favour thee; thy grief is spent. The Grail and the Grail’s power shall let thee have no part in evil. When young, thou didst get thee sorrow, which betrayed thy joy as it came;--thou hast won thy soul’s peace, and in sorrow thou hast endured unto thy life’s joy.”

Tears of love sprang from Parzival’s heart and fell from his eyes: “Lady, if this be true, that God’s grace has granted me, sinful man, to have my children and my wife, God has been good to me. Loyally would you make good my losses. Before, had I not done amiss, you would not have been angry. At that time I was yet unblessed. Now tell me, when and how I shall go meet my joy. Oh! let me not be stayed!”

There was no more delay. Parzival was permitted to take one comrade; he chose Feirefiz. Cundrie guided them to the Grail castle. They entered to find Anfortas calling on death to free him of his pain. Weeping, and with prayer to God, Parzival asked what ailed him, and the king was healed. Then Parzival rode again to Trevrizent. The hermit breaks out in wonder at the power of God, which man cannot comprehend; let Parzival obey Him and keep from evil; that any one should win the Grail by striving was unheard of; now this has come to Parzival, let him be humble. The hero yearns for his wife--where is she? He is told; there by the meadow where he once saw the drops of blood he finds her and his sons, asleep in their tent. They are united; Parzival is made Grail king; and the queen Repanse is given in marriage to Feirefiz, who is baptized and departs with her. Lohengrin is named as Parzival’s successor, while Kardeiz receives the kingdoms which had been Gahmuret’s and Herzeloide’s.

END OF VOL. I

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

INDEX

_NOTE.--Of several references to the same matter the more important are shown by heavy type._

Abaelard, Peter, career of, ii. 342-5;
at Paris, ii. 343, 344, 383;
popularity there, ii. 119;
love for Heloïse, ii. 4-=5=, 344;
love-songs, ii. =13=, 207;
Heloïse’s love for, i. 585; ii. =3=, =5=, 8, 9, =15-16=;
early relations with Heloïse, ii. 4-5;
suggestion of marriage opposed by her, ii. 6-9;
marriage, ii. 9;
suffers vengeance of Fulbert, ii. 9;
becomes a monk at St. Denis, ii. 10;
at the Paraclete, ii. 10, 344;
at Breton monastery, ii. 10;
St. Bernard’s denunciations of, i. 229, 401; ii. =344-5=, =355=;
letters to, from Heloïse quoted, ii. 11-15, 17-20, 23, 24;
letters from, to Heloïse quoted, ii. 16-17, 21-3, 24-5;
closing years at Cluny, ii. 25, =26=, 345;
death of, ii. =27=, 345;
estimate of, ii. 4, 342;
rationalizing temper, i. 229; ii. =298-9=;
skill in dialectic, ii. 303, =345-6=, 353;
not an Aristotelian, ii. 369;
works on theology, ii. 352-5;
_De Unitate et Trinitate divina_, ii. 10, =298-9=, 352 _and_ _n. 3_;
_Theologia_, ii. =303-4=, 395;
_Scito te ipsum_, ii. 350-1;
_Sic et non_, i. 17; ii. =304-6=, =352=, 357;
_Dialectica_, ii. 346 _and_ _nn._, 349-50;
_Dialogue_ between Philosopher, Jew, and Christian, ii. 350, =351=;
_Historia calamitatum_, ii. =4-11=, 298-9, =343=;
_Carmen ad Astralabium filium_, ii. 192;
hymns, ii. 207-9;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 134, 283 _and_ _n._

Abbo, Abbot, i. =294 and n.=, 324

Abbots:
Armed forces, with, i. 473
Cistercian, position of, i. 362-3 _and_ _n._
Investiture of, lay, i. 244
Social class of, i. 473

Accursius, _Glossa ordinaria_ of, ii. 262, =263=

Adalberon, Abp. of Rheims, i. 240, =282-3=, 287

Adam of Marsh, ii. 389, 400, 487

Adam of St. Victor, editions of hymns of, ii. 87 _n. 1_;
examples of the hymns, ii. 87 _seqq._;
Latin originals, ii. 206, 209-15

Adamnan cited, i. 134 _n. 2_, 137

Adelard of Bath, ii. 370

Aedh, i. 132

Agobard, Abp. of Lyons, i. 215, =232-3=;
cited, ii. 247

Aidan, St., i. 174

Aimoin, _Vita Abbonis_ by, i. 294 _and_ _n._

Aix, Synod of, i. 359

Aix-la-Chapelle:
Chapel at, i. 212 _n._
School at, _see_ Carolingian period--Palace school

Alans, i. 113, 116, 119

Alanus de Insulis, career of, ii. 92-4;
estimate of, ii. 375-6;
works of, ii. 48 _n. 1_, =94=, 375 _n. 5_, 376;
_Anticlaudianus_, ii. =94-103=, 192, 377, 539;
_De planctu naturae_, ii. =192-3 and n. 1=, 376

Alaric, i. 112

Alaric II., i. =117=; ii. 243

Alberic, Card., i. 252 _n. 2_

Alberic, Markgrave of Camerino, i. 242

Alberic, son of Marozia, i. 242-3

Albertus Magnus, career of, ii. 421;
estimate of, ii. 298, 301, =421=;
estimate of work of, ii. 393, 395;
attitude toward Gilbert de la Porrée, ii. 372;
compared with Bacon, ii. 422;
with Aquinas, ii. 433, =438=;
relations with Aquinas, ii. 434;
on logic, ii. 314-15;
method of, ii. 315 _n._;
edition of works, ii. 424 _n. 1_;
_De praedicabilibus_, ii. 314 and _n._, 315, 424-5;
work on the rest of Aristotle, ii. 420-1;
analysis of this work, ii. 424 _seqq._;
attitude toward the original, ii. 422;
_Summa theologiae_, ii. 430, 431;
_Summa de creaturis_, ii. 430-1;
_De adhaerendo Deo_, ii. 432;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17; ii. 82 _n. 2_, 283, 312, 402, 541 _n. 2_

Albigenses, i. 49;
persecution of, i. 366-7, 461, 481, 572; ii. 168

Alboin the Lombard, i. 115

Alchemy, ii. 496-7

Alcuin of York, career of, i. 214;
works of, i. 216-21 _and_ _n. 2_;
extracts from letters of, ii. 159;
stylelessness of, ii. =159=, 174;
verses by, quoted, ii. 136-7;
on _urbanitas_, ii. 136;
otherwise mentioned, i. 212, 240, 343; ii. 112, 312, 332

Aldhelm, i. 185

Alemanni, i. 9, 121, 122, 145 _n. 2_, 174, 192

Alemannia, Boniface’s work in, i. 199

Alexander the Great, Pseudo-Callisthenes’ Life of, ii. 224, 225,
=229-230=;
Walter of Lille’s work on, ii. 230 _n. 1_

Alexander II., Pope, i. 262 _n._, 263 _and_ _n. 1_

Alexander de Villa-Dei, _Doctrinale_ of, ii. =125-7=, 163

Alexander of Hales--at Paris, i. 476; ii. =399=;
Bacon’s attack on, ii. 494, 497;
estimate of work of, ii. 393, 395, 399;
Augustinianism of, ii. 403-4

Alfred, King of England, i. 144 _and_ _n. 2_, =187-90=

Allegory (_See also_ Symbolism):
Dictionaries of, ii. 47-8 _and_ _n. 1_, 49
Greek examples of, ii. 42, 364
Metaphor distinguished from, ii. 41 _n._
Politics, in, ii. 60-1, 275-=6=, =280=
_Roman de la rose_ as exemplifying, ii. 103
Scripture, _see under_ Scriptures
Two uses of, ii. 365

Almsgiving, i. 268

Alphanus, i. 253-4

_Amadas_, i. 565

Ambrose, St., Abp. of Milan, on miracles, i. 85-6;
attitude toward secular studies, i. 300; ii. 288;
_Hexaëmeron_ of, i. 72-4;
_De officiis_, i. 96;
hymns, i. 347-8;
otherwise mentioned, i. 70, 75, 76, 104, 186, 354; ii. 45 _n._, 272

