Chapter XLV: Part 1: Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land

Surveying; comprising General Observations -- The Chain -- Offsets
Surveying by the Chain only -- Surveying Hilly Ground -- To Survey an
Estate or Parish by the Chain only -- Surveying with the Theodolite --
Mining and Town Surveying -- Railroad Surveying -- Mapping -- Division
and Laying out of Land -- Observations on Enclosures -- Plane
Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling -- Simple and Compound Levelling --
The Level Book -- Parliamentary Plan and Section -- Levelling with a
Theodolite -- Gradients -- Wooden Curves -- To Lay out a Railway Curve
-- Setting out Widths. Part 4. Calculating Quantities generally for
Estimates -- Cuttings and Embankments -- Tunnels -- Brickwork --
Ironwork -- Timber Measuring. Part 5. Description and Use of
Instruments in Surveying and Plotting -- The Improved Dumpy Level --
Troughton’s Level -- The Prismatic Compass -- Proportional Compass --
Box Sextant -- Vernier -- Pantagraph -- Merrett’s Improved Quadrant --
Improved Computation Scale -- The Diagonal Scale -- Straight Edge and
Sector. Part 6. Logarithms of Numbers -- Logarithmic Sines and
Co-Sines, Tangents and Co-Tangents -- Natural Sines and Co-Sines --
Tables for Earthwork, for Setting out Curves, and for various
Calculations, etc., etc., etc.

_Saws: the History, Development, Action, Classification, and Comparison of Saws of all kinds._ By ROBERT GRIMSHAW. _With 220 illustrations_, 4to, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._

_A Supplement to the above_; containing additional practical matter, more especially relating to the forms of Saw Teeth for special material and conditions, and to the behaviour of Saws under particular conditions. _With 120 illustrations_, cloth, 9_s._

_A Guide for the Electric Testing of Telegraph Cables._ By Capt. V. HOSKIŒR, Royal Danish Engineers. _With illustrations_, second edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 4_s._ 6_d._

_Laying and Repairing Electric Telegraph Cables._ By Capt. V. HOSKIŒR, Royal Danish Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._

_A Pocket-Book of Practical Rules for the Proportions of Modern Engines and Boilers for Land and Marine purposes._ By N. P. BURGH. Seventh edition, royal 32mo, roan, 4_s._ 6_d._

_Table of Logarithms of the Natural Numbers, from 1 to 108,000._ By CHARLES BABBAGE, Esq., M.A. Stereotyped edition, royal 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

To ensure the correctness of these Tables of Logarithms, they were
compared with Callett’s, Vega’s, Hutton’s, Briggs’, Gardiner’s, and
Taylor’s Tables of Logarithms, and carefully read by nine different
readers; and further, to remove any possibility of an error remaining,
the stereotyped sheets were hung up in the Hall at Cambridge
University, and a reward offered to anyone who could find an
inaccuracy. So correct are these Tables, that since their first issue
in 1827 no error has been discovered.

_The Steam Engine considered as a Heat Engine_: a Treatise on the Theory of the Steam Engine, illustrated by Diagrams, Tables, and Examples from Practice. By JAS. H. COTTERILL, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Applied Mechanics in the Royal Naval College. 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._

_The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc._, with Instructions for Turning such Work in Metal as may be required in the Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc.; also an Appendix on Ornamental Turning. (A book for beginners.) By FRANCIS CAMPIN. Second edition, _with wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._

CONTENTS:

On Lathes -- Turning Tools -- Turning Wood -- Drilling -- Screw
Cutting -- Miscellaneous Apparatus and Processes -- Turning Particular
Forms -- Staining -- Polishing -- Spinning Metals -- Materials --
Ornamental Turning, etc.

_Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventilation with Warm Air by Self-Acting Suction Power_, with Review of the mode of Calculating the Draught in Hot-Air Flues, and with some actual Experiments. By J. DRYSDALE, M.D., and J. W. HAYWARD, M.D. Second edition, with Supplement, _with plates_, demy 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

_Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present._ By the Rev. H. L. NELTHROPP, M.A., F.S.A. _With 32 illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 6_s._ 6_d._

CONTENTS:

Definitions of Words and Terms used in Watchwork -- Tools -- Time --
Historical Summary -- On Calculations of the Numbers for Wheels and
Pinions; their Proportional Sizes, Trains, etc. -- Of Dial Wheels, or
Motion Work -- Length of Time of Going without Winding up -- The Verge
-- The Horizontal -- The Duplex -- The Lever -- The Chronometer --
Repeating Watches -- Keyless Watches -- The Pendulum, or Spiral Spring
-- Compensation -- Jewelling of Pivot Holes -- Clerkenwell --
Fallacies of the Trade -- Incapacity of Workmen -- How to Choose and
Use a Watch, etc.

