Chapter X (3)

[X-43] The truth of this bombastic assertion the Tlascaltec historian, Camargo, denies, and doubtless with reason; as it would be absurd to suppose that the Aztecs would have permitted the existence of such a formidable enemy at their very doors if they could have helped it. Besides, we have seen how often they did their best to subdue Tlascala and failed.

[X-44] _Torquemada_, tom. i., pp. 202-3; _Veytia_, tom. iii., pp. 326-7; _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., pp. 407-9; _Vetancvrt_, _Teatro_, pt ii., p. 41; _Duran_, MS., tom. ii., cap. lxi; _Tezozomoc_, in _Kingsborough_, vol. ix., pp. 176-8; _Clavigero_, tom. i., p. 280; _Oviedo_, _Hist. Gen._, tom. iii., p. 497; _Camargo_, in _Nouvelles Annales_, tom. xcviii., pp. 184-6.

[X-45] _Torquemada_, tom. i., pp. 209-10; _Clavigero_, tom. i., pp. 284-5; _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., pp. 418-20; _Veytia_, tom. iii., pp. 338-40.

[X-46] See this vol., p. 464.

[X-47] Ixtlilxochitl, pp. 280-1, the Tezcucan historian, is the only authority for this account, and it is probable enough that he has exaggerated Montezuma's treachery.

[X-48] For etymology of this name, see vol. ii., p. 130.

[X-49] Several names of places in the country were, however, of Aztec origin, and even the name Michoacan, 'place of fish,' is derived from the Aztec words _michin_ and _can_. Beaumont, _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., p. 47, says that the original name of the country was Tzintzuntzan, but he translates this, 'town of green birds.' Brasseur, _Hist._, tom. iii., p. 52, says Michoacan was 'le nom que les Mexicains donnaient à la région des Tarasques.'

[X-50] Ixtlilxochitl, in _Kingsborough_, vol. ix., p. 214, mentions a Toltec party that emigrated to the Michoacan region, and dwelt there for a long time. Sahagun, tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 145-6, refers to a Toltec migration as an issue from the same region. Veytia, tom. ii., pp. 39-40, speaks of Toltecs who founded colonies all along the Pacific coast, and gradually changed their language and customs.

[X-51] _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 120, 141.

[X-52] _Gil_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii., pp. 500-1.

[X-53] See this vol. p. 328.

[X-54] See also Tello's version of Aztec settlement given by Gil, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii., p. 501.

[X-55] _Hist. Gen._, dec. iii., lib. iii., cap. ix.

[X-56] _Hist._, tom. iii., pp. 55-6.

[X-57] Called Chichimecas vanáceos by Carbajal Espinosa, _Hist. Mex._, tom. i., p. 266.

[X-58] 'Chaque tribu, chaque famille, souvent chaque personne avait son dieu ou ses génies particuliers à peu près comme les teraphim de Laban qu'enlevait à l'insu sa fille Rachel.' _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., p. 61.

[X-59] _Beaumont_, _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., pp. 48, 63.

[X-60] _Beltrami_, _Mexique_, tom. ii., p. 54. The first name given to the town was Guayangareo, says Granados y Galvez, _Tardes Amer._, p. 184. Padre Larrea translates Tzintzuntzan, 'town of green birds,' and the town was so called, he says, from the form of the idol. Beaumont calls it also Chincila and Huitzitzilaque. _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., pp. 43, 46-7.

[X-61] Also known as Chiguangua, Chiguacua, and Tzihuanga.

[X-62] Also, Sintzicha Tangajuan, 'he of the fine teeth.'

[X-63] _Beaumont_, _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., pp. 44-5, 68-9, 75. Herrera, dec. iii., lib. iii., cap. viii., translates Cazonzin by 'old sandals,' saying that the name was bestowed upon the king as a nick-name because of the shabby dress in which he appeared before Cortés. According to Alegre, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 91, Caltzontzin was the name given to Zintzicha by the Spaniards. Beltrami, _Mexique_, tom. ii., p. 44, writes the name Sinzincha. Torquemada, tom. i., p. 338, calls him Caczoltzin. Granados y Galvez, _Tardes Amer._, pp. 184-6, writes Caltzontzin or Cinzica. 'Les relations et les histoires relatives au Michoacan donnent toutes au roi des Tarasques le titre ou le nom de Cazontzin. Était-ce un titre? c'est incertain. Torquemada ne sait ce qu'il doit en penser.' _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., p. 78. Cazonzi 'paraît être une corruption tarasque du mot nahuatl Caltzontzin, Chef ou tête de la maison.' _Id._, tom. iv., p. 363.

[X-64] Brasseur, _Hist._, tom. iii., pp. 66-7, renders this passage very ambiguously. 'Ce fut en ce lieu (Patamagua Nacaraho) que les dieux, frères de Curicaneri, se séparèrent; chacun des chefs chichimèques, prenant le sien, alla se fixer au lieu que la victoire lui donna. Pour lui, continuant le cours de ses conquêtes, il chassa tour à tour le gibier sur les terres voisines, passant d'une montagne à l'autre, et jetant la terreur dans les populations d'alentour.'

