Chapter I: Preface

The basis of this volume is eight lectures given before the Lowell Institute in Boston in 1894. They have been expanded by the addition of further matter relating to the various subjects, but even with these additions there is but a brief _résumé_ of the vast store of material extant.

The “Indian” has never seemed to me an abnormal factor, but rather a natural part of our society, for it is now nearly thirty years since I first associated with him in the Far West, and before that the Iroquois were familiar to me as a small boy. When I first went among the Western tribes, it was with the second Colorado River expedition of that gallant explorer and foremost student of Amerindian affairs, John Wesley Powell. His own works and the reports of the United States Bureau of Ethnology, of which he has so long been the head, and where he has gathered together so many eminent ethnologists and archæologists, have furnished me with much material. These reports form a fine library on Amerindian matters, and reflect great honour on Professor Powell who conceived the idea, and on Congress which has ungrudgingly supported it. A great and timely work has become established, which to private enterprise would have been next to impossible. Add to these the invaluable reports of the Smithsonian Institution and the memoirs and reports of the Peabody Museum and American Museum, and the student has before him a large fund of material without seeking farther. Then there are the brilliant works of Parkman, Brinton, Winsor, Bandelier, Putnam, Morgan, Schoolcraft, Prescott, Maudsley, Goodman, Wilson, Keane, and many others, with the huge production of H. H. Bancroft filling an important place. To all of these and to others I owe much, and I have intended in every case to give credit and references. Where these, in some cases, may not have been properly awarded, it is due to oversight and not to intention. My especial thanks are due to the Bureau of Ethnology for copies of all the reports, and for permission to utilise the illustrations contained in them, and to the American Museum, Archæological Institute, Field Columbian Museum, Peabody Museum, and Smithsonian Institution for similar generosity. I take pleasure also in acknowledging favours from Professor Putnam, Professor Powell, Professor Mason, Dr. McGee, Mr. Saville, Professor Seymour, Professor Langley, Mr. Bancroft, Professor Holmes, Dr. Baum, and others, and from Mr. E. H. Harriman the opportunity of visiting Alaska under the most favourable circumstances.

The title, _The North Americans of Yesterday_, seems to me appropriate, because while there are still some Amerinds extant, and a few are even yet apparently leading the old-time life, nevertheless they are merely remnants of a people whose sun has set, and who therefore properly belong to yesterday. For this reason I have mainly treated them as a bygone race. Between the so-called “Red Indian” of the United States and northern regions and the so-called “Civilised Tribes” of Mexico and southern regions I have made no race differentiation, because the differences, whatever they may be, are discovered to be not of kind, but of degree. Confusion was formerly caused by misconceptions and by romantic ideas which have been dispelled by the more scientific methods of later days. Some confusion has been caused also by the persistent efforts to classify the progress of mankind as a whole into distinct world-epochs or time periods. It seems to me that no such universal epochs of even progress could have existed in past time any more than in present time. Tribes of men are differentiated now, always will be, and, I believe, always have been. Common world-planes of culture in time periods are an impossibility. Such schedules as Morgan’s may apply to tribes and stocks as indicating their special, individual advance, but not to the whole world, except in a very general way. That is, they may be _culture_ but never _time_ classifications. The closer we approach the beginnings of man’s existence, the less marked, perhaps, the differences in tribes, but differences certainly began at the moment when one group of men left another group of men to live apart. The environment and necessities of each group would cause differences and varying rates of progress. One group would gain the bow a thousand years before another.

Long before the beginning of the glacial period, therefore, some groups must have been far ahead of others, and in the manufacture of stone implements some tribes excelled others; some making ruder ones than others, and some perhaps making well-finished, polished tools. There are a good many arrow- and spear-head shapes, and it is possible that each form originated at a different time or in a different locality. And in our present state of knowledge of these matters, no time position can be assigned to many American stone tools, polished or not. They may have been used over and over again by various tribes for centuries, or for a thousand years, or they may have been made by tribes of our own day. Some of these tribes made no smoothed or polished implements, though otherwise of advanced type, and polished implements have been found that may be many thousand years old. This is no indication that tribes do not change, but that development began and continues unevenly, and that tribes existed ten thousand or more years ago that were in advance of some that are extant to-day. Nobody can say whether the stone implements, rough or smooth, that have been found in Chiriqui belong to comparatively modern or to very ancient times. The whole subject of stone implements appears to be in a chaotic state, mummified and petrified by a slavish respect and devotion to European patterns. It is a case of cart before the horse. It will be apparent that I do not consider the finish of stone tools, in the present state of our understanding of them, any guide for a world-classification of peoples in a time-scale, especially in North America. This has been admitted by others back to a certain point, but beyond that point they have continued to play follow-the-leader with their world-classifications of “Paleolithic” and “Neolithic,” two of the most confusing, misleading, and useless terms ever invented. Below the limit of the ice action there is nothing to fix the age of stone tools when found on the surface or near it. “Paleoliths” and “neoliths” might therefore be picked up side by side, and the paleolith might not be as old as the neolith, or both might be of the same age. And if a well-made tool, or one resembling some of to-day, is found in an ancient gravel, it does not necessarily mean an intrusion, but that men lived in that far past who were more skilful than some of their neighbours, and more skilful than we have heretofore been willing to admit. That very ancient men made very rude tools is doubtless true, but that _all_ ancient men made rough tools of the same style down to a certain fixed time, and then all began on an improved or a smoothed type, is undoubtedly wrong.