Anacletus II., Pope, i. 394

Anchorites, _see_ Hermits

Andrew the Chaplain, _Flos amoris_ of, i. 575-6

Angels:
Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 324-5, 435, =457 seqq.=, =469=, =473-5=
Dante’s views on, ii. 551
Emotionalizing of conception of, i. 348 _n. 4_
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 68, 69
Symbols, regarded as, ii. 457
Vincent’s _Speculum_ as concerning, ii. 319
Writings regarding, summary of, ii. 457

Angilbert, i. 234-5

Angles, i. 140

Anglo-Saxons:
Britain conquered by, i. 141
Characteristics of, i. 142, =196=
Christian missions by, i. 196, 197
Christian missions to, i. 172, 174, =180 seqq.=
Customs of, i. 141
Poetry of, i. 142-4
Roman influence slight on, i. 32

Aniane monastery, i. 358-9

Annals, i. 234 and _n. 1_

Anselm (at Laon), ii. 343-4

Anselm, St., Abp. of Canterbury, dream of, i. 269-70;
early career, i. 270;
at Bec, i. 271-2;
relations with Rufus, i. 273, 275;
journey to Italy, i. 275;
estimate of, i. 274, =276-7=; ii. =303=, 330, =338=;
style of, i. 276; ii. =166-7=;
influence of, on Duns Scotus, ii. 511;
works of, i. 275 _seqq._;
_Cur Deus homo_, i. 275, 277 _n. 1_, =279=; ii. 395;
_Monologion_, i. 275-7;
_Proslogion_, i. 276-8; ii. =166=, 395;
_Meditationes_, i. 276, =279=;
_De grammatico_, i. 277 _n. 2_;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16, 19, 301-2; ii. 139, 283, 297, 340

Anselm of Besate, i. 259

Anthony, St., i. 365-6;
Life of, by Athanasius, i. 47, =52 and n.=

Antique literature, _see_ Greek thought _and_ Latin classics

Antique stories, themes of, in vernacular poetry, ii. 223 _seqq._

Apollinaris Sidonius, ii. 107

Apollonius of Tyana, i. 44

_Apollonius of Tyre_, ii. 224 _and_ _n._

Aquinas, Thomas, family of, ii. 433-4;
career, ii. 434-5;
relations with Albertus Magnus, ii. 434;
translations of Aristotle obtained by, ii. 391;
_Vita_ of, by Guilielmus de Thoco, ii. 435 _n._;
works of, ii. 435;
estimate of, and of his work, i. 17, 18; ii. 301, =436-8=, 484;
completeness of his philosophy, ii. 393-5;
pivot of his attitude, ii. 440;
present position of, ii. 501;
style, ii. 180;
mastery of dialectic, ii. 352;
compared with Eriugena, i. 231 _n. 1_;
with Albertus Magnus, ii. 433, =438=;
with Bonaventura, ii. 437;
with Duns, ii. 517;
Dante compared with and influenced by, ii. 541 _n. 2_, =547=, 549,
551, 555;
on monarchy, ii. 277;
on faith, ii. 288;
on difference between philosophy and theology, ii. 290;
on logic, ii. 313;
_Summa theologiae_, i. 17, 18; ii. =290 seqq.=;
style of the work, ii. 180-1;
Bacon’s charge against it, ii. 300;
Peter Lombard’s work contrasted with it, ii. 307-10;
its method, ii. 307;
its classification scheme, ii. 324-9;
analysis of the work, ii. 438 _seqq._, 447 _seqq._;
_Summa philosophica contra Gentiles_, ii. 290, 438, =445-6=;
otherwise mentioned, i. 69 _n. 2_; ii. 283, 298, 300, 312, 402

Aquitaine, i. 29, 240, =573=

Arabian philosophy, ii. =389-90=, 400-1

Arabs, Spanish conquest by, i. 9, 118

Archimedes, i. 40

Architecture, Gothic:
Evolution of, i. 305; ii. =539=
Great period of, i. 346

Argenteuil convent, ii. 9, 10

Arianism:
Teutonic acceptance of, i. =120=, 192, 194
Visigothic abandonment of, i. 118 _nn._

Aristotle, estimate of, i. 37-8;
works of, i. 37-8;
unliterary character of writings of, ii. 118, 119;
philosophy as classified by, ii. 312;
attitude of, to discussions of final cause, ii. 336;
the _Organon_, i. =37=, 71;
progressive character of its treatises, ii. 333-4;
Boëthius’ translation of the work, i. 71, =91-2=;
advanced treatises “lost” till 12th cent., ii. 248 _n._, 334;
Porphyry’s _Introduction_ to the _Categories_, i. 45, 92, 102; ii.
312, =314 n.=, 333, =339=;
Arabian translations of works, ii. 389-90;
introduction of complete works, i. 17;
Latin translations made in 13th cent., ii. 391;
three stages in scholastic appropriation of the Natural Philosophy and
Metaphysics, ii. 393;
Paris University study of, ii. 391-2 _and_ _n._;
Albertus Magnus’ work on, ii. 420-1, 424 _seqq._;
Aquinas’ mastery of, i. 17, 18;
Dominican acceptance of system of, ii. 404;
Dante’s reverence for, ii. 542

Arithmetic:
Abacus, the, i. 299
Boëthius’ work on, i. 72, =90=
Music in relation to, ii. 291
Patristic treatment of, i. 72
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313

Arnold of Brescia, i. 401; ii. 171

Arnulf, Abp. of Rheims, i. 283-4

Art, Christian (_For particular arts, see their names_):
Demons as depicted in, ii. 540 _n. 2_
Early, i. 345 _n._
Emotionalizing of, i. 345-7
Evolution of, i. 19-20
Germany, in (11th cent.), i. 312
Symbolism the inspiration of, i. 21; ii. 82-6

Arthur, King, story of youth of, i. 568-569;
relations with Lancelot and Guinevere, i. 584;
with Parzival, i. 592, 599-600, 612

Arthurian romances:
Comparison of, with _Chansons de geste_, i. 564-5
German culture influenced by, ii. 28
Origin and authorship of, question as to, i. 565-7
Universal vogue of, i. =565=, 573, 577
otherwise mentioned, i. 531, 538

Arts, the (_See also_ Latin classics):
Classifications of, ii. 312 _seqq._
Course of, shortening of, ii. =132=, 384
_Dictamen_, ii. =121=, =129=, 381
Grammar, _see that heading_
Masters in, at Paris and Oxford, ii. 384-5;
course for, ii. 388
Seven Liberal, _see that heading_

Asceticism:
Christian:
Carthusian, i. 384
Early growth of, i. 333-5
Manichean, i. 49
Women’s practice of, i. 444, 462-3
Neo-Platonic, i. 43, 44, 46, 50, =331=, 334

Astralabius, ii. 6, 9, 27;
Abaelard’s poem to, ii. 191-2 _and_ _n. 1_

Astrology, i. =44 and n.=; ii. 374:
Bacon’s views on, ii. 499-500

Astronomy:
Chartres study of, i. 299
Gerbert’s teaching of, i. 288-9
Patristic attitude toward, i. 72

Ataulf, i. 112, 116

Athanasius, St., estimate of work of, i. =54=, 68;
Life of St. Anthony by, i. 47, =52 and n.=, 84;
_Orationes_, i. 68

Atlantis, i. 36

Attila the Hun, i. 112-13;
in legend, i. 145-7

Augustine, Abp. of Canterbury, i. 6, 171, =180-2=;
Gregory’s letters to, cited, i. 102

