Chapter V: ) (2)

By propagating by seed, new and excellent varieties are
raised. Sow the seeds in April or May, and in a slight hot-bed
or in a greenhouse. Also propagated by layering, which
should be done at the end of July or the beginning of August.
The shoots selected should be denuded of a few of their leaves
at the base of the young wood, and a slit must be made from
this point upwards, extending through a joint of the bare
stem, so that a tongue is formed.

Increased also by cuttings. It is necessary to have a slight
bottom heat, and on it put four or five inches of light soil,
covered with clean sand. The cuttings must be long enough
to have a tolerably firm base, and they must either be taken
with a heel or cut off at a joint, and firmly inserted in the
soil. This is the ordinary method. See Fig. 52, _b_.

=Carob=, Algaroba, or St. John's Bread (_Ceratonia siliqua_).
_Leguminosæ._

Stocks are obtained by seeds. The seeds are often treated
to scalding water before sowing, in the same manner as locust
seeds. Varieties are grafted or budded on the seedlings,
or they may be multiplied by means of hard-wood cuttings
in frames.

=Carpinus= (Hornbeam). _Cupuliferæ._

Increased by seeds, which vegetate irregularly. Varieties
propagated by budding or grafting.

=Carpodinus.= _Apocynaceæ._

Propagated easily from cuttings of half-ripened shoots.

=Carrion Flower.= See Stapelia.

=Carthamus= (Safflower). _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds sown in a gentle heat in spring.

=Carya.= See Hicoria.

=Caryocar=, Rhizobolus (Butternut). _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings, which will root in sand
in heat.

=Caryophyllus= (Clove-tree). _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of firm shoots with the leaves left
on. These will root if planted in sand in a moist heat.

=Caryopteris.= _Verbenaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings.

=Caryota.= _Palmæ._

Increased easily by seeds or by suckers.

=Cashew.= See Anacardium.

=Casimiroa.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased readily by seeds.

=Cassandra= (Leather Leaf). _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by seeds very carefully sown, or by layers.

=Cassava= (_Manihot Aipe_). _Euphorbiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the stem and by suckers. Cut
the large main stalks into pieces from four to six inches long
and set them perpendicularly into the ground in the field.
The cuttings can be struck at various times, but spring is usually
preferred. The stalks can be kept over winter by covering
with sand on a dry knoll, placing the stalks and sand
in layers. Cover the whole with boards to shed the water.
Suckers which appear during summer can be removed and
planted or made into cuttings.

=Cassia.= _Leguminosæ._

Annuals and biennials by seeds, which must be sown in
spring, in a gentle heat. The shrubby species by cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, which will root in heat at about the same
time of the year. _C. Marylandica_ also by division.

=Cassine.= _Celastrineæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings, which will readily strike root
if planted in a pot of sand with glass over them.

=Cassinia.= _Compositæ._

Annuals by seeds. The herbaceous and shrubby kinds
are increased in spring by dividing the roots, or by cuttings
of half-ripened shoots placed in sand.

=Castalia.= See Nymphæa.

=Castor Bean.= See Ricinus.

=Casuarina= (Beefwood). _Casuarineæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings made of half-ripened
shoots, placed in sand under glass.

=Catalpa.= _Bignoniaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings made of the ripe wood.
The named varieties and _C. Bungei_ are propagated by soft
cuttings in June and July. Grafts are also used.

=Catananche.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in spring. Also
by division.

=Catchfly.= See Silene.

=Catesbæa= (Lily Thorn). _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings planted in sand in spring, and
plunged in heat.

=Catmint.= See Nepeta.

=Catnip= or =Catmint= (_Nepeta Cataria_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds. Division.

=Cat's Tail.= See Typha.

=Cattleya.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by the pseudo-bulbs. (See under Orchids.)

=Cauliflower.= See Cabbage.

=Caulophyllum.= _Berberideæ._

Propagated by divisions of the roots, made in early spring
or after flowering. Also by seeds.

=Ceanothus.= _Rhamneæ._

Increased by layers, which is the readiest way of obtaining
strong plants, or by cuttings, which should be inserted
in a cold-frame.

=Cecropia= (Snake Wood). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots. Place in sandy
peat in a moist bottom heat.

=Cedar.= See Cedrus.

=Cedrela= (Bastard Cedar). _Miliaceæ._

Increased by large ripened cuttings, placed in sand, in
heat.

=Cedronella.= _Labiatæ._

The herbaceous species by division of the roots or by cuttings
of young wood. _C. triphylla_ by cuttings.

=Cedrus= (Cedar). _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds, which are difficult to extract from the
cones. Gather the cones in spring, and sow the seeds immediately
in pans. Varieties are propagated by veneer grafts.

=Celastrus= (Staff-tree, Bitter-sweet). _Celastrineæ._

Propagated by seeds and suckers, also by layering the
hardy species in autumn. Ripened cuttings will root freely
in a compost of loam, peat and sand.

=Celery= (_Apium graveolens_). _Umbelliferæ._

By seeds, as described on page 12; or, for the early crop,
sow under glass, as in a hot-bed.

=Celosia= (Cockscomb). _Amarantaceæ._

Propagated by seed sown in spring, in pans of well-drained,
rich, sandy soil or in the open.

=Celsia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Increased by seeds, which may be sown in the open border
and thinned out for flowering, or raised in nursery beds
and transplanted. _C. Arcturus_ should be increased by cuttings,
the young wood striking freely in a cool house or
frame.

=Celtis= (Nettle-tree). _Urticaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe.
By layers, and by cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn.

=Centaurea.= _Compositæ._

Annuals by seeds, which may be sown in the open border.
To propagate _C. Cineraria_, and some others sow seeds in
August in slight heat, or make cuttings about the beginning
of September.

=Centranthus.= _Valerianeæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring.

=Centronia.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which
should be inserted in peat and sand, under glass.

=Centropogon.= _Campanulaceæ._

Increased by seeds, by divisions and by cuttings from any
young shoots three or four inches long. Take off with a
heel and place in sharp sandy soil, close around the edge of
the pot, and then keep close under a propagating-box, in a
temperature ranging between 60° and 70°.

=Cephælis.= _Rubiaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of firm young shoots, which will root
well in sandy soil under a hand-glass, in moist stove heat.

=Cephalanthus= (Button-wood). _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated by layers or ripened cuttings in autumn.

=Cephalotus.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by divisions before new growth
commences. Also by offsets.

=Cerastium.= _Caryophylleæ._

Propagated by seeds and divisions, or by cuttings inserted
in the open ground in a shady place, after flowering.

=Ceratiola.= _Empetraceæ._

Increased by seeds and by cuttings, which should be placed
in sandy soil under glass.

=Ceratonia= (Algaroba Bean, Carob Tree). _Leguminosæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings, which will root if planted
in sand under a frame.

=Ceratozamia.= _Cycadaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and sometimes by suckers and divisions;
but imported plants give most satisfaction.