_Spons’ Engineers’ and Contractors’ Illustrated Book of Prices of Machines, Tools, Ironwork, and Contractors’ Material; and Engineers’ Directory._ Third edition, 4to, cloth, 6_s._

_Algebra Self-Taught._ By W. P. HIGGS, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Author of ‘A Handbook of the Differential Calculus,’ etc. Second edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._

CONTENTS:

Symbols and the Signs of Operation -- The Equation and the Unknown
Quantity -- Positive and Negative Quantities -- Multiplication --
Involution -- Exponents -- Negative Exponents -- Roots, and the Use of
Exponents as Logarithms -- Logarithms -- Tables of Logarithms and
Proportionate Parts -- Transformation of System of Logarithms --
Common Uses of Common Logarithms -- Compound Multiplication and the
Binomial Theorem -- Division, Fractions, and Ratio -- Continued
Proportion -- The Series and the Summation of the Series -- Limit of
Series -- Square and Cube Roots -- Equations -- List of Formulæ, etc.

JUST PUBLISHED.

In super-royal 8vo, 1168 pp., _with 2400 illustrations_, in 3
Divisions, cloth, price 13_s._ 6_d._ each; or 1 vol., cloth, 2_l._; or
half-morocco, 2_l._ 8_s._

A SUPPLEMENT
TO
SPONS’ DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING,
Civil, Mechanical, Military, and Naval.
EDITED BY ERNEST SPON, MEMB. SOC. ENGINEERS.

The success which has attended the publication of ‘SPONS’ DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING’ has encouraged the Publishers to use every effort tending to keep the work up to the standard of existing professional knowledge. As the Book has now been some years before the public without addition or revision, there are many subjects of importance which, of necessity, are either not included in its pages, or have been treated somewhat less fully than their present importance demands. With the object, therefore, of remedying these omissions, this Supplement is now being issued. Each subject in it is treated in a thoroughly comprehensive way; but, of course, without repeating the information already included in the body of the work.

The new matter comprises articles upon

Abacus, Counters, Speed Indicators, and Slide Rule.
Agricultural Implements and Machinery.
Air Compressors.
Animal Charcoal Machinery.
Antimony.
Axles and Axle-boxes.
Barn Machinery.
Belts and Belting.
Blasting.
Boilers.
Brakes.
Brick Machinery.
Bridges.
Cages for Mines.
Calculus, Differential and Integral.
Canals.
Carpentry.
Cast Iron.
Cement, Concrete, Limes, and Mortar.
Chimney Shafts.
Coal Cleansing and Washing.
Coal Mining.
Coal Cutting Machines.
Coke Ovens.
Copper.
Docks.
Drainage.
Dredging Machinery.
Dynamo--Electric and Magneto-Electric Machines.
Dynamometers.
Electrical Engineering, Telegraphy, Electric Lighting and its
practical details, Telephones.
Engines, Varieties of.
Explosives.
Fans.
Founding, Moulding and the practical work of the Foundry.
Gas, Manufacture of.
Hammers, Steam and other Power.
Heat.
Horse Power.
Hydraulics.
Hydro-geology.
Indicators.
Iron.
Lifts, Hoists, and Elevators.
Lighthouses, Buoys, and Beacons.
Machine Tools.
Materials of Construction.
Meters.
Ores, Machinery and Processes employed to Dress.
Piers.
Pile Driving.
Pneumatic Transmission.
Pumps.
Pyrometers.
Road Locomotives.
Rock Drills.
Rolling Stock.
Sanitary Engineering.
Shafting.
Steel.
Steam Navvy.
Stone Machinery.
Tramways.
Well Sinking.

NOW COMPLETE.

_With nearly 1500 illustrations_, in super-royal 8vo, in 5 Divisions,
cloth.

Divisions 1 to 4, 13_s._ 6_d._ each; Division 5, 17_s._ 6_d._; or 2
vols., cloth, £3 10_s._

SPONS’ ENCYCLOPÆDIA
OF THE
INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCIAL
PRODUCTS.

EDITED BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S.

