Chapter IV (4)

Art. VIII. The boundary line to the east of the Chi-sang lake, fixed in the year 1864 by the agreement of Ta-Chêng [Tashkend], having proved unsatisfactory, high officers will be specially deputed by both countries jointly to examine and alter it so that a satisfactory result may be attained. That there may be no doubt what part of the Khassak country belongs to China and what to Russia, the boundary will consist of a straight line drawn from the Kwei Tung Mountains across the Hei-i-êrh-te-shih River to the Sa-wu-êrh range, and the high officers deputed to settle the boundary will fix the new boundary along such straight line which is within the old boundary.

Art. IX. As to the boundary on the west, between the Province of Fei-êrh-kan [Ferghana], which is subject to Russia, and Chinese Kashgar, officials will be deputed by both countries to examine it, and they will fix the boundary line between the territories at present actually under the jurisdiction of either country, and they will erect boundary stones thereon.

[118] Compare also Schuyler, _Turkistan_, Vol. II., pp. 127 ff.

[119] 175,000 perished in Kuldja alone.

[120] The question of the existence of volcanoes in Central Asia, especially on the Kuldja frontier, has always been a matter of doubt and discussion among geologists and Russian explorers. The Governor of Semiretchinsk, General Kolpakofsky, was, in 1881, able to report the discovery of the perpetual fires in the Tien shan range of mountains. The mountain Bai shan was found twelve miles northeast of Kuldja, in a basin surrounded by the massive Ailak mountains; its fires are not volcanic, but proceed from burning coal. On the sides of the mountain there are caves emitting smoke and sulphurous gas. Mr. Schuyler, in his _Turkistan_, mentions that these perpetual fires in the mountains, referred to by Chinese historians, were considered by Severtzoff, a Russian, who explored the region, as being caused by the ignition of the seams of coal, or the carburetted hydrogen gas in the seams. The same author further mentions that Captain Tosnofskey, another Russian explorer, was told of a place in the neighborhood from which steam constantly rose, and that near this crevice there had existed, from ancient times, three pits, where persons afflicted with rheumatism or skin diseases were in the habit of bathing.

[121] Wood, _Journey to the Source of the River Oxus_, p. 356. From the hills that encircle Lake Sir-i-kol rise some of the principal rivers in Asia: the Yarkand, Kashgar, Sirr, Kuner, and Oxus.

[122] _Richthofen’s Remarks_ in Prejevalsky’s _Lob-nor_, p. 138. London, 1879.

[123] Called also _Pourouts_. Compare Klaproth (_Mémoires_, Tome III., p. 332), who has a notice of these tribes.

[124] H. W. Bellew, _Kashmir and Kashgar. A Narrative of the Journey of the Embassy to Kashgar in 1873-4_, p. 2.

[125] But Rémusat says that Karakash is a river and no town.

[126] Wood (_Journey to the Oxus_, p. 279) refers to a frontier town by the name of Ecla.

[127] _Penny Cyclopædia_, _Art._ THIAN SHAN NAN LU.

[128] Rémusat, _Histoire de Khotan_, p. 35.

[129] Concerning the nomenclature of this region compare Rémusat, _Histoire de Khotan_, p. 66. See, moreover, _ib._, p. 47 ff., the legend of a drove of desert rats assisting the king of this land against the army of his enemies.

[130] “Galdan, better known by his title of Contaïsch”--Rémusat, _Nouveaux Mélanges_, Tome II., p. 29. See also Schuyler’s _Turkistan_, Vol. II., p. 168.

[131] Compare Rémusat (_Nouveaux Mélanges_, Tome II., p. 102), who has compiled a brief life of their leader Ubusha. De Quincey’s essay, _The Flight of a Tartar Tribe_. Ritter, _Asien_, Bd. V. pp. 531-583: _Welthistorischer Einfluss des chinesischen Reichs auf Central- und West-Asien_.

[132] _Chinese Repository_, Vol. V., pp. 267, 316, 351, etc.; Vol. IX., p. 113. _Penny Cyclopædia_, _Art._ SONGARIA. Boulger, _Russia and England in Central Asia_, 2 Vols., London, 1879. Schuyler, _Turkistan_, 2 vols., N. Y., 1877. Petermann’s _Mittheilungen_, Appendices XLII. and XLIII., 1875.

[133] This derivation is explained somewhat differently in Rémusat, _Nouveaux Mélanges_, Tome I., p. 190.