=Cercidiphyllum.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by tender cuttings made during the summer,
and slightly wilted before placing in the frames.

=Cercis= (Judas-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown about the end of March on a
bed of light soil, in a gentle heat. They may also be increased
by layers, but plants raised from seeds thrive best.
It is not necessary to stratify the seeds, _C. Japonica_ is grown
from soft cuttings in early summer.

=Cereus.= See Cactus.

=Ceropegia.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by cuttings of small side shoots made in spring,
which will root in sand, in heat, with or without a glass covering.

=Cestrum=, including Habrothamnus. _Solanaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings in August, the same being potted
off as frequently as the roots reach the sides of the pots.

=Chænostoma.= _Scrophularineæ._

Increased by cuttings, which may be made in autumn and
placed in a greenhouse or cold pit during the winter.

=Chætogastra.= _Melastomaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in March, or the perennials by
cuttings in sandy peat.

=Chamæbatia.= _Rosaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which should be struck in sand in
a cold-frame.

=Chamæcyparis.= _Coniferæ._

Propagated by seeds freely, also by layers, but mainly by
cuttings put in during October. Select young side shoots
with a heel; insert in well-drained pots of sandy soil, and
place in a close cold-frame, keeping fairly moist through the
winter. In February they should be calloused, and should
be placed in gentle heat, where they will root freely.

=Chamæranthemum.= _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, which will root
in spring if planted in sand and placed in heat.

=Chamærops=, including Corypha, Taliera. _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds, or by suckers, which generally appear
in considerable quantities.

=Chard.= See Beet.

=Cheilanthes.= See Fern.

=Chelone= (Turtle Head). _Scrophularineæ._

They may be increased by means of seeds. Also by dividing
the plant during fall. Young cuttings inserted in sandy
soil in a cold-frame grow well.

=Cherry= (_Prunus Avium and P. Cerasus_). _Rosaceæ._

Cherry stocks are commonly grown from seeds. If the
ground is in readiness and is in proper condition, the seeds
may be planted in fall, or even as soon as they are ripe. If
stored until spring, they must be stratified and kept very
cool to prevent germination, and they should be sown at the
earliest possible moment. They do not need to be cracked
by hand. Care must be taken that cherry pits do not become
hard and dry. This precaution is more important with
cherries than with peaches and plums. At the close of the
first season the seedlings will be a foot or foot and a half
high, large enough to transplant into nursery rows after the
manner of apples, where they are budded the following season.
In warm climates the pits are sometimes cracked as
soon as they are gathered, and the "meats" planted immediately.
They will then make stocks fit for grafting the following
winter, or for transplanting and budding the following
summer. Cherry seeds must never be allowed to become
so dry that the meat is hard and brittle.

Cherries, in common with other stone fruits, grow readily
from root-cuttings, in the same manner as blackberries.
They do better if started over a gentle heat.

The Mazzard cherry is the stock upon which cherries are
nearly always worked. It is simply a hardy and vigorous
variety, with inferior fruit, of the common sweet cherry
(_Prunus Avium_). Seeds of this are readily procured in this
country. All varieties of cherries are worked readily upon
it. The Mahaleb cherry is used as a stock for nearly all varieties
when dwarf trees are desired. This is a distinct species,
_Prunus Mahaleb_. The seeds or stocks are usually imported.
This stock is adapted to heavy clay soils, while the
Mazzard is not. The Mahaleb is not generally used in this
country.

Morello (_Prunus Cerasus_) stocks will no doubt prove to be
valuable in the northwest, where great hardiness is demanded.
Seedlings do not sprout or sucker badly, but the natural
suckers, which are sometimes used for stocks, are likely to
be more troublesome in this respect. If strong-growing tops
are worked on Morello stocks, however, there is usually little
annoyance from suckering.

It is probable that some of the native American cherries
can be used as stocks. The common wild red, pin or bird
cherry (_Prunus Pennsylvanica_) has already been used to some
extent. The sweet and sour cherries unite readily with it,
and bear very early. It is yet to be determined how long
the trees will persist, but there are trees known which are
sixteen or eighteen years old, and which are still healthy and
vigorous. The dwarf or sand cherry (_Prunus pumila_), especially
the western form of it, gives promise as a dwarf stock.

Cherry stocks are worked both by budding and grafting.
Budding is the common method. The stocks should be fit
to work the season they are transplanted, or in the second
summer from seed. Such as are too small for working then
may be allowed to stand until the following year.

In the west, where great hardiness is required, the varieties
are crown-grafted upon Mazzard stocks in winter. Yearling
stocks are used, and the cions are from six to ten inches
long. When planted, only the top bud should be left above
ground. The cion strikes roots, and own-rooted trees are
obtained.

The ornamental cherries are worked upon the same stocks
as the fruit-bearing sorts. Mazzard is commonly used for
all species.

=Chervil= (_Chærophyllum bulbosum_ and _Scandix Cerefolium_).
_Umbelliferæ._

Seeds, sown much the same as celery seeds, but the plants
are usually allowed to stand where sown. Seed is often
sown in autumn.

=Chestnut= (_Castanea sativa_ and var. _Americana_, and _C. Japonica_).
_Cupuliferæ._

Chestnut stocks are grown from seeds. Difficulty is sometimes
experienced in keeping the seeds, as they lose their
vitality if dried too hard, and are likely to become mouldy
if allowed to remain moist. The surest way is to allow the
nuts to become well dried off or "seasoned" in the fall, and
then stratify them in a box with three or four times as much
sand as chestnuts, and bury the box a foot or two deep in
a warm soil until spring. They do not always keep well if
stored or stratified in a cellar. Fall planting exposes the
nuts to squirrels and mice. American stocks are probably
better than European.

The stocks are worked by whip-grafting above ground, the
wound being well tied and protected by waxed cloth. Care
should be taken to have the stock and cion about the same
size, in order to secure a good union. Crown-grafting, root-grafting
and budding have not been very successful in this
country upon the chestnut. The cions should be cut early,
before they begin to swell, and kept dormant until the stock
begins to push into leaf. Only vigorous stocks should be
grafted. The best results are obtained when the stocks have
recovered from transplanting, or when they are from three
to five years old. The working of chestnut stocks is far from
satisfactory in a commercial way. The union is imperfect
in many varieties, and usually no more than half the grafts
take well.

=Chicory= (_Cichorium Intybus_). Compositæ.

Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to grow.

=Chilopsis= (Desert Willow). _Bignoniaceæ._

Increased by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand under a bell-glass, in a gentle bottom heat.

=Chimonanthus.= _Calycanthaceæ._

Propagated by layering in the autumn.

=China Aster.= See Callistephus.

=Chiococca= (Snowberry). _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which strike root freely in sand
under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Chionanthus= (Fringe-tree). _Oleaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be started in a cold-frame.
By layers and cuttings. By grafting or budding it
on the common ash, it succeeds very well.

