Chapter V: ) (3)

Grown from seeds, cuttings and layers. Cuttings usually
make better plants than layers. The deciduous species are
usually grown from hard-wood cuttings, but the evergreen
kinds are started under glass, from cuttings of the growing
or ripened wood. The small and weak kinds are grafted on
the stronger ones. The evergreen species will grow upon
the deciduous kinds.

=Eupatorium.= _Compositæ._

Cuttings of the growing wood, under glass in early spring,
is the common method of propagation. Seeds can also be
used for some species.

=Euphorbia=, including Poinsettia (Spurge). _Euphorbiaceæ._

By seeds, especially the annual species. The perennial
shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings in a strong heat.
Some species are propagated by divisions.

=Eurya.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Propagated by soft cuttings, inserted in sand under a glass
in heat.

=Eurycles.= _Amaryllideæ._

Offsets or bulbels, in spring.

=Eurybia.= See Olearia.

=Eustylis.= See Nemastylis.

=Euterpe.= _Palmæ._

Seeds in heat.

=Eutoca.= See Phacelia.

=Evening Primrose.= See Œnothera.

=Exacum.= _Gentianeæ._

Seeds should be sown in spring, in bottom heat.

=Exochorda.= _Rosaceæ._

Grown from seeds, layers, cuttings and suckers. Seeds
are difficult to procure. Layering in June is a common practice.
Various kinds of cuttings are employed, but the best
results follow short, soft cuttings, taken from forced plants
and set deep in shallow flats of sand. They require a very
strong bottom heat, a close frame, and the water should be
applied in a spray upon the foliage. Cuttings are sometimes
grafted upon pieces of roots. It is regarded as a difficult
plant to propagate.

=Fabiana.= _Solanaceæ._

Readily increased by seeds and cuttings.

=Fagus= (Beech). _Cupuliferæ._

Commonly grown from the nuts, which should be stratified
and sown very early in spring. They may be sown immediately
after they are gathered, if they can be protected from
vermin. The named varieties are grafted upon the European
or American species.

=Fair Maids of France.= See Ranunculus.

=Fan-palm.= See Livistona.

=Farfugium.= See Senecio.

=Fedia.= See Patrinia.

=Felicia.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings inserted in sandy soil,
under a glass.

=Fennel= (_Fœniculum_, various species). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds, usually in spring.

=Fennel Flower.= See Nigella.

=Fenugreek= (_Trigonella Fœnum-Græcum_). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Fenzlia.= See Gilia.

=Ferns.= _Filices._

Where division is possible, it is the easiest and most economical
method of propagation, and should be practiced just
before the plant starts into growth. The spores can be sown
in February and March, or earlier, under glass in a warm
propagating pit. Partly fill a suitable sized pot or pan with
coarse peat, giving plenty of drainage; make the surface
level, and on this place three-quarter inch cubes of well-seasoned
peat which is rather dry, watering the whole and
scattering on the spores evenly. Cover with a pane of glass,
and place in a partial shade. While the process which corresponds
to germination is going on, great care must be given
to the water supply. This is sometimes done by placing the
pots or pans in a saucer, from which they can suck the water
up. Overhead watering may be used, and often is, but will
sometimes introduce worms and the like.

The young plants should be pricked out when the true leaf
appears, and they are large enough to handle. The same
careful treatment should be continued until they are established
in pots.

There is not much difficulty in getting the young plants,
if fresh spores are obtainable, but there is a good deal of
trouble in handling the seedlings, and establishing them in
their growing quarters.

Most ferns are readily propagated by means of spores, as
directed above and on page 24. Some species rarely produce
spores in cultivation, however, and in other cases, as in some
tree ferns, it is almost impossible to rear the young plants after
the spores have germinated. In all such cases, recourse must
be had to separation, division or layerage. There are some
species, as _Asplenium bulbiferum_, _Cystopteris bulbifera_ and
others, which bear small bulblets or detachable buds on their
fronds. These buds often vegetate while still attached to the
frond. They may be removed either before or after showing
signs of vegetation, and set in pots in a close propagating
frame, or under a bell-glass. Ferns which make broad
crowns may be divided, and this is the common mode with
many species. Some species produce creeping root-stocks,
which emit roots if pegged down into a pot of soil or on a block
of peat. Several plants can often be produced from such a
layer. All these operations are best performed in late winter,
before the new growth begins. The tree ferns are rarely
propagated to any extent in cultivation, but young plants are
imported from their native countries.

=Fern, Sweet.= See Comptonia.

=Ferraria=, Tigridia. _Irideæ._

Propagated by means of seeds and bulbels.

=Feverfew.= See Chrysanthemum.

=Ficus.= _Urticaceæ._

The greenhouse species are propagated by layers and cuttings.
The cuttings are handled in a close frame, and a leaf
or two is usually left on them. For _Ficus Carica_, see Fig.
Propagation by seeds is sometimes used in the edible figs,
but is not easy with the ornamental sorts. _F. elastica_, _F.
Indica_, etc., are increased by cuttings, planted in sand or
sandy soil, and placed in good bottom heat, in a frame under
glass. The large cuttings should be staked, and care must
be taken to remove the milky juice before planting. Any
winter month is good, before growth begins. Last season's
wood should be used.

=Fig= (_Ficus Carica_). _Urticaceæ._

Figs grow readily from the plump seeds in the commercial
fruit. Wash out the seeds, and those that sink may be sown
in a frame. The young plants will appear in three or four
weeks. In from three to five years the plants will begin to
bear. New varieties are obtained in this way.

Varieties of the fig are multiplied with ease by layers,
suckers and cuttings. Make cuttings of mature wood in autumn,
cutting just below a bud. Scarce varieties may be
multiplied by single eye cuttings. Fig cuttings are handled
in the same way as grape cuttings. Some prefer, however,
to place the cuttings where the tree is to stand. A well-grown
plant will bear at two or three years of age.

The fig is readily budded and grafted, but these methods
are seldom employed, because the plant is so easily multiplied
by cuttings. Shield, ring or tubular buddings are employed.
Various methods of grafting are adapted to it, and
cleft-grafting is usually employed on old plants.

=Filbert.=. See Corylus.

=Fir.= See Abies, Pinus and Picea.

=Fire-pink.= See Silene.

=Fittonia.= _Acanthaceæ._

Increased by division, and by cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, planted in sandy loam, in bottom heat.

=Fitzroya.= _Coniferæ._

Seeds. Increased also by cuttings of half-ripened shoots

=Flax.= See Linum.

=Flower-de-Luce= (_Fleur-de-Lis_). See Iris.

=Fontanesia.= _Oleaceæ._

Layers are used; also cuttings, planted under a hand-glass
in autumn. Or it may be grafted on the privet.

=Forget-me-not.= See Myosotis.

=Forsythia= (Golden Bell). _Oleaceæ._

Propagated extensively by green cuttings in summer, in a
frame; also grown from ripe cuttings taken in fall and winter,
and planted in the open air in early spring.

