Chapter XXV: Appendix: Value of 100-Calorie Portions of Common Foods

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EDIBLE PORTION, UNCOOKED

(Note: Calo. = Calories; Gr. = Grams)
==============+============+===============+=======+=======+=======
FOOD MATERIAL | WEIGHT[40] | COMMON | PROT. | FAT | CBHY.
| | MEASURES[41] | [41] | [41] | [41]
——————————————+——————+—————+———————————————+———————+———————+———————
|_Oz._ |_Gr._| |_Calo._|_Calo._|_Calo._
Almonds | .54| 15.5|8-12 | 13 | 77 | 10
Apples | 5.61|159. |1 large | 3 | 7 | 90
Apricots | 1.27| 36. |4 large | 7 | 3 | 90
(dried) | | | | | |
Bacon | .56| 16. |2 thin slices | 7 | 93 | 0
Bananas | 3.58|101.4|1 large | 5 | 5 | 90
Barley flour | 1. | 28. |2 T.[44] | 10 | 3 | 87
Beans (dried),| 1.01| 28.6|1½ T. | 21 | 4 | 75
Lima | | | | | |
Beans, string | 8.5 |241. |1 qt. | 15 | 48 | 37
Beef, round, | 2.26| 64. |½ × 2 × 2 in. | 55 | 45 | 0
lean | | | | | |
Beets | 7.66|217.1|2 med. | 2 | 23 | 75
Bread, white | 1.38| 39.0|1 thick slice | 13 | 6 | 81
Bread, whole | 1.44| 40.7|1 thick slice | 15 | 5 | 80
wheat | | | | | |
Butter | .46| 13. |1 T. scant | .5 | 99.5 | 0
Chicken | 3.27| 92.6|½ × 3 × 3 in. | 90 | 10 | 0
Carrots | 7.80|221.2|2 med. | 10 | 8 | 82
Celery | 19.07|540.6|2 heads | 24 | 5 | 71
Cheese, | .8 | 22.8|1½ cub. in. | 25 | 73 | 2
American | | | | | |
Cheese, | 3.21| 91.1|3½ T. | 76 | 8 | 16
cottage | | | | | |
Chestnuts | 1.46| 41.3|9 | 10 | 20 | 70
Cocoa | .71| 20.1|3 T. | 17 | 52 | 31
Corn, green | 3.49| 99. |3 T. | 13 | 10 | 77
Crackers, | .85| 24.2|2½ | 9 | 20 | 71
soda | | | | | |
Crackers, | .81| 23. |3 | 15 | 20 | 65
wheatsworth | | | | | |
Crackers, | .81| 23. |2 | 11 | 24 | 65
oatmeal | | | | | |
Crackers, | .82| 23. |2 | 9 | 20 | 71
graham | | | | | |
Corn meal, | .99| 28.1|3 T. | 10 | 5 | 85
granular | | | | | |
Corn meal, | .92| |3 T. | 9 | |
unbolted[42]| | | | | |
Cream, | 1.49| 40. |2 T. | 5 | 86 | 9
20 per cent | | | | | |
Dates | 1.02| 28.8|4-6 | 2 | 7 | 91
Eggs | 2.38| 67.5|1¼ | 32 | 68 | 0
Egg white | 6.92|196.1|7-8 | 100 | 0 | 0
Egg yolk | .97| 27.6|2 | 17 | 83 | 0
Figs | 1.12| 31.6|1 large | 5 | 0 | 95
Fish, cod | 3.1 | 88. |1 c.[45] | 97 | 3 | 0
(salt) | | | not packed | | |
Fish, haddock | 4.94|139.9|1 slice | 96 | 4 | 0
(fresh) | | | 1×2×3 in. | | |
Fish, halibut | 2.93| 82.5|1 slice | 61 | 39 | 0
(fresh) | | | ½×2×3 in. | | |
Grape juice | 3.53|100. |7 T. | 0 | 0 | 100
Honey | 1.03| 30.6|4 t.[46] | 1 | 0 | 99
Lady finger | .96| 27. |1 | 10 | 12 | 78
Lentils | .01| 28.7|2 T. | 21 | 7 | 72
Lettuce | 18.47|523.6|1 large head | 25 | 14 | 61
Macaroni | .99| 28. |16 sticks | 15 | 0 | 85
Maple syrup | 1.2| 35. |4 t. | 0 | 0 | 100
Milk, whole | 5.1|144.5|⅔ c. | 19 | 52 | 29
Milk, skimmed | 9.61|272.5|1⅓ c. | 37 | 7 | 56
Molasses | 1.23| 34.9|1½ T. | .5 | 0 | 95.5
Molasses | .95| 27. |1 | 6 | 23 | 71
cookie | | | | | |
Oatmeal | .88| 25.1|4 T. | 18 | 7 | 75
Olives (ripe) | 1.3 | 38. |7 | 2 | 91 | 7
Onions | 7.24|205.4|2½ large | 13 | 5 | 82
Orange juice | 8.17|231.5|1 large | 0 | 0 | 100
Peaches | 8.53|242.1|2 large | 7 | 2 | 91
(fresh) | | | | | |
Peanuts | .62| 18. |13 double | 20 | 63 | 17
Peanut butter | .58| 16. |1 T. | 19 | 64 | 17
Pears (fresh) | 5.57|158. |1 large | 4 | 7 | 89
Peas, dried | .99| 28.1|2 T. | 28 | 2 | 70
Peas, green | 3.52| 99.9|4 T. | 28 | 4 | 68
Pecans | .46| 13. |8 | 6 | 87 | 7
Pineapple | 8.18|232. |½ c. scant | 4 | 6 | 90
(fresh) | | | | | |
Plums | 4.18|118.5|3-4 large | 4 | 6 | 90
Potatoes | 4.23|120. |1 med. | 11 | 1 | 88
Potatoes, | 2.86| 81.2|1 small | 6 | 5 | 89
sweet | | | | | |
Prunes (dried)| 1.17| 33.2|4-6 (30’s-40’s)| 3 | 0 | 97
Raisins | 1.02| 29. |20 | 3 | 9 | 88
Rhubarb | 15.27|433. |8 stalks | 10 | 27 | 63
Rice | 1.01| 28.5| 2 T. | 9 | 1 | 90
(polished)[43]| | | | | |
Rye flour | 1.01| 28.5|3½ T. | 8 | 0 | 92
Spinach | 14.76|418.4|scant qt. | 36 | 10 | 54
Squash | 7.4 |210. |9 T. | 12 | 10 | 78
Sugar | .86| 25. |5 t. | 0 | 0 | 100
Tomatoes | 15.47|438.6|2-4 med. | 15 | 16 | 69
fresh | | | | | |
Tapioca | .99| 28.2|2 T. | 0 | 0 | 100
Walnuts, | .48| 14. |6 | 10 | 83 | 7
Calif. | | | | | |
Wheat flour | .98| 27.8|3½ T. | 15 | 5 | 80
entire | | | | | |
Wheat flour, | 1. | 28.3|3½ T. | 12 | 3 | 85
wht., process| | | | | |
Wheat, | .94| 27. |1 | 13 | 4 | 83
shredded | | | | | |
==============+============+===============+=======+=======+=======

