Chapter XXXIII: Contracts

Contracts being principally a legal question, it is not my intention to say much on the matter.

In the Public Health Act 1875 will be found the following clauses:

“Any Local Authority may enter into any contracts necessary for carrying this Act into execution (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 173).

“With respect to contracts made by an Urban Authority under this Act, the following regulations shall be observed (namely):

“(1.) Every contract made by an Urban Authority whereof the value or amount exceeds fifty pounds shall be in writing, and sealed with the common seal of such authority:

“(2.) Every such contract shall specify the work, materials, matters or things to be furnished, had or done, the price to be paid, and the time or times within which the contract is to be performed, and shall specify some pecuniary penalty to be paid in case the terms of the contract are not duly performed:

“(3.) Before contracting for the execution of any works under the provisions of this Act, an Urban Authority shall obtain from their surveyor an estimate in writing, as well of the probable expense of executing the work in a substantial manner as of the annual expense of repairing the same; also a report as to the most advantageous mode of contracting, that is to say, whether by contracting only for the execution of the work, or for executing and also maintaining the same in repair during a term of years or otherwise:

“(4.) Before any contract of the value or amount of one hundred pounds or upwards is entered into by an Urban Authority ten days’ public notice at the least shall be given, expressing the nature and purpose thereof, and inviting tenders for the execution of the same; and such authority shall require and take sufficient security for the due performance of the same:

“(5.) Every contract entered into by an Urban Authority in conformity with the provisions of this section, and duly executed by the other parties thereto, shall be binding on the Authority by whom the same is executed and their successors, and on all other parties thereto and their executors, administrators, successors or assigns to all intents and purposes: Provided that an Urban Authority may compound with any contractor or other person in respect of any penalty incurred by reason of the non-performance of any contract entered into as aforesaid, whether such penalty is mentioned in any such contract, or in any bond or otherwise, for such sums of money or other recompense as to such Authority may seem proper” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 174).

In reading the numerous foot-notes that follow the above clauses in Glen’s ‘Law of Public Health and Local Government,’ it will be seen that contracts with corporations have been held to be very different from ordinary ones between individuals or companies. All contracts should be by deed under the seal of the corporation, or “there is no safety or security for anyone dealing with such a body on any other footing,” and this applies also in “respect of any variation or alteration in a contract which has been made.”

“A committee of the corporation has no power to enter into any contract” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 200).

A member of a corporation may not be “concerned in any bargain or contract” entered into by the corporation, although this would not vitiate the contract (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, sch. 11, clause 64), neither may an officer of the corporation be “concerned or interested in any bargain or contract” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 193).

It is, of course, necessary before any contract can be entered into, that the town surveyor should prepare the specification, schedule of prices and drawings where necessary; this entails a considerable amount of work.

In addition to ordinary specifications for works, the town surveyor has often to prepare specifications and schedules for the supply of the following goods:

Ironmongery.
Paints, etc.
Disinfectants.
Castings.
Coals.
Harness.
Fodder.
Road metal.
Paving.
Clothing.
Stationery.
Horse hire.

and a host of other things too numerous to mention.

A well-written, clear, and comprehensive specification is a most difficult thing to write, but it should be “common sense” from beginning to end, any legal phraseology being left to the town clerk to introduce in his “deed” as required by the Act.

For sewer and drain work lump sum contracts are often undesirable: it is better to work according to a schedule of prices, and periodical measurements.

It must not be forgotten that in all contracts the contractor seeks to make a profit out of the work; if there is no intermediate contractor this profit goes to the ratepayers. In most sanitary works also the men employed by the local authority are more skilled in that particular class of work than the chance men employed by a contractor, and for this and many other reasons, administration by the local authority is in most cases preferable to contracts.[252]

Where tenders have been invited by advertisement or otherwise, the successful person should be written to, apprising him of the fact, and requesting him to call, sign the necessary specification, deeds, and drawings; an intimation should also be made to the unsuccessful competitors that their tenders have not been accepted.

In conclusion, let me thank the authors of the following books for the useful information which I have gained in perusing them for the purposes of this work, and, let me add, they can be studied with advantage by every “Town Surveyor”:

‘American Sanitary Engineering,’ by E. S. Philbrick.

‘Annales des Ponts et Chaussées,’ published in Paris.

‘Annual Reports of the Local Government Board,’ published in London.