=Fothergilla.= _Hamamelideæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown in spring in a peaty soil; by
layers.

=Four-o'clock.= See Mirabilis.

=Foxglove.= See Digitalis.

=Fragaria.= See Strawberry.

=Franciscea.= See Brunfelsia.

=Francoa.= _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds, sown in early spring in a cool frame. Also by
division.

=Frangula.= See Rhamnus.

=Frankenia=, including Beatsonia, Hypericopsis. _Frankeniaceæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions.

=Fraxinella.= See Dictamnus.

=Fraxinus= (Ash). _Oleaceæ._

Propagated chiefly by seeds, which should be stratified.
The named sorts are budded upon seedling stocks if the sorts
are upright growers, or top-grafted if they are weepers. Both
the European and American species are used for stocks.

=Freesia.= _Irideæ._

Increased readily by seed, sown as soon as ripe in pots of
light, sandy soil, and placed in a sunny position, in a cool
frame. By bulbels.

=Fremontia.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds may be used; or cuttings, in spring, may be struck
under a hand-glass.

=French Bean= (Varieties of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ and _P. nanus_).
_Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Freycinetia.= _Pandaneæ._

Increased by offsets.

=Fringe-tree.= See Chionanthus.

=Fritillaria.= _Liliaceæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe where the plants are to stand
the first year. Bulbels and division.

=Fuchsia= (Ladies' Ear Drop). _Onagrariæ._

Fuchsias grow readily from seeds, which should be sown
as soon as ripe, and blooming plants ought to be obtained in
eight or ten months. Cuttings of the young growth strike
quickly and easily. Blooming plants of most sorts can be
obtained in four or five months.

=Fumaria= (Fumitory). _Papaveraceæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Funkia=, Hosta (Plantain Lily, White Day Lily). _Liliaceæ._

Propagation is effected by dividing the stools during the
early autumn, or when they begin to start in spring. Only
strong, healthy clumps should be divided, and each portion
should contain several crowns.

=Furze.= See Ulex.

=Gaillardia.= _Compositæ._

The annual sorts are propagated by seeds started under
glass; the perennial kinds by seeds, cuttings or division.
Sometimes root-cuttings are used.

=Galanthus= (Snowdrop). _Amaryllideæ._

Commonly by bulbels. Rarely by seeds.

=Galax=, Erythrorhiza, Solonandra. _Diapensiaceæ._

Propagated by divisions of strong clumps in autumn.

=Galega= (Goat's Rue). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, in spring; also by division.

=Galtonia.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by bulbels or seeds.

=Garcinia=, Cambogia, Mangostana, Oxycarpus. _Guttiferæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of ripened shoots should be inserted in
sand under a glass, in strong bottom heat.

=Gardenia=, including Rothmannia. _Rubiaceæ._

Strong, healthy cuttings may be taken with a heel, early
in the year being the best time, but any season will do when
suitable cuttings can be secured. They should be placed in
bottom heat of about 75°, in a frame.

=Garlic= (_Allium sativum_). _Liliaceæ._

By "cloves" or divisions of the bulb. In the north these
are planted in the spring, but in warm climates they may be
planted in the fall.

=Garrya=, including Fadyenia. _Cornaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened wood
in sandy loam in August, and shaded until rooted. Also by
budding on _Aucuba Japonica_ at the crown. Plant sufficiently
deep to cover the bud or graft.

=Gasteria.= See Aloe.

=Gaultheria= (Boyberry, Wintergreen). _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, divisions, layers and cuttings under
glass.

=Gaura.= _Onagrarieæ._

Seeds should be sown in spring or fall in the open ground.

=Gaylussacia.= See Vaccinium.

=Gazania=, Mœhnia, Mussinia. _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions. Make cuttings in July
or August, from the side shoots near the base of the plant;
these should be placed in a sandy soil, in a frame.

=Gelsemium=, Leptopteris, Medicia. _Loganiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings under glass.

=Genista.= See Cytisus.

=Gentiana= (Gentian). _Gentianeæ._

Seeds and division. The seeds germinate slowly, and often
with difficulty. They often lie dormant a year or more.
They should be sown in well-sifted light loam, in pans or
flats, and kept cool and shaded. Division must be carefully
done, or the plants will suffer.

=Geonoma.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds and suckers.

=Geranium.= _Geraniaceæ._

Mostly by seeds and divisions. For the conservatory
plants known as geraniums, see Pelargonium.

=Gerardia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Propagated, but often with difficulty, by seeds, sown in
the open air or in a frame or cool house.

=Gesnera.= _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds, and cuttings of the shoots and leaves. Handled in
essentially the same manner as Gloxinia, which see.

=Gethyllis.= _Amaryllideæ._

They may be increased by bulbels or seeds.

=Geum=, including Sieversia (Avens). _Rosaceæ._

=Gherkin.= See Cucumber.

Propagation is effected by seeds or division.

=Gilia=, including Fenzlia. _Polemoniaceæ._

Seeds should be sown in spring in the open ground or
frame, in a rather light soil.

=Gilibertia.= _Araliaceæ._

Cuttings, inserted in sand in a gentle heat.

=Gillenia.= _Rosaceæ._

Increased readily by dividing the roots in spring; also by
seeds.

=Gilliesia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by bulbels.

=Gilliflower.= See Matthiola.

=Ginkgo=, Salisburia (Maidenhair-tree). _Coniferæ._

Seeds, which are mostly imported, and which should be
stratified. Also by layers, and by cuttings of either green or
ripe wood. The cuttings are handled under glass. Named
varieties are grafted upon common stocks.

=Ginseng.= See Aralia.

=Gladiolus.= _Irideæ._

Seeds, which are commonly sown in pans in spring, in the
house; or they may be sown in the border. Seedlings flower
in two or three years. The common method of propagation
is by means of cormels (see page 29, and Fig. 16). These are
removed from the parent corm and planted in the open,
where some of them will flower the same season, although
most of them will require a season's independent growth before
they flower. If cormels are desired in abundance, the
large corms should not be allowed to flower. Some varieties
do not produce cormels readily, and these may be made to
bear them by cutting or ringing (page 30). A new corm is
formed above the old one each year (Fig. 16).

=Glastonbury-thorn.= See Cratægus.

=Gleditschia.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds should be sown in spring about one inch deep.
They should be soaked in hot water before being sown. Varieties
propagated by grafts upon seedling stock.

=Gleichenia.= See Ferns.

=Globe Flower.= See Trollius.

=Globularia.= _Selagineæ._

Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings.

=Gloriosa=, Clynostylis, Methonica. _Liliaceæ._

Seeds should be inserted singly in small pots, in a light
sandy soil, and plunged in bottom heat. Bulbels, which
should be carefully removed from the old bulbs when starting
them in spring, as the roots are very brittle.