How the Amerinds came here I explain by a theory that there was before, or perhaps during the early part of the glacial period, a wider distribution of land surfaces on latitudinal lines, which invited latitudinal migrations.[1] These land surfaces may have been no more than groups of larger or smaller islands which have been since wholly submerged or have left only their highest parts above the sea. Before the beginning of the glacial cold, a mild climate extended to the North Pole, facilitating migrations also in that region. Changes in the ocean’s bottom were probably greater in pre-glacial time than now, but they have not altogether ceased. It is little more than fifteen years since a new island appeared off the Aleutian chain, and I think it is doubtful if any of that group existed above water six or eight hundred years ago. I am also of the opinion that no human life was in Alaska or in Northeast Siberia five hundred years back.

Races not being all of an even grade of culture before the beginning of the cold period any more than now, the tribes that found themselves isolated on this continent by changes in the land levels and by the southward extension of the glaciation, were unevenly developed, some being in advance of others in various ways, though none, of course, had passed beyond the use of stone tools, a condition in which they practically continued down to the Discovery. In this respect the term, “Stone Age,” as indicating a condition, is applicable, but it would not be possible to differentiate it into “Paleolithic” and “Neolithic” periods. The cold pushed them all southward, whether they came by northlands or by latitudinal lands, or both, towards the narrow funnel-like part of the continent, and also to the lower levels, as there was no chance for latitudinal expansion as in the Eastern Hemisphere, the most advanced tribes being the most southerly, if not from original position, because they were able to choose. Eventually communication with Asia and Europe by the north was by the glaciation severed completely, as it had previously been latitudinally by the disappearance of favourable land surfaces, and communication by the north remained closed till within three or four hundred years. The most crowded tribes developed most rapidly, because such development was imperative for self-preservation, and their culture filtered through in diminishing ratio, according to distance, to the less crowded regions—that is, to the climatically less favourable regions; but all who were closely crowded into the “funnel” progressed along similar lines and in much the same degree, _without regard to relationships_, so that we find in the narrow part of the continent, where the largest number found refuge from the cold, many different stocks in almost parallel stages of culture. There were no isolated “areas of characterisation” as in the latitudinally broader lands of the Eastern Hemisphere, though in some cases there were slight barriers tending to produce or maintain slight variations. The long longitudinal chain of the Sierra Nevada abounding in glaciers to a late date, and to a less extent that of the Rocky Mountains, brought about a partial isolation of the stocks in the great north-and-south migrations, maintaining previous differences and originating others, so that now we distinguish differences between what is called the Atlantic and what is called the Pacific group, while they are yet practically the same.[2] The tribes farthest advanced at the beginning of the isolation on this continent would not necessarily continue at the front of progress, for a change of conditions that might cripple such tribes might at the same time be beneficial to others previously inferior. For instance, as the heat gradually returned, the highly developed lowland tribes began to find themselves at a disadvantage, which grew with the intensity of the heat, while others, inured to harsher conditions, found warmth stimulating, and they began to develop germs received from the superior but now declining stocks. “The American Indians,” says Brinton, “cannot bear the heat of the tropics even as well as the European.” The heat, which at first seems to have been intense in the daytime, then caused a decline of the highest stocks, and a corresponding progression of lower stocks existing on, or migrating to, higher levels. The Yucatec tribes declined, while the Nahuatls, at higher altitudes, began to develop. The finest monuments of North American antiquity, for these reasons, are generally found on comparatively low levels and below a certain latitude, where conditions during the greatest cold were most favourable; conditions that may have continued fairly favourable down to within, say, a thousand years.

Long before the dawn of the Columbian era, therefore, the Amerind peoples had become, through the influences indicated, a world-race by themselves, existing in various stages of the same general culture, and with a rising and a declining of tribes and stocks directed by environment and circumstances. The great stocks surviving at the beginning of the Columbian era may be approximately traced by their languages, in layers, from Panama northward, about as they expanded mainly eastward of the Sierra Nevada in response to the gradual relief from the pressure of the cold. The Yucatec tribes had held the region south of the Tehuantepec isthmus, and owing to this slight barrier, and perhaps to another barrier of a strait through the land about on the line of the proposed Nicaragua canal, had developed somewhat differently from tribes to the north, and may also have preserved more of their original character. Thence stretching north far into the United States was the great composite Shoshone, or Uto-Aztecan family, in all its variations, with what appears to be an “island” of Athapascans or Boreal men preserved in its midst by glacial conditions lingering in the high regions near the Mexico-United States line; then follows the Siouan; then the widespread Algonquian stock; next the Athapascan; and finally the Eskimauan, which had always been held against the edge of the glaciers by the back pressure of the southern stocks, and being most remote was less affected by filtration from the development centre, and thus remains to-day a more differentiated stock than any other.[3] The western arm of these stocks was generally farther north than the eastern because the climate was and is milder in the west, the trend of the ice front being now, and apparently always having been, N.W. to S.E. Distribution of skill in pottery follows about the same lines, “petering” out with stocks farthest from the Yucatec centre. The Algonquins crowded the Athapascans off to the N.W., and together they crowded the Eskimo to the limits of human subsistence. In California many stocks found refuge in a climate kept comparatively mild by the ocean currents, where they secured subsistence on fish, and went no farther south. Along the Gulf coast were other tribes resting somewhat aside from the great continental ebb and flow, while in Florida and in the islands of the Caribbean region there was sufficient separation to produce a slight differentiation from the surging continental stocks. Remnants of other stocks were scattered here and there through the regions below the glaciated area. Mingled with all these developments there were probably certain traits and “tinges” derived from earlier ancestry, and these, with the similarity of development of all races under like conditions prevailing wherever human beings can live, fully account for resemblances to other-world tribes and peoples that have caused so much speculation.