Among the more important of the subjects treated of, are the
following:--

Acids, 207 pp. 220 figs.
Alcohol, 23 pp. 16 figs.
Alcoholic Liquors, 13 pp.
Alkalies, 89 pp. 78 figs.
Alloys.
Alum.
Asphalt.
Assaying.
Beverages, 89 pp. 29 figs.
Blacks.
Bleaching Powder, 15 pp.
Bleaching, 51 pp. 48 figs.
Candles, 18 pp. 9 figs.
Carbon Bisulphide.
Celluloid, 9 pp.
Cements.
Clay.
Coal-tar Products, 44 pp. 14 figs.
Cocoa, 8 pp.
Coffee, 32 pp. 13 figs.
Cork, 8 pp. 17 figs.
Cotton Manufactures, 62 pp. 57 figs.
Drugs, 38 pp.
Dyeing and Calico Printing, 28 pp. 9 figs.
Dyestuffs, 16 pp.
Electro-Metallurgy, 13 pp.
Explosives, 22 pp. 33 figs.
Feathers.
Fibrous Substances, 92 pp. 79 figs.
Floor-cloth, 16 pp. 21 figs.
Food Preservation, 8 pp.
Fruit, 8 pp.
Fur, 5 pp.
Gas, Coal, 8 pp.
Gems.
Glass, 45 pp. 77 figs.
Graphite, 7 pp.
Hair, 7 pp.
Hair Manufactures.
Hats, 26 pp. 26 figs.
Honey.
Hops.
Horn.
Ice, 10 pp. 14 figs.
Indiarubber Manufactures, 23 pp. 17 figs.
Ink, 17 pp.
Ivory.
Jute Manufactures, 11 pp., 11 figs.
Knitted Fabrics--Hosiery,
15 pp. 13 figs.
Lace, 13 pp. 9 figs.
Leather, 28 pp. 31 figs.
Linen Manufactures, 16 pp. 6 figs.
Manures, 21 pp. 30 figs.
Matches, 17 pp. 38 figs.
Mordants, 13 pp.
Narcotics, 47 pp.
Nuts, 10 pp.
Oils and Fatty Substances, 125 pp.
Paint.
Paper, 26 pp. 23 figs.
Paraffin, 8 pp. 6 figs.
Pearl and Coral, 8 pp.
Perfumes, 10 pp.
Photography, 13 pp. 20 figs.
Pigments, 9 pp. 6 figs.
Pottery, 46 pp. 57 figs.
Printing and Engraving, 20 pp. 8 figs.
Rags.
Resinous and Gummy Substances, 75 pp. 16 figs.
Rope, 16 pp. 17 figs.
Salt, 31 pp. 23 figs.
Silk, 8 pp.
Silk Manufactures, 9 pp. 11 figs.
Skins, 5 pp.
Small Wares, 4 pp.
Soap and Glycerine, 39 pp. 45 figs.
Spices, 16 pp.
Sponge, 5 pp.
Starch, 9 pp. 10 figs.
Sugar, 155 pp. 134 figs.
Sulphur.
Tannin, 18 pp.
Tea, 12 pp.
Timber, 13 pp.
Varnish, 15 pp.
Vinegar, 5 pp.
Wax, 5 pp.
Wool, 2 pp.
Woollen Manufactures, 58 pp. 39 figs.

London: E. & F. N. SPON, 16, Charing Cross.
New York: 44, Murray Street.

Transcriber’s Notes

Depending on the hard- and software used and their settings, not all
elements may display as intended; some of the larger tables are best
viewed on a wide screen in a wide window.

Inconsistent spelling, hyphenation, lay-out and use of accents and
thousands separators have been retained except as listed below.

The (inconsistent) use of spaces, underscores, hyphens etc. to
indicate blanks where names, data etc. need to be inserted has not
been standardised.

page 4, Dr. Ackland: possibly Henry Acland.

page 137, 855 décicarcel-cubes: probably the decimal point is missing.

page 372, Ranson’s: should possibly be Ransom’s (cf. Table of
Contents) or vice versa.

Index: not all items are given in alphabetical order, this has not
been corrected.

Changes made:

Footnotes have been moved to the end of each chapter.
Some obvious minor punctuation and typographical errors have been
corrected silently.
Vide has been standardised to _Vide_.
Some tables have been re-arranged or split to fit the available space.
page xv: Leichenhauser changed to Leichenhaus
page 1: c. 63 _s._ 37 changed to c. 63 s. 37
page 14: closing quotes removed from after ... instructions thereon.
page 16: opening quotes removed from before Syllabus of Subjects ...
page 38: closing quote removed from after ... finished pavement.
page 52: Ellisons changed to Ellison’s
page 85, footnote [73]: Henry Allnut changed to Henry Allnutt
page 93: 5 0 changed to 5·0
page 137: décicarcel-tubes changed to décicarcel-cubes
page 164: closing quote removed from after ... is broken up.
page 184: nor exceeding changed to not exceeding
page 233: depot changed to depôt as elsewhere
page 247, footnote [172]: Beaumé changed to Baumé
page 322: Oilantus changed to Ailantus
page 334: (2.) added before _The slaughter-houses._
page 357: footnote anchor [227] inserted
page 368: LEICHENHAUSER changed to LEICHENHAUS
page 371: closing quote added after ... ss. 120 and 121.
page 379: closing quotes added after ... nor any name. and after ...
one of their inspectors.
catalogue page 11: Lord Lindsay changed to LORD LINDSAY as other
authors
catalogue page 15 and 16: several list items moved to new lines as the
other list items.