=Chionodoxa.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, which are produced freely. They
should be sown as soon as ripe. By bulbels.

=Chironia.= _Gentianeæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings inserted in sandy soil,
and placed in a gentle heat in spring.

=Chives= or =Cives= (_Allium Schœnoprasum_). _Liliaceæ._

Division of the clumps.

=Chloanthes.= _Verbenaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, which root freely
in sandy soil under glass.

=Choisya.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings.

=Chrysanthemum.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds to obtain new varieties; these should
be sown in spring. Division may be made, but this is not
often practiced. Usually propagated by cuttings of firm,
healthy, short-jointed shoots, about three inches long.
They should be made in spring, and placed near the glass
of a rather close frame having a temperature of about
45°. No bottom heat should be given. If inserted in pots,
only the lower leaf should be removed; if in beds the remaining
foliage should also be trimmed to admit air. The
soil should be made of equal parts of sand, leaf-mould and
loam, spreading a layer of sand over the top. Insert about
one-half of the cutting, press the soil firmly, and water.
Leaf cuttings have been employed. Inarching and grafting
may also be performed.

=Chrysobalanus= (Coco Plum). _Rosaceæ._

Increased by seeds when procurable. Large cuttings, however,
taken off at a joint without shortening any of their
leaves, will root readily if planted thinly in a pot of sand,
and placed in moist heat with a bell-glass over them.

=Chrysocoma= (Goldy-locks). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
placed in sand under glass.

=Chrysogonum.= _Compositæ._

Seeds. Increased by dividing the roots in spring.

=Chrysophyllum= (Star Apple). _Sapotaceæ._

Increased by seeds when procurable. By cuttings of small
well-ripened shoots, plunged in strong, moist heat.

=Chrysopsis.= _Compositæ._

Seeds. Propagated by division in spring.

=Chrysosplenium= (Golden Saxifrage). _Saxifrageæ._

Increased easily by division. Also occasionally by seeds.

=Cicca= (Otaheite Gooseberry). _Euphorbiaceæ._

Seeds. By cuttings of ripe shoots, which will root in
sand, if placed under a glass and in bottom heat.

=Cimicifuga= (Bugwort). _Ranunculaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in a cold-frame or border as soon
as ripe; or by division of the roots in spring.

=Cinchona= (Peruvian Bark). _Rubiaceæ._

Imported seeds, and cuttings taken off when ripe and planted
in a pot of sand, under glass, in a moist heat.

=Cineraria.= _Compositæ._

Seeds should be sown under glass; those intended for
autumn flowering in April and May, those for spring in July
and August. Light leaf-mould should be used, and about
an equal quantity of fresh sifted loam and sharp sand added,
the whole being well mixed. Old cow manure is a good medium
in which to sow (see page 19); then fill up with fine soil.
Also by divisions and by cuttings.

=Cinquefoil.= See Potentilla.

=Cipura.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in a slight heat
in spring; or by bulbels, which are abundantly produced.

=Circæa= (Enchanter's Nightshade). _Onagrarieæ._

Seeds; also by the running roots.

=Cissampelos.= _Menispermaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which root readily in heat.

=Cissus.= _Ampelideæ._

Propagated by cuttings in the spring. Choose the weakly
shoots that are pruned just before the plants break into new
growth, or allow the young shoots to grow to a length of
about two inches. Then cut them off, with a small piece of
the base branch adhering to the young wood; or the shoots
may be cut off with one or several of these young branchlets
on them. Cut the old branch through at the base of each
young one, and insert the cutting with this heel of the old
wood entire. In this country, usually grown from common
green cuttings in summer.

=Cistus= (Rock-Rose). _Cistineæ._

Propagated by seeds, by layers or cuttings under frames
outside, or inside with a gentle bottom heat; but seedlings
always make the best plants. The seeds should be sown
early in the spring in pans or boxes in a frame, and lightly
covered with sifted sandy mould. Cuttings should be made
from three to four inches long. They may be struck in
spring or autumn, in sandy peat under glass.

=Citron= (_Citrus medica_). _Rutaceæ._

Seeds, which usually reproduce the kind. Mature cuttings,
the same as lemon. Also budded on orange, lemon or lime
stocks.

=Citrus.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by seeds, layers, cuttings, inarching, grafting and
budding. For particular methods, see Lemon, Lime, Orange
and Pomelo.

=Cladrastis= (Yellow-wood). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seed sown in the open air in spring, or by
cuttings of the roots.

=Clarkia.= _Onagrariæ._

Increased by seeds, which may be sown in spring or autumn
out-doors.

=Clavija=, Theophraste. _Myrsineæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots. These will
root in sandy loam, with a surface consisting wholly of sand,
if placed in bottom heat.

=Clematis= (Virgin's Bower). _Ranunculaceæ._

Clematis may be increased by seeds. The seed vessels
should be gathered before autumn, and stored in some dry,
cool place till the following spring, when the seeds they contain
may be sown in light, sandy soil, and placed in gentle
heat till they germinate. By layers outside, put in at any
time. All the varieties of clematis may also be readily increased
by cuttings made of the young shoots, which may
be cut up to every eye and planted in gentle heat. Also by
grafting any of the varieties on portions of clematis roots in
winter. Good healthy pieces of root obtained from old
plants answer the purpose well. See also Atragene.

=Cleome.= _Capparideæ._

Increased by seeds sown in a frame in spring, with slight
warmth. Ripened cuttings root freely in moderate heat.

=Clerodendron=, Ovieda, Siphonantha, Volkameria. _Verbenaceæ._

Increased by seed, which, if sown when ripe or in the
spring, and grown on in heat, may be converted into flowering
plants the second season. Propagated also by cuttings
of both green and mature wood; also of roots. Suckers.
The climbing varieties do not root quite so readily from cuttings
as the others, but cuttings of the ripened wood do well.

=Clethra.= _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions and layers. Cuttings taken
from the half-ripened wood will root in gentle heat.

=Clianthus= (Glory Pea, Parrot Beak). _Leguminosæ._

_C. Dampieri_ is best raised from seeds, which should be
sown singly in good-sized pots, when the necessity of first
shifting will be obviated. _C. puniceus_ and others from cuttings,
which strike easily in sand in bottom heat.

=Clintonia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by division of the root in spring.

=Clitoria.= _Leguminosæ._

The best method of increasing is by seeds. Increased also
by cuttings of stubby side shoots, which will root in sandy
soil, in heat.

=Cliva=, Imantophyllum. _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

=Clove-tree.= See Caryophyllus.

=Clusia= (Balsam-tree). _Guttiferæ._

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which will
strike in sand, with bottom heat.

=Cobæa.= _Palemoniaceæ._

Readily raised from fresh seed in spring, if a gentle bottom
heat is supplied. It is often said that the seeds must
be placed on edge, but this is a mistake. From cuttings taken
when young, in spring, and inserted in pots of sandy soil,
placed in gentle bottom heat.

=Coccocypselum.= _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by dividing the creeping stems.