[134] To these Ritter adds the names of Wei, Dzang, Nga-ri, Kham, Bhodi, Peu-u-Tsang, Si-Dzang, Thupho, Tobbat, Töböt, Tübet, Tibet, and Barantola, as all applying to this country. _Asien_, Bd. III., S. 174-183.

[135] See Rémusat, _Nouveaux Mélanges_, I., p. 190, for notices of tribes anciently inhabiting this district and Bokhara. Compare also Heeren (_Historical Researches_, Vol. I., pp. 180-186), who gives in brief the accounts of Herodotus and Ctesias.

[136] Introduction by Col. Yule, in Gill’s _River of Golden Sand_.

[137] Called by Wood _Kash-gow_ (_Journey to the Oxus_, p. 319). _Chauri gau_, _sarlyk_, and _sarlac_, are other names.

[138] This cross is mentioned by Marco Polo, _Yule’s ed._, Vol. I., p. 241.

[139] Prejevalsky, _Travels in Mongolia_, etc., Vol. I., p. 187.

[140] B. H. Hodgson, Notice of the Mammals of Tibet, _Journal As. Soc. of Bengal_, Vol. XI., pp. 275 ff.; also _ib._ Vols. XVI., p. 763, XIX., p. 466, and XXVI., No. 3, 1857. Abbé Armand David, Notes sur quelques oiseaux de Thibet, _Nouv. Arch. du Museum, Bull._, V. 1869, p. 33; _ib._ _Bull._, VI., pp. 19 and 33. _Bull._, VIII., 1872, pp. 3-128, IX., pp. 15-48, X., pp. 3-82. _Recherches pour servir à l’histoire naturelle des mammifères comprennant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux, etc., des études sur la faune de la Chine et du Tibet oriental_, par MM. Milne-Edwards, etc., 2 vols. Paris, 1868-74.

[141] Klaproth, _Description du Tubet_, p. 246.

[142] _Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa._ Edited by C. R. Markham. London, 1876, p. 265.

[143] Compare, for further discussion of this subject, Timkowski’s _Mission to Peking_, London, 1827, Vol. II., p. 349. Wilson’s _Abode of Snow_, p. 329.

[144] _Essay towards a Dictionary, Tibetan and English. A Grammar of the Tibetan Language in English._ Calcutta, 1834.

[145] _Essays on the Language, Literature, and Religion of Nepal and Tibet_, etc. London, 1874.

[146] Rémusat, _Observations sur l’Histoire des Mongols orienteaux de Sanang Setsen_, Paris, l’an 8. _Ssanang Ssetsen, Geschichte der Mongolen_, Uebers., von. J. J. Schmidt, Petersb., 1829.

[147] Rémusat relates the story of his origin, _Mélanges Posthumes_, p. 400.

[148] Klaproth, _Description du Tubet_.

[149] Authorities on Tibet besides those already referred to: _Journal Asiatique_, Tomes IV., p. 281; VIII., p. 117; IX., p. 31; XIV., pp. 177, ff. 277, 406, etc. Du Halde, _Description of China_, Vol. II., pp. 384-388. Capt. Samuel Turner, _Account of an Embassy to the Court of Teshoo Lama in Tibet_, London, 1800. _Histoire de ce qui s’est passé au Royaume du Tibet, en l’année 1626_; trad. de l’Italien. Paris, 1829. P. Kircher, _China Illustrata_. MM. Péron et Billecocq, _Recueil de Voyages du Thibet_, Paris, 1796. _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, passim. _Chinese Repository_, Vols. VI., pp. 28, 494, IX., p. 26, and XIII., p. 505. Ritter, _Asien_, Bd. II., 4er Abschnitt, and Bd. III., S. 137-424. Richthofen, _China_, Bd. I., S. 228, 247, 466, 670, 683, etc. C. H. Desgodin, _La mission du Tibet de 1855 à 1870, comprennant l’exposé des affaires religieuses_, etc. _D’après les lettres de M. l’abbé Desgodins, missionaire apostolique_, Verdun, 1872. Lieut. Kreitner, _Im fernen Osten_, pp. 829 ff., and in _The Popular Science Monthly_, for August, 1882. Emil Schlagintweit, _Tibetan Buddhism, Illustrated by Literary Documents and Objects of Religious Worship_, London, 1863. Abbé Huc, _Travels through Tartary, Tibet and China_, 2 vols.