Chapter XXIV: Parzival, the Brave Man Slowly Wise (3)

Heinrich von Veldeke, i. 567; ii. 29 _n._

_Heliand_, i. =203 and nn.=, 308

Helias, Count of Maine, ii. 138

Hell:
Dante’s descriptions of, ii. 546-7
Fear of, i. 103, =339=, 342, =383=
Visions of, i. 454-5, 456 _n._

Heloïse, Abaelard’s love for, ii. 4-5, 344;
his love-songs to, ii. =13=, 207;
love of, for Abaelard, i. 585; ii. =3=, =5=, 8, 9, =15-16=;
birth of Astralabius, ii. 6;
opposes marriage with Abaelard, ii. 6-9;
marriage, ii. 9;
at Argenteuil, ii. 9, 10;
takes the veil, ii. 10;
at the Paraclete, ii. 10 _seqq._;
letters of, to Abaelard quoted, ii. 11-15, 17-20, 23, 24;
Abaelard’s letters to, quoted, ii. 16-17, 21-3, 24-5;
Peter the Venerable’s letter, ii. 25-7;
letter of, to Peter the Venerable, ii. 27;
death of, ii. 27;
intellectual capacity of, ii. 3

Henry the Fowler, i. 241

Henry II., Emp., i. 243;
dirge on death of, ii. 216

Henry IV., Emp., i. 244; ii. =167=

Henry VI., Emp., ii. 32, 190

Henry I., King of England, ii. 139, 146, 176-8

Henry II., King of England, ii. 133, 135, 372

Henry of Brabant, ii. 391

Henry of Ghent, ii. 512

Henry of Huntington cited, i. 525

Henry of Septimella, ii. 190 _and_ _n. 3_

Heretics (_For particular sects, see their names_):
Abaelard’s views on coercion of, ii. 350, 354
Insignificance of, in relation to mediaeval thought, ii. 283 _and_ _n._
Theodosian enactments against, ii. 266
Twelfth century, in, i. 305

Herluin, Abbot of Bec, i. 271

Hermann, Landgraf of Thüringen, i. 589; ii. 29

Hermann Contractus, i. 314-15 _and_ _n. 1_

Hermits:
Irish, i. 133
Motives of, i. 335, 363
Temper of, i. 368 _seqq._

Hermogenianus, ii. 240, 243

Herodotus, i. 77

Hesse, Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8

Hilarion, St., i. 86

Hilary, Bp. of Poictiers, i. =63=, 68, 70

Hildebert of Lavardin, Bp. of Le Mans and Abp. of Tours, career of, ii.
137-40;
love of the classics, ii. =141-2=, =146=, 531;
letters of, quoted, ii. 140, 143, 144-5, 146-7;
Latin text of letter, ii. 172;
Latin elegy by, ii. 191;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 61, 134, 373 _n. 2_

Hildebrand, _see_ Gregory VII.

_Hildebrandslied_, ii. 220

Hildegard, St., Abbess of Bingen, dedication of, i. 447;
visions of, i. 267, =449-59=;
affinity of, with Dante, ii. 539;
correspondence of, i. 448;
works of, i. 446 _n._;
_Book of the Rewards of Life_, i. 452-6;
_Scivias_, i. 457-9;
otherwise mentioned, i. 20, 345, 443; ii. 302, 365

Hildesheim, bishops of (11th cent.), i. 312

Hilduin, Abbot, i. 230

Hincmar, i. 215, 230, =233 n. 1=

Hipparchus, i. 40

Hippocrates, i. 40

History:
Carolingian treatment of, i. 234-5
Classical attitude toward, i. 77-8
Eleventh century treatment of, i. 300
_Historia tripartita_ of Cassiodorus, i. 96-7
Patristic attitude toward, i. 80-4
_Seven Books of Histories adversum paganos_ by Orosius, i. 82-3

Holy Roman Empire:
Burgundy added to, i. 243 _n. 1_
German character of, ii. 32
Papacy, relations with, _see under_ Papacy
Refounding of, by Otto, i. 243
Rise of, under Charlemagne, i. 212

Honorius II., Pope, i. 531

Honorius III., Pope, i. 366, 482, 497; ii. 33, 385 _n._, =398=

Honorius of Autun--on classical study, ii. 110, =112-13=;
_Speculum ecclesiae_ of, ii. 50 _seqq._;
_Gemma animae_, ii. 77 _n. 1_

Hosius, Bp. of Cordova, i. 118 _n. 1_

Hospitallers, i. 531

Hrotsvitha, i. 311 _and_ _n. 2_, ii. 215 _n. 2_

Huesca (Osca), i. 25

Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, ii. 137

Hugh Capet, i. 239-=40= _and_ _n._

Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, i. 241

Hugh of Payns, i. 531

Hugo, Archdeacon of Halberstadt, ii. 62

Hugo, Bro., of Montpellier, i. 510-14

Hugo, King, i. 242

Hugo of St. Victor, estimate of, ii. =63=, =111=, 118, 301, =356=;
allegorizing by, ii. 367;
on classical study, ii. 110-11;
on logic, ii. 333;
pupils of, ii. 87;
works of, ii. 61 _n. 2_;
_Didascalicon_, ii. 48 _n. 2_, =63=, =111=, 312, =357 and nn. 2-5=;
_De sacramentis Christianae fidei_, ii. 48 _n. 2_, =64 seqq.=, 365,
=395=, 540;
_Expositio in regulam beati Augustini_, ii. 62 _n. 2_;
_De arca Noë morali_, ii. 75 _n._, =365-7=;
_De arca Noë mystica_, ii. 367;
_De vanitate mundi_, ii. 75 _n._, =111-12=;
_Summa sententiarum_, ii. 356;
_Sermons on Ecclesiastes_, ii. 358-9;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 20, 457; ii. 404

Humanists, ii. 126

_Humiliati_ of Lombardy, i. 365

Hungarians, i. 241-=2=

Huns, i. 112, 119, 193

_Huon de Bordeaux_, i. 564

Hy (Iona) Island, i. 136, =173=

Hymns, Christian:
Abaelard, by, ii. 25, =207-9=
Estimate of, i. 21
Evolution of, i. 347-9 _and_ _n._; ii. 196, =200 seqq.=
Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. 459
Hugo of St. Victor, by, ii. 86 _seqq._
Sequences, development of, ii. 196, =201-6=;
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-15

Iamblicus, i. 42, =47=, 51, 56-7; ii. 295

Iceland, Norse settlement in, i. 153

Icelanders, characteristics and customs of, i. 154

Icelandic Sagas, _see_ Sagas

Ideal _v._ actual, i. 353 _seqq._

Innocent II., Pope, i. =394=; ii. 10

Innocent III., Pope, i. 417, 481, 497; ii. =32=, =274=, 384, =398=

Innocent IV., Pope, i. 506

_Intellectus agens_, ii. 464, =507 n. 2=

Iona (Hy) Island, i. 136, =173=

Ireland:
Celts in, _see_ Irish
Church of, missionary zeal of, i. 133, 136, 172 _seqq._
Danish settlements in, i. 153
Monasteries in, i. =153 n. 1=, 173
Norse invasion of, i. 134
Scholarship in, i. =180 n.=, 184-5

Irenaeus, Bp. of Lyons, i. 225

Irish:
Art of, i. 128 _n. 1_
Characteristics of, i. =128=, 130, 133, 179
History of, i. 127 _and_ _n._
Influence of, on mediaeval feeling, i. 179 _and_ _n._
Literature of, i. =128 and n. 2=, =129 seqq.=, 134;
poetry, ii. 194
Missionary labours of, i. 133, 136, 172 _seqq._;
defect of, i. 179, 196
Norse harryings of, i. 133-4;
intercourse with, i. 152 _n. 3_
Oxford University, at, ii. 387

Irnerius, ii. 121, =260=, 380-1;
_Summa codicis_ of, ii. 255-9

Irrationality (_See also_ Miracles):
Neo-Platonic teaching as to, i. 42-4, 48, 52
Patristic doctrine as to, i. 51-3

Isabella, Queen, wife of Edward II., i. 550-1

Isidore, Abp. of Seville, estimate of, i. 89, 103, 118 _n. 1_;
Bede compared with, i. 185-7;
_False Decretals_ attributed to, i. 118 _n. 1_; ii. =270=, 273;
works of, i. 104-9;
_Etymologiae_, _see_ Etymologies of Isidore;
_Origines_, i. 236, 300;
otherwise mentioned, i. 6, 88; ii. 46, 312