There has been an error, I believe, in considering the glacial period as of the remote past. It does not seem to have yet closed. It influences our climate now, and probably a thousand years ago its meteorological effects were marked as far south as Yucatan. The glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere everywhere appear to be slowly disappearing, and not so slowly either, if the Muir can be taken as a gauge, for it has been for twenty years receding at the rate of 500 feet per annum, and probably at the same rate before that. However this may be, it is probably less than 5000 years since the ice front was at Lake Erie. Eminent geologists have estimated it at less than 7000, based on the erosion at Niagara; but as the erosion immediately following the disappearance of the ice is extremely rapid, it seems safe to cut down the estimate. The subtleties of meteorology are far from being understood also, and the theories as to the causes of the cold seem mere guesses. Considerable heat there must have been during the glacial period, or there would have been no glaciers.

On the theory of the ethnic unity of the Amerind people, I have briefly brought together in chapters notes on their chief habits, products, languages, etc., so that the reader may be able to compare. In collecting material that is now obtainable, but which will shortly be gone forever, much remains to be done, and to be done quickly. If this book helps to arouse a deeper public interest in the gathering of this material, and in the general study of the subject, I shall feel it needs no apology.

+F. S. Dellenbaugh+

+New York+, January 31, 1900.

Average height, 15 inches. This is a complete series preserved
in the order in which they were found. The usual number of these
urns in a series was five. Nothing was put in them and they were
not placed inside the burial chambers but in front of the door, on
the roof, fastened into the façade, or in niches over the door.
See _Funeral Urns from Oaxaca_, Marshall H. Saville, _American
Museum Journal_, vol. iv. pp. 49–60, and _Explorations in Zapotecan
Tombs_; same author, _American Anthropologist_, N. S., vol. i.
April, 1899.
]

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

+Preface+ iii

I—+Introductory+ 1

II—+Languages and Dialects+ 17

III—+Picture Writing, Sign-Language, Wampum, Cupped-Stones+ 39

IV—+The Mexican and Central-American Writing, Inscriptions,
and Books+ 68

V—+Basketry and Pottery+ 88

VI—+Weaving and Costume+ 123

VII—+Carving, Modelling, and Sculpture+ 161

VIII—+Shelters, Dwellings, and Architecture+ 194

IX—+Weapons, Armour, Implements, and Transportation+ 248

X—+Mining, Metallurgy, and Science+ 285

XI—+Musical Instruments, Music, Amusements, and Games+ 308

XII—+Works and Agriculture+ 332

XIII—+Customs and Ceremonies+ 352

XIV—+Myths, Traditions, and Legends+ 390

XV—+Organisation and Government+ 410

XVI—+Origin, Migrations, and History+ 428

+Appendix—Containing a List of North-American Stocks,
Sub-Stocks, and Tribes+ 461

NOTE

Particular attention is called to the appendix by means of which
the linguistic stock to which a tribe belongs may be readily
found. First refer to the _list of tribes_ where the abbreviation
following the tribal name, will indicate the family or stock to
which that tribe belongs in the _list of stocks_. Example: “Navajo.
_Ath._” refers to “_Ath._ +Athapascan+,” in the stock list,
Athapascan being the linguistic family to which the Navajo belong.
The geographical range of the stock follows.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

+Teocalli of the Sun, Palenque, Yucatan+ Frontispiece

+Moki Drawings of Stars+ iii

+Moki Drawings of the Sun+ ix

† +Gargoyle—Serpent Head+ 1
[From débris of temple, Copan]

* +South Portion of the Tewa Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico.
Adobé Construction+ 3

† +Seated Figure Carved in Trachyte+ 5
[From débris of hieroglyphic steps, Copan. Slightly larger
than life size]

* +Kicking Bear, Sioux+ 7

+A Corner of a Mitla Ruin, Mexico+ 9
[From Bandelier’s _Archæological Tour_, published by the
Archæological Institute of America]

† +Sculpture from Terrace East of the Great Plaza, Copan+ 11

* +A Kieskabi, or Covered Passage, at Walpi, Arizona+ 13

* +Moki Mask of Pawikkatcina+ 15

† +Specimen of Sculpture on Hieroglyphic Stairway, Copan+ 16

* +Eskimo Jade Adze+ 17
[Drawn by Mary Wright Gill]