Augustine, St., Bp. of Hippo, Platonism of, i. 55;
personal affinity of, with Plotinus, i. 55-7;
barbarization of, by Gregory the Great, i. 98, 102;
compared with Gregory the Great, i. 98-9;
with Anselm, i. 279;
with Guigo, i. 385, 390;
overwhelming influence of, in Middle Ages, ii. 403;
on numbers, i. 72 _and_ _n. 2_, 105;
attitude toward physical science, i. 300;
on love of God, i. 342, 344;
allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 44-5;
modification by, of classical Latin, ii. 152;
_Confessions_, i. =63=; ii. 531;
_De Trinitate_, i. =64=, =68=, 74, 96;
_Civitas Dei_, i. 64-65, 69 _n. 2_, =81-82=;
_De moribus Ecclesiae_, i. 65, 67-8;
_De doctrina Christiana_, i. 66-7;
classification scheme based on the _Doctrina_, ii. 322;
_De spiritu et littera_, i. 69;
_De cura pro mortuis_, i. 86;
_De genesi ad litteram_, ii. 324;
Alcuin’s compends of works of, i. 220;
otherwise mentioned, i. 5, 53, 71, 75, 82, 87, 89, 104, 186, 225, 340,
354, 366, 370; ii. 107, 269, 297, 312

Augustus, Emp., i. 26, 29

Aurillac monastery, i. 281

Ausonius, i. 126 _n. 2_; ii. 107

Austrasia:
Church organization in, i. 199
Feudal disintegration of, i. 240
Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174
Rise of, under Pippin, i. 209

Authority _v._ reason, _see_ Reason

Auxerre, i. 506-7

Averroes, ii. 390

Averroism, ii. 400-1

Averroists, ii. =284 n.=, 296 _n. 1_

Avicenna, ii. 390

Avitus, Bp. of Vienne, i. 126 _n. 2_

Azo, ii. 262-3

Bacon, Roger, career of, ii. 486-7
tragedy of career, ii. 486;
relations with Franciscan Order, ii. 299, 486, =488=, 490-1;
encouragement to, from Clement IV., ii. 489-90 _and_ _n. 1_;
estimate of, ii. 484-6;
estimate of work of, ii. 402;
style of, ii. 179-80;
attitude toward the classics, ii. 120;
predilection for physical science, ii. 289, 486-7;
Albertus Magnus compared with, ii. 422;
on four causes of ignorance, ii. 494-5;
on seven errors in theological study, ii. 495-8;
on experimental science, ii. 502-8;
on logic, ii. 505;
on faith, ii. 507;
editions of works of, ii. 484 _n._;
Greek Grammar by, ii. =128= _and_ _n. 5_, 484 _n._, 487, 498;
_Multiplicatio specierum_, ii. 484 _n._, 500;
_Opus tertium_, ii. =488=, 490 _and_ _nn._, 491, 492, 498, 499;
_Opus majus_, ii. 490-1, 492, =494-5=, 498, =499-500=, =506-8=;
_Optics_, ii. 500;
_Opus minus_, ii. 490-1, =495-8=;
_Vatican fragment_, ii. 490 _and_ _n. 2_, =505 n. 1=;
_Compendium studii philosophiae_, ii. 491, 493-4, 507-8;
_Compendium theologiae_, ii. 491;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 284 _n._, 335 _n._, =389=, 531-2

Bartolomaeus, _De proprietatibus rerum_ of, ii. 316 _n. 2_

Bartolus, ii. 264

Baudri, Abbot of Bourgueil, ii. 192 _n. 1_

Bavaria:
Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174
Merovingian rule in, i. 121
Otto’s relations with, i. 241
Reorganization of Church in, 198-9

Bavarians, i. 145 _n. 2_, 209, 210

Beauty, love of, i. 340

Bec monastery, i. 262 _n._, 270-2

Bede, estimate of, i. 185-6;
allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 47 _n. 1_;
_Church History of the English People_, i. 172, =186=, 234 _n. 2_;
_De arte metrica_, i. 187, =298=;
_Liber de temporibus_, 300;
otherwise mentioned, i. 184, 212

Beghards of Liége, i. 365

Belgae, i. 126

Belgica, i. 29, 32

Benedict, Prior, i. 258

Benedict, St., of Nursia, i. =85 and n. 2=, 94, 100 _n. 4_;
_Regula_ of, _see under_ Monasticism

Benedictus, _Chronicon_ of, ii. 160-1

Benedictus Levita, Deacon, ii. 270

Benoit de St. More, _Roman de Troie_ by, ii. 225, =227-9=

Beowulf, i. 141, =143-4= _and_ _n. 1_

Berengar, King, i. 256

Berengar of Tours, i. 297, 299, =302-3=; ii. 137

Bernard, Bro., of Quintavalle, i. 502

Bernard, disciple of St. Francis, i. 425-6

Bernard of Chartres, ii. 130-2, 370

Bernard, St., Abbot of Clairvaux, at Citeaux, i. 360, 393;
inspires Templars’ _regula_, i. 531;
denounces and crushes Abaelard, i. 229, 401; ii. =344-5=, =355=;
denounces Arnold of Brescia, i. 401; ii. 171;
relations with Gilbert de la Porrée, ii. 372;
Lives of, i. 392 _n._, 393 _n. 1_;
appearance and characteristics of, i. 392-3;
estimate of, i. 394; ii. 367-8;
love and tenderness of, i. 344, 345, =394 seqq.=; ii. 365;
severity of, i. 400-1;
his love of Clairvaux, i. 401-2;
of his brother, i. 402-4;
Latin style of, ii. 169-71;
on church corruption, i. 474;
on faith, ii. 298;
unconcerned with physics, ii. 356;
St. Francis compared with, i. 415-16;
extracts from letters of, i. 395 _seqq._; ii. 170-1;
_Sermons on Canticles_--cited, 337 _n._;
quoted, i. =409-13=; ii. =169=, 368-9;
_De consideratione_, ii. 368;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 20, 279, 302, 472, 501; ii. 34, 168

Bernard Morlanensis, _De contemptu mundi_ by, ii. 199 _n. 3_

Bernard Silvestris, _Commentum ..._ of, ii. 116-17 _and_ _n. 2_;
_De mundi universitate_, ii. 119, =371 and n.=

Bernardone, Peter, i. 419, 423-4

Bernward, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312 _and_ _n. 1_

Bible, _see_ Scriptures

Biscop, Benedict, i. 184

Bishops:
Armed forces, with, i. 473
Francis of Assisi’s attitude toward, i. 430
Gallo-Roman and Frankish, position of, i. 191-2, 194 _and_ _nn._, 198,
=201 n.=
Investiture of, lay, i. 244-5 _and_ _n. 4_; ii. 140
Jurisdiction and privileges of, ii. 266
Papacy’s ascendancy over, i. 304
Reluctance to be consecrated, i. 472
Social class of, i. 473
Vestments of, symbolism of, ii. 77 _n. 2_

_Blancandrin_, i. 565

Bobbio monastery, i. 178, =282-3=

Boëthius, death of, i. =89=, 93;
estimate of, i. 89, 92, =102=;
Albertus Magnus compared with, ii. 420;
works of, i. 90-3;
Gerbert’s familiarity with works of, i. 289;
works of, studied at Chartres, i. 298-9;
their importance, i. 298;
_De arithmetica_, i. 72, =90=;
_De geometria_, i. 90;
commentary on Porphyry’s _Isagoge_, i. =92=; ii. 312;
translation of the _Organon_, i. 71, =91-2=;
“loss” of advanced works, ii. 248 _n._, 334;
_De consolatione philosophiae_, i. =89=, 188, =189-90=, 299;
mediaeval study of the work, i. 89; ii. 135-6

Bologna:
Clubs and guilds in, ii. 382
Fight of, against Parma, i. 497
Law school at, ii. =121=, 251, =259-62=, 378
Medical school at, ii. 121, 383 _n._
University, Law, inception and character of, ii. 121, =381-3=;
affiliated universities, ii. 383 _n._

Bonaventura, St. (John of Fidanza), career of, ii. 403;
at Paris, ii. 399, 403;
estimate of, ii. 301;
style of, ii. 181-2;
contrasted with Albertus, ii. 405;
compared with Aquinas, ii. 405, 437;
with Dante, ii. 547;
on faith, ii. 298;
on Minorites and Preachers, ii. 396;
attitude toward Plato and Aristotle, ii. 404-5;
toward Scriptures, ii. 405 _seqq._;
_De reductione artium ad theologiam_, ii. 406-8;
_Breviloquium_, ii. 408-13;
_Itinerarium mentis in Deum_, ii. 413-18;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 283, 288