Italian people in relation to the antique, i. 7-8

Italy (_For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names_):
Celtic inroads into (3rd cent. B.C.), i. 24
Church in, secularization of, i. 472
Cities in:
Continuity of, through dark ages, i. 248, =494-5=; ii. 381
Fighting amongst, i. 497-8
Importance of, i. 241, 326, =494-5=
Continuity of culture and character in, i. =326=, 495; ii. =120-2=
Dante as influenced by, ii. 534-5
Education in--lay, persistence of, i. 249-51;
clerical and monastic, i. 250 _n. 2_
Eleventh-century conditions in, i. 327
Feudalism not widely fixed in, i. 241
Feuds in, i. 515-16
Grammar as studied in, i. 250 _and_ _n. 2_; ii. 129
Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174
Literature of, mediaeval, lack of originality in, ii. 189;
eleventh-century verse, i. 251 _seqq._; ii. 165 _n. 1_, 186
Lombard kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16
Medicine studied in, i. 250 _and_ _n. 4_, =251=; ii. 121
Unification of, under Rome, i. 23

Jacobus à Voragine, _Legenda aurea_ by, ii. 184

Jacques de Vitry, Bp. and Card. of Tusculum, i. 461 and n.;
Exempla of, i. 488 _n._, 490

Jerome, St., estimate of, i. 344, 354;
letter of, on asceticism, i. 335 _and_ =n. 1=;
love of the classics, ii. 107, 112, 531;
modification by, of classical Latin, ii. 152, 171;
two styles of, ii. 171 _and_ _n. 4_;
Life of Paulus by, i. 84, 86;
Life of Hilarion, i. 86;
_Contra Vigilantium_, i. 86;
otherwise mentioned, i. 56, 75, 76, 104

Jerome of Ascoli (Pope Nicholas IV.), ii. 491

Jews:
Agobard’s tracts against, i. 232-=3=
Gregory the Great’s attitude toward, i. 102
Louis IX.’s attitude toward, i. 545
Persecution of, i. 118, 332

Joachim, Abbot of Flora, _Evangelicum eternum_ of, 502 _n._, =510=,
=512-13=, 517

John, Bro., of Vicenza, i. 503-4

John X., Pope, i. 242

John XI., Pope, i. 242

John XII., Pope, i. 243; ii. =160-1=

John XIII., Pope, i. 282

John XXII., Pope, _Decretales extravaganes_ of, ii. 272

John of Damascus, ii. 439 _n. 1_

John of Fidanza, _see_ Bonaventura

John of Parma, Minister-General of Franciscans, i. 507, 508, =510-11=

John of Salisbury, estimate of, ii. 118, 373-4;
Chartres studies described by, ii. 130-2;
attitude of, to the classics, ii. 114, 164, =173=, 531;
Latin style of, ii. 173-4;
_Polycraticus_, ii. 114-15, 174-5;
_Metalogicus_, ii. 173-4;
_Entheticus_, ii. 192;
_De septem septenis_, ii. 375

John the Deacon, _Chronicon Venetum_ by, i. 325-6

Joinville, Sire de, _Histories_ of St. Louis by, i. 539, =542-9=

Jordanes, compend of Gothic history by, i. 94

Jordanes of Osnabrück cited, ii. 276 _n. 2_

Joseph of Exeter, ii. 225 _n. 2_

Jotsaldus, Life of Odilo by, i. 295-6

Judaism, emotional elements in, i. 331-2

Julianus, _Epitome_ of, ii. 242, =249=, 254

Jumièges cloister, ii. 201

Jurisprudence (_See also_ Roman law):
Irnerius an exponent of, ii. 256, 259
Mediaeval renaissance of, ii. 265
Roman law, in, beginnings of, ii. 232

Justinian, _Codex_, _Institutes_, _Novellae_ of, _see under_ Roman law;
_Digest of_, _see_ Roman law--Pandects

Jutes, i. 140

Jutta, i. 447

Keating quoted, i. 136

Kilwardby, Richard, Abp. of Canterbury, _De ortu et divisione
philosophiae_ of, ii. 313

Kilwardby, Robert, ii. 128

Knighthood, order of:
Admission to, persons eligible for, i. 527
Code of, i. 524
Hospitallers, i. 531
Investiture ceremony, i. 525-8
Love the service of, i. 568, =573=
Templars, i. 531-5
Virtues and ideals of, i. 529-31, 567-8

Knowledge:
Cogitation, meditation, contemplation (Hugo’s scheme), ii. 358 _seqq._
Forms and modes of, Aquinas on--divine, ii. 451-5;
angelic, ii. 459-62;
human, ii. 463 _seqq._
Grades of, Aquinas on, ii. 461, 467
Primacy of, over will maintained by Aquinas, ii. 440-1

La Ferté Monastery, i. 362

Lambert of Hersfeld, _Annals_ of, i. 313; ii. 167

Lambertus Audomarensis, _Liber Floridus_ of, ii. 316 _n. 2_

_Lancelot of the Lake_, i. 567, 569-70, =582-5=;
Old French prose version of, i. 583 _seqq._

Land tenure, feudal, i. 523-4

Lanfranc, Primate of England, i. 174 _n. 1_, =261 n.=, 273

_Langue d’oc_, ii. 222, 248

_Langue d’oil_, ii. 222, 248

Languedoc, chivalric society of (11th and 12th centuries), i. 572

Latin classics:
Abaelard’s reference to, ii. 353
Alexandrian antecedents of the verse, ii. 152 _n. 1_
Artificial character of the prose, ii. 151 _n._
Breadth of interest of, ii. 109
Characteristics of, ii. 153
Chartres a home of, i. 298; ii. 119
Common elements in, ii. 149, 157
Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 541, 544;
his quotations from, ii. 543 _n. 1_
Ecclesiastical attitude toward, i. 260; ii. 110 _seqq._, 396-7
Familiarity with, of Damiani, i. 260; ii. 165;
Gerbert, i. 287-8; ii. 110;
John of Salisbury, ii. 114, 164, =173=, 531;
Bernard of Chartres, ii. 132-3;
Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4;
Hildebert, ii. =141-2=, =146=, 531
Knowledge-storehouses for the Middle Ages, as, ii. 108
Mastery of, complete, as affecting mediaeval writings, ii. 164
Reverential attitude of mediaevals toward, ii. 107-9
Scripture study as aided by study of, ii. 110, 112, 120
Suggestions of new ideas from, for Northern peoples, ii. 136
Themes of, in vernacular poetry, ii. 223 _seqq._
Twelfth-century study of, ii. 117-18

Latin Fathers (_See also their names and_ Patristic thought):
Comparison of, with Greek, i. 68
Style and diction of, ii. 150, 152 _seqq._
Symbolism in, ii. 43-6
Transmutation by, of Greek thought, i. 5, 34 _and_ _n._

Latin language:
Britain, position in, i. 10, 32
Children’s letters in, ii. 123 _n._
Christianity as modifying, ii. 152, =154=, 156, 164, 171
Continuity of, preserved by universal study of grammar, ii. =122-3=,
151, 155
“Cornificiani” in regard to, ii. =132=, 373
Educational medium as, ii. 109
Genius of, susceptible of change, ii. 149
German acquisition of, i. 10, 32, =307-8=, =313=; ii. =123=, 155
Grammar of, _see_ Grammar
Mediaeval modifications in, ii. 125, 164
Patristic modifications of, ii. 150, 152 _seqq._;
Jerome’s, ii. 152, 171
Spelling of, mediaeval, i. 219
Sphere of, ii. 219-20
Supremacy of (during Roman conquest period), i. 4, =23-4 and n. 1=,
25, =30-1=
Translations from, scanty nature of, ii. 331 _n. 2_
Translations into, difficulties of, ii. 498
Universality of, as language of scholars, ii. 219, 331 _n. 2_
Vernacular, developments of, ii. 151
Vitality of, in relation to vernacular tongues, ii. 219

Latin prose, mediaeval:
Antecedents of, ii. 151 _seqq._
Best period of, ii. 167-8
Bulk of, ii. 157 _n._
Carolingian, ii. 158-60
Characteristics of, ii. 156
Estimation of, difficulties of, ii. 157 _and_ _n._
Influences upon, summary of, ii. 156
Prolixity and inconsequence of, ii. 154
Range of, ii. 154
Simplicity of word-order in, ii. 163 _n. 1_
Stages of development of, ii. 157 _seqq._
Style in, beginnings of, ii. 164
Stylelessness of, in Carolingian period, ii. 158-60
Thirteenth-century styles, ii. 179
Value of, as expressing the mediaeval mind, ii. 156, 164

Latin verse, mediaeval:
Accentual and rhyming compositions, ii. 194;
two kinds of, ii. 196
Antecedents of, ii. 187 _n. 1_
Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, =217-19 and n.=
Development of, stages in, ii. 187
Leonine hexameters, ii. 199 _and_ _n. 3_
Metrical composition, ii. 187 _seqq._;
elegiac verse, ii. 190-2 _and_ _n. 1_;
hexameters, ii. 192;
Sapphics, ii. 192-3 _and_ _n. 1_
Modi, ii. 215-16
Rhyme, development of, ii. 195, =206=