==============+======+=====+=====
FOOD MATERIAL | LIME |PHOS.| IRON
| [40] |[40] |[40]
——————————————+——————+—————+—————
|_Gr._ |_Gr._|_Gr._
Almonds | .046 |.132 |.0003
Apples | .022 |.05 |.0005
Apricots | .031 |.1 |
(dried) | | |
Bacon | .001 |.04 |.0002
Bananas | .01 |.055 |.0006
Barley flour | |.083 |.00028
Beans (dried),| .028 |.219 |.00195
Lima | | |
Beans, string | .177 |.284 |.0038
Beef, round, | .01 |.313 |.002
lean | | |
Beets | .06 |.19 |.0013
Bread, white | .011 |.075 |.0003
Bread, whole | .016 |.16 |.0006
wheat | | |
Butter | .003 |.004 |
Chicken | .007 |.25 |
Carrots | .168 |.22 |.0016
Celery | .54 |.54 |.0027
Cheese, | .25 |.329 |
American | | |
Cheese, | .3 |.4 |
cottage | | |
Chestnuts | .017 |.08 |.0004
Cocoa | .027 |.22 |.0005
Corn, green | .008 |.21 |.00075
Crackers, | .006 |.054 |.00035
soda | | |
Crackers, | .016 |.243 |.0014
wheatsworth | | |
Crackers, | .03 |.216 |.0009
oatmeal | | |
Crackers, | .016 |.243 |.0014
graham | | |
Corn meal, | .004 |.08 |.0003
granular | | |
Corn meal, | | |
unbolted[42]| | |
Cream, | .07 | .10 |.0001
20 per cent | | |
Dates | .03 | .03 |.001
Eggs | .06 | .24 |.0019
Egg white | .028 | .05 |.0002
Egg yolk | .05 | .27 |.0023
Figs | .089 | .099|.001
Fish, cod | .036 | .601|.001
(salt) | | |
Fish, haddock | .04 | .5 |
(fresh) | | |
Fish, halibut | .01 | .3 |.0002
(fresh) | | |
Grape juice | .021 | .04 |
Honey | .001 | .01 |.0003
Lady finger | .01 | .05 |.0003
Lentils | .03 | .18 |.0024
Lettuce | .26 | .47 |.005
Macaroni | | |
Maple syrup | .06 | .02 |.0009
Milk, whole | .239 | .303|.00034
Milk, skimmed | .478 | .606|.00068
Molasses | .3 | .1 |
Molasses | .01 | .05 |.0003
cookie | | |
Oatmeal | .03 | .216|.0009
Olives (ripe) | .06 | .01 |.0009
Onions | .12 | .24 |.0011
Orange juice | .12 | .07 |
Peaches | .02 | .113|.0007
(fresh) | | |
Peanuts | .018 | .160|.00035
Peanut butter | .018 | .160|.00035
Pears (fresh) | .032 | .09 |.0005
Peas, dried | .04 | .25 |.0015
Peas, green | .032 | .24 |.0016
Pecans | .016 | .104|.00035
Pineapple | .04 | .14 |.0011
(fresh) | | |
Plums | .029 | .064|.0006
Potatoes | .019 | .166|.0015
Potatoes, | .02 | .08 |.0004
sweet | | |
Prunes (dried)| .02 | .08 |.0009
Raisins | .02 | .08 |.001
Rhubarb | .26 | .3 |
Rice | .003 | .057|.0003
(polished)[43]| | |
Rye flour | .005 | .22 |
Spinach | .37 | .54 |.0133
Squash | .054 | .17 |.0017
Sugar | 0 | 0 |
Tomatoes | .087 | .257|.0017
fresh | | |
Tapioca | 0 | 0 |
Walnuts, | .01 | .108|.0003
Calif. | | |
Wheat flour | .01 | .12 |.0006
entire | | |
Wheat flour, | .007 | .05 |.0004
wht., process| | |
Wheat, | .016 | .243|.0014
shredded | | |
==============+======+=====+=====