† +“Singing-Girl” Sculptured in Trachyte+ 19
[From débris of Temple 22, Copan. Slightly larger than life]

* +Terra-Cotta Stool, Chiriqui+ 20

+Altar Q, Copan, Honduras+ 21
[From photograph by M. H. Saville. American Museum]

+South-West Corner of the Temple of Xochicalco, State of Morelos,
Mexico+ 23
[Photographed by M. H. Saville for the American Museum of.
Natural History]

* +Polished Black Ware, Santa Clara, New Mexico+ 27

+Eastern Façade of the Temple of Xochicalco, State of
Morelos, Mexico+ 31
[Photographed by M. H. Saville for the American Museum of
Natural History]

+Amerind Linguistic Map of North America+ 33
[After the one prepared by the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology]

* +Fac-Simile of a Cherokee Manuscript+ 35

[Written in Sequoyah’s Syllabary]

* +Petroglyphs near Wrangell, Alaska, probably Tlinkit+ 37

* +Human Forms, Moki+ 38

* +Omaha War Club+ 39

* +Painted Petroglyphs, Santa Barbara County, California+ 40

* +Petroglyphs in Brown’s Cave, Wisconsin+ 41

* +Painted Petroglyphs, Southern Utah+ 42

* +Petroglyph at Millsboro, Pennsylvania+ 43

* +Petroglyphs in Georgia+ 44

+Runic Inscription on Stone Found at Igalikko, Greenland+ 45

* +Dighton Rock, Massachusetts+ 45

+Illustration of the “Walam Olum” of the Lenapé+ 46
[From Brinton]

+Katcinas in the Somaikoli Ceremony, Cichumovi, Arizona,
November, 1884+ 47
[Photograph by the Author]

* +Killed Two Arikarees+ 48

* +Petroglyphs on Paint Rock, North Carolina+ 49

+Landa’s Maya Alphabet, after Brasseur+ 50
[From Bancroft’s _Native Races_]

* +Fac-Simile of the Lord’s Prayer in Micmac Hieroglyphs+ 51

[From Le Clercq]

* +Sequoyah’s Cherokee Syllabary+ 52

* +Lean Wolf’s Map, Hidatsa+ 54

* +The “Penn” Wampum Belt+; * +Strings of Wampum+ 55

* +Orca or Killer-Whale Decoration, Haida+ 56

* +Haida Tattooing+ 57

* +Eskimo Drawing—“The Man in the Moon Comes Down”+ 58

* +Eskimo Picture-Writing+ 59

* +Specimens of the Dakota Winter Counts+ 60

* +Killing a Bison+ 61

* +Shell Disc, Tennessee+ 62

* +Shell Gorget, Tennessee+ 64
[Actual size]

+Cup Markings+ 65

* +Cup from Chiriqui+ 67

* +Terra-Cotta from Chiriqui+ 68

+Page from an Aztec Book+ 70
[From a copy in the possession of M. H. Saville]

+Mexican Writing of Name of Montezuma+ 71
[From Brinton]

* +Part of Plate 65, Dresden Codex+ 72
[Maya]

† +Vase from Labna, Yucatan, with Peculiar Markings+ 74

* +Convex Discoidal Stone, North Carolina+ 75

† +Female Head in Trachyte+ 79

+Usual Type of Sculptured “Yokes,” Central America+ 81

[Field Columbian Museum]

+A Suggestion of the possible Scheme of Maya Numerals. Wholly
Tentative+ 86
[From drawing by the Author]

* +Omaha Calumet+ 87

* +Omaha War Club+ 88

* +North-West Coast Feather Ornamentation on Baskets+ 89

* +Eskimo Bag-Basket+ 89

* +Moki Wicker Water-Jug+ 89

* +Havasupai Clay-Lined Roasting Tray+ 90

* +Iroquois Birchbark Vessel+; * +North-West Coast Basket+ 91

* +McCloud River Basket, California+ 92

* +Moki Food Basket+; * +Klamath Basket+ 93

* +Moki Food Tray+; * +Moki Floor Mat+ 95

* +Eskimo Whalebone Dish+; * +Clallam Basket, Washington+ 96

* +Amerind Wicker-Work—Apache Basket; Pai Ute Water-Jug;
Moki Food Tray; Klamath Basket+ 97

* +Modelling an Olla at Hano+ 100
[Photograph by the Author]

* +Clay Nucleus+ 100

* +Method of Building up Coil+ 100

* +Ware from Moki Region, Arizona+ 102

* +Cup from Arizona+ 103

* +Vase from Arkansas, Showing Lines Made with a Sharp
Point before Firing+ 103

* +Bottle-Shaped Vase, Arkansas+ 105

* +Earthenware Burial Casket, Tennessee+ 106

* +Death-Mask Vase, Tennessee+ 107

* +Fluted Vase, Arkansas+ 109

* +Impression of Parts of Basket Mould on Pottery+ 109

* +Vase from Chiriqui. Decorated in Black, Red, and Purple+ 111

+An Ancient Figure of Terra Cotta from the Valley of Mexico+ 113
[From photograph by American Museum of Natural History]