Law:
Barbarian, Latin codes of, ii. 244 _seqq._
Barbaric conception of, ii. 245, 248-9
_Breviarium_, _see under_ Roman law
Canon, _see_ Canon law
English, principles of, i. 141-2
Grammar in relation to, ii. 121
Lombard codes, i. =115=; ii. 242, =246=, 248, 253;
_Concordia_, ii. 259
Natural:
Gratian on, ii. 268-9
_Jus gentium_ in relation to, ii. =234 and n.=, 268
Occam on, ii. 519
Sacraments of, ii. 74 _and_ _n. 1_
Supremacy of, ii. 269, 279
Roman, _see_ Roman law
Salic, ii. 245-6
Territorial basis of, i. 123; ii. 247
Tribal basis of, i. 123; ii. =245-7=
Visigothic codification of, in Spain, i. 118

Leander, Bp. of Seville, i. 118 _n. 1_

Légonais, Chrétien, ii. 230 _and_ _n. 2_

Leo, Brother, _Speculum perfectionis_ by, ii. 183-4

Leo I. (the Great), Pope, i. 113, 116

Leo IX., Pope, i. 243

Leon, Sir Guy de, i. 552-3

Leon, Sir Hervé de, i. 552-3

Leowigild, i. 117 _n. 2_, 118 _n. 1_

Lerins monastery, i. 195

Lewis, Lord, of Spain, i. 552-3

Liberal arts, _see_ Seven Liberal Arts

Liutgard of Tongern, i. 463-5

Liutprand, Bp. of Cremona i. =256-7=; ii. 161 _n. 1_

Liutprand, King of Lombards, i. 115-16

Logic (_See also_ Dialectic):
Albertus Magnus on, ii. =313-15=, 504, 506
Aristotelian, mediaeval apprehension of, ii. 329 (_See also_
Aristotle--_Organon_)
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 505
Gerbert’s preoccupation with, i. 282, 289, =292=
Grammar in relation to, ii. 127 _seqq._, 333-4;
in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346
Importance of, in Middle Ages, i. 236; ii. 297
Nature of, ii. 333;
schoolmen’s views on, ii. 313-15, 333
Occam’s views on, ii. 522
Patristic attitude toward, i. 71
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313 _seqq._
Scholastic decay in relation to, ii. 523
Second stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 332-4
Specialisation of, in 12th cent., ii. 119
Theology in relation to, ii. =340 n.=, 346
Twofold interpretation of, ii. 333
Universals, problem of, ii. 339 _seqq._;
Abaelard’s treatment of, ii. 342, =348=

Lombard, Peter, estimate of, ii. 370;
Gratian compared with, ii. 270;
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 497;
_Books of Sentences_ by, i. 17, 18; ii. 134, 370;
method of the work, ii. 306;
Aquinas’ _Summa_ contrasted with it, ii. 307-10;
its classification scheme, ii. 322-4;
Bonaventura’s commentary on it, ii. 408

Lombards:
Italian kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16
Italian influence on, i. 7, 249
Law codes of, _see under_ Law

Louis of Bavaria, Emp., ii. 518

Louis I. (the Pious), King of France, i. 233, 239, =359=;
false capitularies ascribed to, ii. 270

Louis VI. (the Fat), King of France, i. 304-5, 394, 400; ii. 62;
Hildebert’s letter on encroachments of, ii. 140, 172

Louis IX. (the Saint), King of France, Geoffrey’s _Vita_ of, i. 539-42;
Joinville’s _Histoire of_, i. 542-9;
Testament of, i. 540 _n. 1_;
otherwise mentioned, i. 476, 507-=9=, 515

Love, Aquinas on distinguishing definitions of, ii. 475-6

Love, chivalric:
Antique conception of love contrasted with, i. 575
_Chansons de geste_ as concerned with, i. 564
Code of, by Andrew the Chaplain, i. 575-6
Dante’s exposition of, ii. 555-6
Estimate of, mediaeval, i. 568, 570
Literature of, _see_ Chivalry--Literature
Marriage in relation to, i. 571 _and_ _n. 2_
_Minnelieder_ as depicting, ii. 30
Nature of, i. 572-5, 582-7
Stories exemplifying--_Tristan_, i. 577 _seqq._;
_Lancelot_, 582 _seqq._

Love, spiritual:
Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 472-3, 476
Bernard of Clairvaux as exemplifying, i. 394 _seqq._

Lupus, Servatus, Abbot of Ferrières, i. 215;
ii. 113

Luxeuil, i. 175-7

Lyons:
Diet of the “Three Gauls” at, i. 30
Law studies at, ii. 250

Macrobius, _Saturnalia_ of, ii. 116 _and_ _n. 4_

Magic, i. =46-8=; ii. 500 _and_ _n. 1_

Majolus, Abbot of Cluny, i. 359

Manichaeism, i. =49=; ii. =44=, 283

Manny, Sir Walter, i. 552-4

Mapes (Map), Walter, i. =475=, 567; ii. 219 _n._

Marie, Countess, de Champagne, i. 566, 573, =576=

Marie de France, i. =566=, 567, 573;
_Eliduc_ by, i. 571 _n. 2_

Marinus (hermit), i. 373

Marozia, i. 242

Marriage:
Christian attitude toward, ii. 8;
ecclesiastical view, ii. 529
Feudalism as affecting, i. 571, 586
German view of, ii. 30

Marsilius of Padua, ii. 277 _n. 2_

Martin, St., of Tours, i. 334;
Life of, i. 52 and _n._, 84, 85 _n. 2_, =86=

Martyrs:
Mediaeval view of, i. 483
Patristic attitude toward, i. 86

Mary, St., of Ognies, i. =462-3=;
nature of visions of, i. 459

Massilia, i. 26

Mathematics:
Bacon’s views on, ii. 499-500
Gerbert’s proficiency in, i. 282, =288=

Mathew Paris cited, ii. 487

Matthew of Vendome, _Ars versificatoria_ by, ii. 190 _and_ _n. 5_

Maurus, Rabanus, _see_ Rabanus

Mayors of the palace, i. 240

Mechthild of Magdeburg, i. 20, 345; ii. 365;
Book of, i. 465 _and_ _n. 2_-70

Mediaeval thought:
Abstractions, genius for, ii. 280
Characteristics of, i. 13
Commentaries characteristic of, ii. 390, 553 _n. 4_
Conflict inherent in, i. 22; ii. =293-4=
Deference of, toward the past, i. 13; ii. 534
Emotionalizing by, of patristic Christianity, i. 345
Metalogics rather than metaphysics the final stage of, ii. 337
Moulding forces of, i. 3, 5, 12; ii. =293-4=
Orthodox character of, ii. 283 _and_ _n._
Political theorizing, ii. 275 _seqq._
Problems of, origins of, ii. 294-5
Restatement and rearrangement of antique matter the work of, i.
13-15, =224=, 237, =292=, 342; ii. 297, 329, 341:
Culmination of third stage in, ii. 394
Emotional transformations of the antique, i. 18 _seqq._
Intellectual transformations of the antique, i. 14 _seqq._
Salvation the main interest of, i. =58-9=, 334; ii. =296-7=, 300
Scholasticism, _see that heading_
Superstitions accepted by, i. 487
Symbolism the great influence in, ii. 43, 102, 365
Three stages of, ii. 329 _seqq._
Ultimate intellectual interests of, ii. 287 _seqq._

Medicine:
Relics used in, i. 299
Smattering of, included in Arts course, ii. 250
Study of--in Italy, i. 250 _and_ _n. 4_, =251=; ii. 383 _n._
at Chartres, i. 299; ii. 372

Mendicant Orders, _see_ Dominican _and_ Franciscan

Merovingian Kingdom:
Character of, i. 208
Church under, i. 194
Extent of, i. 210 _n. 3_
German conquests of, i. 121, 138

Merovingian period:
Barbarism of, i. 9
Continuity of, with Carolingian, i. 210-12
King’s law in, ii. 247

Merovingians, estimate of, i. 195

Metaphor distinguished from allegory, ii. 41 _n._ (_See also_ Symbolism)

Metaphysics:
Final stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 335-7
Logic, mediaeval, in relation to, ii. 334
Theology dissociated from, by Duns, ii. 510, 516, =517=

Michelangelo quoted, ii. 113

Middle Ages (_See also_ Mediaeval thought):
Beginning of, i. 6
Extremes characteristic of, i. 355

Milan, lawyers in, ii. 251 _n. 2_

_Miles_, signification of word, i. 525-6 _and_ _n. 2_

_Minnelieder_, ii. 28-31

Minorites, i. 430 (_See also_ Franciscan Order)

Miracles (_See also_ Irrationality):
Devil, concerned with, i. 488 _seqq._
_Nostre Dame, Miracles de_, i. 491-2
Patristic attitude toward, i. =85-6=, =100=, 182
Roman Empire aided by, belief as to, ii. 536
Salimbene’s instance of, i. 516
Universal acceptance of, i. =74=, 182
_Vitae sanctorum_ in regard to, i. 85 _and_ _n. 2_

