Chapter IX: Totemism 293

§ 1. _Meaning and Scope of Totemism._—Frazer’s
definitions. The Clan-Totem, and observances
connected with it 293-6

§ 2. _Of the Origin of Totemism._—Totemism not universal.
Totemic names sometimes recent, generally ancient.
Totemism has not the psychological necessity of Magic
and Animism. Originates with the names of individuals
or of groups? 296-9

§ 3. _The Conceptional Hypothesis of Frazer._—Belief in
Totems derived from the fancies of women as to cause
of pregnancy. Criticisms 299-304

§ 4. _Lang’s Hypothesis._—Names of animals or plants
given to groups probably by other groups.
Circumstances of origin having been forgotten,
explanatory myths are invented with corresponding
observances. Comments 304-7

§ 5. _Totemism and Marriage._—Exogamy, Totemism and
Marriage Classes. Westermarck’s hypothesis as to
Exogamy 307-11

§ 6. _The Clansman and his Totem_—perhaps believed to
have the same soul 312-14

§ 7. _Totemism and Magic._—Magical properties of names.
Transformation. Penalties on breach of observances.
Control of Totems 314-19

§ 8. _Totemism and Animism._—Totems in Australia
give warnings; are sometimes invoked in aid; the
Wollunqua. Fusion of Totem with spirit of hero in
Fiji; in Polynesia. Propitiation of guardian spirits,
“elder brothers,” species-gods in North and South
America. Zoolatry in Africa; in Egypt 319-25