* +Coil Indented for Decoration+ 114

+Zapotecan Terra-Cotta Funeral Urns Found on Cement Floor in
Front of Tomb 1, Mound 7, Xoxo, Oaxaca, Mexico+ 115
[Photographed by M. H. Saville for the American Museum of
Natural History]

* +Pot Showing Diagonal Grooves across the Lines of the Coil
Made by the Hand in Smoothing up. Mancos Canyon, Colorado+ 116

+Zapotecan Terra-Cotta Tubing Found Leading down into a Field
from the Centre of Mound 7, Xoxo, Oaxaca, Mexico+ 117
[Photographed by M. H. Saville for the American Museum of
Natural History]

* +Pueblo Pot. Pattern Produced by Obliterating Pinch Marks+ 118

* +Pinch-Marked Coil+ 119

* +Engraved Ware, Arkansas+ 120

* +Engraved Ware, Arkansas+ 121

+Black Cup, Chiriqui+ 122

* +Woven Moccasin from Kentucky Cave+ 123

* +Menominee Beaded Garters+ 125

* +Navajo Woman at the Loom+ 127

+Part of the Somaikoli Ceremony at Cichumovi, November, 1884,
Showing a Sacred Blanket on Figure in Foreground+ 129
[From photograph by the Author]

* +Details of Navajo Loom Construction+ 131

* +A Puebloan of San Juan, New Mexico+ 135

* +Method of Making Feather-Work+ 137

* +Chilkat Ceremonial Shirt+ 139

* +Chilkat Ceremonial Blanket+ 142

* +Moki Wall Decoration. Pink on a White Ground. Mishongnuvi,
Arizona+ 144

* +Bellacoolas+ 145

* +Top View of Conical North-West Coast Hat+ 146

+Wonsivu, a Pai Ute Girl+ 147
[Posed by Thomas Moran]

+A Navajo Leader in Native Costume+ 148
[Figure from photograph by the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology]

* +Interior of a Moki House, Arizona+ 149

* +Pueblo Head Mat+ 151

* +Navajos+ 152

* +Seminole Man’s and Woman’s Costume+ 154

* +Ear-Perforating and Hair-Dressing of Seminoles+ 155

* +The Ghost-Shirt, Simple Form+ 157

* +Eskimo Boots+ 158
[Drawn by Mary Wright Gill]

* +Rain Hat, Haida+ 160

* +Toucan of Squier and Davis, Really a Crow+ 161

+Deserted Village near Cape Fox, Alaska+ 162
[Photographed by the Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1899]

+Interior House-Column+ 162
[Sketch by Author from post at Cape Fox Village, Alaska]

+Major Part of Interior House-Post from Cape Fox Village, S. E.
Alaska+ 163

+Totem Pole with Bear on the Top, Wrangell+ 164
[Sketch by the Author]

* +Terra-Cotta Statuette, Chiriqui+ 165

* +The Bear-Mother, Haida, N. W. Coast+ 165

* +Wooden Masks, N. W. Coast+ 166

* +Kwakiutl Carving, N. W. Coast+ 167

* +Eskimo Carved Ivory Drum-Handles+ 168

* +Specimen of Moundbuilder Sculptural Skill with Human Figure+ 170

* +Stone Pipe from North Carolina Mound+ 171

* +So-Called Elephant Pipe, Iowa+ 172

* +Toucan of Squier and Davis, possibly Meant for a Young
Eagle+ 172

* +Tripod Vase, Chiriqui. Legs Modelled to Imitate Fish+ 173

* +Shell Gorget, Missouri+ 175

* +Bird-Shaped Earthen Bowl, Arkansas+ 176

* +Shell Mask, Virginia+ 177

+Moki Sculptural Skill with the Human Figure+ 178

+The Alosaka (Moki)+ 179
[After drawing by A. M. Stephen]

* +Sculptural Art of Chiriqui+ 179

* +Shell Gorget, Tennessee+ 180

+The Aztec “Calendar” Stone+ 182
[From Bandelier’s _Archæological Tour_]

+Aztec Sculpture, the Indio Triste+ 183
[From Bandelier’s _Archæological Tour_]

+Sanctuary Tablet Temple (Teocalli) of the Sun, Palenque+ 185
[Field Columbian Museum]

† +“Altar” in Front of Stela D, Copan+ 186

† +Stela No. 6, Copan; Back of Stela No. 6+ 187

* +Puma-Shaped Stool of Grey Andesite, Chiriqui+ 188

† +Head Sculptured in Stone. Chultunes of Labna, Yucatan+ 189

+Large Built-up Head at Izamal+ 191
[From Stephens]

* +Stool of Grey Basalt, Chiriqui+ 192

* +Copper Bell from Tennessee+ 193

* +Pueblo Mealing Stones+ 194

+Pai Ute Wikiups, Northern Arizona+ 195
[From photograph by Colorado River Expedition, 1872]