Mithraism, i. 49

Modena (Mutina), i. 24

Modi, ii. 215-16

Monasteries:
Immunities granted to, i. 523 _and_ _n._
_Regula_ of, meaning of, ii. 62

Monasticism (_For particular Monasteries, Orders, etc., see their
names_):
Abuses of, i. 357-8; Rigaud’s _Register_ quoted, i. 477-481
Benedictine rule:
Adoption of--in England, i. 184;
among the Franks, i. 199, 201;
generally, i. 358
Papal approval of, i. 335
Cassiodorus a pioneer in literary functions of, i. 94
General mediaeval view regarding, i. =472=; ii. 529
Ideal _v._ actual, i. 355
Ireland, in, i. 135 _n. 1_
Lament over deprivations of, ii. 218-19
Modifications of, by St. Francis, i. 366
Motives of, i. 357
Nature of, i. 336-7
Nuns, _see_ Women--monastic life
Origin of, i. 335
Pagan literature condemned by, i. 260
Popularity of, in 5th and 6th centuries, i. 195-6
Poverty--of monks, i. 365;
of Orders, i. 366, =425=, =430=
Reforms of, i. 358 _seqq._
Schools, monastic, in Italy, i. 250 _n. 2_
Sex-relations as regarded by, i. 338
Studies of, in 6th cent., i. 94, 95
Subordinate monasteries, supervision of, i. 361
Uncloistered, _see_ Dominican _and_ Franciscan
_Vita activa_ accepted by, i. 363-6
_Vita contemplativa_, _see that title_
Women vilified by devotees of, i. =354 n.=, 521 _n. 2_, 532, =533=;
ii. 58

Montanists, 332

Monte Cassino, i. 250 _n. 2_, 252-3

Montfort, Countess of, i. 552-4

Moorish conquest of Spain, i. 9, 118

Morimond monastery, i. 362

Mosaics, i. 345-7

Music:
Arithmetic in relation to, ii. 291
Chartres studies in, i. 299
Poetry and, interaction of, ii. 195-=6=, =201-2=
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313

Mysticism:
Hugo’s strain of, ii. 361-3
Nature of, i. 443 _n. 1_; ii. =363 and n. 4=
Symbolism as expressing, _see_ Symbolism

Narbo, i. 26

Narbonensis, _see_ Provincia

Narbonne, law studies at, ii. 250

Natural history and science, _see_ Physical science

Nemorarius, Jordanus, ii. 501

Neo-Platonism:
Arabian versions of Aristotle touched with, ii. 389
Augustinian, i. =55=; ii. 403
Christianity compared with, i. 51;
Patristic habit of mind compared, ii. 295
Ecstasy as regarded by, i. 331
Metaphysics so named by, ii. 336
Pseudo-Dionysian, i. 54 _and_ _n. 1_
Tenets and nature of, i. 41-9;
a mediatorial system, i. 50, 54, 57-8, 70
Trinity of, ii. 355

Neustria, i. 200, =209=, 239

_Nibelungenlied_, i. 145-6, =148-9=, 152, 193, 203 _n. 2_; ii. 220

Nicholas II., Pope, i. 243 _n. 2_

Nicholas III., Pope, i. 504

Nicholas IV., Pope (Jerome of Ascoli), ii. 491

Nicholas, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 213-15

Nicolas of Damascus, ii. 427

Nilus, St., Abbot of Crypta-Ferrata, i. 374 _n._

Nithard, Count, i. 234-5

Nominalism, i. 303

Norbert, ii. 344

Normandy, Norse occupation of, i. 153

Norsemen (Scandinavians, Vikings):
Characteristics of, i. 138, =154-5=
Continental and insular holdings of, i. 153
Eddic poems of, i. 154-5 _and_ _n. 3_
Irish harassed by, i. 133-4;
later relations, i. 152 _n. 3_
Jumièges cloister sacked by, ii. 201
Metal-working among, i. 152 _n. 3_
Ravages by, in 8th and 9th centuries, i. 152-3
_Sagas_ of, i. 155 _seqq._
Settling down of, i. 240

Notker, i. 308-9 _and_ _n. 1_; sequences of, ii. 201-2

Numbers, symbolic phantasies regarding, i. 72 _and_ _nn. 1, 2_; ii. 49
_n. 3_

Oberon, fairy king, i. 564 _and_ _n._

Occam, William of, career of, ii. 518;
estimate of his work, ii. 522-3;
attitude toward Duns, ii. 518 _seqq._;
on faith and reason, ii. 519;
on Universals, ii. 520-1

Odilo, Abbot of Cluny, i. =294-5=, 359;
Jotsaldus’ biography of, quoted, i. 295-6

Odo, Abbot of Cluny, i. 343 _and_ _n. 3_, 359;
Epitome by, of Gregory’s _Moralia_, i. 16 _n. 4_; ii. 161 _and_ _n. 2_;
Latin style of _Collationes_, ii. 161-2

Odo of Tournai, ii. 340 _n._

Odoacer, i. =114=, 145

Olaf, St., i. 156, =160-1=

Olaf Tryggvason, King, i. 156, =161-2=

Old French:
Formation of, ii. 155
Latin as studied by speakers of, ii. 123
Poetry, ii. 222, =225 seqq.=

Ontology, _see_ Metaphysics

Ordeal, trial by, i. 232-3 _and_ _n. 1_

Ordericus Vitalis, i. 525;
_Historia ecclesiastica_ by, ii. 176-8

_Organon_, _see under_ Aristotle

Origen, estimate of, i. 51, 62-3;
on Canticles, i. =333=; ii. 369;
_De principiis_, i. 68;
otherwise mentioned, i. 53, 76, 80, 87, 104, 411; ii. 64

Orleans School:
Classical studies at, ii. 119 _n. 2_, 127
Law studies at, ii. 250
Rivalry of, with Chartres, ii. 119 _n. 2_

Orosius, i. =82= _and_ _n. 1_, 188

Ostrogoths, i. 7, 113, =114-15=, 120

Otfrid the Frank, i. =203-4=, 308

Other world:
Irish beliefs as to, i. 131 _and_ _n. 2_
Voyages to, mediaeval narratives of, i. 444 _n. 1_

Othloh, i. 315;
visions of, i. 443;
_Book concerning the Temptations of a certain Monk_, i. 316-23

Otric, i. 289-91

Otto I. (the Great), Emp., i. =241-3=, 256-7, 309

Otto II., Emp., i. 243, =282-3=, =289=

Otto III., Emp., i. =243=, 283, 284;
_Modus Ottinc_ in honour of, ii. 215-216

Otto IV. (of Brunswick), Emp., i. 417; ii. =32-3=

Otwin, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312

Ovid, _Ars amatoria_ of, i. 574-5;
mediaeval allegorizing of, and of _Metamorphoses_, ii. 230

Oxford University:
Characteristics of, ii. 388-9
Curriculum at, ii. 387-8
Foundation of, ii. 380, =386-7=
Franciscan fame at, ii. 400
Greek studies at, ii. 120, 391, 487

Palladius, Bp., i. 172

Pandects, _see under_ Roman law

Papacy (_See also_ Church _and_ Popes):
Ascendancy of, over prelacy, i. 304
Character of, ii. 32
Denunciations against, i. 475; ii. 34-5, 218
Empire’s relations with:
Concordat of Worms, i. 245 _n. 4_
Conflict (11th cent.), i. 244;
(12th cent.), i. 245 _n. 4_; ii. 273;
(13th cent.), ii. 33, =34-5=;
(14th cent.), ii. 518;
allegory as a weapon in, ii. 60
Recognition of ecclesiastical authority, ii. 265-7, 272-3
Reforms by Otto I., i. 243
Gregory VII.’s claims for, i. 245; ii. 274
Mendicant Orders’ relations with, ii. =398=, 509
Nepotism of, i. =504-5=, 511
Schisms of popes and anti-popes, i. 264
Temporal power of, rise of, i. 116;
claims advanced, i. 245;
realized, ii. 274, 276-7

Papinian cited, ii. 235

Paraclete oratory:
Abaelard at, ii. 10, 344
Heloïse at, ii. 10 _seqq._

Paradise:
Dante’s _Paradiso_, _see under_ Dante
Hildegard’s visions of, i. 455-6

Paris:
Schools:
Growth of, ii. 380
Notre Dame and St. Geneviève, ii. 383
St. Victor, ii. =61-3=, 143, 383
University:
Aristotle prohibited at, ii. 391-2
Authorities on, ii. 381 _n._
Bacon at, ii. 488
Bonaventura at, ii. 403
Curriculum at, ii. 387-8
Dominicans and Franciscans at, ii. 399
Prominence of, in philosophy and theology, ii. 283, =378-9=
Rise, constitution, and struggles of, ii. 119-20, 383-6
Viking sieges of, i. 153

Parma, i. 497, 505-6

_Parsival_:
Chrétien’s version of, i. 567, =588-9=
Wolfram’s version of, i. 12 _n._, 571 _n. 2_, =589-613=; ii. =29=