=Gloxinia=, Escheria, Salisia. _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds should be sown the latter part of winter, in well-drained
pots or small pans of finely sifted soil, of peat, leaf-mould
and sand in about equal proportions. The seeds
should be sown thinly and covered slightly, then carefully
watered, and placed in a temperature of about 70° and kept
shaded. Cuttings of the shoots may be taken when the old
tubers are starting in spring, and placed in a close propagating
frame. Leaf-cuttings, with a small portion of the petiole
attached, give excellent results, especially when the leaves
are firm and nearly matured. Leaf cuttings are made in the
various ways in which begonia leaf-cuttings are made (see
pp. 60-72, Figs. 59, 60). Also grafted (see page 88).

=Glycine.= See Wistaria.

=Glycosmis.= _Rutaceæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings, which are commonly inserted
in sand under glass, often in heat.

=Glycyrrhiza=, including Liquiritia (Liquorice). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by division and by seeds.

=Godetia.= See Œnothera.

=Golden Rod.= See Solidago.

=Goldfussia.= See Strobilanthus.

=Gomphia= (Button Flower). _Ochnaceæ._

Cuttings of firm young shoots should be placed in sand
under glass, in heat.

=Gomphocarpus.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Seeds should be sown under glass in spring; or cuttings
may be made of small side shoots when the plant is commencing
new growth, and placed in sand under glass.

=Gompholobium.= _Leguminosæ._

Cuttings, which should be made of young shoots during
spring, and placed under glass.

=Gomphrena.= See Celosia.

=Gonolobus.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Seeds, divisions, and cuttings under glass.

=Goodenia.= _Goodenovieæ._

Seed. During spring, cuttings will root freely if placed
under glass.

=Goodia.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds may be used. Cuttings of young shoots may be
made during spring, and placed in a frame.

=Gooseberry= (_Ribes Grossularia_ and _R. oxyacanthoides_).
_Saxifrageæ._

Seeds, for the raising of new varieties, should be sown as
soon as well cured, in loamy or sandy soil, or they may be
stratified and sown together with the sand in the spring.
Cuttings six to eight inches long of the mature wood, inserted
two-thirds their length, usually grow readily, especially if
taken in August or September and stored during winter, in
the same way as currant cuttings. Single eye cuttings may
be used for rare kinds. Stronger plants are usually obtained
by layers, and the English varieties are nearly always layered
in this country. Mound-layering is usually employed,
the English varieties being allowed to remain in layerage two
years, but the American varieties only one (Fig. 21). Layered
plants are usually set in nursery rows for a year after removal
from the stools. Green-layering during summer is sometimes
practiced for new or rare varieties. Strong plants may also
be procured by tip-layering, as in the black raspberry (see
p. 33). If it is desired to train the weaker gooseberries in
tree form, they may be grafted upon the stronger-growing
varieties.

=Gordonia=, including Polyspora. _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds or layers.

=Gorse.= See Ulex.

=Goumi.= See Elæagnus.

=Gourds= (_Cucurbita Pepo_, _Lagenaria_, etc.). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, after the weather is settled and ground is warm.

=Grammanthes.= _Crassulaceæ._

Seeds, sown in spring in a warm house.

=Granadilla= (_Passiflora edulis_, etc.). _Passifloreæ._

Propagated by seeds, or, less easily, by cuttings.

=Grape= (_Vitis_, several species). _Vitaceæ._

Grape seedlings are very easily grown. If the ground is
fit and there is no danger from vermin, the seeds may be
sown in the fall, but they are usually stratified and sown in
spring. They come readily if sown out-doors, but some prefer
to force them under glass with a mild bottom heat.
Seedlings do not "come true," and they are therefore grown
only for the purpose of obtaining new sorts.

The grape is very readily multiplied by layers, either of
the ripe or green-wood. The ripe wood or canes may be
layered either in fall or spring, but spring is usually chosen.
The cane is simply covered up two or three inches deep, and
nearly every bud will produce a plant. In August or September
the layer should be lifted and cut up into plants.
Better plants are obtained if only the strongest canes are
used and only a part of the buds on each are allowed to
grow. The cane is usually cut back to four or five buds, or
if very strong plants are desired only one bud is left on each
layer. Canes of the previous year, those recently matured,
are preferred, although wood two or three years old may be
used, but in this case it is usually necessary to cut or otherwise
wound the joint in order to induce the formation of
roots. Vines or stools grown for the production of layers
should be cut back severely in fall or winter, to induce a vigorous
growth of canes the following season. These canes
are then layered the succeeding fall or spring. Only a part of
the canes are layered from any stool, a part being allowed to
grow for cutting back the next fall in order to get another
crop of canes. In some varieties which do not strike readily
from cuttings, layering is considerably practiced by nurserymen.
The Delaware is often grown in this way. Extra
strong layers can be secured by layering in pots. A large
pot, filled with rich soil, is plunged beneath the layer. In
this manner a layer may be rooted and separated even while
carrying fruit. Layering in pots is employed only in special
cases.

Green-layering is sometimes practiced upon new and scarce
varieties, but strong plants are not obtained unless they are
well handled by forceful culture after they are separated.
The growing cane is layered in mid-summer, usually by
serpentine layering.

Cuttings are usually employed by nurserymen to propagate
the grape. These are made in many fashions. In all
ordinary cases hard-wood cuttings are made from the ripened
canes in autumn or winter when the vines are pruned. It is
advisable to take the cuttings before the canes have been
exposed to great cold. Select only those canes which are
well-matured, solid and rather short-jointed. In common
practice, the cuttings are cut into two-bud length, the lower
cut being made close to the bud. The cuttings will range
from six to ten inches in length. Some prefer three-bud
cuttings (Fig. 43), but unless the cane is very short-jointed
such cuttings are too long to be planted and handled economically.
Three-bud cuttings usually give stronger plants the
first season because roots start from both joints as a rule.
Very strong plants are obtained from mallet cuttings (Fig.
45), but as only one such cutting can be made from a cane,
unless the cane bears very strong branches, they are not
much used. Various methods of peeling, slitting and slicing
cuttings are recommended, in order to extend the callusing
process but they are not used in common or commercial
practice. The cuttings are tied in bundles of 50 or 100, and
stored in sand, moss, or sawdust in a cellar, until spring,
when they are planted in rows in the open. Some varieties,
of which the Delaware is an example, do not strike
readily from cuttings. Some growers start common cuttings
of these under glass in spring. Others bury the bundles of
cuttings in a warm exposure in the fall, with the butt ends up
and about level with the surface of the ground. This
affords bottom heat to the butts and induces callusing. At
the approach of cold weather the cuttings are removed to a
cellar, or are heavily mulched and allowed to remain where
buried. Storing is safer. Some growers obtain the same
results by burying upside down in a cellar. These slow-rooting
sorts often start well if they are simply kept in a
warm cellar--but where the buds will not swell--all winter,
as the callusing is then hastened. At the end of the first
season the plants may be transplanted. The plants are
often sold at this age, but buyers usually prefer two-year-old
plants.