‘A Practical Guide for Inspectors of Nuisances,’ by F. R. Wilson.

‘A Treatise on Roads,’ by Sir H. Parnell.

‘Cremation of the Dead,’ by W. Eassie.

‘Experience sur le tirage des Voitures,’ by M. Morin.

‘Healthy Dwellings,’ by D. Galton.

‘Health of Towns Commission,’ sundry reports.

‘Law of Public Health and Local Government,’ by W. C. and A. Glen.

‘Local Board Manual,’ by Owen Harris.

‘New Mode of Constructing Streets,’ by J. Edgworth.

‘Plumbing and House Draining,’ by W. P. Buchan.

‘Practical Treatise on Roads,’ by A. Penfold.

‘Repair of Main Roads,’ by W. H. Wheeler.

‘Roads and Streets,’ by D. Kinnear Clark.

‘Roads, Streets, and Pavements,’ by Q. A. Gillmore.

‘Roads and Roadways,’ by G. W. Willcocks.

‘Remarks on the Present System of Road Making,’ &c., by John Loudon
McAdam.

‘Sanitary Engineering,’ by Baldwin Latham.

‘Sanitary Engineering,’ by Bailey Denton.

‘Sanitary Work,’ by Charles Slagg.

‘Suggestions as to the Preparation of District Maps and of Plans for
Main Sewerage, Drainage, and Water Supply,’ by Robert Rawlinson, C.B.,
&c.

‘Street Pavements,’ by G. F. Crosby Dawson.

‘Steam Road Rolling,’ by Fred. A. Paget.

‘The Parks, Promenades, and Gardens of Paris,’ by W. Robinson.

‘The Public Health and Local Government Act,’ by J. Vesey Fitzgerald.

‘The Interments Act 1879,’ by T. Baker.

‘The Plumber and Sanitary Houses,’ by S. S. Hellyer.

‘The Maintenance of Macadamised Roads,’ by Thomas Codrington.

‘The true system of Wood Pavement,’ Anonymous.

‘The Surveyor of Highways,’ by Alex. Glen.

‘Tree Pruning,’ by A. des Cars.

Various papers in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers.

Various papers in the Proceedings of the Sanitary Institute of Great
Britain.

Various papers in the Proceedings of the Association of Municipal and
Sanitary Engineers and Surveyors.

Various papers from the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society.

Various papers from the Reports on the Application of Science and Art
to Street Paving.

Various reports by Mr. Haywood, Engineer to the Commissioners of
Sewers of the City of London.

Various reports by Mr. Till, Surveyor of Birmingham.

Various reports of Commissions, etc.

[252] Mr. Parry, C.E., Borough Surveyor of Reading, says, “My
experience of such works is that town authorities can obtain both
labour and materials cheaper than contractors, and with efficient
supervision the work costs less money.” (_Vide_ ‘Proceedings of the
Association of Municipal and Sanitary Engineers and Surveyors,’ vol.
iv. p. 89.)

INDEX.

Abattoirs, 328
Abrasion of stone, 48
Accidents to horses, 31
Accommodation in Cattle Market, 345
Acland, Dr., on the surveyor, 4
Acquisition of sewers, 252
Acreage of sewage farms, 265
Action of earth on sewage, 266
Additions to old buildings, 210
Advantage of plants for sewage, 270
Advantages of asphalte, 99
---- public abattoirs, 343
---- separate system, 261
---- steam rolling, 70
---- wood paving, 89
Alleys and courts if cleansed, 238
Allotting numbers, 154
Alteration of old building to new, 209
American footpath, 114
---- paving, 77
---- road rolling, 65
Analysis of asphalte, 97
Angell Lewis on the surveyor, 6
Angles of roads, 30
Annihilation of sewer gases, 277
Application to borrow, 376
Appointment of surveyor, 1, 3, 10, 18
Arc lights, 144
Area of cemeteries, 354, 363
---- sewers, 253, 254
Artificial asphalte, 117
---- stone pavements, 116
Artizans’ dwellings, 284, 291
Ashpits, 226
Asphalte, Mac Adam, 46
---- mastic, 107
---- roadways, 96
Asphaltic wood pavement, 82
Automatic flushing, 262
Aveling and Porter’s roller, 68
Awnings over paths, 184