=Coccoloba= (Seaside Grape). _Polygonaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by cuttings of the ripened wood,
with leaves entire, and taken off at a joint. These will root
freely in sand under glass.

=Cocculus=, Wendlandia. _Menispermaceæ._

Propagated by seeds. By half-ripened cuttings of side
shoots; these will root easily in spring or summer, if planted
in sand and placed in bottom heat, under glass.

=Cockscomb.= See Celosia.

=Cocoanut= (_Cocos nucifera_). _Palmæ._

The nuts are buried in nursery rows, and the young trees
are transplanted. A more common practice is to remove the
buried nuts, when they begin to sprout, to the place in which
the tree is to stand. A nut is then placed in a hole some
two feet deep, which is gradually filled in as the plant grows.
In from six to eight years the tree begins to bear.

=Codiæum=, Croton. _Euphorbiaceæ._

New varieties are produced by seed. Increased by taking
off the tops of any strong leading shoots, and making them
into cuttings. They may be struck by placing singly in small
pots and covering with bell-glasses, in strong, moist heat,
where they will soon emit roots, without losing any of the
leaves attached at the time they were inserted. Or they may
placed in a bed of sand.

=Coffea= (Coffee-tree). _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds. Also by ripe cuttings, which strike
freely in sand under glass, in moist heat; and the young
plants so raised produce flowers and fruit more readily than
those grown from seed.

=Coffee-tree=, Kentucky. See Gymnocladus.

=Colchicum= (Autumn Crocus). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe in a protected place. Separation.

=Coleus.= _Labiatæ._

Increased by seeds for new varieties. By cuttings with
the greatest freedom at almost any time of the year, and,
with a good moist heat, they will quickly form fine specimens.
(Fig. 53.)

=Colletia.= _Rhamneæ._

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood, six to eight
inches in length, in a cool greenhouse.

=Collinsonia.= _Labiatæ._

Increased readily by dividing roots in spring; also seeds.

=Colocasia.= See Caladium.

=Columbine.= See Aquilegia.

=Colutea= (Bladder Senna). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings, placed in sandy soil
in the autumn.

=Combretum.= _Combretaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of side shoots, taken off with a heel,
planted in sand under glass, and placed in heat.

=Comesperma.= _Polygaleæ._

Seeds. Propagated by young cuttings, which root freely if
planted in sand under glass.

=Comfrey.= See Symphytum.

=Commelina.= _Commelinaceæ._

Increased by seeds. By cuttings, which will root in sand,
in a gentle hot-bed.

=Comocladia= (Maiden Plum). _Anacardiaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated by ripened cuttings, which will root
in sand if placed under glass, in heat.

=Comparettia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by division of the plants. (See under Orchids.)

=Comptonia= (Sweet Fern). _Myricaceæ._

Seeds; by dividing the clumps, and by layers, which
should be put down in autumn.

=Conocarpus= (Button-tree). _Combretaceæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings of firm shoots, taken in
April, in bottom heat.

=Convallaria= (Lily of the Valley). _Liliaceæ._

Increased by "crowns" or "pips" (see Fig. 17), which
are the separated growing points of the roots, possessing a
strong bud. These crowns can be obtained from any well
established bed in the fall, but they are usually imported.

=Convolvulus= (Bindweed). _Convolvulaceæ._

Seeds of the hardy annuals should be sown in spring in
the open border. The hardy perennials may be increased
by seeds sown in spring, by division of the roots, and by
young cuttings.

=Coprosma.= _Rubiaceæ._

Increased by layers and cuttings.

=Coptis.= _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and division of the roots.

=Cordia=, Varronia. _Boragineæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings, green or ripe, which strike
root readily in sand, in heat.

=Corema= (Portugal Crakeberry, Crowberry). _Empetraceæ._

Seeds. Propagated by cuttings planted during summer.

=Coreopsis=, Calliopsis. _Compositæ._

The hardy annuals, which are largely grown under the
name of calliopsis for summer ornamentation, by seed, which
should be sown in March in a gentle heat, or outside later.
The perennials are propagated also by divisions of the root
in autumn or spring, or during the summer by young cuttings,
which will strike freely in a cold-frame.

=Coriander= (_Coriandrum sativum_). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds sown in fall or spring.

=Corn.= See Maize.

=Corn Salad= (Valerianella, several species). _Valerianeæ._

Seeds sown in spring, summer or autumn.

=Cornus= (Dogwood Osier). _Cornaceæ._

Increased by seed, suckers of soft wood, layers or cuttings.
The herbaceous species, _C. Canadensis_ and _C. Suecica_, may
be increased by division, as also by seeds. The willow-like
cornuses grow from cuttings of ripe wood. Named varieties
and some species are budded in many cases, especially all
the weak-growing sorts. _Cornus Mas_, raised from seed, is
the favorite stock. Shield-budding in late summer and veneer-grafting
are most successful. (See Fig. 44.)

=Coronilla.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds sown as soon as ripe. The hardy species by division.
Cuttings strike freely if placed in cold-frames or a
cool house under a hand-glass in spring, and when calloused,
introduced to gentle bottom heat.

=Correa.= _Rutaceæ._

Seeds. May be propagated by cuttings very readily. Varieties
are usually grafted on _C. alba_.

=Cortusa= (Bear's-ear Sanicle). _Primulaceæ._

Increased by seed sown as soon as ripe in a cold-frame;
also by carefully dividing the roots.

=Coryanthes.= See Stanhopea.

=Corydalis.= _Fumarieæ._

Increased by seeds, or by dividing the plants directly after
flowering. The bulbous-rooted species by offsets.

=Corylus= (Hazel; Cob-nut). _Cupuliferæ._

Propagated by seeds, suckers, layers or cuttings. Grafting
and budding are each practicable, and are adopted when
growing tall standards or scarce varieties. The seed of all
should be sown as soon as gathered, or stored in sand till the
following spring. All superior varieties should be increased
by suckers or layers. Stools kept for layering must be allowed
to make more growth than those used for suckers. Free
growth must be encouraged for a year or more, and, any suitable
time in winter, the shoots should be bent to the ground,
pegged firmly, and covered to the depth of three inches with
earth. They will be well-rooted by the following autumn,
and may then be removed and planted out permanently.

=Corynostylis=, Calyptrion. _Violarieæ._

Increased by seeds, or by cuttings of the young wood,
placed in sand in bottom heat, under glass.

=Cosmos.= _Compositæ._

Seeds, usually started under glass. The tuberiferous species,
like Dahlia, which see.

=Costus.= _Scitamineæ._

Increased by dividing the roots.

=Cotoneaster.= _Rosaceæ._

Propagated readily by seed, which should be sown in
spring; by layers or cuttings in autumn, or by grafting on
_C. vulgaris_, the common quince, or the hawthorn.

=Cotton= (_Gossypium_). _Malvaceæ._

Seeds commonly. Grown as a curiosity under glass; it
may be increased by soft cuttings.