[X-65] '_Patzcuaro_ veut évidemment dire le lieu de temples; _cu_ ou _cua_, dans la langue tarasque, comme dans la langue yucatèque.' _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., p. 72.

[X-66] _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 499; _Beaumont_, _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., pp. 61-2, quoting _Basalenque_, _Hist. Mech._, lib. i., cap. xv.

[X-67] _Beaumont_, _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., pp. 60-61. Granados, p. 185, refers to a seven years' struggle, which may be the same as the above. The records indicate two great battles at Tajimaroa and Zichu.

[X-68] _Clavigero_, tom. i., p. 150; _Alcedo_, _Dicc._, tom. iii., p. 461; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., p. 499. See also this vol., pp. 432-5. _Sahagun_, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 129.

[X-69] _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., pp. 51-78; _Carbajal Espinosa_, _Hist. Mex._, tom. i., pp. 264-85.

[X-70] Also spelled Tzihuanga, see note 62.

[X-71] See this vol., pp. 477-8. Beaumont says that Tlahuicol gained nothing during his six months' campaign except some booty, and he doubts whether that was much, as along the frontier there was little to be had. _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., pp. 59-60.

[X-72] He bore the title of Caltzontzin. See note 63. Brasseur says he was also called Gwangwa Pagua, _Hist._, tom. iii., p. 78.

[X-73] _Beaumont_, _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., p. 68.

[X-74] _Crón. Mechoacan_, MS., pp. 71-3.

[X-75] See vol. iii. of this work, p. 446.

[X-76] For boundaries of Miztecapan, see ante, vol. i., p. 678.

[X-77] See vol. i., p. 679, for boundaries.

[X-78] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt i., pp. 195-6; _Murguia_, _Estadist. Guajaca_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. vii., p. 167.

[X-79] _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 133; _Veytia_, tom. i., p. 150.

[X-80] _Torquemada_, tom. i., p. 32; _Gomara_, _Conq. Mex._, fol. 299; _Motolinia_, in _Icazbalceta_, _Col. de Doc._, tom. i., p. 8; _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt i., p. 175; _Sahagun_, tom. iii., lib. x., p. 136; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 120.

[X-81] _Hist._, tom. iii., p. 5.

[X-82] Brasseur, citing _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 128-9, says they were male and female, and from them descended the race that subsequently governed the country. _Hist._, tom. iii., p. 6; _García_, _Orígen de los Ind._, pp. 327-8.

[X-83] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt i., pp. 128, 175-6; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 80, says this story is merely invented to show the great age of the Miztecs. See also ante, vol. iii., p. 73.

[X-84] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 128-9. Orozco y Berra, _Geografía_, p. 126, says the Zapotecs took their region by force of arms from the Huatiquimanes, or Guanitiquimanes.

[X-85] _Hist._, tom. iii., pp. 8-9.

[X-86] _Torquemada_, tom. i., p. 255; _Herrera_, dec. iii., lib. ii., cap. xi.; _Veytia_, tom. i., p. 164; _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 297-8, 343-5.

[X-87] See vol. ii. of this work, pp. 209-11.

[X-88] 'De allà de la Costa del Sur, mas cerca de la Eclyptica vezindad del Perù, y segun las circunstancias de su lengua, y trato de la Provincia ò Reyno de Nicarahua.' _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 396; _Murguia_, _Estadist. Guajaca_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. vii., p. 183; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 173-4. See also _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt i., p. 176. Guillemot relates that some Peruvian families fled northward along the Cordilleras. On the banks of the Sarrabia they resorted to the fire test to find out whether the gods wished them to settle there. A brand was placed in a hole, but as it was extinct in the morning, they knew they must go further. Four emissaries went in search of another place. Beneath a coapinol-tree, where now stands Huixicovi, the brand-proof answered the test, and so they settled there. The coapinol is still venerated. _Fossey_, _Mexique_, pp. 50-1; see also p. 467.

[X-89] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 196.

[X-90] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 312, 367-76.

[X-91] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 197.

[X-92] _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., p. 39.

[X-93] _Id._; _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 181, 188.

[X-94] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 230, 245.

[X-95] _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., p. 45.

[X-96] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 330; _Murguia_, _Estadist. Guajaca_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. vii., pp. 167, 201.

[X-97] _Herrera_, dec. iv., lib. ix., cap. vii.; _Murguia_, _Estadist. Guajaca_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. vii., p. 183; _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 280.

[X-98] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 302-3; _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., pp. 48-50.

[X-99] See this volume, pp. 415-17.

[X-100] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt i., fol. 150.

[X-101] See this volume, p. 425.

[X-102] _Brasseur_, _Hist._, tom. iii., pp. 284-5, 338-40.

[X-103] See this volume pp. 443-7.

[X-104] _Id._, pp. 461-2.

[X-105] _Murguia_, _Estadist. Guajaca_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. vii., p. 187.

[X-106] _Hist._, tom. iv., p. 539.

[X-107] _Burgoa_, _Geog. Descrip. Oajaca_, tom. ii., pt ii., fol. 367-76.

[X-108] See p. 158.