COMPOSITION OF COMMON MEASURE PORTIONS OF FOOD[41]

EDIBLE PORTION, UNCOOKED

(Note: Calo. = Calories)
===============+=====+=====+=====+=======+=======+=======
| OZ. |GRAMS|TOTAL| PROT. | FAT | CBHY.
| | |CAL. | | |
———————————————+—————+—————+—————+———————+———————+———————
| | | |_Calo._|_Calo._|_Calo._
Egg, whole | 1.8 | 57 | 74 | 24 | 50 | 0
Egg, white | 1.2 | 33 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0
Egg, yolk | .6 | 17 | 60 | 10 | 50 | 0
Wheat flour, | .28| 9.7| 28 | 4 | 1 | 23
entire, 1 T. | | | | | |
Wheat flour, | 4.48|155.6|448 | 67 | 12 | 359
entire, 1 cup| | | | | |
Wheat flour, | .3 | 8 | 28 | 3 | 1 | 24
white, 1 T. | | | | | |
Wheat flour, | 5. |142 |500 | 60 | 15 | 425
white, 1 cup | | | | | |
Milk, whole, | .7 | 20 | 14 | 3 | 7 | 4
1 T. | | | | | |
Milk, whole, |17.2 |487 |337 | 64 | 175 | 98
1 pt. | | | | | |
Milk, whole, |34.4 |975 |675 | 128 | 350 | 196
1 qt. | | | | | |
Milk, skimmed, | .7 | 20 | 7 | 2.5 | .5 | 4
1 T. | | | | | |
Milk, skimmed, |17.2 |487 |179 | 66 | 13 | 100
1 pt. | | | | | |
Sugar, gran., | .2 | 5 | 20 | | | 20
1 t. | | | | | |
Sugar. gran., | .7 | 15 | 60 | | | 60
1 T. | | | | | |
Sugar, gran., | 7.5 |210 |840 | | | 840
1 cup | | | | | |
===============+=====+=====+=====+=======+=======+=======