Bargains. See Contracts
Bars opening outwards, 178
Bayley’s hydrostatic van, 245
Best stones for pitchers, 75
Bitumen, 96
Bituminous concrete, 78
---- mixture, 79
---- roadways, 46
Binding for roads, 62
Blinds over paths, 184
Blood-house, 341
Books on drainage, 315
---- useful, 384
Borrowing, 375
Borders for paths, 320
Bottles and brickbats, 225
Bottoming roadways, 37
Breakages in pipe sewers, 258
Breaking stone, 48, 51
Breaking-up streets, 157
Brick footpaths, 116
Bridges over streets, 33
Broad irrigation, 265
Brown’s street watering, 243
Buildings, dangerous, 188
---- projections of, 176
---- new, 206
---- setting back, 175
Buddle hole, 128
Bullock lairs, 346
---- rollers, 60
Burial fees, 356
---- in clay, 354
Burners, gas, 140
Burning refuse, 233
Butchers, 329, 334
Byelaws for new streets, &c., 206

Cage for trees, 325
Caithness flagging, 112
Caldrons, 107
Candle power, 136
Canvassing, 19
Capacities of surveyor, 5
Carcel power, 136
Carey’s wood pavement, 83
Cart for scavenging, 230
Cast-iron name plates, 151
Cattle lairs, 333
Cattle Market, 345
Causes of breakages in pipes, 258
Cellar coverings, 180
---- door projecting, 176
---- dwellings, 295
Cemeteries, 350
Channelling, 123
Chapel mortuary, 369
Chapels in cemeteries, 351
Charcoal sewer ventilators, 275
Chemical treatment of sewage, 268
Chesterfield lighting, 129
Chicago roads, 38
Chimney shafts, 190
---- ---- ventilators, 275
Chloride of calcium for watering, 247
Choice of street names, 152
Chokages in pipe sewers, 260
Cisterns, objectionable, 302
Clarke’s apparatus, 240
Clay slate, 49
Cleansing of streets, 234
---- private courts, &c., 238
Climate and trees, 321
Clinkers, 225
Closing polluted well, 301
---- slaughter-houses, 330
Coal plates, 182
Coefficients of road metal, 51
Collection of house refuse, 228
Combined system of sewerage, 261
Committees, 23
Common line of frontage, 177
Compensation for setting back, 175
Composition of sewer gas, 278
Compressed asphalte, 96
Concrete, 78
---- footpaths, 113
---- pipes, 254
Condemned meat, 339
Connection with main sewers, 305
Construction of asphalte roads, 98
Contour of roadways, 43
Contract with Gas Company, 132
Contracts, 381
---- for scavenging, 249
---- surveyor must not be interested in, 3, 382
Conversion into new building, 210
Cost of asphalte, 101
---- chemical treatment, 264
---- electric light, 145
---- kerbing, 125
---- maintenance of macadamised roads, 34, 41
---- melting snow, 241
---- pipes, 254
---- scavenging, 248
---- tree planting, 326
---- watering, 244
---- wood pavement, 91
---- working steam rollers, 61, 63
Core hard, 39
Coroner’s court, 370
Cremation, 361
Crops for sewage farm, 265
Croskey’s wood pavement, 82

Damage to roads, 161
---- trees, 327
Dangerous buildings, 188
---- crossings, 33
Deacon on streets, 76
Dead-house, 367, 369
Declaration of public streets, 204
Defacing numbers or names, 149
Defects in dwellings, 295
Defective cellar covers, 181
---- drains, 310
Definition of new building, 208
---- sewer, 252
---- street, 149, 205
Demolition of premises, 285
Deposit of plans of streets, 210
Depth of sewers, 253
Diameter of drains, 315
Diary of water-cart, 247
Dimensions of lairs and pens, 347
Disadvantages of steam rolling, 72
Diseased meat, 339
Disinfection, 371
Disposal of refuse, 232
---- road scrapings, 237
---- sewage, 263
Distance of lamps, 135
---- trees, 324
Division of cemeteries, 355
---- England, 2
Doors opening outwards, 178
Down pipes, 183
Drainage, 303
---- definition of, 303
---- of cemeteries, 351
---- slaughter-house, 335
Drain-cleaning rods, 260
Drains under houses, 316
Draught on roads, 29
Dry systems, 263
Drying sludge, 269
Dust-bins, 226
Dusty streets, 234
Duties of surveyor, 5, 7, 11, 20
Dwellings and cemeteries, 350
Dynamos, 141

