Chapter XXVII: Introduction (4)

A Minister who has honourably and usefully served his country in many capacities. Has been Envoy Extraordinary at Madrid, President of the Board of Trade, and, during a stormy period of incipient rebellion, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. At present, Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. An excellent man of business, and a consistent Liberal in politics.

[By J. E. Jones.]

479. SIDNEY HERBERT. _Statesman._

[Born 1810. Still living.]

Half brother of the Earl of Pembroke. Was educated at Oxford. Entered Parliament in 1832. Has been ever since a follower of the policy identified with the name of Sir Robert Peel. From 1841 to 1845, Secretary to the Admiralty. In 1845, appointed Secretary at War. Retired from office with Sir Robert Peel in 1846, but became again Secretary at War, in Lord Aberdeen’s administration, 1853. Mr. Herbert has acquired a well deserved reputation for his benevolent exertions on behalf of the unemployed industrious classes of both sexes.

[By Macdonald of Rome.]

480. LORD CANNING. _English Peer._

[Born 1812. Still living.]

The only surviving son of George Canning, Prime Minister of England. Has been Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; and for a short time, in 1846, was Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests. He was Chairman of the Council of Juries in the Great Exhibition of 1851.

[By Macdonald.]

480.* WILLIAM HULME HOOPER. _Naval Officer._

[Born in London, 1826. Died there 1854. Aged 27.]

One of the intrepid Arctic explorers, whose spirit of enterprise has impelled them to invade the ocean, in his sternest and most terrific domain, through hope to solve the mystery hanging over the fate of Sir John Franklin. Lieutenant Hooper commanded the second cutter in the remarkable voyage of the boats of Her Majesty’s ship “Plover” from Icy Cape to Cape Bathurst. Lost for three days and nights in an Arctic snow storm, quartered two long and lonely winters away from his ship in log-huts with a few of his men, under every privation, he brought home the fastened malady of the lungs which so early cut short his ardent career.

[This bust is by David Dunbar.]

PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS.

481. CARDINAL WOLSEY. _Minister of State._

[Born at Ipswich, 1471. Died at Leicester, 1530. Aged 59.]

A butcher’s son, with an inordinate appetence for place, power, and money. A magnificent pluralist, whose insatiable desire for wealth was redeemed only by the noble uses to which he applied a portion of his worldly goods. His revenues almost equalled those of the crown, and many of his acts were princely, as became the rival of a king. Wolsey founded several lectures at Oxford, built Christ Church in that University, and erected Hampton Court, which, in his splendid generosity, he presented to Henry VIII. He owed his first advancement to Henry VII., who sent him on an embassy to the Emperor of Germany, and afterwards made him Dean of Lincoln. His rise was, thenceforwards rapid. He became, under Henry VIII., Cardinal, Lord Chancellor, and Pope’s Legate. His fall was headlong. Offending the king by refusing to sanction his divorce, he was disgraced in an hour, and compelled to disgorge his enormous acquisitions. He was arrested at York, but, falling sick on his way to London, died at Leicester. Much of Wolsey’s wealth was, no doubt, ill-gotten; his ambition knew no bounds; his insolence was intolerable;--but he had in many respects a grand and royal mind, and the benefits conferred by him upon learning are never to be omitted in a history of his remarkable life.

[Presented by Mr. John Archbutt, London.]

482. CHARLES JAMES BLOMFIELD. _Bishop of London._

[Born 1786. Still living.]

Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was Fellow. Bishop of Chester, 1824--of London, 1828. Distinguished for his classical attainments, and before his elevation to the bench, known as the accomplished editor of the tragedies of Æschylus. As a churchman, Charles James Blomfield has endeavoured to take a middle and conciliatory course, notwithstanding his decided bent towards the high church party. It is no reproach to the Bishop of London to say that he has occasionally stumbled, upon a difficult and slippery path.

[By W. Behnes.]

482A. CHARLES JAMES BLOMFIELD. _Bishop of London._

[By Henry Weigall.]

483. FATHER THEOBALD MATHEW. _Temperance Reformer._

[Born at Thomastown, in Ireland, 1790. Still living.]