Single bud or "eye" cuttings are largely used for the
newer and rarer varieties. These are cut from the canes in
the fall, the same as long cuttings, and are stored in boxes of
sand or moss. A month before the weather becomes settled,
these boxes may be taken into a house or greenhouse, or put
in a mild hot-bed, to induce the formation of the callus.
They may then be planted out-doors, and a fair proportion of
most varieties may be expected to grow. The best and commonest
way of handling eyes, however, is to start them
under glass. They are planted horizontally or nearly so and
about an inch deep in sand or sandy earth in a cool greenhouse
in late winter--in February in the northern states--and
in about six weeks the plants will be large enough to pot
off or to transplant into cold-frames or a cool house. If
only a few plants are to be grown they may be started in
pots. When the weather is thoroughly settled, they are
transferred to nursery rows, and by fall they will make fine
plants. There are various ways recommended for the cutting
of these eyes--as cutting the ends obliquely up or
down, shaving off the bark below the bud, and so on--but
the advantages of these fashions are imaginary. A good
eye-cutting is shown in Fig. 50. The foreign grapes are
propagated by eyes in the north.

Soft cuttings are sometimes used to multiply new kinds.
These may be taken in summer from the growing canes, but
the plants are usually forced during winter for the purpose
of giving extra wood. Cuttings are taken off as fast as buds
form during the winter, and they are forced in close frames
with a good bottom heat. The cuttings may comprise two
buds, with the leaf at the upper one allowed to remain,
or they may bear but a single eye, in which case the leaf, or
the most of it, is left on. This rapid multiplication from
small, soft wood usually gives poor plants; but strong plants
may be obtained by allowing the wood to become well
hardened before it is used. Soft cuttings will root in two or
three weeks under good treatment.

In order to secure extra strong plants from single buds,
the eyes may be saddle-grafted or whip-grafted upon a root
two or three inches long. The root-grafts are then treated
in the same way as eye cuttings, only that they are usually
grown in pots from the start.

The vine may be grafted with ease by any method. Cleft-grafting
is commonly employed upon old plants. The cions
are inserted on the crown of the plant, three or four inches
below the surface of the ground. The cleft is bound with
string and then covered with earth, no wax being necessary.
Young plants are usually whip-grafted at the crown, either
in-doors or out-doors. Grafting the vine is mostly confined
to Europe, California, and other countries where the European
grape (_Vitis vinifera_) is grown, as that species must be
grafted upon some other stock in order to resist the phylloxera.
The common wild frost-grape (_Vitis riparia_) is the most
popular stock. The union in these cases must be two or
three inches above the ground, to prevent the cion from taking
root. The union is wound with waxed muslin, and the
earth is heaped about it until it has healed. Grafting may
be done out-doors in winter or spring. In the north, winter
grafts are likely to be heaved by frosts, and late spring grafts,
made as the leaves are pushing, are probably best.

The vine is frequently inarched, and early in spring it can
be budded by ordinary methods.

Seed-grafting is a curious practice, which may be applied
to the grape (see page 90).

=Grape Hyacinth.= See Muscari.

=Graptophyllum=, Earlia. _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings of rather firm young shoots
placed in a frame with some heat.

=Gratiola=, Sophronanthe (Hedge Hyssop). _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds. Propagated readily by dividing the roots in spring.

=Grevillea.= _Proteaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown under glass in February; also
by cuttings of half-ripened wood.

=Grewia=, Chadara, Mallococca. _Tiliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings may be struck in sand under glass, with
heat.

=Grindelia.= _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown in the border or under a frame. Divisions.
Cuttings.

=Ground-Cherry.= See Physalis.

=Ground-Nut.= See Apios; also Pea-nut.

=Groundsel.= See Senecio.

=Guaiacum.= _Zygophylleæ._

Ripened cuttings in spring, under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Guava= (_Psidium_, several species). _Myrtaceæ._

The guavas grow readily from seeds, and plants will often
bloom when a year and a half old. They may also be multiplied
by layers, and by cuttings either under glass or in the
open.

=Guelder Rose.= See Viburnum.

=Guernsey Lily.= See Nerine.

=Gumbo.= See Hibiscus.

=Gum, Sweet.= See Liquidambar.

=Gum-tree.= See Eucalyptus.

=Gunnera.= _Halorageæ._

Propagated by division. It is very difficult to raise from
seed.

=Gustavia=, Pirigara. _Myrtaceæ._

Cuttings, made of ripened shoots and handled in a frame.

=Gymnema.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Make cuttings of firm side shoots in spring, and place in a
frame.

=Gymnocladus= (Kentucky Coffee-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Readily increased by seeds, which start better if soaked for
a few hours in hot water. Also by root-cuttings.

=Gymnogramme.= See Ferns.

=Gymnyostachys.= _Aroideæ._

Propagation is effected by suckers and divisions.

=Gynerium= (Pampas Grass). _Gramineæ._

Seeds, under glass in the north. Also increased by dividing
the tufts.

=Gynura.= _Compositæ._

Increased by cuttings and seeds.

=Gypsophila.= _Caryophylleæ._

Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings.

=Habranthus.= See Zephyranthes.

=Habrothamnus.= See Cestrum.

=Hackberry.= See Celtis.

=Hæmanthus= (Blood Flower). _Amaryllideæ._

Bulbels, which should be removed and potted when the
plants are commencing new growth, and be kept in a close
pit or house till established. Seeds are rarely used.

=Hæmodorum= (Australian Blood-root). _Hæmodoraceæ._

Increased by dividing the roots in spring.

=Hakea=, Conchium. _Proteaceæ._

Well-ripened cuttings, placed in sandy peat under glass, in
a cool house. Seeds, when obtainable, can be used.

=Halesia=, Pterostyrax (Silver-bell or Snowdrop Tree). _Styracaceæ._

Seeds, which rarely germinate till the second year. They
should be kept constantly moist. Propagation is also effected
by layers, or by cuttings of the roots in spring and autumn.
Layers are commonly employed in this country.

=Halimodendron= (Salt-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Freely increased by seeds, layers or cuttings. May also
be grafted on common laburnum.

=Hamamelis= (Witch-hazel). _Hamamelideæ._

All grow from seeds or layers, and the Japan species succeed
if grafted on American species in the greenhouse. _H.
Virginica_ may be readily propagated by layers.

=Hamelia.= _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings which are nearly ripe will root during
the early part of summer under glass, with heat.

=Hamiltonia=, Spermadictyon. _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Half-ripened cuttings, placed in sand under glass.

=Hardenbergia.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds may be used; also increased by divisions. Cuttings,
made of the firm young side shoots in spring, will grow if inserted
under a bell-glass, and placed in a warm frame or pit,
without bottom heat.