===============+=======+=======+=======
| LIME | PHOS. |IRON
| | |
———————————————+———————+———————+———————
|_Grams_|_Grams_|_Grams_
Egg, whole | .044 | .175 |.0014
Egg, white | .004 | .01 |.00003
Egg, yolk | .03 | .16 |.0014
Wheat flour, | .017 | .227 |.0015
entire, 1 T. | | |
Wheat flour, | .268 | 4.076 |.027
entire, 1 cup| | |
Wheat flour, | .002 | .014 |.0001
white, 1 T. | | |
Wheat flour, | .035 | .25 |.002
white, 1 cup | | |
Milk, whole, | .033 | .042 |.00005
1 T. | | |
Milk, whole, | .805 | 1.021 |.0011
1 pt. | | |
Milk, whole, | 1.61 | 2.042 |.0023
1 qt. | | |
Milk, skimmed, | .035 | .044 |.00005
1 T. | | |
Milk, skimmed, | .85 | .108 |.0012
1 pt. | | |
Sugar, gran., | | |
1 t. | | |
Sugar. gran., | | |
1 T. | | |
Sugar, gran., | | |
1 cup | | |
===============+=======+=======+=======

FOODS WITH ACID BALANCE[47]

Figures are per 100-Calorie portion

FOODS WITH POTENTIAL ALKALINITY[47]

Figures are per 100-Calorie portion

Principles of Growth

Height and weight are only one index of physical condition. They
must be interpreted in connection with other factors, as organic
and muscular conditions, appetite, energy.

Growth is not constant and regular but by spurts. Increase in
height and in weight usually do not proceed together but alternate.

Two types of individuals are distinguished:

_a._ Rapid growth in height and weight until 9 to 12 years

Slower growth 12 to 16 years

Early maturity (12 to 14 years, girls; 13 to 15 years, boys);

_b._ Slow growth in height and weight until 12 to 12 years

Rapid growth after acceleration begins

Late maturity (14 to 16 years, girls; 15 to 18 years, boys).

Growth is influenced by various factors.

=I. Heredity.=

1. Race. Americans average heavier than Europeans, and taller
than Europeans except Swedish, Danish, and Dutch. Children of
Irish parentage average taller than children of German parentage.
Children of American-born parents are in this country taller and
heavier than children of foreign-born parents.

2. Family. Children tend to approximate height and build of family;
good hygiene slightly increases average above immediate ancestors.

3. Sex. See pages 372-375.

=II. Environment and Hygiene.=

1. Hygiene. Good hygiene promotes growth in height and weight.
Breastfed babies are usually found to increase more rapidly than
those artificially fed, and this growth impulse continues through
life. See page 100.

A. Weight during the first year of 120 well-cared-for children
(1) ====; compared with the average given by Dr. Holt (2) ....;
and that of 500 institution children (3) ——.

B. Height during the first year of 120 well-cared-for children
(1) ====; compared with the average given by Dr. Holt (2) ....;
and that of 500 institution children (3) ——.

C. Weight of 278 well-cared-for children, ====; compared with
1,000 orphan asylum children, ——; and 69,000 school children,
.....

D. Height of 278 well-cared-for children, ====; compared with
1,000 orphan asylum children, ——; and 98,000 school children,
.....
]

A comparative study recently made of (_a_) 278 children in
well-nourished families, (_b_) 1,000 orphan asylum inmates, (_c_)
69,000 public school children, revealed a difference of six (6)
inches average height and twenty (20) pounds average weight, at
twelve years of age, in favor of the first group, living under
good conditions of nourishment, exercise, and hygiene, above the
public-school group, the asylum group being intermediate.[49]

Illness retards growth, especially weight; adenoids retard growth
in height and weight.

2. Urban or rural environment. Country children average taller,
heavier, and greater lung capacity than city children.

3. Season. In the North Temperate Zone, increase in height is
greatest from December to July, least from June to January; growth
in weight is the reverse.

=Maturity.= Various factors influence the age of physiological
maturity.

1. Sex. Girls mature at from 12 to 16 years, two years earlier than
boys,—from 14 to 18 years. The period of adjustment is longer,
slower, and with less stress and upheaval with boys than with girls.

2. Growth. Children above the average in height and weight at 12
years mature earlier than those at or below average height and
weight.

3. Climate. Maturity is earlier in warm climates, and later in cold
climates.

4. Urban or rural environment. Maturity is earlier with city
children, later with country children.

5. Stimulation. Stimulating physical or psychical influences, as a
stimulating diet, use of alcohol, early social dissipation, reading
and plays that stimulate sex interest, tend to cause earlier
maturity.

Children mentally defective, retarded, or laggards in school, are
usually shorter and lighter weight and smaller lung capacity than
the median for normal children.

Children above the median in height, weight, and lung capacity (the
three are usually found together) are usually above the average
in school grades of other children the same chronological age.
Such children may be from 1 to 5 years older physiologically and
mentally than children of the same chronological age who are below
the median in height and weight.