Paschal controversy, _see_ Eucharistic

Paschasius, Radbertus, Abbot of Corbie i. 215, =225-7=

Patrick, St., i. 172-3

Patristic thought and doctrine (_See also_ Greek thought, patristic,
_and_ Latin Fathers):
Abaelard’s attitude toward, ii. 305
Achievement of exponents of, i. 86-7
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394
Emotion as synthesized by, i. 340-2
Intellectual rather than emotional, i. 343-4;
emotionalizing of, by mediaeval thinkers, i. 345
Latin medium of, i. 5
Logic as regarded by, i. 71
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 16
Miracle accepted by, i. 51-3, =85-6=
Natural knowledge as treated by, i. =61 seqq.=, =72-3=, =76-7=, 99;
ii. 393
Pagan philosophy permeating exponents of, i. =33-4=, =58=, 61
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Rearrangement of, undertaken in Carolingian period, i. =224=, 237
Symbolism of, _see under_ Symbolism

Paulinus of Aquileia, i. 215

Paulinus, St., of Nola, i. =86=, 126 _n. 2_

Paulus--on _jus_, ii. 237:
_Sententiae_ of, ii. 243

Paulus, St., i. 84, 86

Paulus Diaconus, i. 214-15, 252

Pavia, law school at, ii. 251, =259=

Pedro, Don, of Castille, i. 554-5

Pelagians, i. 225

Pelagius, i. 172 _n._

Peripatetic School, i. 38-9
(_See also_ Aristotle)

Peter, Bro., of Apulia, i. 512-14

Peter, disciple of St. Francis, i. 426

Peter Damiani, _see_ Damiani

Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4

Peter of Ebulo, ii. 190

Peter of Maharncuria, ii. 502-4

Peter of Pisa, i. 214

Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny, i. 360;
letter of, to Heloïse, ii. 25-7

Petrarch, ii. 188, =219=

Petrus Riga, _Aurora_ of, ii. 127

Philip VI., King of France, i. 551

Philip Augustus, King of France, ii. 33

Philip Hohenstauffen, Duke of Suabia, i. 481; ii. =32=, 33

Philo, i. 37, =231=;
allegorizing of, ii. =42=, 364

Philosophy:
Division of, schemes of, ii. 312 _seqq._
End of:
Abaelard’s and Hugo’s views on, ii. 352, 361
John of Salisbury on, ii. 375

Philosophy, antique:
Divine source of, Bacon’s view as to, ii. 507 _n. 2_
“First” (Aristotelian), ii. 335
Position of, in Roman Empire (3rd-6th cent.), i. 34 (_See also_
Greek thought)

Philosophy, Arabian, ii. =389-90=, 400-1

Philosophy, scholastic:
Completeness of, in Aquinas, ii. 395
Divisions of, ii. 312 _seqq._
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8
Physical sciences included in, _see_ Physical science
Theology as the end of (Abaelard’s and Hugo’s view), ii. 352, 361
Theology distinguished from, ii. 284, 288;
by Aquinas, ii. =290=, 311;
by Bonaventura, ii. 410 _and_ _n._;
considered as superior to, by Aquinas, ii. 289-=90=, =292=;
dominated by (Bacon’s contention), ii. 496;
dissociated from, by Duns and Occam, ii. 510, =517=, 519

Physical science:
Albertus Magnus’ attitude toward, ii. 423;
his works on, ii. 425-9
Bacon’s predilection for, ii. 486-7
Classifications of, ii. 312 _seqq._
Experimental science or method, ii. 502-8
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 300
Oxford school of, ii. 389
Patristic attitude toward, i. 63, 66-7, =72-3=, =76-7=, 99; ii. 393
Theology as subserved by, ii. =67=, 111, =289=, =486=, =492=, =496=,
500, 530;
denial of the theory--by Duns, ii. 510;
by Occam, ii. 519-20

_Physiologus_, i. =76-7 and n.=, 300; ii. 83

Pippin of Heristal, i. =208-9=; ii. 197

Pippin of Neustria, i. 115, =200=, =209=, 210 and _n. 1_; ii. 273

Pippin, son of Charlemagne, ii. 197

Placentia (Piacenza), i. 24

Placentinus, ii. 261-2

Plato, supra-rationalism of, i. 42;
allegorizing by, i. 36; ii. 364;
doctrine of ideas, i. =35=; ii. 339-340;
Aquinas on this doctrine, ii. 455, 465;
Augustine of Hippo as influenced by, ii. 403;
“salvation” suggestion in, ii. 296 _n. 2_;
_Republic_, i. 36;
_Timaeus_, i. =35-6=, 291; ii. 64, 69, =118=, 348, 370, 372, =377=

Platonism:
Alanus’ _Anticlaudianus_, in, ii. 100 _n. 2_
Augustinian, i. 55
Nature of, i. =35-6=, 57, 59
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312

Pliny the Elder, _Historia naturalis_ by, i. 39-40, 75

Plotinus, estimate of, i. 43, 45;
personal affinity of Augustine with, i. 55-7;
philosophic system of, i. =42=-6, 50, 51;
_Enneads_ of, i. 55;
otherwise mentioned, i. 50, 51; ii. 64

Plutarch, i. 44

Poetry, mediaeval:
Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, =217-19 and n.=
Chivalric, _see_ Chivalry--Literature
Hymns, _see that heading_
Italian, of 11th cent., i. =251 seqq.=; ii. 186
Latin, _see_ Latin verse
Modi, ii. 215-16
Music and, interaction of, ii. 195-=6=, =201-2=
Old High German, ii. 194
Popular verse, _see sub-headings_ Carmina _and_ Modi; _also_ Vernacular
Prosody, Alexander de Villa-Dei on, ii. 126
Vernacular:
Germanic, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon, ii. 220-1
Romance, ii. 221-3, 225 _seqq._

Pontigny monastery, i. 362

Poor of Lyons (Waldenses), i. 364, =365 n.=; ii. 34

Popes (_See also_ Papacy; _and for particular popes see their names_):
Avignon, at, ii. 510
Decretals of, _see under_ Canon law
Degradation of (10th cent.), i. 242
Election of, freed from lay control, i. 243 _n. 2_

Popular rights, growth of, in 12th cent., i. 305

Porphyry, i. 42, =44-7=, 50, 51, 56; ii. 295;
_Isagoge_ (Introduction to the _Categories_ of Aristotle), i. 45, 92,
102; ii. 312, =314 n.=, 333, =339=

Preaching Friars, _see_ Dominican Order

Predestination, Gottschalk’s controversy as to, i. 224-5, 227-=8=

Priscianus, i. 71; ii. 119 _n. 2_;
_Institutiones grammaticae_ of (_Priscianus major_ and _minor_), ii.
124-5

Prosper of Aquitaine, i. 106 _n. 1_

Provençal literature, i. 571; ii. 168;
Alba (aube) poetry, i. 20, =571=; ii. 30

Provincia (Narbonensis):
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9
Latinization of, i. 26-7 _and_ _n. 1_
Ligurian inhabitants of, i. 126
Teutonic invasion of, i. 125

Prudentius, ii. 63;
_Psychomachia_ of, ii. 102-4

Pseudo-Callisthenes, _Life and Deeds of Alexander_ by, ii. 224, 225,
=229-230=

Pseudo-Dionysius, ii. 302;
_Celestial Hierarchy_ by, i. 54 _and_ _n. 1_

Pseudo-Turpin, ii. 319

Ptolemy of Alexandria, i. 40

Purgatory:
Dante’s _Purgatorio_, _see under_ Dante
Hildegard’s visions as to, i. 456 _n._
Popular belief as to, i. 486

_Quadrivium_, _see under_ Seven Liberal Arts

Rabanus Maurus, Abp. of Mainz, allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 46-7;
interest in the vernacular, i. 308;
works of, i. 222-41;
_De universo_, i. 300; ii. 316 _n. 2_;
_Allegoriae in universam sacram scripturam_, ii. 48-9;
_De laudibus sanctae crucis_, ii. 49 _n. 3_;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16, 100, 215; ii. 302-303, 312, 332

Race, tests for determining, i. 124 _n._

Radbertus, _see_ Paschasius

_Raoul de Cambrai_, i. 563-4

Ratherius, i. 309 and =n. 2=

Ratramnus of Corbie, i. 215, 227; ii. 199

Ravenna:
Gerbert’s disputation in, i. 289-91
Grammar and rhetoric studies at, ii. 121
Law studies at, ii. 251, 252
S. Apollinaris in Classe, i. 373, 377

Raymond of Agiles quoted, i. 536

Realism, Duns’ exposition of, ii. 514 _and_ _n._

Reason _v._ authority controversy:
Berengar’s position in, i. 302-3
Eriugena’s contribution to, i. 229-=30=

Reccared, i. 118 _nn._

Reinhard, Bp. of Halberstadt, ii. 62

Relics of saints and martyrs:
Arms enshrining, i. 528
Curative use of, i. 299
Patristic attitude toward, i. 86, 101 _n._