Boniface, _see_ Winifried-Boniface

Boniface VIII., Pope, _Sextus_ of, ii. 272;
_Unam sanctam_ bull of, ii. 509

_Books of Sentences_, method of, ii. 307
(_See also under_ Lombard)

Botany, ii. 427-8

Bretons, i. 113

_Breviarium_, i. 117, 239, =243-4=

Britain:
Anglo-Saxon conquest of, i. 141
Antique culture in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 10-11
Celts in, i. 127 _n._
Christianity of, i. 171-2
Romanization of, i. 32

Brude (Bridius), King of Picts, i. 173

Brunhilde, i. 176, 178

Bruno, Abp. of Cologne, i. 309-10, 383-4;
Ruotger’s Life of, i. 310; ii. 162 _and_ _n. 1_

Burgundians:
Christianizing of, i. 193
Church’s attitude toward, i. 120
Roman law code promulgated by (_Papianus_), ii. 239, =242=
Roman subjects of, i. 121
otherwise mentioned, i. 9-10, 113, 145

Burgundy, i. =175=, 243 _n. 1_

Byzantine architecture, 212 _n._

Byzantine Empire, _see_ Eastern Empire

Cædmon, i. 183, 343

Caesar, C. Julius, cited, i. =27-9=, 138, 296

Caesar of Heisterbach, Life of Engelbert by, i. 482-6 _and_ _n._;
_Dialogi miraculorum_, cited, i. 488 _n._, 491.

Canon law:
Authority of, ii. 274
Basis of, ii. 267-9
Bulk of, ii. 269
Conciliar decrees, collections of, ii. =269=
Decretals:
Collections of, ii. 269, =271-2=, =275= =n.=
False, ii. 270, 273
Gratian’s _Decretum_, ii. 268-9, =270-1=, 306
_Jus naturale_ in, ii. 268-9
_Lex romana canonice compta_, ii. 252
Scope of, ii. 267
Sources of, ii. 269
Supremacy of, ii. 277

Canossa, i. 244

Cantafables, i. 157 _n. 1_

Canticles, i. 350;
Origen’s interpretation of, 333;
St. Bernard’s Sermons on, i. 337 _n._, =409-13=; ii. =169=, 368-9

Capella, Martianus, _De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii_ of, i. =71 and
n. 3=; ii. 553

_Caritas_, ii. 476-8;
in relation to faith, ii. 479-81;
to wisdom, ii. 481

Carloman, King of Austrasia, i. =199-200 and n.=, 209

Carloman (son of Pippin), i. 209-10

Carnuti, i. 296

Carolingian period:
_Breviarium_ epitomes current during, ii. 244, =249=
Continuity of, with Merovingian, i. 210-12
Criticism of records non-existent in, i. 234
Definiteness of statement a characteristic of, i. 225, =227=
Educational revival in, 218-19, 222, =236=; ii. 122, =158=;
palace school, i. =214=, 218, 229, 235
First stage of mediaeval learning represented by, ii. 330, 332
History as compiled in, i. 234-5
King’s law in, ii. 247
Latin poetry of, ii. 188, 194, 197
Latin prose of, ii. 158
Originality in, circumstances evoking, i. 232-3
Restatement of antique and patristic matter in, i. =237=, 342-3

Carthaginians, i. 25

Carthusian Order, origin of, i. 383-4

Cassian’s _Institutes_ and _Conlocations_, i. 335

Cassiodorus, life and works of, i. 93-7;
_Chronicon_, i. 94;
_Variae epistolae_, i. 94;
_De anima_, 94-5;
_Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum_, i. =95-6=; ii.
357 _n. 2_;
otherwise mentioned, i. 6, 88-9, 115; ii. 312

Cathari, i. 49; ii. 283 _n._

Catullus, i. 25

Cavallini, i. 347

Celsus cited, ii. 235, 237

Celtic language, date of disuse of, i. 31 _and_ _n._

Celts:
Gaul, in, i. =125 and n.=, =126-7=, 129 _n. 1_
Goidelic and Brythonic, i. 127 _n._
Ireland, in, _see_ Irish
Italy invaded by (3rd cent. B.C.), i. 24
Latinized, i. 124
Teutons compared with, i. 125

Champagne, i. 240, =573=

Chandos, Sir John, i. 554-5

_Chanson de Roland_, i. 12 _n._, 528 _and_ _n. 2_, =559-62=

_Chansons de geste_, i. =558 seqq.=; ii. 222

Charlemagne, age of, _see_ Carolingian period;
estimate of, i. 213;
relations of, with the Church, i. =201=, 239; ii. 273;
relations with Angilbert, i. 234-5;
educational revival by, i. =213-14=; ii. 110, 122, =158=, 332;
book of Germanic poems compiled by order of, ii. 220;
Capitularies of, ii. 110, =248=;
open letters of, i. 213 _n._;
Einhard’s Life of, ii. 158-9;
poetic fame of, i. 210;
false Capitularies ascribed to, ii. 270;
empire of, non-enduring, i. 238;
otherwise mentioned, i. 9, 115, 153, 562; ii. 8

Charles Martel, i. 197, =198=, =209=; ii. 273

Charles II. (the Bald), King of France, i. 228, 235

Charles III. (the Simple), King of France, i. 239-40

Charles IV., King of France, i. 551

Chartres Cathedral, sculpture of, i. =20=, 297; ii. =82-5=

Chartres Schools:
Classics the study of, i. 298; ii. 119
Fulbert’s work at, i. 296-7, 299
Grammar as studied at, ii. 129-30
Medicine studied at, ii. 372
Orleans the rival of, ii. 119 _n. 2_
Trivium and quadrivium at, i. =298-9=; ii. 163
mentioned, i. 287, 293

Chartreuse, La Grande, founding of, i. 384 (_See also_ Carthusian)

Chaucer, ii. 95

Childeric, King, i. 119, 122

Chivalry:
Literature of:
Arthurian romances, _see that heading_
Aube (alba) poetry, i. =571=; ii. 30
_Chansons de geste_, i. 558 _seqq._
Nature of, i. 20
_Pastorelle_, i. 571
Pietistic ideal recognized in, ii. 288, 533
Poems of various nations cited, i. 570 =n.=
Religious phraseology in love poems, i. 350 _n. 2_
_Romans d’aventure_, i. =564-5=, 571 _n. 2_
Three branches of, i. 558
Nature of, i. 522, =570 n.=
Order of, evolution of, i. 524 _seqq._
(_See also_ Knighthood)

Chrétien de Troies, romances by, i. 566-=7=;
_Tristan_, i. 567;
_Perceval_, i. 567, =588-9=;
_Erec_ (Geraint), i. 567, 586; ii. 29 _n._;
_Lancelot_ or _Le Conte de la charrette_, i. 567, 569-70, =582-5=;
_Cligés_, i. 567, =586 n. 2=;
_Ivain_, i. =571 n. 2=, 586 _n. 3_; ii. 29 _n._;
translation of Ovid’s _Ars amatoria_, i. 574