=Hardwickia.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by ripened cuttings in sand, in a strong heat.

=Harebell.= See Campanula.

=Hatchet Cactus.= See Pelecyphora.

=Haw=, Hawthorn. See Cratægus.

=Hazel.= See Corylus.

=Heartsease.= See Viola.

=Heath.= See Erica.

=Heather.= See Calluna.

=Hedera= (Ivy). _Araliaceæ._

Seeds. Layers. The rooted portions of the vine may be
severed and treated as independent plants. Cuttings may be
made in autumn from any firm shoots, and inserted in pots
or in the open ground. If they are placed in heat and kept
shaded until roots are formed, good plants are obtained much
sooner than when placed in a cold-frame or in the open air.
Named varieties are grafted on the stock of any common
strong climbing form.

=Hedychium= (Indian Garland Flower). _Scitamineæ._

Seeds, rarely. Increased by dividing the rhizomes in
spring, when the plants are repotted.

=Hedysarum.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagation is effected by means of seeds and division.

=Helenium.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds or divisions.

=Helianthemum=, including Fumana (Rock-Rose, Sun-Rose). _Cistineæ._

The annuals are raised from seeds. The perennials may
also be raised from seeds, but it is better to trust to layers
and to cuttings, which will root freely in a sandy soil, if kept
shaded until established.

=Helianthus=, including Harpalium (Sunflower). _Compositæ._

By seeds, which may be sown in pots, and the seedlings
transferred, or in the open ground in spring. Also divisions.

=Helichrysum=, Elichrysum (Everlastings). _Compositæ._

The annual species and the varieties of H. bracteatum may
be raised from seed, sown in a light heat in early spring,
and afterwards transplanted; or sown in the open ground a
little later. The perennial species are increased by cuttings
in spring, in a close frame without heat.

=Heliconia.= _Scitamineæ._

May be increased by seeds, but the best method is by division
of the root stock in spring when growth commences.
Separate pieces may be placed in pots, and grown in a moist
stove temperature, repotting when necessary; or they may
be planted out in the stove, if desired.

=Heliotropium= (Heliotrope). _Boragineæ._

Seeds. The common practice is to use cuttings. These
can be taken at almost any season, if good growing shoots
are to be had. They start readily in sand or soil on a cutting
bench, or under a frame. Plants for bedding are struck
in late winter from stocks which are in a vigorous condition.

=Helipterum=, including Astelma, Rhodanthe. _Compositæ._

Seeds may be sown in early spring, under cover.

=Helleborus= (Black Hellebore, Christmas Rose). _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe. Strong and healthy
root divisions are also employed.

=Helonias.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds, and slowly by root divisions.

=Hemerocallis= (Day Lily). _Liliaceæ._

Increased by divisions. _H. Middendorfii_ and some others
by seed.

=Hemlock Spruce.= See Tsuga.

=Hemp.= See Cannabis.

=Hepatica.= _Ranunculaceæ._

Can be propagated by division; also by seeds.

=Heracleum= (Cow Parsley, Cow Parsnip). _Umbelliferæ._

Readily increased by seeds or divisions.

=Herbertia.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by means of seeds or bulbels.

=Herb-Robert.= See Geranium.

=Hesperis= (Dame's Violet, Rocket). _Cruciferæ._

The single sorts are increased by seeds; the double forms
by carefully dividing the roots, or by cuttings.

=Heterocentron.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings.

=Heuchera= (Alum Root). _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds. Readily increased by dividing the crowns during
spring.

=Hevea=, Micrandra, Siphonia. _Euphorbiaceæ._

Cuttings should be made of half-ripened wood, and inserted
in sand under glass.

=Hibbertia=, including Cyclandra, Pleurandra. _Dilleniaceæ._

Cuttings, in sandy peat under glass.

=Hibiscus.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds sometimes. Also by divisions and layers. Cuttings
of green-wood are commonly used, made in summer for hardy
species or in early spring for tender ones. Cuttings of ripened
wood may be taken in fall, and stored until spring in a
rather dry place. The variegated sorts do better if grafted
upon strong stocks.

=Hicoria=, Carya (Hickory, Pecan, etc.). _Juglandeæ._

Increased chiefly by seeds, which should be stratified; also
by root-sprouts. Seeds are sometimes planted at intervals
in the field where the trees are to stand; but this practice is
not to be recommended. The hickory can be grafted. Best
results are obtained by veneer or splice-grafting in winter,
on potted stocks. Cleft-grafting can be employed out-doors.
Saddle-grafting upon young twigs is sometimes used. See
also Pecan.

=Hippeastrum= (Equestrian Star). _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in well-drained pots or
pans of sandy loam, slightly covered, and placed in a temperature
of about 65°. For increasing by divisions--which
is the usual way--the old bulbs should be taken from the
pots and carefully separated, with the least possible injury
to the roots. This should be done when the plants are at
rest, and the offsets should be placed singly in pots. Keep
the bulb about two-thirds above the level of the soil, dispose
the roots evenly, and plunge in bottom heat, in a position
exposed to the light.

=Hippomane=, Mancinella. _Euphorbiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand under glass.

=Hippophaë= (Sallow Thorn, Sea Buckthorn). _Elæagnaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, suckers, layers, and cuttings of
the roots.

=Hoffmannia=, Higginsia. _Rubiaceæ._

Insert cuttings in sandy soil under cover, in bottom heat.

=Hog Plum.= See Spondias.

=Holbœllia.= _Berberideæ._

In spring, cuttings may be made of half-ripened shoots.

=Holly.= See Ilex.

=Hollyhock= (Althæa). _Malvaceæ._

Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe--in summer--in pots
or pans, and placed in a slight bottom heat or in the open
air. In either case, place the seedlings in 3-inch pots, and
winter in a cold-frame. Dividing the roots, after flowering is
over, by separating the crown, so as to preserve one or more
buds and as many roots as possible to each piece. Cuttings
of young shoots three inches long, taken off close to the old
root at nearly the same time, should be placed singly in small
pots of light, sandy soil and kept close, and shaded in a cold-frame
until rooted. If cuttings are made during winter, a
gentle bottom heat must be given. Also grafted (see page
88). See also Althæa.

=Honesty.= See Lunaria.

=Honey-Locust.= See Gleditschia.

=Honeysuckle.= See Lonicera.

=Hop.= See Humulus.

=Hop Hornbeam.= See Ostrya.

=Horehound= (_Marrubium vulgare_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, in early spring. Division.

=Horkelia.= See Potentilla.

=Hornbeam.= See Carpinus.

=Horse Chestnut.= See Æsculus.

=Horse Mint.= See Monarda.

=Horse-Radish= (_Nasturtium Armoracia_). _Cruciferæ._

Root-cuttings ("sets"). These are made from the small
side roots when the horse-radish is dug. They may be anywhere
from one-fourth to one inch in diameter, and three to
six inches long, one end being cut slanting, to mark it.
These are planted obliquely, two to four inches deep, in
spring. They may be buried during winter. (Fig. 48). The
old crowns may be planted, but they make poorer roots.