Renaissance, misleading nature of term, i. 211 _n._

_Renaud de Montaubon_, i. 564

Rheims cathedral school, i. 293

Rhetoric:
Chartres study of, i. 298
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Predominance of, i. 109 _and_ _n._

Richard, Abbot of Jumièges, i. 480-1

Richard of Middleton, ii. 512

Richard of St. Victor, ii. 80, =87= _and_ _n. 2_, =367 n. 2=, 540

Richer, Abbot of Monte Cassino, i. 252, 300 _n. 2_;
history of Gerbert by, quoted, i. 287-91

Ricimer, Count, i. 113

Riddles, didactic, i. 218-19 _and_ _n. 1_

Rigaud, Eude (Oddo Rigaldus), Abp. of Rouen, i. =476=, =508=, 509;
_Register_ of, quoted, i. 476-81

Robert, cousin of St. Bernard, i. 395-7

Robert of Normandy, ii. 139

Rollo, Duke, of Normandy, i. 153, 239-40

_Roman de la rose_, i. =586-7=; ii. 103 _and_ _nn._, 104, 223

_Roman de Thebes_, ii. 227, =229 n.=

Roman Empire:
Barbarization of, i. 5, 7, =111 seqq.=
Billeting of soldiers, custom as to, i. 114 _n._, 117
Christianity accepted by, i. 345
Church, relations with, ii. 265-7, 272-3
Cities enjoying citizenship of--in Spain, i. 26 _and_ _n. 2_;
in Gaul, i. 30
City life of, i. 27, 326
Clientage system under, i. 117 _n. 2_
Dante’s views on, ii. 536
Decadence of, i. =84=, 97, =111=
Eastern, _see_ Eastern Empire
Enduring nature of, conditions of, i. 238 _n._
Greek thought diffused by, i. 4
Italian people under, i. 7
Jurisconsults of, authority and capacity of, ii. 232-3 _and_ _n._, 236
Latinization of Western Europe due to, i. 23 _seqq._, 110
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 11
Scandinavians under influence of, i. 152 _n. 3_

Roman law:
Auditory, Imperial or Praetorian, ii. 233 _n._, 235 _n. 1_
Bologna famed for study of, ii. =121=, 251, =259-62=, 378
_Brachylogus_, ii. 254-5
_Breviarium_ and its _Interpretatio_, i. =117=; ii. 243-4;
Epitomes of, ii. 244, =249-50=;
_Brachylogus_ influenced by, ii. 254
Burgundian tolerance of, i. 121;
code (_Papianus_), ii. 239, =242=
Church under, ii. 265 _and_ _n. 2_
Codes of:
Barbaric, nature of, ii. 244
(_See also sub-headings_ Breviarium _and_ Burgundian)
Gregorianus’, ii. 240, 243
Hermogenianus’, ii. 240, 243
Nature of, ii. 239-40
Theodosian, ii. 240 _and_ _n. 2_, 241 _n. 2_, 242-3, =249=, =266-7
and n. 1=
_Codex_ of Justinian, ii. =240=, =242=, 253:
Azo’s and Accursius’ work on, ii. 263-4
Glosses to, ii. 249-50
Placentinus’ _Summa_ of, ii. 262
_Summa Perusina_ an epitome of, ii. =249=, 252
_Constitutiones_ and _rescripta principum_, ii. =235 and n. 1=, 239,
=240=
Custom recognized by, ii. 236
Digest of, by Justinian, _see subheading_ Pandects
Elementary education including smattering of, ii. 250
Epitomes of, various, ii. 249-50;
_Epitome of Julianus_, ii. 242, =249=, 254
Glosses:
Accursius’ _Glossa ordinaria_, ii. 263-4
Irnerius’, ii. 261 _and_ _n. 1_
Justinian’s _Codex_, to, ii. 249-50
Gothic adoption of, i. 114
_Institutes_ of Gaius, ii. 241, 243
_Institutes_ of Justinian, ii. =241=, 243, =254=:
Azo’s _Summa_ of, ii. 263
Placentinus’ _Summa_ of, ii. 262
Jurisprudential element in early stages of, ii. 232
_Jus_ identified with _aequitas_, ii. 235
_Jus civile_, ii. 237, 257
_Jus gentium_:
_Jus naturale_ in relation to, ii. 234 _and_ _n._
Origin of, ii. 233-4
Popular rights as regarded by, ii. 278
_Jus praetorium_, ii. 235
_Lex romana canonice compta_, ii. 252
Lombard attitude toward, i. 115
_Novellae_ of Justinian, ii. 240, =242=
Pandects (Justinian’s _Digest_), ii. 235 _and_ _n. 2_, =236-8=,
=241=-2, 248, 253, 255:
Accursius’ _Glossa_ on, ii. 264
Glossators’ interpretation of, ii. 265
Permanence of, ii. 236
_Petrus_ (_Petri exceptiones_), ii. 252-4
Placentinus’ work in, ii. 261-2
Principles of, examples of, ii. 237-8;
possession and its rights, ii. 256-8
Principles of interpretation of, ii. 256
Provincia, in, i. 27 _n. 1_
_Responsa_ or _auctoritas jurisprudentium_, ii. 235-6
Sources of, multifarious, ii. 235
Sphere of, ii. 248
Study of, centres for--in France, ii. 250;
in Italy, ii. =121=, 251 _and_ _n. 2_, =259-62=, 378
_Summa codicis Irnerii_, ii. 255
Theodosian Code, _see under subheading_ Codes
Treatises on, mediaeval, ii. 252 _seqq._
Twelve Tables, ii. 232, 236
Visigothic code of, _see subheading_ _Breviarium_

Romance, spirit of, i. 418

Romance languages (_See also_ Old French):
Characteristics of, ii. 152
Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 537
Latin as modified by, ii. 155
Literature of, ii. 221-3
(_See also_ Provençal literature)
Strength of, i. 9

Romance nations, mediatorial rôle of, i. =110-11=, 124

_Romans d’aventure_, i. =564-5=, 571 _n. 2_

Rome:
Bishops of, _see_ Popes
Factions in (10th cent.), i. 242
Law School in, ii. 251, 255
Mosaics in, i. 347
Verses to, i. 348; ii. =200=

Romualdus, St., youth of, i. 373;
austerities of, i. 374, =379=, 381;
relations with his father, i. 374-5;
harshness and egotism of, i. 375-7;
at Vallis de Castro, i. 376-7, 380;
at Sytrio, i. 378-9;
death of, i. 372 _n. 3_, =380=;
Commentary of, on the Psalter, i. 379

Romulus Augustulus, Emp., i. 114

Roncesvalles, battle of, i. 559 _n. 2_-62

Roscellinus, i. 303-4; ii. 339-=40=

Rothari, King of Lombards, i. 115; ii. 251

Ruadhan, St., i. 132-3

Ruotger, Life of Abp. Bruno by, i. 310; ii. 162 _and_ _n. 1_

_Sacra doctrina_, _see_ Theology

Sacraments, _see under_ Church

_Sagas_, Norse:
Character of, i. 12 _n._, 155 _seqq._
_Egil_, i. 162-4
_Gisli_, i. 158
_Heimskringla_, i. 160-2 _and_ _n. 2_
_Njala_, i. 157 _and_ =n.=, =159=, =164-7=
Oral tradition of, ii. 220

St. Denis monastery, ii. 10, =344=

St. Emmeram convent (Ratisbon), i. 315, =316=

St. Gall monastery, i. 257-8;
Notker’s work at, ii. 201-2

St. Victor monastery and school, ii. =61-3=, 143, 383

Saints:
Austerities of, i. 374 _and_ _n._, 375
Interventions of, mediaeval beliefs as to, i. 487-8, 490
Irish clergy so called, i. 135 _n. 2_
Lives of:
Compend. of (_Legenda Aurea_), ii. 184
Conventionalized descriptions in, i. 393 _n. 1_
Defects of, i. 494
Estimate of, i. =84-5 and nn.=
otherwise mentioned, i. 298, 300
Relics of, _see_ Relics
Visions of, i. 444-5
Worship of, i. 101

Salerno medical school, i. =250 n. 4=, =251=; ii. 121

Salian Franks, _see under_ Franks

Salimbene, i. 496-7, 499-500;
_Chronica_ of, quoted and cited, i. 498 _seqq._;
editions and translations of the work, i. 496 _n._

Salvation, _see under_ Christianity

Salvian, _De gubernatione Dei_ by, i. 84

Saracens:
Crusades against, _see_ Crusades
Frankish victories against, i. 209-10 _n. 1_
Wars with, necessitating mounted warriors, i. 525
otherwise mentioned, i. 239, 252, 274, 332