=Proportions.=

During the entire growth period the proportions of different parts
are constantly changing because of their uneven rate of growth.
The awkwardness, easy fatigue, and weakness during childhood
and adolescence are in no small measure due to these changing
proportions and their inadequacy as compared with their adjustment
in maturity.

The following variations from the average are indices of weakness,
and measures should be taken for bringing them to normal.[50]

1. Over average weight with under average height.[50]

2. Under average weight with over average height.[50]

3. Chest circumference less than head circumference after two
years, or less by more than one-fourth inch under two years; or
chest circumference less than the following proportions of the body
length: first year, 60%; 1 to 6 years, 56%; 6 to 9 years, 52%.[51]

4. Circumference of abdomen more than chest.

The Tables for the first five years are a composite of the figures
by Holt (compiled from several hundred hospital and private
practice cases in New York City), the American Medical Association
(compiled from several thousand cases in 23 States), the Life
Extension Institute, and the Better Babies’ Bureau of the Woman’s
Home Companion. In the main, the minimum figures are those of Dr.
Holt, the maximum those of the Woman’s Home Companion. The figures
of Dr. Freeman from 278 children in private practice (see page of
Charts) are from 5 to 10 per cent higher than the maximum given in
the Tables, for height and weight.

All measurements are without clothing.

Height—Boys[52]

======+===============+=======++======+===========+========
AGE | RANGE | GAIN || AGE | RANGE | GAIN
| INCHES |INCHES || | INCHES | INCHES
——————+———————————————+———————++——————+———————————+————————
Birth | 19½-20½ | || 2 yr | 31-33¾ | 3-4
3 mo | 21-23½ | 3½ || 3 yr | 34-37 | 3-3½
6 mo | 25-26½ | 3¼ || 4 yr | 36-39½ | 1-3
1 yr | 29-29½ | 9-10 || 5 yr | 39-42½ | 1-3
======+===============+=======++======+===========+========

Until acceleration period, annual gain 1-2 inches.
During acceleration, annual gain 2-3 inches.

Acceleration period: girls, 11 to 14 years; boys, 13 to 15.

Slight gains after acceleration period.

After three years, height varies during day, being greatest on
rising, shortest at night.

Weight—Boys[53]

========+===============+=============+==============================
AGE | RANGE | GAIN |
| POUNDS | POUNDS |
————————+———————————————+—————————————+——————————————————————————————
Birth | 6½-7½ | | Weight doubled: 5 months
3 mo | 12½- | | Weight trebled: 1 year
6 mo | 16-17½ | | Weight quadrupled: 2½ years
9 mo | 17½-20 | | Weight fivefold: 4 years
1 yr | 20½-22 | 12-15 | Loss of weight first 3 days
2 yr | 26½-27½ | 5½-6 | Regained by 7th to 10th day
3 yr | 31½-33½ | 4½-6 | Weekly gain:
4 yr | 35-38 | 3½-4½ | 1st 5 months, 6 to 8 ounces
5 yr | 41-43 | 5-6 | To 1 year, 4 to 6 ounces
========+===============+=============+==============================

Acceleration period: girls, 11 to 16 years; boys, 13 to 18.

Weight varies during day, being greatest after supper, lowest
before breakfast.

Girls nearly cease growing at about 17 years, boys at about 23
years.

Lung capacity is greater in boys than girls, all ages.

Relative Weight and Height Table—Boys[54]

The figures represent weight in pounds

=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======
HEIGHT IN|5 YRS.|6 YRS.|7 YRS.|8 YRS.|9 YRS.|10 YRS.|11 YRS.|12 YRS.
INCHES | | | | | | | |
=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======
39 | 35 | | | | | | |
40 | 38 | 36 | | | | | |
41 | 39 | 39 | | | | | |
42 | 41 | 41 | | | | | |
43 | 42 | 42 | 42 | | | | |
44 | 46 | 44 | 43 | | | | |
45 | | 46 | 46 | 45 | | | |
46 | | 48 | 48 | 48 | | | |
47 | | | 49 | 50 | 50 | | |
48 | | | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | |
49 | | | | 54 | 55 | 55 | |
50 | | | | 57 | 58 | 58 | |
51 | | | | 59 | 60 | 60 | 61 |
52 | | | | | 62 | 62 | 61 | 63
53 | | | | | 62 | 65 | 65 | 67
54 | | | | | 65 | 68 | 68 | 70
55 | | | | | | 69 | 71 | 75
56 | | | | | | 71 | 77 | 76
57 | | | | | | | 77 | 79
58 | | | | | | | 78 | 84
59 | | | | | | | | 84
60 | | | | | | | | 85
61 | | | | | | | |
62 | | | | | | | |
63 | | | | | | | |
64 | | | | | | | |
65 | | | | | | | |
66 | | | | | | | |
67 | | | | | | | |
68 | | | | | | | |
69 | | | | | | | |
70 | | | | | | | |
71 | | | | | | | |
72 | | | | | | | |
73 | | | | | | | |
=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======