=Hottonia.= _Primulaceæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds and divisions in spring.

=House-Leek.= See Sempervivum.

=Houstonia.= _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. May also be increased by carefully made divisions
in autumn or spring.

=Hovea=, Poiretia. _Leguminosæ._

Propagation is best effected by seeds, sown in well-drained
pots of sandy peat soil in spring, and placed in a gentle bottom
heat. Cuttings are difficult to strike.

=Hovenia.= _Rhamneæ._

Increased by seeds. Root-cuttings are also used. Ripened
cuttings should be placed in sand, under a hand-glass.

=Hoya= (Honey Plant, Wax Flower). _Asclepiadeæ._

For layering, good-sized shoots should have a few of their
leaves removed, and should then be put in pots of soil until
rooted. The plants may afterwards be grown on, and repotted
according to their strength. Cuttings may be taken
in spring or later in the year, from shoots of the preceding
summer's growth, and placed in a compost of peat and sand,
and plunged in bottom heat in a frame. A slight shade and
careful watering will be necessary. _H. bella_ does best when
grafted on a stronger growing sort.

=Huckleberry.= See Vaccinium.

=Humea=, Agathomeris, Calomeria. _Compositæ._

Sow seeds in light, finely sifted soil, and place in a frame
in early summer.

=Humulus= (Hop). _Urticaceæ._

It may be propagated by seeds, or by divisions in spring.
Ordinarily, however, the species is increased by hard-wood
cuttings of two-bud lengths from the best old shoots, and
made in spring. Leave the top bud just above the ground.

=Hyacinthus= (Hyacinth). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds are employed for the production of new varieties.
These are sown the same season they mature, in light, sandy
soil, and are covered not more than a half-inch deep. In
four or five years, or sometimes even longer, the bulbs will
be large enough to flower. Varieties are perpetuated by
means of the bulbels which form freely upon some varieties.
These are treated in much the same manner as mature bulbs,
or they may be handled in pans or flats. They make flower
bulbs in two or three years. To increase the numbers of
these bulbels, the bulbs are variously cut by the Dutch growers.
These practices are described and illustrated on pages
27 and 28, Figs. 12-14. Hyacinths can be propagated by
leaf cuttings. Strong leaves should be taken in early spring
and cut into two or three portions, each portion being inserted
about an inch in good sandy loam, and given a temperature
of about 75°. In eight or ten weeks a bulblet will form
at the base of the cutting (see page 52). The lower leaves
give better results than the upper ones. These bulblets are
then treated in the same manner as bulbels.

=Hydrangea=, Hortensia. _Saxifrageæ._

The hardy species are usually propagated by green cuttings
in summer, under glass (see Fig. 57). The tender species
are increased by cuttings taken at any time from vigorous
young wood, usually in late winter. Layers are occasionally
employed, and suckers can be separated from some species.
Sometimes the hardy species are forced for purposes of propagation
by cuttage. _H. quercifolia_ is propagated by little
suckers or "root pips." _H. paniculata, grandiflora_ can easily
be propagated from the young wood, taken in June and
planted under glass.

=Hymenocallis.= _Amaryllideæ._

Treated the same as Pancratium, which see.

=Hypericum=, including Androsæmum. _Hypericineæ._

Easily increased by seeds, cuttings, or by strong pieces of
the roots of creeping-rooted species. Hard-wooded cuttings
taken in fall, are commonly used.

=Hypoxis.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds and offsets.

=Hyssop= (_Hyssopus officinalis_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds. Division.

=Iberis= (Candytuft). _Cruciferæ._

The annuals and biennials are increased by seeds sown in
light sandy soil, in spring or autumn. The sub-shrubby
sorts are also increased by seeds sown in spring, but more
often by divisions or by cuttings.

=Idesia.= _Bixineæ._

Seeds may be sown in spring in gentle heat. Half-ripened
cuttings may be made in spring or autumn, and
should be inserted in sandy loam, and placed under a bell-glass,
in gentle heat. Also by root-cuttings.

=Ilex=, including Prinos (Holly). _Ilicineæ._

Seeds, which should be stratified. They are often cleaned
of the pulpy coat by maceration. The seeds rarely germinate
until the second year. Varieties are perpetuated by
graftage. The veneer-graft, upon potted plants, is usually
employed, but other methods may be successful. Budding
is sometimes performed.

=Illicium= (Aniseed-tree). _Magnoliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of young ripened shoots may be made
during summer and should be placed in sandy soil, under a
glass.

=Imantophylium.= _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds. Usually increased by division or by means of
bulbels.

=Impatiens=, Balsamina (Balsam). _Geraniaceæ._

The common annuals may be raised from seeds, in spring,
in any ordinary light soil. The stove and greenhouse species
may be increased by seeds, or from cuttings, which root
freely in a close frame. _I. Sultani_ does best from seeds.

=Indian Fig.= See Opuntia.

=Indian Shot.= See Canna.

=Indigofera= (Indigo). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds. Cuttings of young shoots may be
inserted in sandy or peaty soil under glass, in slight heat.

=Inga.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds. Cuttings root with difficulty.

=Inula=, Elecampane. _Compositæ._

Readily increased by seeds or by divisions.

=Ionidium=, Solea. _Violarieæ._

The herbaceous species are increased by seeds and by
divisions. The shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings
which will root in sand, in a frame.

=Ipomœa=, including Quamoclit (Moon-flower, Morning Glory).
_Convolvulaceæ._

All the annual species are grown from seeds. The perennials
are also increased by seedage, but they may be raised
from cuttings struck in a forcing-house or a frame. The
moon-flowers often do better in the north from cuttings than
from seeds. _I. Horsfalliæ_ is largely propagated by layers,
and other species may be treated in the same way. Division
is sometimes employed. _I. pandurata_ can be propagated by
root-cuttings. Also grafted (see page 88).

=Ipomopsis.= See Gilia.

=Iresine=, Achyranthes. _Amarantaceæ._

Seeds rarely. Increased readily by cuttings. For summer
bedding in the north, cuttings should be started in
February or March. For use as window plants, they should
be taken in late summer.

=Iriartea=, Deckeria. _Palmæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds.

=Iris=, including Xiphion. _Irideæ._

Seeds grow readily and give good results, and they are
usually produced freely, especially in the bulbous species.
Sow as soon as ripe in light soil in some protected place.
The bulbous species produce bulbels, which may be used for
multiplication. The rhizomatous species are propagated by
dividing the rhizome into short rooted pieces. Or when the
rhizomes lie on the surface of the ground and do not root
readily, they may be layered.

=Isonandra= (Gutta-Percha Tree). _Sapotaceæ._

Insert cuttings in sandy soil, under glass, in heat.

