Chapter XXXII: Book XXXI (5)

[1215] See B. xxv c. 70.

[1216] See B. xxv. c. 100.

[1217] See B. xxv. c. 64.

[1218] See B. xii. c. 37, and c. 30 of this Book.

[1219] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1220] See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1221] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1222] See B. xxiv. c. 80.

[1223] See B. xxv. c. 28.

[1224] See B. xxv. c. 55.

[1225] See B. xxv. c. 56.

[1226] See B. xxv. c. 37.

[1227] See B. xxv. c. 68.

[1228] See B. xxv. c. 88. Fée says that it is the Aspidium lonchitis, of Linnæus, that is meant.

[1229] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1230] See B. xxv. c. 100.

[1231] See B. xxv. c. 33.

[1232] See B. xxv. c. 20.

[1233] Or Scordotis. See B. xxv. c. 27.

[1234] See B. xxv. c. 7.

[1235] See B. xxv. c. 28.

[1236] See c. 19 of this Book.

[1237] See B. xxv. cc. 88,89.

[1238] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1239] See B. xxv. c. 90.

[1240] See B. xxv. c. 92.

[1241] See B. xxv. c. 100.

[1242] It is quite useless for such a purpose; and the same is the case, Fée says, with all the asserted remedies mentioned in this Chapter. See B. xxv. c. 101

[1243] See B. xxv. c. 71.

[1244] See B. xxv. c. 106.

[1245] See B. xxvii. c. 24.

[1246] See c. 31. of this Book.

[1247] See B. xxv. c. 36.

[1248] See B. xxv. c. 37.

[1249] See B. xxv. c. 96.

[1250] De Nat. Mul. c. 20, and De Morb. Mul. I. 10.

[1251] See B. xxii. c. 44.

[1252] See B. xxi. c. 50

[1253] See B. xxv. c. 18.

[1254] See B. xxvii. c. 6.

[1255] See B. xxv. c. 64.

[1256] See B. xxi. c. 103.

[1257] See B. xxi. c. 103.

[1258] The Sedum cepæa of Linnæus, the Sea purslain. Holland calls it “Beccabunga,” or “Brooklime.”

[1259] Perhaps so called from the impressions on the leaves, ὑπὲρ and εἰκών, or else from its resemblance to heath, ὑπὲρ and ἐρέικη. See, however Note 1266 below.

[1260] “Ground pine.”

[1261] Sillig reads this “corissum.” Former editions have “corion.”

[1262] Identified by Fée with the Hypericum perforatum of Linnæus, the Perforated St. John’s wort. Littré gives the Hypericum crispum of Linnæus.

[1263] “Oleraceo.” Another reading is “surculaceo,” “tough and ligneous;” and is, perhaps, preferable.

[1264] “Coris” is the old and more common reading, Fée identifies it with the Hypericum coris of Linnæus, and Brotero with the H. saxatile of Tournefort. Desfontaines gives as its synonym the Coris Monspelliensis.

[1265] See B. xxiv. c. 41.

[1266] It is not improbable, supposing the “tamarix” to be one of the Ericæ, that to this circumstance it may owe its name. Indeed Dioscorides has ἐρείκη, in the corresponding passage.

[1267] “Pinguioribus.”

[1268] Dioscorides gives the stem larger dimensions.

[1269] See B. xxii. c. 30, and B. xxv. c. 86.

[1270] This plant has not been identified. Anguillara says that it is the same as the “repressa,” a plant given to horses by the people at Rome, when suffering from dysuria. What this plant is, no one seems to know.

[1271] See B. xxi. c. 30.

[1272] The same as the Helichrysos of B. xx. cc. 38 and 96. It is identified with the Chrysanthemum segetum of Linnæus, the Corn marygold.

[1273] Fée identifies it with the Eranthemis of B. xxii. c. 26, which he considers to be the Anthemis rosea of Linnæus, the Rose camomile.

[1274] See c. 32 of this Book.

[1275] Hardouin thinks that it is the Apium graveolens of Linnæus, Smallage; but at the present day it is generally identified with the Peucedanum silaus of Linnæus, the Meadow sulphur-wort, or saxifrage.

[1276] Sorrel, for instance.

[1277] “Scabiem.”

[1278] See B. xxv. c. 11.

[1279] Generally supposed to be the same as the “Apple of the earth,” mentioned in B. xxv. c. 54.

[1280] See B. xx. c. 41.

[1281] It is doubtful whether he means an animal or plant; most probably the latter, but if so, it is quite unknown.

[1282] See B. xxv. c. 64.

[1283] “Herba Fulviana.”

[1284] A plant now unknown.

[1285] See B. xxv. c. 27. In reality it is of an irritating nature.

[1286] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1287] See B. xxv. c. 64.

[1288] Or madder; see B. xix. c. 17. The seed and leaves are no longer employed in medicine; the root has been employed in modern times, Fée says, but with no success.

[1289] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1290] See B. xxv. c. 28.

[1291] See B. xxv. c. 54.

[1292] Or “broad” tendon. The Tendon Achillis.

[1293] See cc. 53 and 54 of this Book.

[1294] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1295] See B. xxv. c. 92.

[1296] See B. xxv. c. 101.

[1297] See B. xxv. c. 100.

[1298] De Rust. c. 159. He says that is must be carried under the ring.

[1299] See B. xxvii. c. 28.

[1300] The “Groin plant.” Probably the same as the Bubonion of B. xxvii. c. 19.

[1301] See B. xxv. c. 11. _et seq._

[1302] See c. 12 of this Book.

[1303] See B. xxv. c. 77.

[1304] See B. xxv. c. 73.

[1305] The following is the formula of this monstrous piece of absurdity: “Negat Apollo pestem posse crescere cui nuda virgo restinguat.”

[1306] See B. xxv. c. 94.

[1307] See B. xxv. c. 19.

[1308] An unknown plant.

[1309] In B. xxv. c. 37. This alleged property of the Nymphæa is entirely fabulous.

[1310] See B. xx. c. 13.

[1311] See B. xxv. cc. 88 and 89.

[1312] See B. xxv. c. 96.

[1313] See B, xviii. cc. 10 and 22.

[1314] See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1315] Identified by Littré with the Orchis undulatifolia, and by Fée with the Orchis morio of Linnæus, the Female orchis, or Female fool-stones. Its aphrodisiac properties seem not to have been proved by modern experience, but it is nourishing in the highest degree. Linnæus, however, seems to be of opinion that it may have the effect of an aphrodisiac upon cattle. It is the name, no doubt, signifying “testicle,” which originally procured for it the repute of being an aphrodisiac.

[1316] Identified by Desfontaines with the Orchis pyramidalis, and by Fée with the O. papilionacea of Linnæus. Littré gives the Limodorum abortivum.

[1317] He is probably speaking of the Cratægonon of B. xxii. c. 40, which Fée identifies with the Thelygonon of c. 91 of this Book. He remarks that from the description, the Satyrios orchis cannot have been a Monocotyledon.

[1318] See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1319] See B. viii. c. 72.

[1320] Littré identifies it with the Aceras anthropophora of Linnæus; Desfontaines with the Orchis bifolia, the Butterfly orchis. The Iris florentina of Linnæus has also been named; but, though with some doubt, Fée is inclined to prefer the Tulipa Clusiana, or some other kind of tulip.