Christianity:
Appropriation of, by mediaeval peoples, stages in, i. 17-18
Aquinas’ _Summa_ as concerning, ii. 324
Art, in, _see_ Art
Atonement doctrine, Anselm’s views on, i. 279
Basis of, ii. 268
Britain, in, i. 171-2
Buddhism contrasted with, i. 390
Catholic Church, _see_ Church
Completeness of scheme of, ii. 394-5
Dualistic element in, i. 59
Eleventh century, position in, i. 16
Emotional elements in:
Fear, i. 103, 339, 342, 383
Hate, i. 332, 339
Love, i. 331, =345=
Synthetic treatment of, i. 333
Emotionalizing of, angels as regarded in, i. 348 _n. 4_
Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. =65=, =339=, 486
Faith of, _see_ Faith
Feudalism in relation to, i. 524, 527-=9 and n. 2=, =530=
Fifth century, position in, i. 15
Gallo-Roman, i. 191-2
German language affected by, i. 202
Greek Fathers’ contribution to, i. 5
Greek philosophic admixture in, i. 33-4
Hell-fear in, i. 103, =339=, 342, =383=
Hymns, _see that heading_
Ideal _v._ actual, i. 354-5
Incarnation doctrine of, ii. 369
Irish missionaries of, _see under_ Irish
Latin as modified for expression of, ii. 152, =154=, 156, 164, 171
Marriage as regarded by, ii. 8, 529
Martyrs for, _see_ Martyrs
Mediaeval development in relation to, i. 11, 170
Mediation doctrine of, i. 54, 59-60
Militant character of, in early centuries, i. =69-70=, 75
Miracles, attitude toward, i. 50-1
Monasticism, _see that heading_
Neo-Platonism compared with, i. 51
Pagan ethics inconsistent with, i. 66
Pessimism of, toward mortal life, i. 64
Saints, _see that heading_
Salvation:
Master motive, as, i. 59, =61=, 79, 89
Scholasticism’s main interest, as, ii. =296-7=, 300, 311
Standard of discrimination, as, ii. =530=, =533=, 559
Scriptures, _see that heading_
Teutonic acceptance of, _see under_ Teutons
Trinity doctrine of:
Abaelard’s works on, ii. 10, =298-9=, 352-3, 355
Aquinas on, ii. 449-50, 456
Bonaventura on, ii. 416-17
Dante’s vision, ii. 551
Peter Lombard’s Book on, ii. 323
Roscellin on, ii. 340
Vernacular presentation of, ii. 221
Visions, _see that heading_

Chronicles, mediaeval, ii. 175

Chrysostom, i. 53

Church, Roman Catholic:
Authority of, Duns’ views on, ii. 516
Bishops, _see that heading_
British Church’s divergencies from, 171-2
Canon Law, _see that heading_
Charlemagne’s relations with, i. =201=, 239; ii. 273
Classical study as regarded by, i. 260; ii. =110 seqq.=, 396-7
Clergy, _see that heading_
Confession doctrine of, i. 489
Constantine’s relations with, ii. 266
Creation of, i. 11, 68, =86-7=
Decretals, etc., _see under_ Canon Law
Denunciations of, i. 474-5; ii. 34-5
Diocesan organization of, among Germans, i. 196
Doctrinal literature of, i. 68-70
Duns’ attitude towards, ii. 513
East and West, solidarity of development of, i. 55
Empire’s relations with, _see under_ Papacy
Eternal punishment doctrine of, i. =65=, =339=, 486; ii. 550
Eucharistic controversy, _see that heading_
Fathers of the, _see_ Greek thought, patristic; Latin Fathers; _and
chiefly_ Patristic thought
Feudalism as affected by, i. 524, 527-=9 and n. 2=, =530=
Feudalism as affecting, i. 244, 473
Frankish, _see under_ Franks
Gallo-Roman, i. 191-2, 194
Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. 457
Intolerance of, _see subheading_ Persecutions
Investiture controversy, _see under_ Bishops
Irish Church’s relations with, i. 172-4 _and_ =n. 1=
Isidore’s treatise on liturgical practices of, i. 106
Knights’ vow of obedience to, i. 530
Mass, the:
Alleluia chant and Sequence-hymn, ii. 196, =201 seqq.=
Symbolism of, ii. 77-8
Nicene Creed, i. 69
Papacy, Popes, _see those headings_
Paschal controversy, _see_ Eucharistic
Penance doctrine of, i. =101=, 195
Persecutions by, i. 339;
of Albigenses, i. 366-7, 461, 481, 572; ii. 168;
of Jews, i. 118, 332;
of Montanists, i. 332
Popes, _see that heading_
Predestination, attitude toward, i. 228
Property of, enactments regarding, ii. 266
Rationalists in, i. 305
Reforms in (11th cent.), i. 304
Roman law for, ii. 265 _and_ _n. 2_
Sacraments:
Definition of the word, ii. 72 _and_ _n. 1_
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 64, 66, 68-9, 71, =72-4=, 90 _n. 2_
Origin of, Bonaventura on, ii. 411-13
Pagan analogy with, i. 53, 59-60
Secularization of dignities of, i. 472
Simony in, i. =244=, 475
Spain, in, _see under_ Spain
Standards set by, ii. 528-9
Suspects to, estimate of, ii. 532
Synod of Aix (817), i. 359
Theodosian Code as concerning, ii. 266-7 _and_ _n. 1_
Transubstantiation doctrine of, i. 226-227
“Truce of God” promulgated by, i. 529 _n. 2_

Churches:
Building of, symbolism in, ii. 78-82
Dedication of, sequence designed for, ii. 210-11

Cicero, i. 26 _n. 3_, 39, 78, =219=

Cino, ii. 264

Cistercian Order:
_Charta charitatis_, i. 361-3
Clairvaux founded, i. 393
Cluniac controversies with, i. 360

Citeaux monastery:
Bernard at, i. 360, 393
Foundation and rise of, i. 360-3

Cities and towns:
Growth of, in 12th cent., i. 305; ii. =379-80=
Italian, _see under_ Italy

Cities (_civitates_) of Roman provinces, i. 29-30

Clairvaux (Clara Vallis):
Founding of, i. 360, 393
Position of, i. 362
St. Bernard’s love of, i. 401-2

Classics, _see_ Latin classics

Claudius, Bp. of Turin, i. 215, 231-2 _and_ _n. 1_

Claudius, Emp., i. 30

Clement II., Pope, i. 243

Clement IV., Pope, ii. 489-91

Clement V., Pope, _Decretales Clementinae_ of, ii. 272

Clement of Alexandria, ii. 64

Clergy:
Accusations against, false, penalty for, ii. 266
Legal status of, ii. 382
Regular, _see_ Monasticism
Secular:
Concubinage of, i. 244
Francis of Assisi’s attitude toward, i. 430, 440
Marriage of, i. 472 _n. 1_
Reforms of, i. 359
Standard of conduct for, i. 471; ii. 529
Term, scope of, i. 356

Clerval, Abbé, cited, i. 300 _n. 1_

Clopinel, Jean, _see_ De Meun

Clovis (Chlodoweg), i. 114, 117, =119-21=, 122, 138, =193-4=; ii. 245

Cluny monastery:
Abaelard at, ii. 25, =26=, 345
Characteristics of, i. 359-60
Monastic reforms accomplished by, i. =293=, 304

Cologne, i. 29, 31

Columba, St., of Iona, i. =133-7=, 173

Columbanus, St., of Luxeuil and Bobbio, i. 6, 133, =174-9=, 196;
Life and works of, 174 _n. 2_

Combat, trial by, i. 232

Commentaries, mediaeval:
Boëthius’, i. 93
Excerpts as characteristic of, i. 104
General addiction to, ii. 390, 553 _n. 4_
Originals supplanted by, ii. 390
Raban’s, i. 222-3

Compends:
Fourteenth century use of, ii. 523
Mediaeval preference for, i. 94
Medical, in Italy, i. 251
Saints’ lives, of (_Legenda aurea_), ii. 184

Conrad, Duke of Franconia, i. 241

Conrad II., Emp., i. 243

Constantine, Emp., ii. 266;
“Donation” of, ii. =35=, 265, 270

Constantinus Africanus, i. =251= _and_ _n._; ii. 372

Cordova, i. 25

Cornelius Nepos, i. 25

_Cornificiani_, ii. =132=, 373

Cosmogony:
Aquinas’ theory of, ii. 456
Mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. 65 _seqq._
Patristic attitude toward, i. 72-4

Cosmology, Alan’s, in _Anticlaudianus_, ii. 377

Cremona, i. 24

Cross, Christian:
Magic safeguard, as, i. 294-5
Mediaeval feeling for, ii. 197

Crusades:
Constantinople, capture of, as affecting Western learning, ii. 391
First:
_Chansons_ concerning, i. 537-8
Character of, i. 535-7
Guibert’s account of, ii. 175
Hymn concerning, quoted, i. 349 _and_ _n._
Italians little concerned in, ii. 189
Joinville’s account of, quoted, i. 546-9
Language of, i. 531
Results of, i. 305
Second, i. 394
Spirit of, i. 535-7