=Cotyledon= (Navelwort). _Crassulaceæ._

Increased by seed, offsets, cuttings of the stem, and by
leaves. The leaves should be pulled off in autumn, laid on
dry sand in pans on a shelf in a propagating or other warm
house, and not watered until small plants appear at the ends
of the leaves.

=Cowslip.= See Primula.

=Crambe.= _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds, by dividing the roots and by root-cuttings.
See Sea-kale.

=Cranberry= (_Vaccinium macrocarpon_). _Ericaceæ._

The cultivated cranberry is propagated entirely by cuttings.
These are made from vigorous young runners, from
six to ten inches in length, and they are thrust obliquely into
the soil until only an inch or two of the tip projects. Some
blunt instrument, as a stick, is commonly used to force them
into the sand of cranberry bogs. Planting is done in the
spring, and the cuttings are taken just previous to the operation.
If cranberry seedlings are desired, the seeds should be
sown in flats of peaty earth, which are stored until spring in
some protected place, in the manner of stratification boxes.
The seeds should be covered lightly, preferably with fine
moss. The plants are allowed to grow the first year in the
box.

=Crassula.= _Crassulaceæ._

Seeds; also by cuttings, which should be taken off and
laid for two or three days in the sun to dry before planting.

=Cratægus= (Haw, Hawthorn). _Rosaceæ._

Propagated by stratified seeds. Some growers spread the
haws in shallow piles in the fall, and allow them to decay, so
that most of the pulp is removed before they are stratified.
Haws often come irregularly, even from stratified seeds.
The varieties are grafted, rarely budded, on common stocks.

=Cress= (_Lepidium sativum_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, sown at any time of year. See Water-Cress.

=Cress=, American. See Barbarea.

=Cress=, Rock. See Arabis.

=Crinum.= _Amaryllideæ._

Increased by seed, sown singly as soon as ripe in three or
four-inch pots, in sandy loam and leaf-mould. Place in a
temperature of from 70° to 80°, and keep rather dry until
the plants appear, when more moisture should be applied.
Also increased by offsets, which should be removed when
rather small and potted separately, and grown as recommended
for seedlings.

=Crithmum.= _Umbelliferæ._

Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, and by divisions.

=Crocosmia.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in pans in a cold house as soon
as possible after maturity. Also by offsets.

=Crocus.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seed, sown as soon as ripe or early in spring,
the choicer strains in pots or boxes, using a light, sandy soil,
and afterwards placing them in a cold pit or frame; the
more common varieties may be placed in a warm position
outside in a seed bed. Sow thinly, so that the plants may
grow two years in the seed pan or bed without lifting. By
the corms. These may be lifted and replanted, allowing each
in its turn to develop new corms below. The following year
new corms, or cormels, are also formed by the side of the
old corms. These old corms die away annually. Some species
increase much more rapidly than others.

=Crossandra=, Harrachia. _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated by cuttings, which root freely at almost
any time of the year, in bottom heat.

=Crotalaria= (Rattle-Box). _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds. The shrubby kinds by young cuttings,
which root freely in sand, under glass, in a cool house.

=Croton.= See Codiæum.

=Crowea.= _Rutaceæ._

Seeds. Usually by green cuttings in a frame.

=Crowfoot.= See Ranunculus.

=Crucianella= (Crosswort). _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, by divisions during spring or autumn,
and by cuttings.

=Cryptomeria= (Japan Cedar). _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings of growing wood planted
in sandy soil, under glass.

=Cryptostemma.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown on a gentle
hot-bed in early spring.

=Cubeba.= See Piper.

=Cucumber= (_Cucumis sativus_). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds. If sown out-doors, the operation should be delayed
until the weather is thoroughly settled.

=Cucumber-tree.= See Magnolia.

=Cunninghamia= (Broad-leaved China Fir). _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds and cuttings of growing wood.

=Cuphea.= _Lythrarieæ._

Increased easily by seed; but cuttings of the perennial
sorts strike freely in March or April, in brisk bottom heat.

=Cupressus= (Cypress). _Coniferæ._

Seeds may be collected in early spring, and should be sown
in April in a warm, friable soil. Cuttings of growing or mature
wood, much as for Retinospora, which see.

=Curculigo.= _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds; also by suckers, which form at the base of the stem.

=Curcuma= (Tumeric). _Scitamineæ._

Increased by root division.

=Currant= (_Ribes rubrum_, _R. nigrum_ and _R. aureum_). _Saxifrageæ._

New varieties are grown from seeds, which may be sown in
the fall or stratified until spring. Varieties are nearly always
multiplied by hard-wood cuttings (Fig. 49). The cuttings
may be taken in spring and placed directly in the ground, but
better results are obtained by taking them in the fall or late
summer. Many nurserymen prefer to take them in August,
strip off the leaves, and bury them in bunches with the butts
up. They may remain in this condition or in a cellar all
winter, or they may be planted in the fall. Currant cuttings
strike readily, however, under any method. Some growers
cut out the buds which come below the surface of the ground
to prevent suckering, but this is not generally practiced; the
suckers are cut off when the cuttings are removed from the
cutting bed, either to be sold or to be transplanted into nursery
rows. Green-layering is sometimes practiced with rare
sorts, or single eyes may be used, as in grapes. Tip-layering,
as in the black raspberry, may also be employed. (See
page 33.) Weak or low sorts are sometimes grafted upon
stronger ones, in order to give them a tree form, but such
bushes are grown only as curiosities or as specimen plants.

=Cussonia.= _Araliaceæ._

Increased by cuttings, which should be planted in sand,
under glass. Give slight bottom heat.

=Custard Apple.= See Anona.

=Cyananthus.= _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds. Strong roots may be carefully divided in spring,
but this is not desirable. Usually by cuttings, which should
be taken during spring or early summer, and struck in sandy
peat, being kept moist.

=Cyanophyllum.= _Melastomaceæ._

Increased by seed. By cuttings or eyes, which should be
placed in sand where a good bottom heat must be maintained,
and they should be shaded from the sun.

=Cyanotis.= _Commelinaceæ._

Seeds; usually by young cuttings in sandy soil, in brisk
heat.

=Cycas.= _Cycadaceæ._

Increased by seed, and oftener by suckers.

=Cyathea.= See Ferns.

=Cyclamen= (Sowbread). _Primulaceæ._

Propagated by seed, sown when freshly gathered; the
hardy kinds in pots placed in a cool frame. By divisions
and leaf cuttings, taken off with a heel; but these methods
are not very satisfactory.

=Cynoglossum.= _Boragineæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions and root-cuttings.

=Cypella.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seed, sown as soon as ripe in a cool house,
and by offsets.

=Cyperus.= _Cyperaceæ._

Propagated either by seed, sown in gentle heat, or by
divisions.