Earth as a sewage filter, 266
Easements, 182
Eaves shuting, 183
Effect of traffic, 27
Elasticity of asphalte, 104
Electric lighting, 129, 140
Enamelled name plates, 152
Entrance to cattle market, 346
Erection of hoardings or scaffolds, 187
Escape from fire, 218
Euston pavement, 77
Evasion of Building Acts, 209
Examination of surveyor, 14

Fees for burials, 356
Fences, 320
Filling-in over pipes, 317
Filters for sewage, 267
Filtration of sewage, 266
Fire protection, 218
Fitness of stone, 48
Flagging, York, 110
---- Caithness, 112
---- blue lias, 113
Flag poles, 177
Flints, 50
Float observations, 265
Flushing courts and alleys, 238
Footpaths, 106
---- and snow, 241
Force required on roads, 30
Forms of Notice. See Notice
Foundation of macadamised roads, 39
French burial, 356
Frontage of streets, 174
Fryer’s destructor, 233
Fuel for rollers, 61
Furnaces as sewer ventilators, 276
Furniture of mortuary, 369

Gales and trees, 321
Galton on borrowing, 379
Garden refuse, 225
Gas-burners, 140
---- lighting, 130
Gates opening outwards, 178
Gauge of stone, 52
General markets, 348
German dead-house, 368
Germ theory, 271
Glass name tablets, 152
Gneiss, 49
Good house drainage, 315
Goux system, 233
Gradients of house-drains, 316
---- roads, 30
---- sewers, 253
---- for rollers, 62
Granite, 49
---- foot-pavement, 117
---- kerb, 124
Grass, 320
Grating for trees, 324
Gravel footpaths, 121
---- 50
Grave spaces, 360
---- yards, 350
Green and Son’s roller, 69
Grill for trees, 325
Gritted asphalte, 108
Ground floor, 208
Grouting, 79
Gulley gratings, 126

Hammer-broken stone, 52
Hand or hose watering, 244
Hard core, 39
Harrison’s wood pavement, 83
Hayward on snow, 239
Hayward’s pavement lights, 181
Heads of scavenging, 224
Healey’s boilers, 80
Health of district, 288
Henson’s wood pavement, 83
Hide store, 341
Highways, surveyor of, 20
Hoardings, 187
Hoisting machinery, 337
Horse-shoes, 27
House, definition of, 311
---- drainage, 303
---- refuse collection, 228
---- ---- disposal, 232
---- ---- destruction, 233
---- ---- removed, 223
Houses unfit for habitation, 284
Hydrostatic van, 245

Illuminating power, 135
Imperishable stone-paving blocks, 104
Importation of trees, 322
Improper water supply, 300
Improved wood pavement, 81
Improvement of courts and alleys, 287
---- streets, 174
---- private streets, 193
Incandescent lamps, 144
Inclination of roads, 30
Individuals breaking-up streets, 169
Industrial dwellings, 290
Inertia of load, 32
Ingredients used for precipitation, 269
Inlets for fresh air into sewers, 273
Inspection of drains, 305, 314
---- buildings, 217, 219
Insufficient w.c. accommodation, 297
Interception or dry systems, 263
Intermittent filtration, 266
Intersection of sewers, 254
Iron name plates, 151
Irrigation, 265

Joints of pipe drains, 316
Junction of drains, 307
---- sewers, 254

Keeping sewers clean, 251
Kerbing and channelling, 123
Killing rings, 336

Labourers’ dwellings, 284, 291
Lairs for cattle, 333, 346
Lamp-posts, 134
---- ---- as sewer ventilators, 274
Land necessary for cemetery, 354
Latrines, 282
Laying out a cemetery, 354
Leaky drains, 309
Leaves as refuse, 225
Letters for names, 152
Lias flagging, 113
Licence to break-up street, 172
Lieurner system, 262
Life of brooms, 235
---- carts, 231
---- paving stones, 76
---- wood, 88
Lighting of slaughter-house, 336
---- streets, 129
Ligno mineral pavement, 83
Limestone, 49
Lime-tree, 322
Line of frontage, 177
Lining of slaughter-house, 335
List of borrowing powers, 376
---- chemical processes for sewage, 268
---- duties of surveyor, 5, 21
---- persons called surveyors, 4
---- road metal, 49
---- shrubs, 320
---- trees, 322
---- useful books, 384
Liverpool scavenging, 235
Lloyd’s wood pavement, 82
Locomobiles, 107
Loose stones on road, 45