=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====
HEIGHT IN|13 YRS.|14 YRS.|15 YRS.|16 YRS.|17 YRS.|18 YRS.|19 YRS.|20
INCHES | | | | | | | |YRS.
=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====
39 | | | | | | | |
40 | | | | | | | |
41 | | | | | | | |
42 | | | | | | | |
43 | | | | | | | |
44 | | | | | | | |
45 | | | | | | | |
46 | | | | | | | |
47 | | | | | | | |
48 | | | | | | | |
49 | | | | | | | |
50 | | | | | | | |
51 | | | | | | | |
52 | | | | | | | |
53 | 67 | 67 | | | | | |
54 | 71 | 71 | | | | | |
55 | 75 | 76 | | | | | |
56 | 78 | 79 | 79 | | | | |
57 | 80 | 82 | 82 | | | | |
58 | 85 | 86 | 87 | | | | |
59 | 86 | 90 | 91 | | | | |
60 | 91 | 94 | 95 | 90 | | | |
61 | 98 | 97 | 99 | 96 | | | |
62 | 99 | 103 | 106 | 104 | 104 | | |
63 | 100 | 107 | 112 | 112 | 110 | 118 | |
64 | | 114 | 118 | 120 | 117 | 120 | 120 |
65 | | 122 | 119 | 122 | 122 | 120 | 126 | 125
66 | | | 121 | 125 | 125 | 126 | 129 | 130
67 | | | 128 | 129 | 128 | 131 | 134 | 132
68 | | | 133 | 133 | 130 | 136 | 136 | 136
69 | | | | 134 | 136 | 139 | 139 | 139
70 | | | | 136 | 140 | 143 | 144 | 145
71 | | | | | 140 | 146 | 146 | 146
72 | | | | | | | 149 | 154
73 | | | | | | | | 165
=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====

Relative Weight and Height Table—Girls[54]

The figures represent weight in pounds

=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======
HEIGHT IN|5 YRS.|6 YRS.|7 YRS.|8 YRS.|9 YRS.|10 YRS.|11 YRS.|12 YRS.
INCHES | | | | | | | |
=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======
39 | 34 | | | | | | |
40 | 37 | 35 | | | | | |
41 | 38 | 37 | | | | | |
42 | 41 | 39 | 39 | | | | |
43 | 41 | 41 | 42 | | | | |
44 | 45 | 43 | 44 | 42 | | | |
45 | | 45 | 45 | 45 | | | |
46 | | 48 | 47 | 47 | | | |
47 | | | 50 | 49 | 49 | | |
48 | | | | 51 | 51 | | |
49 | | | | 53 | 53 | 54 | |
50 | | | | 56 | 56 | 57 | |
51 | | | | | 59 | 58 | 60 |
52 | | | | | 63 | 62 | 62 | 63
53 | | | | | | 64 | 63 | 66
54 | | | | | | 69 | 68 | 69
55 | | | | | | | 70 | 71
56 | | | | | | | 75 | 75
57 | | | | | | | | 78
58 | | | | | | | | 83
59 | | | | | | | | 88
60 | | | | | | | | 94
61 | | | | | | | |
62 | | | | | | | |
63 | | | | | | | |
64 | | | | | | | |
65 | | | | | | | |
=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======

=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====
HEIGHT IN|13 YRS.|14 YRS.|15 YRS.|16 YRS.|17 YRS.|18 YRS.|19 YRS.|20
INCHES | | | | | | | |YRS.
=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====
39 | | | | | | | |
40 | | | | | | | |
41 | | | | | | | |
42 | | | | | | | |
43 | | | | | | | |
44 | | | | | | | |
45 | | | | | | | |
46 | | | | | | | |
47 | | | | | | | |
48 | | | | | | | |
49 | | | | | | | |
50 | | | | | | | |
51 | | | | | | | |
52 | | | | | | | |
53 | 65 | | | | | | |
54 | 68 | | | | | | |
55 | 73 | | | | | | |
56 | 76 | 78 | | | | | |
57 | 80 | 83 | | | | | |
58 | 86 | 88 | 89 | | | | |
59 | 89 | 93 | 97 | 100 | | | |
60 | 94 | 96 | 100 | 104 | 109 | 103 | 99 | 99
61 | 99 | 100 | 102 | 109 | 109 | 106 | 105 | 111
62 | 104 | 104 | 106 | 111 | 110 | 107 | 111 | 114
63 | | 107 | 109 | 116 | 110 | 112 | 113 | 114
64 | | 112 | 118 | 116 | 117 | 114 | 119 | 115
65 | | 114 | 118 | 121 | 125 | 120 | 123 | 125
=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====