=Cyphia.= _Campanulaceæ._

When the stems begin to push out from the root, cut off as
many of the shoots as are required, and place them in small
pots in an equal mixture of loam, peat, and sand in abundance.
The young plants should be kept dry until callused,
but not covered with glass. They may also be increased by
cuttings, under a hand-glass in a cool house.

=Cyphomandra= (Tree Tomato of Jamaica). _Solanaceæ._

Use seeds; or cuttings may be placed under glass, in bottom
heat.

=Cypress.= See Cupressus.

=Cypripedium= (Lady's Slipper). _Orchideæ._

By seeds sometimes. Usually by division. (See under
Orchids.)

=Cyrilla.= _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and cuttings.

=Cyrtanthus.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by offsets.

=Cytisus= (Scotch Broom). _Leguminosæ._

By seeds and layers. In spring, cuttings of young wood
may be taken when about three inches long (with a heel preferred),
placed under a bell-glass in heat, or in a close frame,
where they will root readily. If gradually hardened, potted
and grown on, small flowering specimens may by obtained
the following spring. _C. purpurea_ is usually grafted on the
common laburnum.

=Dacrydium= (Tear Tree). _Coniferæ._

Increased by fresh seed and ripened cuttings.

=Daffodil.= See Narcissus.

=Dahlia.= _Compositæ._

Single varieties, and sometimes the doubles, are grown
from seeds. The roots may be broken apart after the crowns
have started in spring, and each part grown separately. The
roots may be started into growth in heat late in winter, and
the young sprouts may be removed and handled as ordinary
cuttings as fast as they form. Or rare sorts may be increased
during summer by cuttings from the growing tips. Cions
made of the growing tips may be grafted into the roots by a
cleft or side graft. This method is oftenest employed for
the purpose of preserving over winter rare sorts which it is
feared may be lost. The grafts are kept growing slowly during
winter, and cuttings may be taken from them. Cuttings
should always have a bud or buds at the base, and in propagation
by division there must be a piece of the crown attached
to the root.

=Daisy.= See Bellis.

=Dalbergia.= _Leguminosæ._

Place cuttings of firm young shoots in sand under a glass,
in spring. Give a little bottom heat.

=Dampiera.= _Goodenovieæ._

Divisions. Cuttings should be planted in a mixture of
turfy loam, peat and sand, in heat.

=Dandelion= (_Taraxacum officinale_). _Compositæ._

Seeds, in early spring.

=Daphne.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Seeds. For layers, remove the soil in spring to a depth
of two or three inches about the plant, and fill with fine
compost to within two inches of the tops of the shoots. The
next spring, carefully wash away the compost, and plant the
small white buds in pots of fine soil. Place in a cool frame.

Cuttings should be made of matured shoots or side growths
in autumn; insert thinly in well-drained pots of peaty soil,
and cover with a bell-glass. If kept in a cool house in winter
they will callus, and may, early in spring, be introduced
to gentle heat, to encourage growth and the emission of roots.
Pot the young plants singly, and grow on in a close but not
high temperature, and afterwards harden and keep quite
cool during the following autumn and winter, in order to
thoroughly ripen the wood. Grafted specimens may be
treated in a similar way. _D. odora_ is propagated by ripened
cuttings in a cool house, in sand. Sometimes the old wood
can be used. The time is determined by the fitness of the
wood.

=Darlingtonia.= _Sarraceniaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by dividing the plants. Seeds may
be sown on the surface of well-prepared fibrous soil, and
then covered with dead sphagnum moss, rubbed through a
sieve. Give shade.

=Darwinia.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of the young roots. Place in a
cold-frame.

=Dasylirion.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, suckers and cuttings.

=Date= (_Phœnix dactylifera_). _Palmæ._

The seeds from commercial dates grow readily, and without
the intervention of stratification. Special varieties are
propagated by a sort of cutting, made by removing and rooting
the sprouts which appear about the base of the tree.
These root readily if taken off green and liberally supplied
with water. They often begin to bear in five or six years.

=Date Palm.= See Phœnix.

=Datisca.= _Datisceæ._

May be increased by seeds, and by dividing well established
plants.

=Datura=, including Brugmansia, Ceratocaulis and Stramonium.
_Solanaceæ._

The annual species are propagated by seeds, which are
started under cover in the north. The perennials are readily
grown from cuttings in mild heat. Heeled shoots are usually
preferred.

=Daubenya.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by offsets.

=Davallia.= _Filices._

Propagated largely by division. See Ferns.

=Daviesia.= _Leguminosæ._

Seed may be sown in slight heat in spring. Cuttings may
be made of firm young shoots, and placed in sand under a
frame.

=Day Lily.= See Hemerocallis.

=Deciduous Cypress.= See Taxodium.

=Decumaria.= _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds. Cuttings may be made in summer, and placed
under a frame in a shady situation.

=Delphinium= (Larkspur). _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds may be sown out-doors in a warm border in spring,
or in pans, to be placed either in frames or outside. The
old plants of perennial sorts may be cut down after flowering,
when young growths will proceed from the base, and the
whole may be lifted and carefully divided. Cuttings of the
young shoots, taken in autumn or spring, will root freely if
potted singly and placed in a cold-frame. They will flower
the following season at the same time as the divisions.

=Dendrobium.= _Orchideæ._

The methods of propagating these plants have already
been mentioned. Where a rapid increase of a new or special
variety is required, the pseudo-bulbs that are more than
one year old should be cut into lengths, and fastened on orchid
rafts, with a layer of sphagnum beneath them. Suspend
them in a hot, moist house, if possible, over a water-tank.
The advantage of this method is that the young plants
do not need shifting after they commence rooting on their
own account. The section to which _D. aggregatum_, _D. Jenkinsii_,
_D. densiflorum_ and _D. thyrsiflorum_ belong, are best
propagated by division. (See under Orchids.)

=Dentaria= (Toothwort). _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

=Deodar.= See Cedrus.

=Desfontainea.= _Loganiaceæ._

Cuttings, placed in a sandy loam, in a gentle heat.

=Desmodium.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds, or by cuttings placed under a frame,
in heat.

=Deutzia.= _Saxifrageæ._

Commercially, the species are mostly propagated by green
hardened cuttings in summer, under a frame. Hard-wooded
cuttings may be taken in autumn, and be treated in about
the same manner as currant cuttings (see page 58). The
deutzias are also propagated by divisions and layers. Some
of the dwarf sorts are sometimes forced, to make cuttings
for winter use.

=Dewberry= (_Rubus Canadensis_ and vars., and _Rubus trivialis_.)
_Rosaceæ._

Seeds are handled in the same manner as blackberry seeds.
Increased by layers and, like the blackberry, by root-cuttings.
Layers are made by simply covering the decumbent
canes at the joints. This is the usual method of multiplication.
The tips, too, root freely, as in the black-cap raspberries.

=Dianella.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in gentle heat during spring.
By divisions.

=Dianthera.= See Justicia.

=Dianthus.= See Carnation, Pink and Sweet William.