=Isoplexis=, Callianassa. _Scrophularineæ._

Cuttings of half-ripened shoots should be made in spring
under glass.

=Isopyram.= _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds or by divisions, in autumn or spring.

=Itea.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by seeds or by suckers, in spring; and in
autumn by layers.

=Ivy.= See Hedera and Ampelopsis.

=Ixia=, including Morphixia. _Irideæ._

Seeds may be sown in pans of sandy soil in autumn, and
placed in a cool frame. Propagation by bulbels is a much
quicker, as it is the usual method.

=Ixiolirion=, Kolpakowskia. _Amaryllideæ._

Increased by seeds; and by bulbels.

=Ixora.= _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Usually increased by short-jointed green cuttings
placed in a close frame with a strong bottom heat.

=Jaborosa.= _Solanaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring, and by divisions, also
by cuttings of young shoots, placed under a frame.

=Jacaranda.= _Bignoniaceæ._

Cuttings of half-ripened shoots may be made in early summer
and placed in sand over sandy peat, in heat, and kept
shaded. Also seeds.

=Jacobæan Lily.= See Amaryllis.

=Jacobinia.= See Justicia.

=Jacquinia.= _Myrsineæ._

Cuttings of ripened shoots, usually made in summer,
placed in sand, in a moist bottom heat.

=Jalapa.= See Mirabilis.

=Jambosa.= See Myrtus.

=Jasione= (Sheep's Scabious). _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds, sown in spring or fall, usually in the open. The
perennials may be divided.

=Jasminum= (Jasmine, Jessamine). _Oleaceæ._

Sometimes by seeds, but usually by cuttings of the nearly
ripened wood, under glass. Cuttings of ripe wood are also
employed, and layers are often used.

=Jatropha.= _Euphorbiaceæ._

Cuttings made of firm young shoots will strike in sandy
soil in a strong bottom heat. The cuttings, if very fleshy,
may be dried a few days before setting them.

=Jeffersonia.= _Berberideæ._

Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe, or divisions may be
made.

=Jerusalem Artichoke= (Girasole). See Artichoke.

=Jessamine, Yellow.= See Gelsemium.

=Jonquil.= See Narcissus.

=Jubæa= (Coquito Palm of Chili). _Palmæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds.

=Judas-tree.= See Cercis.

=Juglans= (Walnut and Butternut). _Juglandeæ._

All the species are readily propagated by means of stratified
nuts. Do not allow the nuts to become dry. Artificial
cracking should not be done. In stiff soils the seedlings
are apt to produce a long tap-root which renders transplanting
difficult after the first year or two. The tap-root may be
cut by a long knife while the tree is growing, or the young
seedling may be transplanted. Particular varieties are perpetuated
by grafting or budding with any of the common
methods. In the north, they are sometimes worked indoors
in pots. Common shield-budding works well, if the sap is
flowing freely in the stock. Flute-budding is often employed.
The improved native sorts are root-grafted in winter.
Old trees can be top-grafted like apple-trees (see p. 90).

The "English" walnut (_J. regia_) is mostly grown direct
from seed in this country, and the different varieties usually
come true. In California, the native walnut (_J. Californica_)
is often used as a stock for this species, and flute-budding on
branches a half-inch or more in diameter is often practiced.
"Twig-budding," or the insertion of a short branchlet or bit
of branch which is severed from the parent branch in the
same manner as a shield bud, is sometimes employed.

=Jujube= (_Zizyphus Jujube_). _Rhamneæ._

Seeds and cuttings.

=Juncus= (Rush, Bulrush). _Junceæ._

Seeds. The perennials may be increased by division.

=Juneberry= (_Amelanchier Canadensis_, var. _oblongifolia_). _Rosaceæ._

Increased by using the sprouts which form freely about
the old plants; also by seeds.

=Juniperus= (Juniper, Red Cedar). _Coniferæ._

Increased readily by seeds, which, however, often lie
dormant until the second year. They germinate more
readily if the pulp is removed by maceration or by soaking
with ashes for a few days. Green cuttings, in sand under
glass, root easily; or mature cuttings may be taken in fall
and placed in a cold-frame, in which they will need little protection
during winter. Some varieties require a long time to
root. Most of the named varieties may be grafted on imported
Irish stocks, which are much used in some parts of the
country. They may be veneer-grafted and handled in a
cool house.

=Jurinea.= _Compositæ._

Increased in spring by seeds or by divisions.

=Jussiæa.= _Onagrarieæ._

Seeds and divisions are used for propagating.

=Justicia=, including Jacobinia and Sericographis. _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds occasionally. The species strike readily from short
green cuttings on a cutting bench or under a frame.

=Kadsura=, Sarcocarpon. _Magnoliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, made of nearly ripened shoots, which
should be placed in sand under glass.

=Kaki.= See Persimmon.

=Kalanchoe.= _Crassulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, but cuttings, when obtainable, are
better.

=Kale= (_Brassica oleracea_, vars.). _Cruciferæ._

By seeds, sown in the open in spring in the north, or in
the fall in the south.

=Kalmia= (Mountain Laurel, Calico-bush). _Ericaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, which should be sown in shallow
pans of sandy peat, and kept in a cold-frame until the
seedlings are large enough to transfer to the open air after
being hardened off. By cuttings of young shoots in sandy
peat, placed in a shady situation under a hand-glass. Also
by layers. Usually obtained from the woods.

=Kennedya.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds may be sown in spring or summer, or cuttings of
rather firm side shoots may be made at the same time, and
placed in peaty soil, in a close, warm frame.

=Kentia.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds, placed in light, sandy soil, with heat.

=Kentucky Coffee-tree.= See Gymnocladus.

=Kerria.= _Rosaceæ._

Propagated by divisions, layers, and by cuttings of young
shoots, inserted under a hand-light, or by ripened cuttings.
In this country, oftener increased by ripe wood in fall.

=Kitaibelia.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds. May be readily propagated by divisions.

=Kleinhovia.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Seeds. Make cuttings of the young ripened shoots, and
place in sand, in heat, under glass.

=Klugia.= _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds. Propagated usually by cuttings.

=Knightia=, Rymandra. _Proteaceæ._

Make cuttings of ripened shoots with upper leaves on, and
place in sandy soil under glass, in a very gentle bottom heat.

=Kniphofia=, Tritoma. _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, or by divisions of the crown in early
spring.

=Knowltonia=, Anamenia. _Ranunculaceæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions.

=Kœllikeria.= _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds, carefully sown. May be propagated by dividing
the tubers.

=Kœlreuteria.= _Sapindaceæ._

Propagated in spring by seed, by layers in autumn, and by
cuttings of the young shoots in spring; also by root-cuttings.

=Kœniga.= _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, in spring.

=Krameria.= _Polygaleæ._

Cuttings, set in sand under glass, in spring.

