Chapter XIX: Scavenging

The Public Health Act on the subject -- List of duties involved by the
clauses of the Act -- What is house refuse? -- Removal of trade or
garden refuse -- Position of dust bin -- Objections to fixed bin --
Different methods of collection of refuse -- Public dust bins -- House
to house call -- Receptacles brought out into streets -- Carts
employed for scavenging -- Life and cost of wooden carts -- Improved
sanitary carts -- Disposal of refuse -- Methods adopted in various
towns -- Destruction by fire -- Cleansing of streets -- Machinery v.
hand labour -- Durability of brooms -- Scavenging at Liverpool --
Quantity of material removed from roads -- Cleansing private courts
and alleys -- Removal of snow -- Mr. Hayward on the subject --
Clarke’s apparatus -- Hints on removal of snow -- Street watering --
Several methods described -- Brown’s system -- Mr. Parry on hand-
watering -- Headley’s machine -- Street watering in Paris -- Bayley’s
Hydrostatic Van -- Mr. Scott on watering and stand-pipes -- Advantage
of using disinfectant with water -- Cost of scavenging, &c. -- Heads
for a contract -- Administration of work without intervention of
contractor the best 221

CHAPTER XX.
SEWERAGE.

Public Health Act on the subject -- Definition of sewer -- Definitions
of sewerage and sewage -- Requirements of good system of sewerage --
Position of sewers should be at back of houses -- Form of notice to
carry sewer through private lands -- Hints for carrying out sewerage
-- Stamford’s joint -- Pipe sewers -- Drawing of various pipes --
Causes of breakage -- Causes of chokage -- Separate system --
Advantages of partial separation -- List of different methods of
sewerage -- Dry systems 251

CHAPTER XXI.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL.

Magnitude of question -- Interception -- List of methods of disposal
-- Tidal outfalls -- Broad irrigation -- Crops for sewage --
Intermittent filtration -- Action of earth on sewage -- Mechanical
subsidence -- Artificial filters -- Screening -- Precipitation -- List
of chemical processes -- List of chemical ingredients -- Disposal of
sludge -- Effect of plants on sewage 263

CHAPTER XXII.
VENTILATION OF SEWERS.

Duty of dealing with noxious sewer vapours -- Germ theory and open
ventilation -- Open shafts and objections to them -- Shafts against
dwellings -- Use of rainwater pipes -- Use of lamp posts -- Charcoal
trays -- Use of chimney shafts -- Lofty shafts -- Failure of furnaces
-- List of methods tried -- Annihilation of sewer gas -- Composition
of sewer gas -- Direction of flow -- Importance of disconnecting house
drains 271

CHAPTER XXIII.
PUBLIC CONVENIENCES.

Clause of Public Health Act empowering their erection -- Selection of
site -- Construction of Urinals -- Why iron is preferable --
Description of urinals -- Public w. c. accommodation -- Description of
a simple w. c. -- Jennings and Macfarlane for urinals 280

CHAPTER XXIV.
ARTIZANS AND LABOURERS’ DWELLINGS.

The Act of 1868 -- Mode of procedure under it -- Amendment of Act in
1879 -- Further amendment in 1882 -- Importance of this amendment --
Act of 1875 for improvement of dwellings of working classes -- Mode
of procedure under it -- Amended by Act of 1879 -- Further amended,
1882 -- Duties of surveyor under these acts -- Health of model
dwellings -- Description of industrial dwellings -- Labouring classes’
Lodging Houses Acts -- Copy of bye-laws under them -- Table of sizes
of rooms 284

CHAPTER XXV.
DEFECTS IN DWELLING-HOUSES, ETC.

Cellar dwellings -- Clauses of the Public Health Act on the subject --
Insufficient w. c. accommodation -- Clauses on the subject -- Forms of
notice to be served -- W. C. accommodation for factories -- Houses
without a proper supply of water -- Clauses on the subject -- Mode of
procedure -- Disadvantages of cistern storage 295

CHAPTER XXVI.
HOUSE DRAINAGE.

Definition of drain -- Difficulty of always deciding what is a drain
-- Duties of surveyor in connection with house drainage -- Inspection
of new drains -- Form of “regulations” necessary by a local authority
-- Difficulty of efficient inspection -- Drains of new buildings --
Inspection of defective drains -- Several clauses of the Public Health
Act on the subject -- Procedure necessary to carry them out -- List of
a few requirements of good house drainage -- Necessity of register of
all house drains 303

CHAPTER XXVII.
PUBLIC PLEASURE GROUNDS AND STREET TREES.

Law empowering acquisition and maintenance of parks, &c. -- Duties of
surveyor in connection therewith -- Public playgrounds -- A few hints
-- List of a few useful shrubs -- Trees in gales -- Planting trees at
sides of streets -- Qualities necessary in trees for this purpose --
List of suitable trees -- Precautions necessary -- Grating and grill
-- Description of Paris planting -- Cost of trees in Paris -- Damage
to street trees 318

CHAPTER XXVIII.
PUBLIC ABATTOIRS.

Necessity and law for their establishment -- Defects of private
slaughter-houses -- Legal powers to close private slaughter-houses --
Particulars of London private slaughter-houses -- Site of public
abattoir -- The Manchester abattoir -- Accommodation necessary --
Lairs and pens -- The killing-house -- Floor, drainage, rings, pole-
axe, lighting, &c. -- Machinery for hoisting -- Plans of public
abattoir -- Condemned meat department -- Pig-killing department --
Blood-house -- Tripery -- Tallow market -- Other accommodation -- Dr.
Chancellor on slaughter-houses -- Difference between public and
private slaughter-houses 328

CHAPTER XXIX.
MARKETS.

Law authorizing their establishment -- Site for a cattle market --
Accommodation necessary -- Paving -- Cattle enclosures -- Sheep pens
-- Dimensions of pens and lairs -- Weighing machine -- Markets for
general merchandise -- List of requirements -- A few hints on their
accommodation 344

CHAPTER XXX.
CEMETERIES.

The surveyor’s duties in connection with these -- Some legal points to
be remembered -- Selection of site on sanitary grounds -- Mr. Eassie
on soils -- Dr. Parsons on requirements of cemeteries -- Unsuitability
of clay soil -- Amount of land necessary -- Points to be considered in
laying out a cemetery -- Division of cemetery -- Description of
sections -- Cemetery rules and regulations -- Suitable trees for
cemeteries -- Regulations by Secretary of State, 1863 -- Cremation --
Its great advantages over burial -- Area of some existing cemeteries
-- Necessity for reliable information as to causes of death 350

CHAPTER XXXI.
MORTUARIES.

Evils arising from keeping corpses -- Some clauses of the Public
Health Act on the subject -- List of different descriptions of
mortuaries -- A German Leichenhaus -- Requirements of a mortuary --
The chapel -- The dead-house -- The post-mortem room -- The coroner’s
court -- Other accommodation necessary -- Plan of a model mortuary --
Disinfection -- Apparatus necessary -- Dr. Ransom’s machine --
Fetching infected clothing 365

CHAPTER XXXII.
BORROWING UNDER THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD.

Clauses of the Public Health Act -- Stimulus to public works -- List
of time for which money can be borrowed -- Mr. Rawlinson on procedure
and plans, &c., necessary -- Responsibility of Local Government Board
-- Captain Galton on Government responsibility 375

CHAPTER XXXIII.
CONTRACTS.

Clauses of Public Health Act -- Public contracts different from
private ones -- Specifications necessary -- Conclusion -- A list of
useful books 381

MUNICIPAL
AND
SANITARY ENGINEERS’
HANDBOOK.