Cuchulain, i. 129 _and_ _nn. 2, 3_

Cynewulf’s _Christ_, i. 183

Cyprian quoted, i. 337 _n._

Cyril of Alexandria, i. 227

Cyril of Jerusalem, i. 53

Da Romano, Alberic, i. 515-16

Da Romano, Eccelino, i. =505-6=, 516

Dacia, Visigoths in, i. 112

Damiani, St. Peter, Card. Bp. of Ostia, career of, i. 262-4;
attitude of, to the classics, i. 260; ii. 112, 165;
on the hermit life, i. 369-70;
on tears, i. 371 _and_ _n._;
extract illustrating Latin style of, ii. 165 _and_ _n. 3_;
works of, i. 263 _n. 1_;
writings quoted, i. 263-7;
_Liber Gomorrhianus_, i. 265, 474;
_Vita Romualdi_, i. 372 _seqq._;
biography of Dominicus Loricatus, i. 381-2;
_De parentelae gradibus_, ii. 252;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 19, 20, 260, 343, 345, 391; ii. 34

Damianus, i. 262, 265

Danes, i. 142, =153=

Dante, estimate of, ii. 534-5;
scholarship of, ii. 541 _n. 2_;
possessed by spirit of allegory, ii. 552-5;
compared with Aquinas and influenced by him, ii. 541 _n. 2_, 547, 549,
551, 555;
compared with Bonaventura, ii. 547;
attitude to Beatrice, ii. 555-8;
on love, ii. 555-6;
on monarchy, ii. 278;
_De monarchia_, ii. 535;
_De vulgari eloquentia_, ii. 219, =536=;
_Vita nuova_, ii. =556=, 559;
_Convito_, ii. =537-8=, 553;
_Divina Commedia_, i. 12 _n._; ii. 86, 99 _n. 1_, =103=, 219;
commentaries on this work, ii. 553-4;
estimate of it, ii. 538, 540-1, 544, 553-4;
_Inferno_ cited, ii. 42, 541-3, =545-7=;
_Purgatorio_ cited, ii. 535, 542-3, =548-9=, 554, 558;
_Paradiso_ cited, i. 395; ii. 542-3, =549-51=, 558

Dares the Phrygian, ii. 116 _and_ _n. 3_, 224-=5 and nn.=, 226-7

_De bello et excidio urbis Comensis_, ii. 189-90

De Boron, Robert, i. 567

_De casu Diaboli_, i. 279

_De consolatione philosophiae_, _see under_ Boëthius

De Lorris, Guillaume, _Roman de la rose_ by, i. =586-7=; ii. 103 _and_
_n. 1_, 104

De Meun, Jean (Clopinel), _Roman de la rose_ by, ii. 103 _and_ _n. 1_,
104, =223=

Denis, St., i. 230

Dermot (Diarmaid, Diarmuid), High-King of Ireland, i. =132=-3, 135, =136=

Desiderius, Bp. of Vienne, i. 99

Desiderius, Pope, i. =253=, 263

Devil, the:
Mediaeval beliefs and stories as to, i. 487 _seqq._
Romuald’s conflicts with, i. =374=, 379-80

Dialectic (_See also_ Logic):
Abaelard’s skill in, ii. 118, 119, =345-6=, 353;
his subjection of dogma to, ii. 304;
his _Dialectica_, ii. 346 _and_ _nn._, 349-50
Chartres study of, i. 298
Duns Scotus’ mastery of, ii. 510, 514
Grammar penetrated by, ii. 127 _seqq._
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Thirteenth century study of, ii. 118-20

Diarmaid (Diarmuid), _see_ Dermot

_Dictamen_, ii. =121=, =129=, 381

Dictys the Cretan, ii. 224, 225 _and_ _n. 1_

_Dies irae_, i. 348

Dionysius the Areopagite, ii. 10, 102, =344=

_Divina Commedia_, _see under_ Dante

Divination, ii. 374

Dominic, St., i. =366-7=, 497; ii. 396

Dominican Order:
Aristotelianism of, ii. 404
Founding of, i. =366=; ii. 396
Growth of, i. 498; ii. =398=
Object of, ii. 396
Oxford University, at, ii. 387
Papacy, relations with, ii. =398=, 509
Paris University, position in, ii. =386=, 399

Dominicus Loricatus, i. 263, =381-3=

Donatus, i. 71, 297;
_Ars minor_ and _Barbarismus_ of, ii. 123-=4=

Donizo of Canossa, ii. 189 _and_ _n. 2_

Druids:
Gallic, i. =28=, 296
Irish, i. 133

Du Guesclin, Bertrand, Constable of France, i. 554-6, 557 _n._

Duns Scotus, education of, ii. 511;
career of, ii. 513;
estimate of, ii. 513;
intricacy of style of, ii. 510, 514, =516 n. 2=;
on logic, ii. 504 _n. 2_;
Occam’s attitude toward, ii. 518 _seqq._;
editions of works of, ii. 511 _n. 1_;
estimate of his work, ii. 509-10, 514

Dunstan, St., Abp. of Canterbury, i. 323-4

Durandus, Guilelmus, _Rationale divinorum officiorum_ of, ii. 76 _seqq._

Eadmer, i. 269, 273, 277

Eastern Empire:
Frankish relations with, i. 123
Huns’ relations with, i. 112-13
Norse mercenaries of, i. 153
Ostrogoths’ relations with, i. 114
Roman restoration by, i. 115

Ebroin, i. 209

Eckbert, Abbot of Schönau, i. 444

Ecstasy:
Bernard’s views on, ii. 368
Examples of, i. 444, 446

Eddas, ii. 220

Education:
Carolingian period, in, i. =213-14=, 218-19, 222, =236=; ii. 110, 122,
=158=, 332
Chartres method of, ii. 130-1
Grammar a chief study in, ii. 122 _seqq._, 331-2
Italy, in, _see under_ Italy
Latin culture the means and method of, i. 12; ii. =109=
Schools, clerical and monastic, i. =250 n. 2=, 293
Schools, lay, i. 249-51
Seven Liberal Arts, _see that heading_
Shortening of academic course, advocates of, ii. =132=, 373

Edward II., King of England, i. 551

Edward III., King of England, i. 550-1

Edward the Black Prince, i. 554-6

Einhard the Frank, i. 234 _n. 1_;
_Life of Charlemagne_ by, i. 215; ii. 158-9

Ekkehart family, i. 309

Ekkehart of St. Gall, _Waltarius_ (_Waltharilied_) by, ii. 188

El-Farabi, ii. 390

Eleventh century:
Characteristics of, i. 301;
in France, i. 301, 304, 328;
in Germany, i. 307-9;
in England, i. 324;
in Italy, i. 327
Christianity in, position of, i. 16

Elias, Minister-General of the Minorites, i. 499

Elizabeth, St., of Hungary, i. 391, =465 n. 1=

Elizabeth, St., of Schönau, visions of, i. 444-6

Emotional development, secular, i. 349-50 _and_ _n. 2_

Empire, the, _see_ Holy Roman Empire

Encyclopaedias, mediaeval, ii. 316 _n. 2_;
Vincent’s _Speculum majus_, ii. 315-22

_Eneas_, ii. 225, =226=

Engelbert, Abp. of Cologne, i. 481-6;
estimate of, i. 482

England (_See also_ Britain):
Danish Viking invasion of, i. 153
Eleventh century conditions in, i. 324
Law in, principles of, i. 141-2;
Roman law almost non-existent in Middle Ages, ii. 248
Norman conquest of, linguistic result of, i. 324

English language, character of, i. 324

Epicureanism, i. =41=, 70; ii. 296, 312

Eriugena, John Scotus, estimate of, i. 215, =228-9=, =231=; ii. 330;
on reason _v._ authority, ii. 298, 302;
works of, studied at Chartres, i. 299;
_De divisione naturae_, i. =230-1=; ii. 302;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16; ii. 282 _n._, 312