* +Moki Kisi Construction+ 196

* +Primitive Amerind Ladders+ 197

* +A Navajo House+ 198

* +A Sweat House+ 199

* +An Omaha Tipi+ 201

* +A Seminole Dwelling+ 203

* +Mississippi Valley Method of Using Jacal Construction,
according to Thomas+ 206

* +Cliff Outlook, Canyon del Muerto, Arizona+ 207

+Hall of Columns, Mitla+ 209
[Field Columbian Museum]

+Transverse Section (somewhat Generalised) Showing Construction
of Palenque Buildings, Yucatan+ 210
[Field Columbian Museum]

* +Some Details of Pueblo House Architecture—A Triangular
Sipapu or Sacred Kiva Orifice; Moki Doorway with Transom;.
Pueblo Roof Construction; Some Moki Roof Drains+ 211

* +Moki Notched Doorway, so Made that Large Bundles could be
Taken in+ 213

+A Zuñi Chimney, Moki the Same+ 215

+One Form of Moki Chimney Hood+ 215

* +Ground Plan of Eskimo Snow Iglu+ 217

* +Section of Snow Iglu+ 218

* +An Alaska Eskimo Winter House, Point Barrow+ 219

* +Interior Ground Plan of a Moki House+ 220

* +An Alaska Eskimo Winter House of Wood and Earth, Point
Barrow+ 221

* +Interior of Wood and Earth Iglu+ 221

* +Stone Steps at Oraibi+ 222

* +Cliff-Dwelling, Eastern Cove of Mummy Cave, Canyon de
Chelly, Arizona+ 223

+Houses in Walpi, One of the Moki Towns, Arizona+ 224
[Photograph by U. S. Geological Survey]

* +General View of a Group of Cavate Lodges, Arizona+ 225

* +Plan and Sections of a Cavate Lodge+ 227

* +Diagram Showing Pocket at Back of some Cavate Lodges+ 228

‡ +Theoretic Roof Construction of Mitla+ 230

* +Ground Plan of a Kiva and Ceiling Plan of Another+ 231

+Chaco Ruins Masonry; Chaco Ruins, Ground Plans+ 232
[From _Report_ of Hayden Expedition]

* +Ruin Called Casa Grande, Arizona+ 233

‡ +Transverse Section of an Ordinary Yucatec Building+ 235

‡ +Forms of the Maya Corbel Vault+ 237

‡ +Ground Plans of Yucatec Buildings+ 238

¶ +Kwakiutl House Front+ 239

¶ +North-West Coast Houses and Totem Poles+ 241

‡ +Ruin of East Façade and Iglesia, “Palace,” Chichen-Itza,
Yucatan+ 243

¶ +Elevation of Kwakiutl House+ 244

* +View in the Moki Town of Mishongnavi, Arizona+ 245

* +Eskimo Horn Dipper+ 247

[Drawn by Mary Wright Gill]

* +Horn Arrow Straightener+ 248

* +Modern Iron Arrow-Heads of the Omahas+ 248

* +Forms of the Bow+ 249

+Pai Ute Palm-Drill+ 250
[Drawn by the Author]

¶ +The Palm-Drill (Fire-Making); The Pump-Drill (Fire-Making)+ 251

* +Eskimo String-Drill (For Fire-Making with Mouthpiece)+ 251

* +Pueblo Pump-Drill (For Boring)+ 251

* +Drill-Point of Chipped Flint+ 251

¶ +Set of Fire-Making Tools, Bristol Bay Eskimo, Alaska+ 253

* +Eskimo Bow-Drill+ 254

¶ +Modern Rod Armour of the Klamaths, Oregon+ 255

¶ +Hupa Rod Armour, California+ 255

¶ +Eskimo Plate Armour, Diomede Island, Bering Strait+ 257

¶ +Tlinkit Skin Armour, Alaska+ 258

¶ +Prehistoric Aleutian Rod Armour+ 259

* +Chipped Flint; Chipped Flint Blunt Arrow-Head, Georgia;
Chipped Flint Implement, Tennessee; Specimen “Cores,” or
Blocks of Flint; Specimen of Chipped Flint Discs, called
“Turtleback,” Mississippi Valley; Grooved Stone Axe,
Tennessee (Ground)+ 261
[Drawn by Mary Wright Gill]

* +Diagram Explaining Terms to be Used in Describing Stone
Weapons+ 263

¶ +Tlinkit Slat-and-Rod Armour, Alaska, Front View+ 265

* +Apache War-Bonnet+ 266
[Drawn by Mary Wright Gill]

* +Eskimo Throwing-Boards for Darts+ 268

* +Eskimo Bird Bolas+ 268

* +Amerindian Knives+ 269

* +Moki Throwing-Stick, or Putchkohu; Pueblo Planting Stick;
Zuñi Wooden Spade+ 270

+A Moki Throwing the Putchkohu+ 271
[From a drawing by the Author]