[1321] Mostly identified with the Erythronium dens canis of Linnæus, the Dog’s tooth violet. M. Fraäs, however, in his _Synopsis_, p. 279, remarks that the E. dens canis is not to be found in Greece, and is of opinion that the Fritillaria Pyrenaica, the Pyrenean lily, or Fritillary, is meant. The Serapias cordigera of Linnæus has been suggested, and Fée thinks that it is as likely to be the plant meant by Pliny as any other that has been named.

[1322] See B. xxiv. c. 38.

[1323] See B. xix. c. 38.

[1324] “Cratægonon” is most probably the correct reading. See B. xvi. c. 52, and B. xxvii. c. 40.

[1325] See c. 91 of this Book.

[1326] Of the three plants named, the Thelygonon is the only one to which this assertion will apply. See c. 91 of this Book, and B. xxvii. c. 40.

[1327] See B. xxvi. c. 39.

[1328] Hist. Plant. B. ix. c. 20.

[1329] See B. xxv. c. 19.

[1330] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1331] See B. xxv. c. 27.

[1332] In B. xxv. c. 49. None of these so-called remedies are now employed.

[1333] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1334] See B. xxv. cc. 88, 89.

[1335] See B. xxv. c. 90.

[1336] See B. xxv c. 102.

[1337] See B. xxv. c. 106.

[1338] See B. xxv. c. 56.

[1339] See B. xxiv. c. 116.

[1340] See B. xxv. c. 92.

[1341] Identified with the Galium mollugo of Linnæus, Great ladies’ bedstraw, or Wild bastard madder.

[1342] The Asperugo procumbens of Linnæus has been named, but Fée remarks that from its resemblance to Mollugo, the plant must be sought among the Rubiaceæ, and not among the Borragineæ.

[1343] “Fucus marinus.” See B. xiii. c. 48.

[1344] “Qui conchyliis substernitur.” See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 36, _Bohn’s Ed._

[1345] What Fucus or Laminaria this may have been is now unknown.

[1346] See B. xxv. c. 90.

[1347] See B. xxv. c. 94.

[1348] “Limus aquaticus.”

[1349] See B. xxv. c. 32.

[1350] See c. 19 of this Book.

[1351] See B. xviii c. 14.

[1352] See B. xx. c. 2.

[1353] See c. 37 of this Book.

[1354] See B. xii. c 28.

[1355] See B. xxiv. c. 88.

[1356] “Ox lappa.” Possibly the same as the Philanthropos, or else the Lappa canina, both mentioned in B. xxiv. c. 116.

[1357] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1358] See B. xxv. c. 101.

[1359] See B. xxv. c. 109.

[1360] See B. xii. c. 37, and c. 35 of this Book.

[1361] See B. viii. c. 47.

[1362] See B. xxv. c. 9.

[1363] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1364] See B. xxv. c. 27.

[1365] Not in reality the same plant as the Geranion; see B. xxiv. c. 97. Littré, however, gives the Erodium moschatum of Linnæus as the synonym of this Geranion myrrhis.

[1366] Hence its name, from the Greek γέρανος, a “crane.”

[1367] This kind of Geranion has been identified with the Geranium molle, or Erodium malacoïdes of Linnæus, the Common dove’s-foot crane’s bill.

[1368] Identified with the Geranium tuberosum of Linnæus.

[1369] Fée remarks that all his assertions as to the medicinal properties of the Geranion are erroneous.

[1370] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1371] See B. xxv. c. 64.

[1372] Voracious appetite—“sine modo esurientium.”

[1373] See B. xxvi. c. 39.

[1374] See B. xxv. cc. 11 and 12.

[1375] See B. xxv. c. 33.

[1376] See B. xxv. c. 54.

[1377] Identified with the Epilobium roseum of Linnæus, Rose-coloured willow-herb.

[1378] See c. 25 of this Book.

[1379] In B. xxv. c. 49.

[1380] See B. xxv. c. 56.

[1381] In B. xxv. c. 12.

[1382] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1383] See B. xxiii. c. 16.

[1384] See B. xxi. c. 16.

[1385] See B. xxiv. c. 88.

[1386] See B. xxv. c. 87.

[1387] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1388] See c. 30 of this Book.

[1389] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1390] See B. xxv. c. 40.

[1391] See Chapters 53 and 54 of this Book.

[1392] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1393] See B. xxv. c. 54.

[1394] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1395] See B. xxv. c. 92.

[1396] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1397] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1398] See c. 39 of this Book.

[1399] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1400] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1401] See B. xxv. c. 88.

[1402] See B. xxv. c. 90.

[1403] See B. xxv. c. 92.

[1404] See B. xxv. c. 101.

[1405] See B. xxv. c. 71.

[1406] See c. 44 of this Book.

[1407] See c. 54 of this Book.

[1408] See B. xxv. c. 71.

[1409] See B. xxv. c. 71.

[1410] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1411] See B. xxv. c. 71.

[1412] See B. xxi. c. 105.

[1413] See B. xxv. c. 102.

[1414] See B. xxv. c. 94.

[1415] Or Grape-juice.

[1416] The “belt”—known to us as “shingles.”

[1417] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1418] See B. xxxv. c. 57.

[1419] See B. xxv. c. 66.

[1420] See B. xxv. c. 101.

[1421] See B. xxv. c. 102.

[1422] See B. xxv. c. 18.

[1423] See c. 37 of this Book.

[1424] See B. xxv. c. 90.

[1425] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1426] See B. xxv. c. 73.

[1427] See B. xxv. c. 107.

[1428] B. iv. cc. 62, 64.

[1429] See B. xxv. c. 30.

[1430] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1431] Or Bechion. See B. xxiv. c. 85.

[1432] See B. xxv. c. 19.

[1433] See c. 10 of this Book.

[1434] See B. xxv. c. 83.

[1435] See B. xix. c. 18.

[1436] “Little thieves,” literally.

[1437] See c. 36 of this Book.

[1438] See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1439] See c. 83 of this Book.

[1440] See B. xxv. c. 31.

[1441] “Collyriis.”

[1442] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1443] See B. xii. c. 37, and c. 30 this Book.

[1444] See B. viii. c. 47.

[1445] See B. xxv. c. 101.

[1446] See B. xxv. c. 73.

[1447] See B. xxv. c. 54.

[1448] See c. 39 of this Book.

[1449] See B. xxv. c. 56.

[1450] See B. xxv. c. 73.

[1451] See B. xxv. c. 100.

[1452] See B. xxv. c. 102.

[1453] See B. xxv. c. 103.

[1454] See B. xxiv. c. 85.

[1455] See B. xxv. c. 64.

[1456] See B. xxvii, c. 72.

[1457] See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1458] See Chapters 36 and 77 of this Book.

[1459] See c. 62 of this Book.

[1460] See c. 62 of this Book.

[1461] See c. 66 of this Book.

[1462] Probably the “Alcea” of B. xxvii. c. 6. See also B. xxv. c. 77.

[1463] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1464] See B. xxvii, c. 16.

[1465] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1466] See B. xxv. c. 102.

[1467] Or “Corison.” See c. 53 of this Book.