Essenes, i. 334

Ethelbert, King of Kent, i. 180-1

_Etymologies_ of Isidore, i. 33, 105 _and_ _n. 1_, =107-9=; ii. 318;
law codes glossed from, ii. 250

Eucharistic (Paschal) controversy:
Berengar’s contribution to, i. 302-3
Paschasius’ contribution to, i. 225-7

Eucherius, Bp. of Lyons, ii. 48 _n. 1_

Euclid, i. 40

Eudemus of Rhodes, i. 38

Eunapius, i. 47, 52

Euric, King of the Visigoths, i. 117 _and_ _n. 1_

Eusebius, i. 81 _n. 2_

Evil or sin:
Abaelard’s views concerning, ii. 350
Eriugena’s views concerning, i. 228
Original sin, realism in relation to, ii. 340 _n._
Peter Lombard and Aquinas contrasted as to, ii. 308-10

Experimental science, Bacon on, ii. 502-8

_Fabliaux_, i. =521 n. 2=; ii. 222

Facts, unlimited actuality of, i. 79-80

Faith:
Abaelard’s definition of, ii. 354
Bacon’s views on, ii. 507
Bernard of Clairvaux’s attitude toward, ii. 355
_Caritas_ in relation to, ii. 479-81
Cognition through, Aquinas’ views on, ii. 446
Occam’s views on, ii. 519
Proof of matters of, Aquinas on, ii. 450
Will as functioning in, ii. 479

_False Decretals_, i. 104 _n._, =118 n. 1=

Fathers of the Church (_See also_ Patristic thought):
Greek, _see_ Greek thought, patristic
Latin, _see_ Latin Fathers

Faustus, ii. 44

Felix, St., i. 86

Feudalism (_See also_ Knighthood):
Anarchy of, modification of, i. 304
Austrasian disintegration by, i. 240
_Chansons_ regarding, i. 559 _seqq._, 569
Christianity in relation to, i. 524, 527-=9 and n. 2=, =530=
Church affected by, i. 244, 473
Italy not greatly under, i. 241
Marriage as affected by, i. 571, 586
Obligations of, i. 533-4
Origin of, 522-3
Principle and practice of, at variance, i. 522

Fibonacci, Leonardo, ii. 501

Finnian, i. 136

_Flamenca_, i. 565

_Flore et Blanchefleur_, i. 565

Florus, Deacon, of Lyons, i. 229 _and_ _n._

Fonte Avellana hermitage, i. =262-3=, 381

Forms, new, creation of, _see_ Mediaeval thought--Restatement

Fortunatus, Hymns by, ii. 196-7

Fourteenth century:
Academic decadence in, ii. 523
Papal position in, ii. 509-10

France (_For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names_):
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9-10
Arthurian romances developed in, i. 566
Cathedrals of, ii. 539, 554-5
Church in, secularization of, i. 472-3
Eleventh century conditions in, i. 301, 304, 328
History of, in 11th century, i. 300
Hundred Years’ War, i. 550 _seqq._
Jacquerie in (1358), i. 556
Language modifications in, ii. 155
Literary celebrities in (12th cent.), ii. 168
Monarchy of, advance of, i. 305
North and South, characteristics of, i. 328
Rise of, in 14th century, ii. 509
Town-dwellers of, i. =495=, 508

Francis, St., of Assisi, birth of, i. 415;
parentage, i. 419;
youth, i. 420-3;
breach with his father, i. 423-4;
monastic career, i. 427 _seqq._;
French songs sung by, i. =419 and n. 2=, 427, 432;
_Lives_ of, i. 415 _n._;
style of Thomas of Celano’s _Life_, ii. 182-3;
_Speculum perfectionis_, i. 415 _n._, 416 _n._, =438 n. 3=; ii. =183=;
literal acceptance of Scripture by, i. 365, 406-=7=;
on Scripture interpretation, i. 427 _n. 1_; ii. 183;
universality of outlook, i. 417;
mediaevalism, i. 417;
Christ-influence, i. 417, =418=, =432=-3;
inspiration, i. =419 n. 1=, 441;
gaiety of spirit, i. 421, 427-8, 431-2;
poetic temperament, i. 422, 435;
love of God, man, and nature, i. 366, 428, =432-3=, =435=-7;
simplicity, i. 429;
obedience and humility, i. 365 _n._, =429-30=;
humanism, i. 495;
St. Bernard compared with, i. 415-16;
St. Dominic contrasted with, ii. 396;
_Fioretti_, ii. 184;
Canticle of Brother Sun, i. 433-4, =439-40=;
last testament of, i. 440-1;
otherwise mentioned, i. 20, 21, 279, 344, 345, 355-6; ii. 302

Franciscan Order:
Attractiveness of, i. 498
Augustinianism of, ii. 404
Bacon’s relations with, ii. 486, =488=, 490-=1=
Characteristics of, i. 366
Founding of, i. =427=; ii. 396
Grosseteste’s relations, ii. =487=, 511
Object of, ii. 396
Oxford University, at, ii. 387, 400
Papacy, relations with, ii. =398=, 509
Paris University, in, ii. 386, 399
Rise of, ii. 398

Franconia, i. 241

Franks (_See also_ Germans):
Christianity as accepted by, i. 193
Church among:
Bishops, position of, i. =194 and nn.=, 198, 201 _n._
Charlemagne’s relations with, i. =201=, 239; ii. 273
Clovis, under, i. 194
Lands held by, i. 194, 199-200;
immunities of, i. 201 _and_ _n._
Organization of, i. 199
Reform of, by Boniface, i. =196=; ii. 273
Roman character of, i. 201
Division of the kingdom a custom of, i. 238-9
Gallo-Roman relations with, i. 123
Language of, i. 145 _n. 2_
Law of, ii. 245-6
_Missi dominici_, i. 211
Ripuarian, i. 119, 121; ii. 246
Romanizing of, partial, i. 9-10
Salian, i. 113, =119=; Code, ii. 245-6
Saracens defeated by, i. 209-10 _n. 1_
Trojan origin of, belief as to, ii. 225 _and_ _n. 1_

Frederic, Count of Isenburg, i. 483-6

Frederick I. (Barbarossa), Emp., i. 448

Frederick II., Emp., under Innocent’s guardianship, ii. 32-3;
crowned, ii. 33;
estimate of, i. 497;
otherwise mentioned, i. 250 _n. 4_, 417, 481, 505, 510, 517

Free, meaning of term, i. 526 _n. 3_

Free Companies, i. 556

Free will:
Angelic, ii. 473
Duns Scotus on, ii. 515
Human, ii. 475
Richard of Middleton on, ii. 512

Freidank, i. 475; ii. =35=

Frescoes, i. 346-7

Friendship, chivalric, i. 561-2, 569-70, 583

Frisians, i. 169, 174;
missionary work among, i. =197=, 200, 209

Froissart, Sir John, _Chronicles_ of, i. 549 _seqq._;
estimate of the work, i. 557

Froumund of Tegernsee, i. =312-13=; ii. 110

Fulbert, Bp. of Chartres, i. 287, =296-7=, 299

Fulbert, Canon, ii. 4-6, 9

Fulco, Bp. of Toulouse, i. 461

Fulda monastery, i. =198=, 221 _n. 2_

Fulk of Anjou, ii. 138

Gaius, _Institutes_ of, ii. 241, 243

Galahad, i. 569-70, 583, 584 _and_ _n. 2_

Galen of Pergamos, i. =40=, 251

Gall, St., i. 6, 178, =196=

Gallo-Romans:
Feudal system among, i. 523
Frankish rule over, i. 120, 123
Literature of, i. 126 _n. 2_

Gandersheim cloister, i. 311

Gaul (_For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names_):
Celtic inhabitants of, i. =125 and n.=, =126=-7, 129 _n. 1_
Druidism in, i. =28=, 296
Ethnology of, i. 126
Heathenism in, late survival of, i. 191 _n. 1_
Latinization of, i. 9-10, =29-32=
Visigothic kingdom in south of, i. 112, 116, 117, 121

Gauls, characteristics and customs of, i. 27-8

Geoffrey of Beaulieu, Life of St. Louis by, i. 539-42

Gepidae, i. 113, 115

Geraldus, St., i. 281

Gerard, brother of St. Bernard, i. 402-4

Gerbert of Aurillac, _see_ Sylvester II.