* +Shell Spoon, Mississippi Valley+ 273

* +Pueblo Mountain Sheep-Horn Spoon+ 274

* +Menominee Wooden Mortar and Pestle+ 274

* +Stone House-Lamp, Point Barrow, Alaska+ 275

* +Eskimo Sledges+ 277

* +Central Eskimo Dog Harness+ 278

¶ +Enclosed Canadian Toboggan or Travelling Sled+ 279

* +Eskimo Snow-Shoe, Point Barrow, Alaska+ 280

¶ +Canoes of the North-West Coast+ 281

* +Umiak of the Central Eskimo+ 282

* +Eskimo Kayaks+ 283

* +Method of Attaching Oars to Umiak+ 284

* +Method of Tying Frame of Kayak+ 284

* +Thin Plate of Copper Wrought by Repoussé Method, Illinois
Mound+ 285

* +Amerindian Method of Mining Steatite for Utensils+ 287

* +Chipped Spade+ 289
[Drawn by Mary Wright Gill]

* +Eskimo Stone Maul+ 290
[Drawn by Mary Wright Gill]

* +Small Figure of Frog in Base Metal, Plated with Gold,
Chiriqui+ 292

+Coppers from the North-West Coast; Painted Design in Black
Representing a Sea Monster with Bear’s Head; Painted Design
Representing a Hawk+ 293
[U. S. National Museum]

* +Hollow Silver Beads of Navajo Make, Arizona+ 294

* +Navajo Silver Work, Arizona; Engraved Button; Bracelet+ 295

¶ +Kwakiutl Chief Holding his Copper, North-West Coast+ 297

* +Triple Bell or Rattle of Gold from near Panama+ 302

* +Bronze Mexican Bell+ 302

* +Bronze Bells, Plated or Washed with Gold, Chiriqui+ 304

* +Small Metal Figure, Chiriqui+ 306

* +Silver Plate with Spanish Coat of Arms+ 307

* +Moki Rattle of Animal Hoofs+ 308

* +Amerindian Rattles; Gourd, ; Earthenware Rattlee from
Chiriqui; Tin, Ojibwa+ 309

* +Omaha Large Flute+ 310

* +Drum of Terra-Cotta, Chiriqui+ 312

* +Menominee Tambourine Drum+ 313

* +Omaha Box Drum+ 314

¶ +Set of Playing Sticks+ 315

* +Pueblo Rattles—Turtle Shell with Hoofs of Goats or Sheep,
Fastened to the Rear of the Right Leg near the Knee in
Dancing; Painted Gourd with Wood Handle+ 317

* +Zuñi Dance Ornament+; * +Moki Notched Stick+; ¶ +Kwakiutl
Double Whistle, with Four Voices+ 319

¶ +The Awl Game+ 320

¶ +Amerind Gambling Tools—Set of Bone Dice, Arapaho; Set of
Counting Sticks, Blackfeet; Set of Plum Stones, Arikaree+ 322

* +Terra-Cotta Rattle from Chiriqui+ 325

* +Cat-Shaped Whistle of Terra-Cotta, Chiriqui+ 327

¶ +Mandan Game of Tchungkee+ 328

* +Double Whistle in Terra-Cotta from Chiriqui+ 330

¶ +Set of Staves for Game+ 331

* +“Banner-Stone,” Tennessee+ 332

* +So-Called Elephant Mound, Wisconsin+ 334

* +Ancient Fabric Design, from Impression on Pottery, Utah+ 335

* +Ancient Fabric, Preserved by Copper Celt, Iowa+ 336

* +Large Mound of the Etowah Group, Georgia+ 337

+A Votive Adz of Jadite from Mexico, Showing Front and Side+ 339
[American Museum, Kunz Collection]

+Back of Votive Adz+ 341
[American Museum]

* +Patterns of Ancient Fabrics from Pottery; from New York;
from Illinois; from Tennessee+ 344

* +Eskimo Mechanical Toy+ 345

¶ +Máhtotóhpa (The Four Bears), a Mandan Chief+ 347

+An Onyx Jar from Mexico in Process of Manufacture+ 349
[American Museum]

¶ +Wooden Food Bowl, Haida+ 351

* +Dancing Mask of the Makahs, Washington+ 352

¶ +Moki Wicker Cradle with Awning; Carrying Basket of the
Arikarees+ 353

¶ +Tlinkit Man and Woman Thirty Years Ago, or about 1870+ 355

+A Pawnee in Battle Array+ 357
[Photographed by J. K. Hillers, U. S. Geological Survey]

¶ +The Kwakiutl Wolf Dance, called Wālasaxa, North-West Coast+ 359

¶ +Ute Woman Carrying Child+ 361

¶ +Keokuk, a Sauk Chief+ 362

¶ +Shrine of the War-Gods, Twin Mountain, Pueblo of Zuñi, New
Mexico+ 365

¶ +A Costume of a Hāmatsa in the Kwakiutl Cannibalistic
Ceremony, where Slaves and Corpses were Formerly Devoured+ 367

¶ +Mexican Operating the Palm Drill for Fire+ 368

¶ +Zuñi Woman Carrying Water+ 369

¶ +Ute Cradle, Frame of Rods Covered with Buckskin+ 372

¶ +Eskimo Woman of Point Barrow Carrying Child+; * +Apache
Woman Carrying Child+ 374