[1468] See B. xxv. e. 39.

[1469] See B. xxv. c. 56.

[1470] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1471] See B. xxv. c. 93.

[1472] See B. xxv. c. 106.

[1473] See c. 35 of this Book.

[1474] See c. 53 of this Book.

[1475] See B. xxv. c. 76.

[1476] See Note 1462 above.

[1477] Our peony. See B. xxv. c. 10.

[1478] See B. xxv. c. 33.

[1479] See B. xxv. c. 35.

[1480] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1481] See B. xxv. c. 102.

[1482] See c. 29 of the present Book.

[1483] See B. xxv. c. 45.

[1484] See B. xxv. c. 19.

[1485] In B. xviii. c. 67; where it is called “equisætis.” M. Fräas identifies it with the Equisætum limosum of Linnæus.

[1486] Whence its name “equisætum.”

[1487] See B. xi. c. 30.

[1488] Identified by Littré with the Ephedra fragilis of Linnæus. Fée gives as its synonym the Equisætum arvense of Linnæus, the Common horse-tail, or Corn horse-tail.

[1489] See B. xxv. c. 37.

[1490] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1491] See B. xxv. c. 15.

[1492] Dalechamps identifies it with the Potentilla anserina of Linnæus, Silver-weed, or White tansy; but on insufficient grounds Fée thinks.

[1493] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1494] See B. xxv. c. 66.

[1495] See B. xxv. c. 30.

[1496] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1497] See B. xxv. c. 27.

[1498] See B. xxv. c. 54.

[1499] See B. xxv. c. 73.

[1500] See B. xxv. c. 100.

[1501] See B. xxv. c. 102.

[1502] See B. xxvii. c. 24.

[1503] See B. xxv. c. 64.

[1504] C. Bauhin identifies it with the Cnicus erysithales of Willdenow; but that plant, Fée says, was unknown to the Greeks.

[1505] See B. xxiv. c. 80.

[1506] See B. xviii. c. 10.

[1507] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1508] See B. xi. c. 39, and B. xx. c. 32.

[1509] See B. xxiii. c. 13.

[1510] See B. xxv. c. 11. _et seq._

[1511] See B. xxv. c. 15.

[1512] For a description of this substance, see B. xxxiv. c. 24.

[1513] See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1514] See B. xxv. c. 15.

[1515] See B. xxv. c. 17.

[1516] See B. xxv. c. 90.

[1517] See B. xiii. c. 36.

[1518] See B. xxv. c. 27.

[1519] See B. xxv. c. 28.

[1520] See B. xxv. c. 30.

[1521] See B. xxv. c. 31.

[1522] See B. xxv. c. 33.

[1523] See B. xxiv. c. 77.

[1524] See B. xxv. c. 35.

[1525] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1526] See B. xxv. c. 50.

[1527] See B. xix. c. 4, B. xxiii. c. 35, and B. xxxiv. c. 52.

[1528] See B. xxv. c. 53.

[1529] Bastard dittany. See B. xxv. c. 53.

[1530] See B. xxv. c. 66.

[1531] See B. xxi. c. 19.

[1532] See B. xxv. c. 66.

[1533] See B. xxv. c. 77.

[1534] See c. 12 of this Book.

[1535] See B. xxv. c. 73.

[1536] See B. xxv. c. 37.

[1537] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1538] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1539] See B. xxv. c. 92.

[1540] See B. xxv. c. 94.

[1541] “Siligo.” See B. xviii. c. 20.

[1542] See B. xxv. c. 102.

[1543] See B. xxv. c. 106.

[1544] See c. 29 of this Book.

[1545] See c. 31 of this Book.

[1546] See B. xxvii. c. 72.

[1547] See B. xxviii. c. 14.

[1548] See c. 29 of this Book.

[1549] See c. 39 of this Book.

[1550] See c. 62 of this Book.

[1551] See c. 69 of this Book.

[1552] Our “liquorice,” See B. xxv. c. 43.

[1553] See B. xxv. c. 66.

[1554] In B. xxii c. 33.

[1555] See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1556] See B. xxv. c. 17.

[1557] See c. 29 of this Book.

[1558] See B. xxii. c. 30, and B. xxv. c. 86.

[1559] See B. xxv. c. 35.

[1560] See B. xxv. c. 37.

[1561] See Note 46 above.

[1562] Desfontaines identifies it with the Mentha cervina, or Stag mint.

[1563] See B. xix. c. 50, and B. xx. c. 61.

[1564] See B. xxvii. c. 24.

[1565] See B. xxv. c. 19.

[1566] See B. xxv. c. 73.

[1567] See B. xxv. c. 94.

[1568] See B. xvii. c. 14.

[1569] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1570] See B. xxiv. c. 80.

[1571] See B. xxv. c. 56.

[1572] See B. xxv. c. 109.

[1573] See B. xxv. c. 18.

[1574] See c. 39 of this Book, _et seq._

[1575] “Pterygia.”

[1576] See B. xii. c. 37 and c. 30 of this Book.

[1577] See B. xxv. c. 81.

[1578] See B. xxii. c. 71.

[1579] See B. xxv. c, 10.

[1580] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1581] See B. xxv. c. 27.

[1582] See B. xxv. c. 19.

[1583] See B. xxv. c. 50.

[1584] See B. xxv. c. 11, _et seq._

[1585] See B. xxv. c. 28.

[1586] See B. xxv. c. 31.

[1587] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1588] “Bastard dittany.” See B. xxv. c. 53

[1589] See B. xxv. c. 54.

[1590] See B. xxv. c. 80.

[1591] See B. xxv. c. 37.

[1592] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1593] See B. xxv. c. 68.

[1594] See B. xxv. c. 88.

[1595] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1596] See B. xxv. c. 90.

[1597] See B. xxv. c. 94.

[1598] See B. xxxv. c. 50.

[1599] See B. xxv. c. 109.

[1600] In B. xxv. c. 109.

[1601] See B. xxv. c. 64.

[1602] See B. xii. c. 37, and c. 30 of this Book.

[1603] See Chapters 53 and 54 of this Book.

[1604] See B. xxv. c. 96.

[1605] Probably the word “juice,” or “decoction,” is lost here.

[1606] See c. 68 of this Book.

[1607] See Chapters 20 and 83 of this Book.

[1608] See B. xxvii. c. 91.

[1609] The same as “Alcea” probably; see Chapters 79 and 81 of this Book. Also B. xxvii. c. 6.

[1610] See B. xxv. c. 39.

[1611] See B. xxv. c. 36.

[1612] See B. xiii. c. 2, and B. xxi. cc. 19, 83.

[1613] See B. xxv. c. 100.

[1614] See B. xxi. c. 29.

[1615] See B. xxv. c. 96.

[1616] See B. xxi. c. 103.

[1617] See B. xxii. c. 30, and B. xxv. c. 86.

[1618] “Albugines.”

[1619] See c. 68 of this Book.

[1620] See c. 31 of this Book.

[1621] See B. xxv. c. 70.

[1622] See B. xxv. c. 90.

[1623] See B. xxvii. c. 24.

[1624] See B. xxv. c. 27.

[1625] See B. xxv. c. 53.

[1626] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1627] See B. xxv. c. 68.