Macadamised roadways, 34
Machinery for electricity, 141
---- in slaughter-house, 337
Machines for sweeping, 234
---- stone-breaking, 53
Management of cemetery, 358
Manchester abattoir, 333
---- pavement, 78
Manholes for sewers, 253
Manufacturers’ refuse, 253
Markets, 344
Mastic asphalte, 107
Materials of sewage filters, 267
Mechanical subsidence of sewage, 267
Meetings of committees, 23
Melting snow, 240
Merit, test of, 14
Metal road, 48
Meters for public lamps, 133
Method of appointment, 18
Methods of disposal of sewage, 264
---- lighting, 131
---- numbering, 153
---- sewerage, 261
---- sewer ventilation, 276
Minton’s name plates, 151
Model bye-laws, 207
---- lodging-houses, 291
Metropolitan slaughter-house, 339
Money, receipt of, 3
Mortuaries, 365
Mount Sorrel, 75
Mowlem’s wood pavement, 83
Muddy streets, 234

Names of committees, 23
Naming and numbering streets, 149
Necessity for kerb, 123
---- slaughter-house, 328
Newcastle lighting, 147
New streets and buildings, 206
Nicholson’s wood pavement, 84
Norwich wood pavement, 84
Notices to repair private streets, 198
---- of assessment of cost of ditto, 201
---- of defective drainage, 313
---- for breaking-up streets, 158
---- cellar coverings, 181
---- for dangerous building, 190
---- defective shuting, 183
---- doors and gates opening outwards, 179
---- insufficient w.c. accommodation, 298
---- numbering, 155
---- overhanging trees, 185
---- permission to break-up streets, 172
---- to construct sewers on private lands, 256
---- to erect buildings, 214
---- to open slaughter-house, 321
---- signature of, 313
Number of graves in cemetery, 354

Objections to asphalte, 100
---- macadamised roadways, 44
---- steam rolling, 72
---- York flagging, 110
Observations of tides, 265
Obstruction in streets, 174
Obstructive buildings, 286
Old tins, 225
Opening graves, 356, 361
Open space at back of buildings, 218
---- ventilating shafts, 272
Ornamental shrubs, 320
Outfalls of sewers, 265
Overhanging trees, 185

Paget on steam rolling, 71
Pail system, 234
Pails, 263
Painted names, 151
Painting urinals, 282
Pamphlet on steam rolling, 65
Papers, examination, 16
Paris lighting, 135
---- roadways, cost of, 41
---- tree planting, 326
Parks, 318
Parry on contracts, 383
---- watering, 244
Party walls through roofs, 218
Paths in cemeteries, 355
Partially separate system, 262
Paving of Cattle Market, 346
---- lairs, 333, 346
Pebbles, 50
Pedestrian traffic, 33
Pens for sheep, 333, 346
Permission to break-up streets, 172
---- construct cellar, 182
Persons called surveyor, 4
Pig killing, 340
Pinned roadways, 36, 39
Pipe drains, 315
---- sewers, thickness, &c., 258
---- ---- diagrams, 259
Pitch boilers, 80
Pitched pavements, 73
Plan for breaking-up streets, 160
Plans of new streets or buildings, 210
---- of house drains, 317
---- for borrowing, 377
---- slaughter-house, 338
Plane tree, 322
Plants for sewage, 270
Plaster not house refuse, 225
Plates, name, 151
Playgrounds, 318
Pleasure grounds, 318, 350
Paving of slaughter-house, 334
Pole-axe, 336
Polluted water supply, 291
Porch, 176
Portable dust-bins, 227
Position of sewer, 254
Post-mortem room, 370
Powers to close slaughter-houses, 330
Power to borrow, 375
---- make contracts, 381
Precipitation of sewage, 268
Preservation of wood, 86
Private lands and sewer, 255
---- roads improvements, 204
---- slaughter-houses, 329
---- street improvements, 193
Privies, 263
Processes of chemical treatment, 268
Projections, 176
Proportions for asphalte, 109
Prosser’s wood pavement, 85
Protection of surveyor, 6, 8
Pruning trees, 321
Public abattoirs, 328
---- conveniences, 280
---- dust-bins, 228
---- lighting, 131
---- mortuaries, 365
---- works, 376
Punctuality, 24