* +Moki “Snake dance” at Walpi+ 376

* +Amerindian Picture-Writing+ 377

* +Beginning of the Moki “Snake Dance” at Walpi+ 378

¶ +Horned Rattlesnake, Crotalus Cerastes+ 380

¶ +The Okeepa Ceremony of the Mandans, Lasting Four Days+ 382

* +The Sacred Pole of the Omaha+ 383

+Cruciform Stone Tomb, Oaxaca+ 384
[American Museum]

+Ground Plan of Cruciform Tomb, Oaxaca+ 385

* +Amerindian Art+ 387

+Moki Earthen Canteen, Arizona+ 388

¶ +Modern Laced Sandal of Leather from Colima, Mexico+ 389

* +Eskimo Pipe with Stone Bowl+ 390

+Teocalli (Temple) of Tepoztlan, State of Morelos, Mexico+ 391

[Monumental Records]

¶ +Kwakiutl Wood-Carving of the Sīsul North-West Coast+ 392

¶ +Rushing Eagle, 1872+ 394

* +Fine Cloth Preserved by Copper Beads+ 395

* +Ancient Fabric-Marked Potsherds, with Clay Casts by Holmes+ 398

¶ +Ehtohkpahshepeeshah, the Black Moccasin, Chief of the
Minatarees, over One Hundred Years Old+ 400

+Lacandon (Mayan) Amerind from Chocolhao, Yucatan+ 402
[Photographed by M. H. Saville]

+One of the Buildings of the Palenque Group+ 404
[Photographed by M. H. Saville]

¶ +Costume Worn in the Kwakiutl Festivals, called Laōlaxa,
North-West Coast+ 406

+God-Houses of the Huichols at Teakáta, near Santa Catarina,
State of Jalisco, Mexico+ 409
[American Museum]

* +Eskimo Mask of Wood, Prince William Sound, Alaska+ 410

+Plenty-Horses, a Cheyenne+ 413

[U. S. Geological Survey]

¶ +North-West Coast Basketry Hats+ 415

¶ +North-West Coast Mortuary and Commemorative Columns+ 417

¶ +Ancient Puebloan Moccasins of Fibre, Arizona+ 422

¶ +Chimmesyan Head-dress Representing the White Owl+ 426

¶ +Wooden “Seal” Dish, Haida+ 428

+Tlinkit Summer Camp+ 429
[Photographed by the Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1899]

+Eskimo Summer Camp, Port Clarence+ 431
[Photographed by the Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1899]

* +Wooden Snow Goggles of the Central Eskimo+ 433

+Principal Known Ruins of Central America+ 436
[American Museum]

* +Necklace of Dried Human Fingers Obtained on Battlefield of
Wounded Knee by Captain Bourke+ 437

+Principal Known Ruins of Mexico+ 438
[American Museum]

+Probable Aspect of Alaska Summer Landscape some Six Hundred
Years Ago+ 440
[Harriman Alaska Expedition, 1899]

* +A Puebloan Warrior of Nambé, New Mexico, in Battle Array+ 442

¶ +Apache Woman Carrying Water in a Wicker Bottle+ 444

+Group of Eskimo, Port Clarence, Alaska+ 446

[Photographed by the Harriman Expedition, 1899]

* +Shell Spider Gorgets+ 447

¶ +Black Hawk+ 448

+Portion of the So-Called “Palace” of Labna, Yucatan+ 450
[American Museum]

+Musical Bow of the Southern Tepehuanes and the Aztecs,
Mexico+ 451

[American Museum]
¶ +General Type of Chimmesyan, Haida, and Tlinkit Chief’s
Costume, North-West Coast+ 452

* +Perforated Discoidal Stone, Illinois+ 453

+Hobobo, the Fire Katcina, in the Somaikoli Ceremony, Cichumovi,
1884+ 454
[From a drawing by the author]

+Circle of Dancers in the Intervals between the Appearances of
the Various Katcinas in the Moki Somaikoli Ceremony,
Cichumovi, Arizona, 1884+ 455
[Photographed by the author]

+Front of the House of Columns, Mitla, Oaxaca+ 457
[American Museum]

+A Costumed Human Figure from Tampico, Washington+ 459

+Entrance of a Tomb at Culapa, Mexico+ 460

* +Stick Used in the Awl Game+ 461

¶ +Wooden Seal-Dish, Haida, North-West Coast+ 478

¶ +The Swastika+ 488

* U. S. Bureau of Ethnology.

† Peabody Museum.

‡ Field Columbian Museum.

¶ U. S. National Museum.

NOTE

The cover, designed and drawn by the author, has for its central feature a sketch of a stone animal head removed from one of the buildings at Copan and brought to the Peabody Museum by Saville. The sacred butterfly of the Mokis fills the four corners of the space around this, and above and below an arrangement of Puebloan scrollwork completes the composition. On the back is a figure representing the terra-cotta statue shown more exactly on page 113, with a further arrangement of scrollwork and some minor Moki symbols.

THE NORTH-AMERICANS OF
YESTERDAY

Height: 2 feet 3¾ inches. Shows traces of four colours: white,
yellow, red, and blue

Marshall H. Saville
]

From débris of temple, Copan]

THE
NORTH-AMERICANS OF YESTERDAY