[1628] These two plants, the names of which signify “begetting males,” and “begetting females,” are identified by Fée as the male and the female of the same plant, the Mercurialis tomentosa of Linnæus, the Woolly mercury. Littré gives the Mercurialis perennis of Linnæus, Dog’s mercury; and Desfontaines identifies them with the Thelygonum cynocrambe.

[1629] See B. xxi. c. 60.

[1630] In B. xxv. c. 102.

[1631] See B. xxv. c. 106.

[1632] See B. xxii. c. 44.

[1633] Meaning the “breast” plant. It has not been identified.

[1634] See B. xxxii. c. 10.

[1635] “Testas.”

[1636] See B. xxv. c. 37.

[1637] See B. xxv. c. 67.

[1638] See B. xxv. c. 85.

[1639] See B. xxv. c. 100.

[1640] See B. xxv. c. 35.

[1641] The most highly esteemed among the Romans of all colours of the hair.

[1642] See Chapter 53 of this Book.

[1643] The “eye-brow” plant. It is identified by Fée with the Ophrys ovata or bifolia of Linnæus, Ivy blade. The indentations in the leaves are almost imperceptible.

[1644] See B. xxv. c. 28.

[1645] See B. xxvi. c. 70.

[1646] See c. 39 of this Book, _et seq._

[1647] See B. xxv. c. 19

[1648] See end of B. ii.

[1649] See end of B. xx.

[1650] See end of B. xiv.

[1651] See end of B. xii.

[1652] See end of B. xx.

[1653] See end of B. xx.

[1654] See end of B. vii.

[1655] See end of B. iii.

[1656] See end of B. ii.

[1657] See end of B. v.

[1658] See end of B. xx.

[1659] See end of B. ii.

[1660] See end of B. viii.

[1661] See end of B. xix.

[1662] See end of B. viii.

[1663] See end of B. vii.

[1664] See end of B. xxi.

[1665] See end of B. xxi.

[1666] See end of B. xxv.

[1667] See end of B. xxi.

[1668] See end of B. xxi.

[1669] See end of B. iv.

[1670] See end of B. xxi.

[1671] See end of B. xxi.

[1672] See end of B. xxi.

[1673] See end of B. vii.

[1674] See end of B. xx.

[1675] See end of B. xx.

[1676] See end of B. xx.

[1677] See end of B. xii.

[1678] See end of B. xv.

[1679] See end of B. xii.

[1680] See end of B. xx.

[1681] See end of B. xx.

[1682] See end of B. xx.

[1683] See end of B. xx.

[1684] See end of B. xx.

[1685] See end of B. xx.

[1686] See end of B. xx.

[1687] See end of B. xx.

[1688] See end of B. vii.

[1689] See end of B. xx.

[1690] See end of B. xx.

[1691] See end of B. xii.

[1692] See end of B. xi.

[1693] See end of B. xii.

[1694] See end of B. xx.

[1695] See end of B. xii.

[1696] See end of B. xx.

[1697] See end of B. xx.

[1698] See end of B. xx.

[1699] See end of B. xx.

[1700] See end of B. xx.

[1701] See end of B. xii.

[1702] See end of B. xx.

[1703] See end of B. xx.

[1704] See end of B. xix.

[1705] See end of B. xx.

[1706] See end of B. xx.

[1707] See end of B. xx.

[1708] He alludes to the Glycyrrhiza or Scythice, our Liquorice, which is still found on the banks of the river Volga. See B. xxi. c. 54, B. xxii. c. 11, B. xxv. c. 43, and B. xxvi. cc. 15, 87.

[1709] See B. xxv. c. 38.

[1710] See B. xxv. c. 6.

[1711] “Extra terras.” Meaning, the continental part of the earth.

[1712] See c. 3 of this Book.

[1713] See B. xxv. c. 75.

[1714] Properly “Cælius”—the same M. Cælius Rufus who is mentioned in B. vii. c. 50. See also B. xxxv. c. 46.

[1715] “Hinc illa atrox peroratio ejus in digitum.” Sillig is probably right in his suggestion that the word “mortiferum” is wanting at the end of the sentence. Bestia was accused of having killed his wives by the contact of aconite, applied, through the agency of the finger, to the secret parts.

[1716] See B. vi. c. i.

[1717] See B. xxv. c. 75.

[1718] The hellebore. See B. xxiii. c. 75, and B. xxv c. 21.

[1719] The scorpion.

[1720] “Pard-strangle.”

[1721] See B. viii. c. 41.

[1722] He seems here, by implication, to contradict himself, and, by his explanation, to be sensible that he does so. He would appear not to have known exactly what his belief was in reference to first causes.

[1723] “Hoc habet nomen” is omitted; for, as Sillig says, it is evidently a gloss, which has crept into the text.

[1724] The ancients no doubt knew several plants under the common name of Aconitum. The one here described, is identified by Fée with the Doronicum pardalianches of Linnæus, Leopard’s bane.

[1725] See B. xxv. c. 67. Fée says that neither the leaves of the Doronicum, nor of any plant of the genus Arnica, bear any resemblance to those of the Cyclamen, or the cucumber. He remarks also, that the contact solely of it is not productive of poisonous effects.

[1726] A kind of crab.

[1727] At the beginning of this Chapter.

[1728] “Female-bane,” or “female-killer.” See B. xx. c. 23.

[1729] “Mice-killer.” This assertion is incorrect.

[1730] So called from ἀ, “without,” and κόνις, “dust,” Theophrastus says that it received its name from the town of Aconæ, in the vicinity of which it grew in great abundance.

[1731] Also called ἀκόνη.

[1732] Generally identified with the Salvia argentea of Linnæus, Silver sage, or else with the Salvia Æthiopis, Woolly sage. It must not be confounded with the plant of the same name mentioned in B. xxiv c. 102.

[1733] See B. xxv. c. 73.

[1734] See c. 16 of this Book.

[1735] “Not growing old.” It is identified by Fée and Desfontaines with the Achillæa ageratum of Linnæus, Sweet milfoil or Maudlin. Littré gives as its synonym, the Hypericum origanifolium.

[1736] See B. xx. c. 67.

[1737] The ancients probably included under this name several distinct species of the aloe. They were well acquainted, Fée says, with the Indian aloe, but probably not with that of Africa. As described by Pliny, he identifies it with the Aloe perfoliata of Linnæus: Desfontaines gives the Aloe umbellata.

[1738] See B. xxi. c. 68.

[1739] “Asia.”

[1740] See B. xxv. c. 102. The aloe is still grown in large wooden vessels, in this country, at least; but only as an ornament.

[1741] He alludes to the bitumen of Judæa, much used by the Egyptians for the purposes of embalmment.

[1742] He is speaking of the prepared aloes of commerce.

[1743] It is still used for this purpose.

[1744] There is no foundation, Fée says, for this statement.

[1745] It would appear that it is still employed in India for this purpose, but it is no longer used in Europe.

[1746] Identified by Fée with the Malva alcea of Linnæus, the Vervain mallow, an emollient and, comparatively, inert plant. Littré gives as its synonym the Malope malachoïdes, Marsh mallow. Sibthorp identifies it with the Hibiscus trionum, and Anguillara with the Althæa cannabina of Linnæus. It is probably the same plant as the Alcima, mentioned several times in B. xxvi.