Qualities of road metal, 49, 51
Quantity of land for sewage farm, 265

Rain-water pipes as ventilators, 274
---- ---- shutes, 183
Rate collecting by surveyor, 3
Rawlinson on borrowing, 377
Receipt of money, 3
Refuse, disposal of, 232
---- from manufactories, 253
---- receptacles, 229
---- trade and garden, 225
Register of drains, 317
---- graves, 360
Regulation of traffic, 33
Regulations of cemeteries, 358, 360
---- connections with sewers, 305
Regulations for breaking-up streets, 171
Reinstating trenches, 162
Removal of snow, 239
---- house refuse, 223
Removing projections, 176
Requirements of artizans’ dwellings, 291
---- drains, 317
---- roadways, 25
Remuneration of surveyor, 7
Reports, 24
---- on duties of surveyor, 10
Resistance of wheels, 31
Roads, private, improvement of, 204
---- in cemeteries, 355
Roadway, specifications of, 35, 36
Road metal, 48
---- ---- list of, 49
---- ---- specification of, 57
---- ---- weight of, 56
---- repairs, 66
---- rolling, 60
---- Roman, 73
Ruts in roads, 45

Safety in traffic, 31
Sale rooms, 341
Sanctuaries, 33
Sandstone, 50
Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, 14
Scaffolds, 187
Scavenging, 221
---- cart, 230
Sea-water for watering, 247
Section of roadway, 43
---- footpaths, 121
Sections of cemetery, 356
Security to be entered into, 3
Selection of trees, 321, 322
Separate system, 260, 262
Setting back buildings, 175
---- kerb, 124
Sewerage, 251
Sewerage, system of, 253
Sewer through private lands, 255
Sewered, 195
Sewage and plants, 270
---- crops for, 265
---- disposal, 263
---- filtration, 266, 267
---- irrigation, 265
---- mechanical subsidence, 267
---- precipitation, 268
---- screening, 267
---- value of, 265
Sewer gas, 277
---- ventilation, 271
Shafts for ventilation, 273
Shed, 176
Sheep pens, 333, 346
Shiel’s composite pavement, 85
Shone’s system, 262
Shop blinds, 184
Shrubs projecting, 176
---- 320
---- in cemeteries, 360
Shutes, 183
Shutter projecting, 176
Sight rails, 257
Sign projecting, 176
Site for abattoir, 332
---- of Cattle Market, 345
---- for cemetery, 351
Size of cellar covers, 181
---- drains, 316
---- graves, 356
---- pitchers, 74
---- rooms, 294
---- trees, 323
Slaughter-houses, 328, 334
Slaughtering, 342
Slippery roads, 32
Sludge, treatment of, 269
Snow, removal of, 239, 241
---- on footpaths, 241
Soil for cemetery, 352
Soot on trees, 321
Specific gravity of road metal, 49
Specifications of roadway, 35, 36
Specification for asphalte, 103
---- flagging, 110
---- for breaking-up streets, 161
---- of wood pavement, 94
---- road metal, 57
---- scavenging, 249
---- tar pavement, 118
Stalls in markets, 349
Stanford’s joint, 257
Step projecting, 176
Stone breaking, 48
Store for hides, 341
Stowe’s wood pavement, 84
Street, breaking-up, 155
---- cleansing, 234
---- definition of, 149, 205
---- lighting, 129
---- lines, 174
---- private, improvements, 193
---- trees, 318
---- watering, 242
Streets, new, 206
Stringent bye-laws, 219
Subjects requiring attention, 21
Subways, 168
Sugg’s regulator, 133
Supervision of new buildings, 217
Surface water over paths, 186
Subsoil water, 261
Surveyor, office first legalised, 1
---- appointment of, 1, 3, 10, 18
---- and private streets, 194
---- as rate collector, 3
---- duties of, 5, 7, 11, 20
---- examination of, 14
---- entry of, to see if new building, 209
---- may be also inspector of nuisances, 3
---- must not be interested in contracts, 3
---- of highways, 20
---- protection of, 6, 8
Sweeping machines, 234
Syenite, 49, 75