=Kreysigia=, Tripladenia. _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated generally by divisions in spring.

=Kydia.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds. May be increased by cuttings of firm shoots, which
root in sand under glass.

=Laburnum.= _Leguminosæ._

The species may be increased by seeds. Layers and suckers
are often used. The varieties by grafting or budding on
the common sorts.

=Lachenalia.= _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Bulbels.

=Lachnæa.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Cuttings of short young shoots may be made in spring, and
should be placed in sand, under glass.

=Lælia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by pseudo-bulbs, as in cattleya. See also under
Orchids.

=Lagerstrœmia= (Crape Myrtle). _Lythrarieæ._

Layers. Cuttings of firm, small side shoots may be made
in spring, and placed in bottom heat.

=Lagetta= (Lace Bark). _Thymelæaceæ._

Usually increased by cuttings of firm shoots, placed in
sand under glass, in bottom heat.

=Lagunaria.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, placed under glass,
in a gentle heat.

=Lambertia.= _Proteaceæ_.

Increased by seeds, sown in slight heat. By cuttings,
made of young and rather firm shoots.

=Lantana.= _Verbenaceæ._

Seeds, which give new varieties. Cuttings, in fall or
spring, from good growing wood, in sand in a warm house
or frame.

=Lapageria=, Capia, Phænocodon. _Liliaceæ._

Sow seeds when ripe in a sandy peat soil, and keep in a
moderate heat. Increased by layers of firm, strong shoots.

=Laportea.= _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings placed in sand, in heat.

=Lardizibala.= _Berberideæ._

The cuttings, made of half-ripened shoots, should be inserted
in sandy soil under glass.

=Larix= (Larch, Tamarack). _Coniferæ._

Seeds should be kept dry over winter and planted early in
spring. Shade the young plants. Varieties, as the weeping
sorts, are worked upon common stocks. The grafting may
be done by the whip method, out-doors early in spring. Rare
sorts are sometimes veneer-grafted under glass.

=Larkspur.= See Delphinium.

=Lasiandra.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the growing wood under glass.

=Lasiopetalum.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Seeds. Make cuttings in spring of the half-ripened wood,
and insert in sand, under glass.

=Latania.= See Livistona.

=Lathyrus= (Sweet Pea, Vetchling). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, sown very early in the open. The perennials also
by seeds, sometimes by division.

=Lattice-leaf.= See Ouvirandra.

=Latua.= _Solanaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand under glass.

=Laurel, Mountain.= See Kalmia.

=Laurus= (Laurel). _Laurineæ._

Increased by seeds, layers, and by cuttings, placed under
a hand-glass in sandy soil. Also propagated by root-cuttings.

=Laurustinus.= See Viburnum.

=Lavandula= (Lavender). _Labiatæ._

Divisions. When the flowers are fully expanded, cuttings
may be made. These should be inserted in sandy soil, under
a frame.

=Lawsonia=, Alcanna. _Lythrarieæ._

Increased by cuttings of ripened shoots, placed in sand
under a glass, in heat.

=Laxmannia.= _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Propagation is usually effected by divisions or
bulbels.

=Layia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in a hot-bed, or in the open border
in the south.

=Leaf-Beet= or =Chard=. See Beet.

=Ledum= (Labrador Tea). _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and divisions, but principally by layers,
in sandy peat soil.

=Leek= (_Allium Porrum_). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds, sown very early in the spring, either out-doors or
in a cold-frame.

=Leianthus.= _Gentianeæ._

Seeds, under cover; or cuttings of young shoots may be
made, and inserted in sandy soil under glass.

=Leiophyllum= (Sand Myrtle). _Ericaceæ._

May be freely increased by seeds, sown in pans and placed
in a frame. By layers in autumn.

=Lemon= (_Citrus Limonum_). _Rutaceæ._

The named sorts are budded upon either orange or lemon
stocks. Orange stocks are probably most generally preferred,
as they are adapted to a great variety of soils, and
vigorous trees nearly always result. The budding is performed
in the same manner as upon the orange, which see.
Lemons are often grown from cuttings of the mature wood,
which are set in the open ground as soon as the spring becomes
warm, or in a frame. Stocks for budding upon are
sometimes grown from cuttings in this way.

=Lentil= (_Ervum_, various species). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, sown in early spring.

=Leonotis= (Lion's Ear, Lion's Tail). _Labiatæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings, which root freely in a gentle
bottom heat, in early spring.

=Leontice.= _Berberideæ._

May be increased by seeds or by suckers.

=Leontopodium= (Edelweiss, Lion's Foot). _Compositæ._

May annually be raised from seeds, or the old plants may
be divided in spring. The seeds must be kept in a dry place
throughout the winter.

=Lepachys.= See Rudbeckia.

=Leptosyne.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Leschenaultia.= _Goodenovieæ._

In spring or summer cuttings may be taken from the points
of shoots that are rather firm, and placed in sandy peat, in a
shaded frame.

=Lessertia.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagation by seeds, or by divisions in spring.

=Lettuce= (_Lactuca sativa_). _Compositæ._

Seeds, which may be sown under glass or in the open. In
the middle and southern states, the seeds may be sown in the
fall, and the plants protected during cold by a mulch; or the
plants may grow during winter in the warmer parts.

=Leucadendron= (Silver Tree). _Proteaceæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Leucoium= (Snowflake). _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds, for producing new sorts. Propagation is commonly
effected by bulbels, which should be secured as soon as possible
after the foliage ripens.

=Leucothoë.= _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be covered very lightly.
By divisions of established plants in autumn or winter. Also
by layers.

=Lewisia.= _Portulacaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by divisions in spring.

=Leycesteria.= _Caprifoliaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, sown in spring. By cuttings
of the short young shoots, made in spring; by older ones
made in autumn.

=Leyssera.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, and by firm cuttings, placed in sandy
soil during summer.

=Liatris= (Blazing Star, Button Snake-Root). _Compositæ._

Seeds are usually sown early in autumn. Divisions may
be made in spring.

=Libonia.= _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds are rarely employed. Usually increased by short
green cuttings in a frame.

=Licuala=, Pericycla. _Palmæ._

Seeds may be sown in spring in a sandy soil, and placed in
a strong, moist bottom heat.

=Lietzia.= _Gesneraceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in early spring, in heat; by cuttings
inserted in sand under a glass, in bottom heat; or by
tubers, which must be kept dry in winter and potted in early
spring.

=Lightfootia.= _Campanulaceæ._

The annuals, by seeds sown in a warm frame in spring.
Perennials also by cuttings made of young shoots placed
in sand containing a little peat, under glass.

=Ligularia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, or by divisions in spring and autumn.

=Ligustrum= (Privet, Prim). _Oleaceæ._

Stratified seeds. Division. The named varieties are
grown from cuttings, either of green or ripe wood.

=Lilac.= See Syringa.

=Lilium= (Lily). _Liliaceæ._