[1747] See B. xxv. c. 59.

[1748] Identified with the Globularia alypum of Linnæus, the Three-toothed leaf Globularia, or Turbith.

[1749] Identified by Sprengel with the Cerastium aquaticum, and by other authorities with the Alsine media of Linnæus, the Common chickweed. Desfontaines suggests the Stellaria nemorum, the Broadleaved stitchwort, but Fée prefers the Parietaria Cretica of Linnæus, Cretan pellitory, as its synonym.

[1750] “Mouse-ear.”

[1751] From the Greek ἄλσος, a “grove.”

[1752] In c. 80 of this Book.

[1753] The Parietaria officinalis; see B. xxii. c. 19.

[1754] He has previously stated that it grows in the woods. The fact is, M. Fraäs says, that it grows equally upon garden walls, heaps of rubbish, in plains, upon shady rocks, and upon mountains, below an elevation of 15OO feet.

[1755] Generally supposed not to be a vegetable production, but a Madrepore. Fée identifies it with the Madrepora acetabulum of Linnæus

[1756] “Man’s blood.” Identified by Sprengel with the Hypericum montanum, and by Sibthorp and Fée with the Hypericum perforatum, of Linnæus, Perforated tutsan or St. John’s wort.

[1757] See B. xxvi cc. 53, 54

[1758] Identified with the Ambrosia maritima of Linnæus, the Sea ambrosia.

[1759] The “cluster” plant. It still figures in the Materia Medica. See B. xxv. c. 36, and c. 31 of this Book.

[1760] See B. xxi. c. 58.

[1761] “Dispelling lassitude.” Identified with the Anagyris fœtida of Linnæus, the Stinking bean trefoil. It is a purgative, and its seeds are emetic.

[1762] See B. viii. c. 41, B. x. c. 95, B. xi. cc. 24, 28.

[1763] It has not been identified, Pliny being the only author that has mentioned it. The Ajuga pyramidalis of Linnæus, and the Ajura iva have been suggested.

[1764] “Anonymos,” or “nameless.”

[1765] See B. xviii. c. 44, and B. xxiv. c. 116. It is identified with the Galium Aparine of Linnæus, Ladies’ bedstraw, Cleavers, goosegrass, hariff, or catch weed. Its medicinal properties are next to nothing.

[1766] “Navel-fruit.”

[1767] “Man-loving.” See B. xxiv. c. 116.

[1768] See Note 53 above.

[1769] Brotero and Linnæus identify it with the Arctium lappa of Linnæus, the Burdock or clot-burr: Sibthorp with the Conyza Candida, the White fleabane: others, again, with the Celsia arcturus of Linnæus, and Sprengel with the Verbascum ferrugineum of Linnæus, the Ferruginous mullein; between which two last, Fée is unable to decide.

[1770] See B. xxv. c. 73.

[1771] So called from its supposed property of consuming the spleen. It is generally identified with the Asplenium ceterach of Linnæus, Spleenwort, or miltwaste. The Asplenium hemionitis of Linnæus, Mule’s fern, and the Asplenium scolopendrium of Linnæus, Hart’s tongue, have also been suggested; but Fée prefers the first-named plant.

[1772] The “mule’s plant.” These animals were said to be very fond of it.

[1773] This is incorrect: the Ceterach has a large quantity of seed, but it is concealed beneath a kind of downy substance.

[1774] Possibly the Asclepias vincetoxicum of Linnæus, the Common white-flower swallow-wort; though Fée considers it somewhat doubtful.

[1775] Those of Swallow-wort have no such resemblance.

[1776] See B. xviii. c. 44.

[1777] Desfontaines suggests the Inula bubonium, but Fée adopts the opinion of Jussieu and Sprengel, that it is the Aster amellus of Linnæus, the Italian starwort. It is probably the same plant as the Inguinalis, mentioned in B. xxvi. c. 59.

[1778] Identified by Fée and Desfontaines with the Hypericum androsæmum of Linnæus, the Common tutsan, or Park leaves. Littré gives as the synonym the Hypericum perforatum of Linnæus, the Perforated St. John’s wort; which last is also preferred by Sprengel. Fuchsius and Mathioli think that it is the Hypericum montanum of Linnæus.

[1779] See B. xxvi. c. 53.

[1780] It is considered to be identical with the Ascyron.

[1781] “Man’s blood.” See c. 10 of this Book.

[1782] Different probably from the plant of a similar name mentioned in B. xxi. cc. 52, 59. Fée identifies it with the Vetch, mentioned in B. xviii. c. 37. Littré gives as its synonym the Vicia cracca of Linnæus, the Tufted vetch, and Desfontaines the Lathyrus aphaca, the Yellow vetchling, or bindweed.

[1783] Fée considers it to be the same plant as the Anchusa or Archebion, mentioned in B. xxii. c. 25. Desfontaines identifies the Alcibium with the Echium rubrum of Linnæus. Holland observes here that Pliny “hath here forgotten himself.”

[1784] “Cock’s comb.” The Rhinanthus crista galli of Linnæus, Yellow rattle, or cock’s comb.

[1785] “Crest” or “Comb.”

[1786] Identified by Desfontaines with the Symphytum officinale, or Great comfrey. Fée, however, considers it to be the Coris Monspeliensis of Linnæus, Montpellier coris. Lobel identifies it with the Prunella vulgaris of Linnæus, Common self-heal, and Cæsalpinus with the Hyssopus officinalis of Linnæus. See B. xxvi. c. 26.

[1787] Fée reiterates his assertion here that this “rock” symphytum is a totally different plant from the Symphytum officinale, or Comfrey, though they appear to have been generally considered as identical by Scribonius Largus, Plinius Valerianus, Apuleius, and other writers.

[1788] See B. xxvi. c. 26.

[1789] This account of its medicinal properties applies properly to the Symphytum officinale, or Great comfrey, a plant which would appear to have been confounded by Pliny with the Alum, if Fée is right in his conjecture.

[1790] Hence its Latin name “consolida,” and its French name “consoude.” Fée says that Comfrey still figures in the French Materia Medica, and that the lower classes use it in most of the cases mentioned by Pliny; he states also, that it is destitute of energetic properties, in a medicinal point of view.

[1791] Σύμφυτον, “consolidating.”

[1792] See B. xiii. c. 48, and B. xxvi. c. 66.

[1793] The Actæa spicata of Linnæus, Herb-christopher or bane-berries, is mentioned by Desfontaines; but Fée is inclined to identify it with the Sambucus ebulus of Linnæus, the Dwarf elder, wall-wort, or dane-wort.

[1794] See B. xxiii. c. 14.

[1795] In B. xxi. cc. 33, 38.

[1796] The Artemisia Santonica of Linnæus, Tartarian southernwood.

[1797] The Artemisia Pontica of Linnæus, Little wormwood, or Roman wormwood.

[1798] See B. xi. c. 75.

[1799] The Artemisia absinthium of Linnæus, Common wormwood.

[1800] Upon which occasion a sacrifice was offered on the Alban Mount. See further as to this Festival, in B. iii. c. 2.

[1801] In B. xiv. c. 19. Wine of wormwood is still used medicinally.