Tables of cost of roadways, 41
Table of scavenging, 236
---- watering, 246
Tallow market, 341
Tar paving, 118
Telegraphs under or across roads, 164
Telford, Thomas, 35
Tell-tale on water-cart, 247
Temporary obstructions, 192
Testimonials, 18
Test for asphalte, 97
---- brooms, 235
---- of good drains, 316
---- merit, 14
Thames Embankment, lighting, 147
Tides and outfalls, 265
Tins as refuse, 225
Title of surveyor, 4
Town surveyor. See Surveyor
Traction on roads, 28
Trade refuse, 225
Traffic, 25
Tram track, 80
Trap for drain, 317
Trappean rock, 49
Treatment of sludge, 269
---- wood, 86
Trees, 318
---- in cemeteries, 360
---- overhanging, 185
Trenches cut in roads, 161
Toughness of stone, 48
Tripery, 341
Troughs for pig-dressing, 340

Unhealthy areas, 288
Urinals, 280
Useful books, 384
Use of steam rollers, 61

Vacancy in office of surveyor, 10
Value of sewage, 265
Vans for watering, 245
Vault or cellar coverings, 180
---- ---- under-path, 182
Velocity in sewers, 254
Ventilation of house drain, 317
---- mortuaries, 369
---- sewers, 271
Vigilance of drain inspection, 309
Visit of scavengers, 230

Walls of cemeteries, 351
---- mortuaries, 369
Wall projecting, 176
---- slaughter-house, 335
Water and asphalte, 105
---- companies and streets, 157
---- for slaughter-house, 337
---- over footpaths, 186
---- supply to dwellings, 300
W.C. accommodation, 280, 297
---- in factories, 299
Watering streets, 242
Wear of paving stones, 76
Wearing effect of traffic, 27
Weather on stone, 48
Wheels, resistance of, 31
Weighing machines, 348
Weight of asphalte, 96
---- road metal, 56
---- rollers, 67
---- snow, 239
Widening streets, 174
Width of roadways, 32
Window projecting, 176
Wires for electricity, 141
Wooden name plates, 152
Wood paving, 81
---- treatment, 86
---- wear of, 88

Yards behind buildings, 218
York flagging, 110

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LONDON: 16, CHARING CROSS.
NEW YORK: 44, MURRAY STREET.

_A Pocket-Book for Chemists, Chemical Manufacturers, Metallurgists, Dyers, Distillers, Brewers, Sugar Refiners, Photographers, Students, etc., etc._ By THOMAS BAYLEY, Assoc. R.C. Sc. Ireland, Analytical and Consulting Chemist and Assayer. Second edition, with additions, 437 pp., royal 32mo, roan, gilt edges, 5_s._

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS:

Atomic Weights and Factors -- Useful Data -- Chemical Calculations --
Rules for Indirect Analysis -- Weights and Measures -- Thermometers
and Barometers -- Chemical Physics -- Boiling Points, etc. --
Solubility of Substances -- Methods of Obtaining Specific Gravity --
Conversion of Hydrometers -- Strength of Solutions by Specific Gravity
-- Analysis -- Gas Analysis -- Water Analysis -- Qualitative Analysis
and Reactions -- Volumetric Analysis -- Manipulation -- Mineralogy --
Assaying -- Alcohol -- Beer -- Sugar -- Miscellaneous Technological
matter relating to Potash, Soda, Sulphuric Acid, Chlorine, Tar
Products, Petroleum, Milk, Tallow, Photography, Prices, Wages,
Appendix, etc., etc.

_The Mechanician_: A Treatise on the Construction and Manipulation of Tools, for the use and instruction of Young Engineers and Scientific Amateurs, comprising the Arts of Blacksmithing and Forging; the Construction and Manufacture of Hand Tools, and the various Methods of Using and Grinding them; the Construction of Machine Tools, and how to work them; Machine Fitting and Erection; description of Hand and Machine Processes; Turning and Screw Cutting; principles of Constructing and details of Making and Erecting Steam Engines, and the various details of setting out work, etc., etc. By CAMERON KNIGHT, Engineer. _Containing 1147 illustrations_, and 397 pages of letter-press. Third edition, 4to, cloth, 18_s._

_On Designing Belt Gearing._ By E. J. COWLING WELCH, Mem. Inst. Mech. Engineers, Author of ‘Designing Valve Gearing.’ Fcap. 8vo, sewed, 6_d._