German language:
Christianity as affecting, i. 202
High and Low, separation of, i. 145 _n. 2_
Middle High German literature, ii. 168, 221
Old High German poetry, ii. =194=, 220

Germans (Saxons) (_See also_ Franks):
Characteristics of, i. 138-40, 147, 151-2
Language of, _see_ German language
Latin as studied by, i. =307-9=; ii. =123=, 155
Literature of, ii. 220-1 (_See also subheading_ Poetry)
Marriage as regarded by, ii. 30
Nationalism of, in 13th cent., ii. 28
Poetry of:
_Hildebrandslied_, i. 145-7
_Kudrun_ (_Gudrun_), i. 148, =149=-52; ii. 220
_Nibelungenlied_, i. 145-6, =148-9=, 152, 193, 203 _n. 2_; ii. 220
_Waltarius_, i. 147 _and_ _n._, 148
otherwise mentioned, i. 113, 115, 119, 174, 209, 210

Germany:
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 10-11
Art in (11th cent.), i. 312
Church in, secularization of, i. 472
Italy contrasted with, as to culture, i. 249-50
Merovingian supremacy in, i. 121
Papacy as regarded by, ii. 28, 33, =34-5=
Sequence-composition in, ii. 215

Gertrude of Hackeborn, Abbess, i. 466

Gilbert de la Porrée, Bp. of Poictiers, ii. 132, =372=

Gilduin, Abbot of St. Victor, ii. =62= _and_ _n. 2_

Giraldus Cambrensis, ii. 135 _and_ _n._

Girard, Bro., of Modena, i. 498

Glaber, Radulphus, _Histories_ of, i. 488 _n._

Glass-painting, ii. 82-6

Gnosticism, i. 51 _n. 1_

Gnostics, Eriugena compared with, i. 231 _and_ _n. 1_

Godehard, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312

Godfrey of Bouillon, i. 535-8

Godfrey of Viterbo, ii. 190 _and_ _n. 4_

Gondebaud, King of the Burgundians, ii. 242

Good and the true compared, ii. 441, 512

Goths (_See also_ Visigoths):
Christianity of, i. 192, 194
Roman Empire invaded by, i. 111 _seqq._

Gottfried von Strassburg, i. 567; ii. 223;
_Tristan_ of, i. 577-82

Gottschalk, i. 215, 221 _n. 2_, 224-5, 227-=8=;
verses by, ii. 197-9

Government:
Church _v._ State controversy, ii. 276-7
(_See also_ Papacy--Empire)
Ecclesiastical, _see_ Canon Law
Monarchical, ii. 277-8
Natural law in relation to, ii. 278-=9=
Representative assemblies, ii. 278

Grace, Aquinas’ definition of, ii. 478-9

Grail, the, i. 589, =596-7=, =607=, 608, 613

Grammar:
Chartres studies in, i. =298=; ii. 129-30
Current usage followed by, ii. 163 _and_ _n. 1_
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Importance and predominance of, in Middle Ages, i. 109 _and_ _n._,
=292=; ii. =331-2=
Italian study of, ii. =129=, 381
Language continuity preserved by, ii. =122-3=, 151, 155
Law studies in relation to, ii. 121
Logic in relation to, ii. 127 _seqq._, 333-4;
in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313
Syntax, connotation of term, ii. 125
Works on--Donatus, Priscian, Alexander, ii. 123 =seqq.=

Grammarian, meaning of term, i. 250

Gratianus, _Decretum_ of, ii. 268-9, =270-1=, 306, 380-2;
_dicta_, ii. 271

Greek classics, _see_ Greek thought, pagan

Greek language:
Oxford studies in, ii. 120, 391, =487=
Translations from, direct, in 13th cent., ii. 391

Greek legends, mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. 52, 56-9

Greek novels, ii. 224 _and_ _n._

Greek thought, pagan:
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492-3
Breadth of interest of, ii. 109
Christian standpoint contrasted with, i. 390; ii. 295-6
Church Fathers permeated by, i. 33-4
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394
Limitless, the, abhorrent to, i. 353-4
Love as regarded by, i. 575
Metaphysics in, ii. 335-7
Scholasticism contrasted with, ii. 296
_Summa moralium philosophorum_, ii. 373
Symbolism in, ii. 42, =56=
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 4

Greek thought, patristic (_See also_ Patristic thought):
Comparison of, with Latin, i. 68
Pagan philosophic thought contrasted with, ii. 295-6
Symbolism in, ii. 43
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 5, 34 _and_ _n._

Gregorianus, ii. =240=, 243

Gregory, Bp. of Tours, i. 121;
_Historia Francorum_ by, i. 234 _n. 2_; ii. 155

Gregory I. (the Great), Pope, family and education of, i. 97;
Augustine of Hippo compared with, i. 98-9;
Augustinianism barbarized by, i. 98, 102;
sends mission to England, i. 6, 33, =180-1 and n. 1=;
estimate of, i. =56=, 89, =102-3=, =342=;
estimate of his writings, i. 354;
on miracles, i. 100, 182;
on secular studies, ii. 288;
letter to Theoctista cited, i. 102 _n. 1_;
editions of works of, i. 97 _n._;
works of, translated by King Alfred, i. 187;
_Dialogues on the Lives and Miracles of the Italian Saints_, i. 85 and
_n. 2_, 100;
_Moralia_, i. =97=, 100; ii. 57;
Odo’s epitome of this work, ii. 161;
_Commentary on Kings_, i. 100 _n. 1_;
_Pastoral Rule_, i. =102=, 187-8;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16 _and_ _n. 4_, 65, 87, 104, 116

Gregory II., Pope, i. 197-8; ii. 273

Gregory III., Pope, i. 198; ii. 273

Gregory VII., Pope (Hildebrand), claims of, i. =244-5=; ii. 274;
relations with Damiani, i. 263;
exile of, i. 244, 253;
estimate of, i. 261;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 174 _n. 1_, 243, 304

Gregory IX., Pope, codification by, of Canon law, ii. 272;
efforts of, to improve education of the Church, ii. 398;
mentioned, i. 476; ii. 33

Gregory of Nyssa, i. 53, 80, 87, 340

Grosseteste, Robert, Chancellor of Oxford University and Bp. of Lincoln,
Greek studies promoted by, ii. =120=, =391=, 487;
estimate of, ii. 511-12;
Augustinianism of, ii. 403-4;
attitude toward the classics, ii. 120, 389;
relations with Franciscan Order, ii. =487=, 511;
Bacon’s relations with, ii. 487

_Gudrun_ (_Kudrun_), i. 148, =149=-52; ii. 220

Guigo, Prior, estimate of, i. 390-1;
relations with St. Bernard, i. 405;
_Consuetudines Carthusiae_ by, i. 384;
_Meditationes_ of, i. 385-90

Guinevere, i. 569, =584= _and_ _n. 1_, 585

Guiot de Provens, “Bible” of, i. 475-6 _and_ _n. 1_

Guiscard, Robert, ii. 189 _n. 2_

Gumpoldus, Bp. of Mantua, _Life of Wenceslaus_ by, ii. 162 _n. 1_

Gundissalinus, Archdeacon of Segovia, ii. 312 _and_ _n. 4_, 313

Gunther, _Ligurinus_ of, ii. 192 _and_ _n. 4_

Gunzo of Novara, i. 257-8

Harding, Stephen, Abbot of Citeaux, i. =360=, =361=, 393

Harold Fairhair, i. 153

_Hartmann von Aue_, i. =348-9 and n.=, 567; ii. 29 _n._

Harun al Raschid, Caliph, i. 210