[1802] “Dilutum.” An infusion.

[1803] It contains a small quantity of essential oil.

[1804] See B. xx. c. 18.

[1805] See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1806] See B. xxi. c. 19.

[1807] See B. xxii. c. 30.

[1808] “Puls.” See B. xviii. c. 19.

[1809] From a passage in Scribonius Largus, c. 191, it has been concluded that by the word “visco,” he means the juice of the Ixias or Chamæleon, mentioned in B. xxii. c. 21.

[1810] See B. ix. c. 43, and B. xxxii. c. 53.

[1811] This, Fée observes, is not the case.

[1812] The Artemisia maritima of Linnæus, Sea wormwood: see B. xxxii. c. 31

[1813] The Ballota nigra of Linnæus, the Fetid ballota, or Stinking black horehound; see B. xx. c. 89.

[1814] He is in error here, as the word “melamprasion” means “black horehound.” “Black leek” would be “melamprason.”

[1815] “Horehound,” properly. The Ballota is of a stimulating nature, and contains a considerable quantity of essential oil.

[1816] The Chenopodium botrys of Linnæus, Cut-leaved goose foot, or oak of Jerusalem. See B. xxv. c. 36, and c. 11 of this Book.

[1817] There is no such resemblance. The name “botrys” was given to the plant from the little clusters formed by the blossoms.

[1818] Identified by Fée with the Prunus domestica of Linnæus, var. β, or Damascena, the Damascene plum or damson. Desfontaines considers it to be the Prunus instititia, the Bullace plum. Holland mentions in a Note, “Bullois, skegs, or such like wild plums.”

[1819] The Ulva lactuca of Linnæus, Lettuce laver; see B. xiii. c. 49, B. xxiv. c. 17, and B. xxxii. c. 36.

[1820] He probably says this in reference to the opinion expressed by Theophrastus, Hist. iv. 7, that it was a name for sea-weed in general, and not a specific plant.

[1821] In reality, it is destitute of medicinal properties. Some kinds of laver are considered a dainty food.

[1822] See B. xxii. c. 35.

[1823] See B. xx. c. 67.

[1824] Dioscorides speaks of two kinds of Catanance; one of which has been identified by Sprengel with the Ornithopus compressus of Linnæus, and the other with the Astragalus pugniformis. Fée expresses his doubts as to the correctness of these conclusions.

[1825] “As if it would catch women, and hold them fast perforce.”—_Holland._ It has been suggested that the Coronopus, or “crow’s foot,” mentioned in B. xxi. c. 59, was so called for a similar reason.

[1826] Prosper Alpinus identifies it with the Plantago Cretica of Linnæus, and Sprengel with the Micropus erectus of Linnæus. Fée considers it to be the Gnaphalium leontopodium of Lamarck.

[1827] Other readings are “calsa,” and “calla;” but “calyx” is supported by the text of Dioscorides, B. iv. c. 23. The first kind has been generally identified with the Arum arisarum of Linnæus, Hooded arum, or Monk’s hood, and is identical probably with the Aris aros of B. xxiv. c. 94.

[1828] See B. xxiv. c. 93.

[1829] Probably the Anchusa tinctoria of Linnæus, Dyer’s alkanet. See B. xxii. c. 23.

[1830] “Flore polentæ.” See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1831] Sprengel identifies it with the Asclepias nigra, Black swallow-wort, but Fée considers it to be the Circæa Lutetiana of Linnæus, Parisian circæa, or enchanter’s nightshade. Other authorities have suggested the Capsicum annuum of Linnæus, Indian or Guinea pepper, and the Celosia margaritacea of Linnæus, Pearly celosia, or cock’s comb. M. Fraäs suggests, though with some doubt, the Cynanchum Monspeliacum, the Montpellier dog’s-bane.

[1832] See B. xxi. c. 105.

[1833] Identified with the Carduus parviflorus of Linnæus, the Small-flowered thistle.

[1834] See B. xxv. c. 40.

[1835] Identified by Fée and Desfontaines with the Polygonum persicaria of Linnæus, the Spotted persicaria, red-shanks, fleawort, or lakeweed. Littré gives the Crucianella Monspeliaca of Linnæus, Montpellier petty madder.

[1836] Hence its name, signifying that it strengthens the generative powers.

[1837] See B. xxvi. c. 91.

[1838] See B. xxiv. c. 72. Littré remarks that Pliny is in error here, for that the Cratægos of Theophrastus is the Cratægos azarolia of Linnæus, the Parsley-leaved hawthorn, while the Aquifolia of Pliny is the Holly. As to the latter point, see B. xvi. cc. 8, 12.

[1839] Hist. Plant. B. iii. c. 15.

[1840] Desfontaines identifies it with the Centaurea crocodileum of Linnæus, and Littré with the Carduus pycnocephalus of Linnæus. Ruellius considers it to be the same plant as the Leucacantha of Dioscorides; which Sprengel identifies with the Cnicus Casabonæ. Fée expresses himself at a loss as to its identity.

[1841] See B. xxii. c. 21.

[1842] “Dog’s testicle.” Considered to be a synonym merely of the Orchis, mentioned in B. xxvi. c. 62.

[1843] This comparison is totally incorrect.

[1844] See B. xxvi. c. 62.

[1845] Or onions.

[1846] A tissue of groundless superstitions.

[1847] “Golden vegetable.” Supposed to be identical with the Atriplex of B. xx. c. 38, our Orage.

[1848] Cultivated orage, probably.

[1849] “Earth rennet.” This plant has not been identified. Lobelius has made a _guess_ at the Serapias abortiva of Linnæus, the Helleborine. It is pretty clear that it was unknown to Pliny himself.

[1850] The same, probably, as the Trychnon of B. xxi. cc. 52, 105, Solanum nigrum or Black nightshade. In the former editions the reading is “cuculus.”

[1851] The “strumous” or “scrofula” plant.

[1852] Possibly the Conferva rivularis, or the C. glomerata of Linnæus, the River conferva or River sponge, or the Green cluster conferva.

[1853] On account of its asserted agglutinative properties. In reality it is an inert plant, and is never used in medicine.

[1854] Fée considers this statement as fabulous in every respect.

[1855] See B. xiii. c. 35.

[1856] “Coccus.” See B. xvi. c. 12.

[1857] This is not the case. Sillig is of opinion that the passage is imperfect.

[1858] The same plant as the Labrum Venereum of B. xxv. c. 108. It is used for carding cloth, but is no longer employed in medicine.

[1859] Hence its name “Venus’ bath.”

[1860] “Collyrii.”

[1861] The same plant, probably, as the Polypodion of B. xxvi. c. 37. Littré, however, identifies it with the Asplenium adiantum nigrum of Linnæus, the Black maiden-hair, or spleenwort.

[1862] It is the root that is sweet, and _not_ the leaves.

[1863] It has no such properties.

[1864] The “oak-killer.” Fée thinks that it may possibly be the Convallaria uniflora of Linnæus. Desfontaines names the Cochlearia draba and Littré the Lepidium draba of Linnæus.

[1865] See B. xv. cc. 7, 37, and B. xxiii. c. 83.