=Dicentra=, Capnorchis, Diclytra (Bleeding Heart). _Papaveraceæ._

The crowns may be divided in early spring, or cuttings
may be made of the fleshy roots in short lengths, and placed
in sand. The roots should be placed in a compost of sandy
loam, in well-drained pots, as soon as the foliage dies off,
and transferred to a cold-frame.

=Dichorisandra.= _Commelinaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions and cuttings.

=Dichosma.= See Agathosma.

=Dicksonia.= _Filices._

Division mostly. See Ferns.

=Diclytra.= See Dicentra.

=Dictamnus= (Dittany, or Fraxinella). _Rutaceæ._

Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe. Division is used.

=Dictyosperma.= See Areca.

=Dicyrta.= See Achimenes.

=Didymocarpus.= _Gesneraceæ._

Cuttings, which are obtained from young shoots when
commencing growth, and placed in sandy soil, in heat.
Also by seeds.

=Didymosperma.= See Areca.

=Dieffenbachia.= See Caladium.

=Diervilla=, Weigela. _Caprifoliaceæ._

Suckers. Cuttings may be made in spring, summer or
autumn. Hardened green cuttings, handled under a frame
in summer, are extensively used by nurserymen. (See page
58.) They are sometimes grown from cuttings in winter from
forced plants. Hard-wood cuttings, made in winter and
planted in spring like the grape, succeed well.

=Digitalis= (Foxglove). _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds, sown in spring, either in-doors or in the open.
The common foxglove (_D. purpurea_) often self-sows itself.

=Dill= (_Arethum graveolens_). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds, in early spring.

=Dillenia=, including Colbertia. _Dilleniaceæ._

Seeds, which, however, are grown with much difficulty.
Cuttings of half-ripened wood may be placed in sand, under
a frame, in bottom heat.

=Dimorphotheca.= _Compositæ._

The seeds of the annual sorts should be sown in heat in
spring. The perennials are grown from green cuttings.

=Dionæa.= _Droseraceæ._

Propagated sometimes by seed; usually by dividing the
plants.

=Dion=, Platyzamia. _Cycadaceæ._

Propagated by seed.

=Dioscorea= (Yam). _Dioscoreaceæ._

The tubers may be divided in autumn or spring, when not
growing. Seeds are sometimes used, so are the tubers
which form in the axils by the leaves. Stove species can be
propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood.

=Diosma.= _Rutaceæ._

Cuttings in sandy peat, and under a frame placed in very
gentle heat, will soon root.

=Diospyros= (Date Plum, Persimmon). _Ebenaceæ._

Seeds are used for the hardy species. Also by cuttings of
half-ripened shoots. Those requiring stove heat strike best
from ripened shoots, placed in sand in a brisk bottom heat
during spring. See also Persimmon.

=Dipcadi=, Uropetalum. _Liliaceæ._

Increased by offsets in spring.

=Diplacus.= See Mimulus.

=Dipladenia.= _Apocynaceæ._

In spring, when the plants commence new growth, cuttings
from the young shoots are made. These, or single eyes,
should be placed in a mixture of sand and peat, in good
bottom heat.

=Diplazium.= See Ferns.

=Diplothemium.= _Palmæ._

Propagation is affected by seeds.

=Dipteracanthus.= See Ruellia.

=Dirca.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Increased by seeds or layers.

=Disa.= _Orchideæ._

_D. grandiflora_ and others of similar habit are propagated
by offsets. These are best taken off about December, and
treated like the old plants. (See under Orchids.)

=Disocactus.= See Phyllocactus.

=Disporum=, including Prosartes. _Liliaceæ._

Seeds may be used; or the plant may be divided in spring
before active growth commences.

=Dodecatheon=, Meadia (American Cowslip). _Primulaceæ._

Seeds. The crowns may be divided either in spring or
autumn. Cuttings of the whole root can be effectively used,
the root being torn off the crown, planted upright, and of
course covered with the sandy soil commonly used in this
form of propagation.

=Dog's Bane.= See Apocynum

=Dog's-tooth Violet.= See Erythronium.

=Dogwood.= See Cornus.

=Dolichos.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds. Sometimes cuttage or layerage is resorted to.

=Dorcoceras.= See Bæa.

=Doronicum=, including Aronicum (Leopard's Bane). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds and divisions.

=Dorstenia.= _Urticaceæ._

Seeds may be sown in a hot-bed in early spring. Before
active growth commences the plants may be divided.

=Doryanthes.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by suckers placed in small pots.

=Dorycnium=, including Boujeania. _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds.

=Downingia=, Clintonia. _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds should be sown in mild heat in spring.

=Draba=, including Petrocallis (Whitlow Grass). _Cruciferæ._

The annuals or biennials propagated by seeds sown in
spring in the open border. The perennials may be propagated
by dividing the crowns.

=Dracæna= (Dragon-tree). _Liliaceæ._

Rarely grown from seed. Layers do not succeed very
well. The stems of old plants may be cut up in pieces one
or two inches long, and placed at any season in cocoanut
fiber or light soil, in the bottom heat of a propagating house.
The tops of the plants will also strike as cuttings, and the
fleshy base of the stem is sometimes removed and used for
propagation. Root-cuttings do well in a moderate heat.
(See Fig. 47.)

=Dracocephalum= (Dragon's Head). _Labiatæ._

The annuals are grown from seeds, sown in the open in
spring. Perennials are increased by dividing the roots, or
by cuttings of the young shoots in spring.

=Dracontium.= See Amorphophallus.

=Dragon's Head.= See Dracocephalum.

=Dragon-tree.= See Dracæna.

=Drimys=, Wintera. _Magnoliaceæ._

Cuttings made of half-ripened shoots should be inserted
in a frame.

=Drosera= (Sundew). _Droseraceæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as possible after gathering. _D. binata_
is increased by cutting roots from strong plants into
pieces of one-half or one inch in length, and placing them on
the surface of shallow earthenware pans, in sandy peat soil,
and covering about one-half inch deep with the same material.
They are then placed under a bell-glass, and transferred
to a damp, warm propagating house.

=Drosophyllum.= _Droseraceæ._

Propagated by seed.

=Dutchman's Pipe.= See Aristolochia.

=Duvaua.= _Anacardiaceæ._

Insert cuttings made of the ripe wood under glass, in gentle
heat.

=Dyckia.= _Bromeliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, suckers and divisions.

=Eccremocarpus= (Calampelis). _Bignoniaceæ._

Seeds, sown in spring, in a gentle heat. Cuttings may be
used, of green or ripe wood.

=Echeveria.= See Cotyledon.

=Echinacea.= _Compositæ._

Readily propagated by seeds and division.

=Echinocactus.= See Cactus.

=Echinops=, Echinanthus (Globe Thistle). _Compositæ._

Sow the seeds in spring for the propagation of the biennials,
and divide the perennials early. Also by root-cuttings.