Saxons, _see_ Anglo-Saxons _and_ Germans

Scandinavians, _see_ Norsemen

Scholasticism:
Arab analogy with, ii. 390 _and_ _n. 2_
Aristotle’s advanced works, stages of appropriation of, ii. 393-5
Bacon’s attack on, ii. 484, =493-4=, =496=, 509
Classification of topics by:
Schemes of, various, ii. 312 _seqq._
Twofold principle of, ii. 311
Conceptualism, ii. 520-1
Content of, i. 301
Deference to authority a characteristic of, ii. 297, 300
Disintegration of--through Duns, ii. 510, 516;
through Occam, ii. 522-3
Elementary nature of discussions of, ii. 347
Evil, problem of, _see_ Evil
Exponents of, ii. 283 _and_ _n._
Final exposition of, by Aquinas, ii. 484
Greek thought contrasted with, ii. 296
Humour non-existent in, ii. 459
Method of, ii. =302=, =306-7=, 315 _n._;
prototype of, i. 95
Nominalism, ii. 340
Philosophy of, _see_ Philosophy, scholastic
Phraseology of, untranslatable, ii. 348, 483
_Praedicables_, ii. 314 _n._
Present interest of, ii. 285
Realism, ii. 340;
Pantheism in relation to, ii. 370
Salvation a main interest of, ii. =296-7=, 300, 311
Scriptural authority, position of, ii. 289, =291-2=
Secular studies as regarded by, ii. 349, 357
Stages of development of, ii. 333 _seqq._
Sympathetic study of, the key to contradictions, ii. 371
Theology of, _see_ Theology
Universals, problem of:
Aquinas’ treatment of, ii. 462
Duns’ treatment of, ii. 515
Occam’s contribution toward, ii. 520-1
Roscellin’s views on, i. 303-4

Sciences, classifications of, ii. 312 _seqq._
(_See also_ Physical science)

Scotland, Christianizing of, i. 173

Scriptures, Christian:
Allegorizing of:
Examples of:
David and Bathsheba episode, ii. 44-6
Exodus, Book of, ii. 47
Good Samaritan parable, ii. =53-6=, 84, 90
Hannah, story of, ii. 47 _n. 1_
Pharisee and Publican parable, ii. 51-2
Hugo of St. Victor’s view of, ii. 65 _n._
Writers exemplifying--Philo, ii. 42-43;
the Fathers, ii. =43 seqq.=, 68-9 _and_ _n. 2_;
Rabanus, ii. 46-50;
Bede, ii. 47 _n. 1_;
Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 _seqq._;
Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 67 _seqq._
Anglo-Saxon version of, i. =142 n. 2=, 183
Authority of--in patristic doctrine, ii. 295;
acknowledged by Eriugena, i. 231;
by Berengar, i. 303;
in scholasticism, ii. 280, 291-2
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. =491-2=, 497
Bonaventura’s attitude toward, and writings on, ii. 405 _seqq._
Canon law based on, ii. 267-9
Classical studies in relation to, _see subheading_ Secular
Classification of topics based on, ii. 317, 324
Commentaries on--Alcuin’s, i. 220-1;
Raban’s, i. 222-3
Duns’ attitude toward, ii. 516
Francis of Assisi’s literal acceptance of, i. 365, 426-=7=;
his realization of spirit of, i. 427 _n. 1_; ii. 183
Gothic version of, i. 143 _n._
_Heliand_, i. =203 and nn.=, 308
Hymns based on, ii. 88 _seqq._
Interpretation of--by the Fathers, i. =43 seqq.=, 68-9 _and_ _n. 2_;
by Eriugena, i. 231;
by Berengar, i. 303
Isidore’s writings on, i. 104-5
Love, human, as treated in Old Testament, i. 332-3
Scenes from, in Gothic art, ii. 82 _seqq._
Secular knowledge in relation to, i. 63, =66=; ii. =110=, =112=,
120, 499
Song of Songs, _see_ Canticles
Study of, by monks, i. 94;
Cassiodorus’ _Institutiones_, i. 95-6
Theology identified with, ii. 406, 408
Vulgate, the:
Corruption in Paris copy of, ii. 497
Language of, ii. 171

Sculpture, Gothic:
Cathedrals, evolution of, ii. 538-=9=
Symbolism of, i. 457 _n. 2_; ii. =82-6=

Sedulius Scotus, i. 215

Seneca, i. 26, 41

_Sentences, Books of_:
Isidore’s, i. 106 _and_ _n. 1_
Paulus’ _Sententiae_, ii. 243
Peter Lombard’s, _see under_ Lombard
Prosper’s, i. 106 _n. 1_

Sequence-hymns, development of, ii. 196, =201-6=;
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-215

Serenus, Bp. of Marseilles, i. 102

Sermons, allegorizing:
Bernard of Clairvaux, by, i. 337 _n._, =409-13=; ii. =169=, 368-9
Honorius of Autun, by, ii. 50 _seqq._

Seven Liberal Arts (_See also separate headings_ Grammar, Logic, _etc._):
Alanus de Insulis on functions of, ii. 98 _n. 1_
Carolingian study of, i. 236
Clerical education in, i. 221-2
Compend of, by Cassiodorus, i. 96
_De nuptiis_ as concerned with, i. 71 _n. 3_
Hugo of St. Victor on function of, ii. 67, 111
Latin the medium for, ii. 109
Law smattering included with, ii. 250
Quadrivium:
Boëthius on, i. 90 _and_ _n. 2_
Chartres, at, i. 299
Thierry’s encyclopaedia of, ii. 130
Trivium:
Chartres, at, i. =298-9=; ii. 163
Courses of, as representing stages of mediaeval development, ii.
331 _seqq._
otherwise mentioned, i. 217; ii. 553

Severinus, St., i. 192

Severus, Sulpicius, i. 126 _n. 2_;
Life of St. Martin by, i. 52, 84, 85 _n. 2_, =86=

Sidonius, Apollinaris, i. 126 _n. 2_;
cited, i. 117 _n. 1_, 140

Siger de Brabant, ii. 401 _and_ _n._

_Sippe_, i. 122

Smaragdus, Abbot, i. 215

Socrates, i. 34-5; ii. 7

Songs, _see_ Poetry

Sophists, Greek, i. 35

Sorbon, Robert de, i. 544-5

Sorcery, i. 46

Spain:
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9
Arabian philosophy in, ii. 390
Church in, i. 9, 103, =118 and n.=
Latinization of, i. 25-6 _and_ _n. 2_
Moorish conquest of, i. 9, 118
Visigoths in, i. 113, 116-=17 and n. 2=, 118

_Stabat Mater_, i. 348

Statius, ii. 229 _n._

Statius Caecilius, i. 25

Stephen IX., Pope, i. 263

Stephen, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 211-13

Stephen of Bourbon quoted, i. 365 _n._

Stilicho, i. 112

Stoicism:
Emotion as regarded by, i. 330
Nature of, i. =41=, 57, 59
Neo-Platonism contrasted with, ii. 296
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Roman law as affected by, ii. 232
otherwise mentioned, i. 40, 70

Strabo, Walafrid, _see_ Walafrid

Suevi, i. 116-17 _and_ _n. 2_, =139=

_Summae_, method of, ii. 306-7
(_See also under_ Theology)

_Summum bonum_, Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 438 _seqq._, 456

Switzerland, Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174

Sylvester II., Pope (Gerbert of Aurillac), career of, i. 281-4;
disputation with Otric, i. 289-91;
estimate of, i. 281, =285-7=;
love of the classics, i. =287-8=; ii. 110;
Latin style of, ii. 160;
logical studies of, ii. 332, 338, 339, 345;
letters of, quoted, i. 283-7;
estimated, i. 284-5;
editions of works of, i. 280 _n._;
_Libellus de rationali et ratione uti_, i. =292 n.=, 299;
otherwise mentioned, i. 249; ii. 35

Symbolism:
Alanus’ _Anticlaudianus_ as exemplifying, ii. 94-103
Angels as symbols, ii. 457
Art, mediaeval, inspired by, i. 21
Augustine and Gregory compared as to, i. 56-7
Carolingian, nature and examples of, ii. 46-50
Church edifices, of, ii. 78-82
Dante permeated with, ii. 534, =552-5=
Greek, nature of, ii. 56-7
Hildegard’s visions, in, i. 456 _seqq._
Marriage relationship, in, i. 413-14
Mass, of the, ii. 77-8
Mediaeval thought deeply impressed by, ii. =43=, 50 _n. 1_, =102=,
=365=
Mysticism in relation to, ii. 364
Neo-Platonic, i. 52
Ovid’s works interpreted by, ii. 230
Patristic, i. =37=, =43-6=, 52, 53, 58, =80=
Platonic, i. 36
Raban’s addiction to, i. 223 _and_ _n. 2_
_Signum et res_ classification, ii. 322-3
Twelfth century--in Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 _seqq._;
in Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 64 _seqq._
Universal in mental processes, ii. 41, 552 _n._
Universe explained by, ii. 64, 66 _seqq._
otherwise mentioned, i. 15, 22