[1866] Desfontaines and Fée identify it with the Antirrhinum spurium of Linnæus, Bastard toad-flax, calves’ snout, or snapdragon. Littré gives the Linaria Græca as its synonym.

[1867] See B. xxii. c. 19.

[1868] See B. xviii. c. 14.

[1869] Fée, with Sprengel, identifies it with the Salsola polychlonos of Linnæus, Branchy saltwort or glasswort; Bauhin with the Passerina polygalifolia. The Crithmum maritimum of Linnæus, Sea samphire, has been suggested by Desfontaines. Littré gives the Frankenia pulverulenta of Linnæus. Holland suggests Saxifrage.

[1870] “Calculus-breaking.”

[1871] See B. xiii. c. 35.

[1872] Sprengel suggests the Marsilea quadrifolia of Linnæus; Columna the Botrychium lunaria of Linnæus; G. Bauhin the Ornithogalum Narbonense of Linnæus, Narbonese star of Bethlehem; and Talius the Caltha palustris of Linnæus, the Marsh marigold. Fée considers its identification impossible.

[1873] Because it was said to be a cause of sterility.

[1874] Identified with the Dentaria enneaphylla of Linnæus, the Nine-leaved tooth-wort.

[1875] From this remark, Fée is of opinion that he had in view more particularly the Pteris aquilina and the Blechnum spicatum of Linnæus, plants in which the seed is not easily detected.

[1876] Identified by Fée with the Polypodium filix mas of Linnæus, the Male fern.

[1877] Dioscorides says it _has_ a somewhat unpleasant smell, and this is nearer the truth.

[1878] “Female fern.” Identified by Fée with the Polypodium filix fæmina of Linnæus, Female fern or Pteris aquilina.

[1879] See B. xviii. c. 59.

[1880] Fée remarks that root of fern is an undoubted remedy for tapeworm, and that it is worthy of remark that we owe to the ancients the two most efficient anthelmintics known, fern-root, namely, and pomegranate rind.

[1881] The Femur bubulum has not been identified. C. Bauhin has suggested the Leonurus cardiaca of Linnæus, Motherwort.

[1882] It has been suggested that this plant is the same as the Lamium, mentioned in B. xxii. c. 16, but Fée is not of that opinion. He identifies the Galeopsis with the Lamium purpureum of Linnæus, the Purple arch-angel, or dead-nettle. Littré gives as its synonym the Scrofularia peregrina of Linnæus, the Foreign figwort.

[1883] Fée thinks that it may possibly be the Astragalus glaux of Linnæus, or Milk vetch, as originally suggested by Clusius. Littré gives as its synonym the Sennebierra coronopus of Poireau.

[1884] The “Good milk” plant.

[1885] See B. xviii. cc. 19, 20.

[1886] See B. xx. c. 78, where a similar plant is mentioned. Fée identifies this plant with the Glaucium hybridum, or Chelidonium of Linnæus, the Violet-coloured celandine, or horned poppy. Littré gives the Glaucium flavum of Linnæus as its synonym.

[1887] This is a yellow, acrid, caustic juice; it is no longer used in medicine.

[1888] The Peony; described in B. xxv. c. 10.

[1889] See B. xx. c. 25, and B. xxii. c. 2.

[1890] See B. xxv. c. 10.

[1891] In reality it is destitute of smell.

[1892] See B. xxv. c. 10.

[1893] Or, as Holland says, would “be ready to job out their eyes.”

[1894] In reality, the peony has no medicinal virtues whatever.

[1895] “Suppressionibus nocturnis”.

[1896] Sprengel identifies it with the Santolina maritima, Sea cudwort or cotton-weed. Fée considers its identification as doubtful.

[1897] Identified by Hardouin and Desfontaines with the Dipsacus pilosus of Linnæus, the Shepherd’s rod, or small white teasel. Fée is doubtful on the subject

[1898] See B. xxii. c. 18.

[1899] See B. xxv. c. 28.

[1900] Identified with the Hordeum murinum of Linnæus, and the same, most probably, as the Mouse barley of B. xxii. c. 65.

[1901] Whence its name, from the Greek ἕλκω, “to draw.”

[1902] “Swine’s endive.” It is generally identified with the Centaurea nigra of Linnæus; though, as Fée says, on very insufficient grounds, as the black centaury has but little similarity to endive.

[1903] The “all-bone” plant. Desfontaines identifies it with the Plantago coronopus of Linnæus, the Buckshorn plantain; but Fée prefers the Plantago holostea of Lamarck, the Grass-leaved plantain. Littré names the Holosteum umbellatum. The Plantago albicans of Linnæus has been also mentioned.

[1904] Because there is no hardness in it.

[1905] Τὰ γλύκεα.

[1906] See B. xxiv. c. 68. In B. xvi. c. 92, Fée identifies this plant with the Calcitrapa stellata of Lamarck. He also suggests that it may possibly be the second “Hippophaes,” mentioned in B. xxii. c. 14. Desfontaines identifies it with the Cnicus stellatus, the Star-thistle. Littré gives as its synonym the Centaurea spinosa, Prickly centaury; in accordance with the opinion of M. Fraäs, who admits, however, that the statement that it has neither stem nor flower, would hardly seem to indicate a species of centaury.

[1907] The Ruscus hypoglossum of Linnæus, the Double tongue.

[1908] The Hypecoüm procumbens of Linnæus, Horned cummin.

[1909] Fée thinks that “Idæa herba,” “plant of Ida,” may possibly be one of the synonyms of the Alexandrian laurel. See B. xv. c. 39. Should that identity not hold good, he prefers the Uvularia amplexifolia of Linnæus.

[1910] See B. xv. cc. 7, 37, and B. xxiii. c. 83.

[1911] Fée suggests the Corydalis claviculata of Decandolle. Littré mentions the Fumaria capreolata of Linnæus.

[1912] Or kidney-bean. See B. xxiv. c. 40.

[1913] Or Gith. See B. xx. c. 71.

[1914] The Euphorbia lathyris of Linnæus, the Caper plant, or Caper spurge.

[1915] There is no such resemblance, except that they both contain a milky juice, the properties of which are, however, very different. It is a plant of an energetic and even dangerous nature, and must never be mistaken for the real caper.

[1916] Mostly thought to be the same plant as the Leontopodium of B. xxvi. c. 34. Littré, however, identifies it with the Evax pygmæus of Linnæus.

[1917] Probably the Echium Italicum of Linnæus, Italian viper’s tongue.

[1918] There is no resemblance between the Echium and the lettuce.

[1919] Identified by Fée and Desfontaines with the Lithospermum officinale of Linnæus, Gremil, gromwell, or stone-crop. Littré mentions the Lithospermum tenuiflorum of Linnæus.

[1920] “Jove’s wheat,” or the “plant of Hercules.”

[1921] This description applies to the variety of Gremil, known as the Coix lacryma of Linnæus, Job’s tears, originally an Indian plant; but it may have been known in Italy in Pliny’s time.

[1922] A poor compliment to Nature, as Fée remarks.

[1923] It has in reality no medicinal properties to speak of; but its name, “stone seed,” and its appearance, would, of course, ensure its reputation as an efficient cure for calculus.

[1924] Some kind of lichen, probably, but what in particular it is impossible to say.

[1925] Ring-worm or tetter.