=Echium= (Viper's Bugloss). _Boragineæ._

The herbaceous species are raised from seeds. Also increased
by divisions. The shrubby sorts are increased more
readily by layers, but also by cuttings, placed in sandy soil
under glass.

=Edelweiss.= See Leontopodium.

=Edgeworthia.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Cuttings should be inserted in sandy soil, under glass in
spring.

=Edwandria.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds or cuttings of the young wood.

=Egg-Plant= (_Solanum Melongena_). _Solanaceæ._

Seeds in heat, in late winter or spring. Cuttings rarely.

=Eglantine.= See Rosa.

=Ehretia.= _Boragineæ._

Place cuttings in sandy soil under glass in bottom heat,
in spring.

=Eichhornia.= _Pontederiaceæ._

Propagation is effected by division in spring; seeds.

=Elæagnus= (Oleaster, Wild Olive, Goumi). _Elæagnaceæ._

Increased by seeds, layers or cuttings. The named varieties
are often grafted on the most vigorous varieties obtainable.
Imported seeds of some species are apt to be empty.
_E. longipes_ can readily be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened
wood in June and July, under glass.

=Elæis= (Oil Palm). _Palmæ._

Seeds are used for propagation.

=Elæocarpus=, including Monocera. _Tiliaceæ._

Seeds may be sown in a hot-bed. Make cuttings of ripened
shoots, with leaves on, and place them in sandy soil,
in bottom heat.

=Elder.= See Sambucus.

=Elecampane= (_Inula Helenium_). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds in open air in early spring.

=Elliottia.= _Ericaceæ._

Insert soft wood cuttings in sand under glass.

=Elm.= See Ulmus.

=Elodea.= See Hypericum.

=Empetrum= (Crowberry or Crakeberry). _Empetraceæ._

Seeds. In summer, cuttings may be made, and should be
placed in sandy soil under glass.

=Encephalartos.= _Cycadaceæ._

Increased by seeds.

=Endive= (_Cichorium Endivia_). _Compositæ._

Seeds, either in the open where the plants are to stand,
or under glass.

=Enkianthus.= _Ericaceæ._

Cuttings made of the ripe wood should be placed under
glass during the spring months, without heat.

=Entelea.= _Tiliaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, in sandy soil.

=Eomecon.= _Papaveraceæ._

Seeds; also by division.

=Epacris.= _Epacrideæ._

Grown from tip cuttings in a frame in winter, with bottom
heat. The cuttings root very slowly.

=Ephedra.= _Gnetaceæ._

Layers may be made from young shoots or branches.

=Epidendrum.= _Orchideæ._

The tall-stemmed section of this genus is increased by cuttings,
the section with short, thick pseudo-bulbs by division.
The former also occasionally produce viviparous flower-scapes,
thus affording a ready means of increase. (See under
Orchids.)

=Epigæa.= _Ericaceæ._

Increased with great difficulty by careful divisions of established
plants, and by layers. Seeds, when obtainable, can
be used, but are slow to develop.

=Epilobium= (Willow-herb). _Onagrarieæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions or root-cuttings.

=Epimedium= (Barrenwort). _Berberideæ._

Sometimes increased by seeds. During July or August,
divisions of the roots can be made.

=Epiphyllum.= _Cacteæ._

Readily grown from cuttings. Pieces of the branches four
to six inches long are placed in sandy soil in gentle heat, and
kept moderately dry. Epiphyllums are often grafted on
strong stocks of pereskia (_Pereskia aculeata_ is commonly
used, but _P. Bleo_ is equally as good), for the purpose of getting
high or rafter plants. A young shoot is cleft-grafted
into any portion of the pereskia which has become hard, and
the cion is held in place by a cactus spine passed through it.
Several cions may be inserted along the sides of the stock.

=Eranthemum.= _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings root readily in spring in peaty soil, in a
close frame where there is a bottom heat of about 70°.

=Eranthis= (Winter Aconite). _Ranunculaceæ._

Increased by seeds and division.

=Eremostachys.= _Labiatæ._

May be increased by seeds or division.

=Eremurus.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions.

=Erica= (Heath). _Ericaceæ._

Will grow from seeds, but these are used generally to
secure new varieties. Commonly propagated by very short
cuttings, taken from the tips, or made of the lower young
growth. Carefully remove the leaves from the lower parts of
the cutting, which should be about one inch long, and then
insert rather closely in pots, which should be filled two-thirds
with crocks, the remainder being fine sandy peat with a layer
of clean, compact sand on the surface. Cover with glass.
Water well, and place in a temperature of about 60°.

=Erigeron=, including Phalacroloma, Polyactidium. _Compositæ._

Readily increased by seeds or divisions.

=Erinus.= _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds and divisions. After becoming established, they
propagate themselves by seed.

=Eriobotrya.= See Photinia.

=Eriodendron.= _Malvaceæ._

Raised from seeds sown in sandy soil, in heat.

=Eriogonum.= _Polygonaceæ._

May be increased by seed or division.

=Eriosema.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds or cuttings.

=Eriostemon.= _Rutaceæ._

Cuttings, in sandy peat in spring, under glass, and with
gentle heat. Nurserymen propagate by grafting on small
stocks of correa.

=Erodium= (Heron's Bill). _Geraniaceæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds or divisions.

=Erpetion= (Australian Violet). _Violarieæ._

Propagated by seeds; also by division and cuttings.

=Eryngium= (Eryngo). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds or carefully made divisions may be used for increasing
the species.

=Erysimum= (Hedge Mustard). _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds; the perennials by seeds and divisions.

=Erythræa=, Gyrandra, Hippocentaurea (Centaury). _Gentianeæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

=Erythrina= (Coral-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds. Young shoots can be taken in spring or early summer
with a heel, and placed in sandy soil, on a slight bottom
heat.

=Erythronium= (Dog's-tooth Violet). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Offsets or bulbels are usually employed, taken as
soon as the leaves dry away after flowering, inserting the
bulbels about three inches deep.

=Erythroxylon=, including Sethia. _Lineæ._

Place cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a
glass, in heat.

=Escallonia.= _Saxifrageæ._

Suckers, layers. Cuttings of half-ripened wood strike in
sand, when covered with glass. Also by seeds.

=Escheria.= See Gloxinia.

=Eschscholtzia=, Chryseis (California Poppy). _Papaveraceæ._

Seeds may be sown in spring or autumn where the plants
are to flower.

=Eucalyptus= (Gum-tree). _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown thinly in pans
or pots of light, sandy soil, and placed in frames. Also by
cuttings.

=Eucharis.= _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in a warm house. Offsets
or bulbels should be removed and potted off singly.

=Eucomis.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown as soon as ripe, or by bulbels.

=Eucryphia.= _Rosaceæ._

The cuttings of young shoots are planted in sand under
glass.

=Eugenia.= See Myrtus.

=Eulalia.= _Gramineæ._

Freely increased by seed or division.

=Euonymus= (Burning-bush, Strawberry-tree, Wahoo). _Celastrineæ._