Pulse[55]

===========+==============
AGE | PER MINUTE
———————————+——————————————
Birth | 130
6-12 mo. | 105-115
2-6 yr. | 90-105
7-10 yr. | 80-90
11-14 yr. | 75-85
===========+==============

Respiration[56]

(During sleep)

==========+=============
AGE | PER MINUTE
——————————+—————————————
Birth | 35
1 yr. | 27
2 yr. | 25
6 yr. | 22
12 yr. | 20
Adult | 16-18
==========+=============

Pulse and respiration in infants may be normally irregular and the
rate greatly modified by apparently slight causes. In very young
infants regular rhythmic breathing is seen only in sleep, and
rhythm is not fully established before two years.

Temperature in young children is normally 98°-99.5°F., taken by
rectum; it occasionally rises to 100.5 in apparently perfect
health. It is normally higher in late afternoon.[57]

The rate of circulation (time required from leaving the heart till
return to the heart) is in the newly born 12 seconds, at 3 years 15
seconds, in the adult 22 seconds.[57]

Infant Mortality

The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of babies which
occur for every 1,000 live births. Figures in the United States
are available only for that part of the country known as the
registration area, where the reporting of births and deaths is
legally required. It is important that the birth of every child
should be registered, and that laws requiring registration should
be enforced in every State.

Deaths of Infants Under One Year of Age Per 1,000 Live Births in
Foreign Countries[58]

==================+======+======
COUNTRY | YEAR | RATE
——————————————————+——————+——————
Russia | 1909 | 248
Ceylon | 1912 | 215
German Empire | 1911 | 192
Austria | 1912 | 180
Italy | 1911 | 153
Switzerland | 1911 | 123
England and Wales | 1912 | 95
Ireland | 1912 | 86
France | 1912 | 78
Australia | 1912 | 72
Norway | 1911 | 65
New Zealand | 1912 | 51
==================+======+======

The New York Milk Committee states that an infant mortality rate
above 50 per 1,000 is preventable by sanitation, hygiene, prenatal
care, and the instruction of mothers; and that a rate beyond this
is unfair to the babies, and a disgrace to the community for its
negligence.

Principal Causes of Death During Growth

Registration Area, United States, including about 65 per cent. of
population. For the year 1913.

==================+=======+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+======
CAUSE OF DEATH | UNDER | 1-2 | 2-3 | 3-4 | 4-5 | 5-9 | 10-20
| 1 YR. | YRS.| YRS.| YRS.| YRS.| YRS.| YRS.
——————————————————+———————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+——————
1. Congenital | | | | | | |
debility | 60,551| | | | | |
2. Premature | | | | | | |
birth | 27,359| | | | | |
3. Injuries at | | | | | | |
birth | 5,131| | | | | |
4. Digestive | 43,243|9,942|2,653|1,124| 697|1,968|2,939
5. Respiratory | | | | | | |
(except | | | | | | |
tuberculosis,| | | | | | |
chiefly | | | | | | |
pneumonia) | 25,274|9,272|3,567|1,724|1,055|2,296|2,502
Tuberculosis | 2,491|1,879|1,053| 693| 507|1,702|8,350
6. Whooping | | | | | | |
cough | 3,442|1,516| 596| 301| 152| 246| 40
7. Measles | 2,011|2,562|1,117 | 584| 302| 660| 346
8. Diphtheria | | | | | | |
and croup | 913|1,857|1,781|1,498|1,293|3,171| 918
9. Scarlet fever | 255| 618| 798| 684| 603|1,563| 621
10. Influenza | 608| 171| 105| 47| 42| 126| 202
11. Smallpox[59] | 27| 4| 4| 3| | 5| 8
==================+=======+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+======

The death rate is higher during the first five years than at any
other five-year period; higher during the first year than any other
year; highest during the first month; and its maximum is during the
first week of life.

It is estimated that about fifty per cent. of all children die
before they are born. Life is conferred at conception, and
miscarriage is really death before birth. The registration of
stillbirths, with causes, should be required by law, as it now is
in some foreign countries.