Sytrio, Romualdus at, i. 378-9

Tacitus, i. 78; ii. 134

Tears, grace of, i. 370-1 _and_ _n._, 462, 463

Templars, i. 531-5

Tenth century, _see_ Carolingian period

Tertullian, i. 5, 58, 87, 99, 171, 332, 344, 354 _n._; ii 152;
paradox of, i. 51; ii. 297;
_Adversus Marcionem_, i. 68

Teutons (_See also_ Anglo-Saxons, Danes, Germans, Norsemen):
Celts compared with, i. 125
Characteristics of, i. 138
Christianizing of:
Manner of, i. =181-3=, =196-7=, 193;
results of, i. 5, =170=-1
Motives of converts, i. 193
Customs of, i. 122, 139, 141, 523
Law of, early, tribal nature of, ii. 245-7
Rôle of, in mediaeval evolution, i. 125
Roman Empire permeated by, i. 111 _seqq._

Theodora, i. 242

Theodore, Abp. of Canterbury, i. 184

Theodoric of Freiburg, ii. 501 _n._

Theodoric the Ostrogoth, i. 89, 91 _n. 2_, 93, =114-15=, 120-1, 138, 249;
in legend, i. 145-6;
Edict of, ii. 244 _n._

Theodosius the Great, Emp., i. 112; ii. 272;
Code of, ii. 240 _and_ _n. 2_, 241 _n. 2_, 242, =249=, =266-7 and n. 1=

Theodulphus, Bp. of Orleans, i. =9=, 215;
Latin diction of, ii. 160

Theology, scholastic:
Abaelard’s treatises on, _see under_ Abaelard
Aquinas’ _Summa_ of, _see under_ Aquinas
Argumentative nature of, ii. 292-3
Augustinian character of, ii. 403
Course of study in, ii. 388
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8
Logic in relation to, ii. =340 n.=, 346
Mysticism of, ii. 363-4
Natural sciences, etc., as handmaids to, ii. =67=, 111, 289, =486=,
=492=, =496=, 500, 530;
denial of the theory--by Duns, ii. 510;
by Occam, ii. 519-520
(_See also_ Physical science--Patristic attitude toward)
Paris the centre for, ii. 283, =379=
Philosophy in relation to, _see under_ Philosophy
Practical, not speculative, regarded as, ii. 512, =515=, 519
Scientific nature of, as regarded by Albertus, ii. 291, 430
Scripture identified with, ii. 406, 408
_Summae_ of--by Alexander of Hales, ii. 399;
by Bonaventura, ii. 408;
by Albertus Magnus, ii. 430-1;
by Aquinas, _see under_ Aquinas
Thirteenth-century study of, ii. 118-=120=

Theophrastus, i. 38

Theresa, St., i. 443 _n. 1_

Theurgic practice, i. 46-8

Thierry, Chancellor of Chartres, ii. 119, =370-1=;
_Eptateuchon_ of, ii. 130 _and_ _n._

Thirteenth century:
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287
Latin prose styles of, ii. 179
Papal position in, ii. 509
Personalities of writers emergent in, ii. 436
Theology and dialectic the chief studies of, ii. 118-=20=
Three phenomena marking, ii. 378

Thomas à Kempis, _De imitatione Christi_ by, ii. 185

Thomas Aquinas, _see_ Aquinas

Thomas of Brittany, _Tristan_ fragment by, i. 582

Thomas of Cantimpré, ii. 428-9

Thomas of Celano, Life of St. Francis by, quoted, i. 435, 436-8;
style of the work, ii. 182-3

Thucydides, _History of the Peloponnesian War_ by, i. 77-8

Thuringia:
Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8
Merovingian rule in, i. 121

Thuringians, language of, i. 145 _n. 2_

Torriti, i. 347

Trance, _see_ Ecstasy

Trèves, i. =30=, 31, 192

_Tristan_:
Chrétien’s version of, i. 567
Gottfried von Strassburg’s version of, i. 577-82

Trivium, _see under_ Seven Liberal Arts

Troubadours (trouvères), i. 572-3 _and_ _nn._

Troy, tales of, in mediaeval literature, ii. 200, =224-5 and n. 2=,
=227-9=

True and the good compared, ii. 441, 512

Truth, Guigo’s _Meditationes_ as concerning, i. 385-6

Twelfth century:
Classical studies at zenith in, ii. 117-118
Growth in, various, i. 305-6
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287
Literary zenith in, ii. 168, 205-6
Mobility increased during, ii. 379

Ulfilas, i. 192; ii. 221

Ulpian--on _jus naturale_ and _jus gentium_, ii. 234 _and_ _n._;
on _justitia_, _jus_ and _jurisprudentia_, ii. 237

Ulster Cycle, Sagas of, i. 128 _and_ _n. 2_, 129 _seqq._

Universals, _see under_ Scholasticism

Universities, mediaeval (_For particular universities see their names_):
Increase in (14th cent.), ii. 523
Rise of, ii. 379, 381 _seqq._
Studies at, ii. 388 _and_ _n._

Urban II., Pope, ii. 175

Urban IV., Pope, ii. 391-2, 434

Utrecht, bishopric of, i. 197

Vallombrosa, i. 377

Vandals, i. 112, =113=, 120

Varro, Terentius, i. 39, 71, 78

Vercingetorix, i. 28

Vernacular poetry, _see under_ Poetry

Verse, _see_ Poetry

Vikings, _see_ Danes _and_ Norsemen

Vilgard, i. 259-60

Vincent of Beauvais, _Speculum majus_ of, ii. 82 _and_ _n. 2_, 315-22

Virgil, Bernard Silvestris’ _Commentum_ on, ii. 116-17 _and_ _n. 2_;
Dante in relation to, ii. 535, 536, 539, 543

Virgin Mary:
Dante’s _Paradiso_ as concerning, ii. 551
Hymns to, by Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 86-7, 92
Interventions of, against the devil, i. 487, =490-2=
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 53, 54 _and_ =n. 2=; ii. =431=, =551=,
558

Virtues:
Aquinas’ classification of, ii. 326-8
Odilo’s _Cardinales disciplinae_, i. 295

Virtues and vices, poetic treatment of--by Alanus, ii. 102 _n._;
by De Lorris and De Meun, ii. 103

Visigoths:
Arianism of, i. 120
Dacian settlement of, i. 112
Gaul, Southern, kingdom in, i. 7, 112, =116=;
Clovis’ conquest of, i. 121
Roman law code promulgated by, _see_ Roman law--_Breviarium_
Spain, in, i. 9, 113, 116-=17 and n. 2=, 118

Visions:
Examples of, i. 444-6, 451, 452-9
Monastic atmosphere in, i. 184 _and_ _n. 2_
Nature of, i. 443, 449 and _n. 3_, =450=, 451 _and_ _n._

_Vita contemplativa_:
Aquinas’ views on, ii. 443, =481-2=
Hildebert on, ii. 144-5

_Vitae sanctorum_, _see_ Saints--Lives of

Walafrid Strabo, i. 100, =215=; ii. =332=;
_Glossa ordinaria_ of, i. 16, =221 n. 2=; ii. =46=;
_De cultura hortorum_, ii. 188 _n. 2_

Waldenses, i. =365 n.=; ii. 34

Walter of Lille (of Chatillon), _Alexandreis_ of, ii. 192 _and_ _n. 3_,
230 _n. 1_

Walther von der Vogelweide, political views of, ii. 33;
attitude of, toward Papacy, ii. 34-6;
piety and crusading zeal of, ii. 36;
melancholy, ii. 36-7;
_Minnelieder_ of, ii. 29-31;
_Sprüche_, ii. 29, =32=, 36;
_Tagelied_, ii. 30;
_Unter der Linde_, ii. 30;
otherwise mentioned, i. 475, =482=, 589; ii. 223

_Wergeld_, i. =122=, 139; ii. =246=

Will, primacy of, over intellect, ii. 512, 515

William, Abbot of Hirschau, i. 315

William II. (Rufus), King of England, i. 273, 275; ii. =138-9=

William of Apulia, ii. 189 _and_ _n. 3_

William of Champeaux--worsted by Abaelard, ii. 342-3;
founds St. Victor, ii. 61, 143;
Hildebert’s letter to, quoted, ii. 143

William of Conches, ii. 132;
studies and works of, ii. 372-3;
_Summa moralium philosophorum_, ii. 134-5, 373 _and_ _n. 2_

William of Malmsbury cited, i. 525

William of Moerbeke, ii. 391

William of Occam, _see_ Occam

William of St. Thierry, ii. 300, 344

Willibrord, St., i. 197

Winifried-Boniface, St., i. 6, =197-200=, 308; ii. 273

Wisdom, Aquinas on, ii. 481

Witelo, _Perspectiva_ by, ii. 501 _n._

Witiza of Aquitaine, i. 358-9

Wolfram von Eschenbach, ii. 223;
_Parzival_ by, i. 12 _n._, 149 _n. 1_, 152, 567, 571 _n. 2_,
=589-613=; ii. =36=;
estimate of the work, i. 588; ii. 29