[1926] Hardouin says that this herpetic disease is called “cantharides,” because it attacks the body as the cantharis attacks wheat. See B. xviii. c. 44.

[1927] It would be superfluous to look for sense in this silly formula.

[1928] Anguillara and C. Bauhin identify it with the Ranunculus thora of Linnæus, and other authorities with the Doronicum pardalianches of Linnæus. Pliny is the only writer that mentions it; and if it really had any existence, it would seem quite impossible, as Fée says, to identify it with correctness.

[1929] “Venenum cervarium.”

[1930] See B. xxv. c. 25.

[1931] “Salivati.” Holland renders this, “A mash wherewith they used to drench cattle.”

[1932] Identified with the Lamium of B. xxii. c. 16.

[1933] See B. xxv. c. 18. The resemblance, Fée says, is by no means a striking one.

[1934] The “white” plant.

[1935] “White in the middle.”

[1936] Identified by Fée with the Cerinthe of B. xxi. c. 41. Sprengel, however, considers it to be the Carduus leucographus of Linnæus.

[1937] Fée identifies it with the Campanula Medium of Linnæus, our Canterbury or Coventry bells; but this flower is blue, while the colour of the Medion is purple. Littré gives the Convolvulus althæoides of Linnæus. Sibthorp has named the Campanula laciniata; and other authorities the Michauxia campanuloïdes.

[1938] See B. xx. c. 32.

[1939] “Mouse-ears.” Fée identifies it with the Myosotis Scorpioïdes of Linnæus, Scorpion-grass, or mouse-ear, which is not of a corrosive nature, as Pliny says, but emollient and soothing. Littré names the Asperugo procumbens of Linnæus, Wild bugloss, German madwort, or great goose-grass.

[1940] Sprengel identifies it with the Alyssum sativum, the Garden madwort; Fée with the Camelina sativa of Crantz, the Cultivated cameline. Littré gives the Neslia paniculata as its synonym.

[1941] Or “Nigina,” in some editions. It is utterly unknown.

[1942] Possibly a fabulous plant; though it is generally identified with the Ononis natrix of Linnæus. Poinsinet de Sivry derives its name from the Celto-Germanic words, _nat_, “night,” and _ris_, “wand;” a name given to it, according to him, for its efficacy in dispelling the illusions of the night.

[1943] Or “Fauni,” the same as our nightmare.

[1944] Probably the Euphrasia odontites of Linnæus, the Red eye-bright.

[1945] “Inter feni genera.”

[1946] See c. 91 of this Book. There is no resemblance between them.

[1947] On the contrary, it grows in arid, sterile spots.

[1948] Hence its name “odontitis,” “tooth-wort.”

[1949] Its synonym is unknown. Sprengel has identified it with the Tagetes patula of Linnæus, but that is purely an American plant!

[1950] Probably one of the Borragineæ, Fée thinks, but beyond that he considers it impossible to say. Desfontaines identifies it with the Onosma echioides of Linnæus, the Hairy onosma.

[1951] See B. xxii. c. 23.

[1952] If it is the plant above-mentioned, this is incorrect.

[1953] Fée suggests that it may be identical with the Onopyxos of B. xxi. c. 56. Desfontaines, also, identifies it with the Onopordon acanthium of Linnæus, the Cotton thistle or woolly thistle.

[1954] Probably the Osyris alba of Linnæus, the Poet’s cassia. Anguillara and Dodonæus have mentioned the Chenopodium scoparia of Linnæus, the Summer cypress, or line-leaved goosefoot, but without any good reason, it is thought. Holland calls it “toad-flax.”

[1955] “Smegmata.”

[1956] The “sour” plant. Mostly identified with the Oxalis acetosella of Linnæus, Cuckoo’s meat, three leaved sorrel, or wood-sorrel.

[1957] “Enterocele.”

[1958] The “many-flowered” plant. Probably the Ranunculus polyanthemos of Linnæus. See B. xxv. c. 109.

[1959] The “frog” plant.

[1960] “Vitiligines”.

[1961] “Many-seeded.”

[1962] “Blood plant.”

[1963] Identified by Fée with the Polygonum aviculare of Linnæus, the Knot-grass.

[1964] “Many-knotted.” Scribonius says that it received its name, “polygonos,” from its being found everywhere.

[1965] Or “mountain” plant. Fée considers it to be the same as the second kind above mentioned, and to correspond with the female Polygonos of Dioscorides. He identifies it with the Hippuris vulgaris of Linnæus, Mare’s tail, or female horse-tail; Littré gives the Equisetum pallidum of Bory as its synonym.

[1966] Identified by Fée with the Ephedra distachya of Linnæus, the Great shrubby horsetail.

[1967] See B, xix. c. 7.

[1968] “Scillam pusillam.” Fée considers it to be a squill, the variety with the red root of the Scilla maritima of Linnæus, the Sea-squill. Littré gives as its synonym the Pancratium maritimum of Linnæus, the Sea-daffodil.

[1969] Probably the Euphorbia peplis of Linnæus; see B. xx. c. 81. It is a strong purgative.

[1970] “Fig-plant,” “poppy-juice,” and “poppy-froth.” In reference, no doubt, to its milky juice.

[1971] See the Clymenus, B. xxv. c. 33.

[1972] In B. xviii. c. 44. It was also called “securidaca.”

[1973] See B. xx. c. 71.

[1974] We learn from Galen that it formed an ingredient in the great antidote of Mithridates.

[1975] Fée thinks that it may possibly be the Polygala vulgaris of Linnæus, the Common milk-wort. Desfontaines mentions the Polygala amara of Linnæus, the Bitter milkwort of the South of Europe; and Littré gives the Polygala venulosa of Sibthorp.

[1976] See B. xxv. c. 76.

[1977] The “sinew” plant.

[1978] Generally identified with the Anthericum or Hemerocallis liliastrum of Linnæus, the Savoy anthericum or Spider’s-wort. M Fräas says, however (_Synopsis_, p. 288), that that plant has not been found in Greece; and relying upon the description of Dioscorides, he prefers the Lloydia Græca, which grows commonly in Attica, the isles of Greece, and the Peloponnesus, as its synonym. It is found upon elevations of 1500 feet.

[1979] “White flower.”

[1980] “White thorn.”

[1981] Hence its name. See B. viii. c. 41, B. x. c. 95, and B. xi. cc. 24, 28, 29.

[1982] Most probably the Reseda phyteuma of Linnæus, the Crosswort.

[1983] See B. xxii. c. 91. Fée thinks that it is two plants, the Cnicus Casabonæ, and the Thelygonum cynocrambe of Linnæus, that are here spoken of. Littré gives the Mercurialis perennis of Linnæus, Dog’s mercury, as its synonym.

[1984] Linnæus has given to the Fine-leaved water-hemlock the name of Phellandrium aquaticum, but the seeds of that plant are an active poison. It is probable that the Phellandrium, or “Male-cork-plant” of Pliny, still remains unknown.

[1985] Possibly the Phalaris aquatiea of Linnæus, the Water canary-grass. Littré gives as its synonym, the Phalaris nodosa of Linnæus, Knotted canary-grass. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 34, _Bohn’s Ed_.

[1986] This is an exaggeration; Dioscorides says “millet.”