_A Handbook of Formulæ, Tables, and Memoranda, for Architectural Surveyors and others engaged in Building._ By J. T. HURST, C.E. Thirteenth edition, royal 32mo, roan, 5_s._

“It is no disparagement to the many excellent publications we refer
to, to say that in our opinion this little pocket-book of Hurst’s is
the very best of them all, without any exception. It would be useless
to attempt a recapitulation of the contents, for it appears to contain
almost _everything_ that anyone connected with building could require,
and, best of all, made up in a compact form for carrying in the
pocket, measuring only 5 in. by 3 in., and about ¹⁄₄ in. thick, in a
limp cover. We congratulate the author on the success of his laborious
and practically compiled little book, which has received unqualified
and deserved praise from every professional person to whom we have
shown it.”--_The Dublin Builder._

_The Cabinet Maker_; being a Collection of the most approved designs in the Mediæval, Louis-Seize, and Old English styles, for the use of Cabinet Makers, Carvers, &c. By R. CHARLES. _96 plates_, folio, half-bound, 10_s._ 6_d._

_Quantity Surveying._ By J. LEANING. With 42 illustrations, crown 8vo, cloth, 9_s._

CONTENTS:

A complete Explanation of the London Practice.
General Instructions.
Order of Taking Off.
Modes of Measurement of the various Trades.
Use and Waste.
Ventilation and Warming.
Credits, with various Examples of Treatment.
Abbreviations.
Squaring the Dimensions.
Abstracting, with Examples in illustration of each Trade.
Billing.
Examples of Preambles to each Trade.
Form for a Bill of Quantities.
Do. Bill of Credits.
Do. Bill for Alternative Estimate.
Restorations and Repairs, and Form of Bill.
Variations before Acceptance of Tender.
Errors in a Builder’s Estimate.
Schedule of Prices.
Form of Schedule of Prices.
Analysis of Schedule of Prices.
Adjustment of Accounts.
Form of a Bill of Variations.
Remarks on Specifications.
Prices and Valuation of Work, with Examples and Remarks upon each
Trade.
The Law as it affects Quantity Surveyors, with Law Reports.
Taking Off after the Old Method.
Northern Practice.
The General Statement of the Methods recommended by the Manchester
Society of Architects for taking Quantities.
Examples of Collections.
Examples of “Taking Off” in each Trade.
Remarks on the Past and Present Methods of Estimating.

_A Practical Treatise on Heat, as applied to the Useful Arts_; for the Use of Engineers, Architects, &c. By THOMAS BOX. _With 14 plates._ Third edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._

_A Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Drawing Instruments_: their construction, uses, qualities, selection, preservation, and suggestions for improvements, with hints upon Drawing and Colouring. By W. F. STANLEY, M.R.I. Fifth edition, _with numerous illustrations_, crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._

_Spons’ Architects and Builders’ Pocket-Book of Prices and Memoranda._ Edited by W. YOUNG, Architect. Royal 32mo, roan, 4_s._ 6_d._; or cloth, red edges, 3_s._ 6_d._ _Published annually._ Tenth edition. _Now ready._

_Long-Span Railway Bridges_, comprising Investigations of the Comparative Theoretical and Practical Advantages of the various adopted or proposed Type Systems of Construction, with numerous Formulæ and Tables giving the weight of Iron or Steel required in Bridges from 300 feet to the limiting Spans; to which are added similar Investigations and Tables relating to Short-span Railway Bridges. Second and revised edition. By B. BAKER, Assoc. Inst. C.E. _Plates_, crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._

_Elementary Theory and Calculation of Iron Bridges and Roofs._ By AUGUST RITTER, Ph.D., Professor at the Polytechnic School at Aix-la-Chapelle. Translated from the third German edition, by H. R. SANKEY, Capt. R.E. With 500 _illustrations_, 8vo, cloth, 15_s._

_The Builder’s Clerk_: a Guide to the Management of a Builder’s Business. By THOMAS BALES. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._

_The Elementary Principles of Carpentry._ By THOMAS TREDGOLD. Revised from the original edition, and partly re-written, by JOHN THOMAS HURST. Contained in 517 pages of letter-press, and _illustrated with 48 plates and 150 wood engravings_. Third edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 18_s._