Diarrhea and other digestive disorders are prevalent causes in
summer; pneumonia and colds in winter.

Of the deaths from summer diarrhea, about 90 per cent. are babies
artificially fed, compared with 10 per cent. naturally fed.

Mortality in Pregnancy

United States Registration Area, 1913

==============================================================
Puerperal septicemia (blood poisoning, due to lack of
surgical cleanliness in care) 4,542
Albuminaria and convulsions (usually preventable by
regular examination of urine) 2,397
Accidents (frequently preventable by prenatal hygiene
and skilful medical supervision) 2,703
Other causes 368
——————
10,010
==============================================================

Most of these deaths were due to preventable causes.

Even with these preventable deaths, the chances of death in
childbirth were only 1 in about 200 births.

In every community where instruction has been provided in prenatal
hygiene and the care of infants, a marked reduction has resulted,
both in prenatal deaths, in mortality in pregnancy, in infant
mortality and in the inability of mothers to nurse their babies.

FOOTNOTES:

[34] See Preface, page xiii.

[35] C (?) = Possibly contagious; isolate.

[36] C = Contagious; child should be isolated.

[37] Diagnosis of a specific disease in a given case can only
be made by an experienced physician. The Table is of value
particularly as indicating the mild symptoms with which these
begin. Incubation is the period from exposure to first symptoms.
Isolation dates from first symptoms.

[38] G. = Onset gradual.

[39] S. = Onset sudden.

[40] Quoted from Rose’s “Laboratory Manual in Dietetics”, and
Sherman’s “Food Products”, by permission.

[41] In part, quoted from Fisher’s “Graphic Method in Dietetics”,
by permission; in part, calculated by the author, from data in
Rose’s “Manual.”

[42] Exact figures not yet available; mineral about 3 times that in
bolted.

[43] Exact figures for unpolished not yet available; mineral about
3 times that in polished.

[44] T = tablespoon.

[45] c = cup.

[46] t = teaspoon. Level measures.

[47] From “Food Products”, H. C. Sherman, by permission of the
publishers (The Macmillan Company). Complete tables there itemized.

[48] Blatherwick.

[49] Amer. Jour. Diseases of Children, November, 1914. Doctor
Roland G. Freeman.

[50] For normal relativity see tables, pages 374, 375.

[51] _Daten und Tabellen_, _Vierordt_.

[52] Girls average ½ inch shorter until 2 to 4 years, then 1 to 2
inches shorter until 11 to 14 years; ½ to 2 inches taller 11 to 14
years; then shorter.

[53] Girls average ½ pound lighter than boys during first year;
then 1 to 2 pounds lighter until 12 years; 2 to 3 pounds heavier
until 14 years, then lighter.

[54] From the Ninth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study
of Education, by courtesy of the author, Doctor Thomas D. Wood.
(Data are based upon examinations, during fourteen years, of pupils
in Horace Mann School, New York City.)

[55] Holt.

[56] _Uffelmann_, quoted by Holt.

[57] _Vierordt_, quoted by Holt.

[58] In the United States the rate in the registration area,
according to the Census of 1910, was 124 per 1,000, a total of
159,435, from which the Census Bureau estimates the total deaths
for the entire country as 300,000 under 1 year of age.

[59] Before vaccine was generally used, was as prevalent as
tuberculosis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following annotated list has been carefully selected, the
purpose being to include the most valuable and indispensable
books, those that readers will find positively and constructively
helpful, and that amplify or illustrate the principles taught in
this volume. Many helpful books are necessarily omitted for lack of
space.

It is usually impossible to say that any one book is the best on
its subject. One book will be better than another for individual
readers, according to their individual experience, training,
environment, and problems. In the main, the publications listed
are of approximately the same caliber as the present Manual. In
the list of periodicals, note is made of those that are official
publications of organizations. By including in the description
of each book the year of publication, number of pages, price,
and whether illustrated, the reader has some further clue to
its character. Books including a bibliography are usually more
systematic and scientific than those without such a list. The dates
given are those of latest edition or translations, to 1916. Prices
quoted are net, and do not include transportation.

I. Books.
I. _b._ Pamphlets and Bulletins.
II. Periodicals.
III. Organizations and Institutions.
† Titles especially recommended for libraries, class use, and
private ownership.
_a_ Books of a more elementary character.
_c_ Books of a more technical character.
° Also useful for pictures.

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The mothercraft manualChapter XXV: Appendix: Value of 100-Calorie Portions of Common Foods

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