A modern crusader, who has drawn his spiritual sword against one of the deadliest foes to religion, civilisation, and human happiness. An apostle who carries glad tidings to every hearth, irrespectively of the altar raised there for divine worship. A proselytiser who converts Romanist and Protestant, with equal advantage and safety to both. He was educated at Maynooth; is a Romish priest; and his whole life has been spent in an anxious and a humane endeavour to release mankind from the self-imposed yoke of Drunkenness. He is the founder of the “total abstinence” principle, in virtue of which self-denying ordinance “pledged” men abstain from any use whatever of intoxicating liquors. The success of the good and courageous man has been equal to his deserts: both are inestimable. Under his teaching the most hardened drunkards have become abstemious, and the most reckless and improvident have been won to self-respect and virtuous conduct. No preacher in the olden or the modern time has surpassed his earnestness or his labour. Hundreds of thousands have taken the pledge from his hands in Ireland, in this country, and in the United States. If some of the number have been unfaithful to their plighted word, the weakness of humanity will explain the defection. That thousands are the better, the wiser, the happier, and the purer for his labours, is beyond all doubt. A few patriots like Father Mathew, would have changed the face of nature in Ireland years ago. His work, now, is productive of hourly good. The man who only checks the growth of Drunkenness is a benefactor of his kind. He who extinguishes the vice in a hundred thousand beasts, is one of the mightiest of human conquerors.

[By Christopher Moore, 1845.]

484. CARDINAL WISEMAN. _Chief of the Romish Church in England._

[Born at Seville, in Spain, 1802. Still living.]

Came to England in 1808. Educated at the English college in Rome, where he took his degree of D.D. in 1824. Consecrated Bishop of Melipotamus in 1840, and made Vicar Apostolic of the London district in 1849. Created Cardinal, 1850. Cardinal Wiseman is a man of vast learning and eminent ability. His lectures on the Connexion between Science and Revealed Religion constitute a noble and masterly vindication of the cause which the lectures are intended to maintain, and are full of the happiest illustration. The style of Cardinal Wiseman is forcible, logical, and eloquent; and it is said that he writes with equal ease the language of nearly all the European nations. He is the seventh English Cardinal since the Reformation.

[By Christopher Moore. 1850.]

KINGS AND QUEENS.

485. EDWARD III. _King of England._

[Born 1313. Died 1377. Aged 64.]

An accomplished monarch, brave, and for his time enlightened. In his day, and by his act, the power of the Commons rose, and the pretensions of the Barons were reduced; several constitutional acts found their way to the statute book, and greater security was given by law to property and person. Glorious battles were fought in France; the field of Cressy was won, and Calais surrendered in 1346. Edward, Prince of Wales, surnamed the Black Prince, was the worthy son of this redoubtable sire. Following in the steps of his father, he won, in 1355, the battle of Poitiers, took the French king and his son prisoners, and brought them to London. In this reign, Queen’s College, Oxford, and Clare Hall, Pembroke Hall, Trinity Hall, and Caius, all colleges at Cambridge, were founded. Windsor Castle also was built by Edward III., William of Wykeham, afterwards Bishop of Winchester, and Chancellor of England, and the founder of Winchester College, being “Clerk of the works.” Under Edward III., the first toll was levied for mending the highways; the highway concerned being the road between St. Giles’s and Temple Bar. Upon the whole, a grand time for England.

[From the Effigy.]

486. ELEANORA OF CASTILE. _Surnamed The Faithful. First Queen of Edward I., of England._

[Born in Castile, 1243. Died at Grantham, 1290. Aged 47.]

A queen who has been described as “a loving mother to our nation, the column and pillar of the whole realm,”--godly, modest, merciful. The united influence of loveliness, virtue, and sweet temper, inspired in the heart of her renowned lord an attachment as deep as it was true. She was the mother of the first Prince of Wales. When, in 1269, her husband took up the Cross, Eleanora resolved to share the dangers of his Syrian campaign. Her ladies of the Court endeavouring to dissuade her from the journey, she replied, “Nothing ought to part those whom God has joined; and the way to heaven is as near, if not nearer, from Syria, as from England or my native Spain.” She was a patroness of literature and art, and civilisation advanced under the auspices of her well-regulated Court. Taken ill at Grantham, whilst her husband was in Scotland, she expired there. Edward followed her body thence to Westminster in the bitterest grief, and on the spot marked by the close of every stage, vowed to erect a cross in memory of his _chère reine_. The crosses of Northampton and Waltham still remain, models of architectural beauty. Charing Cross was the last resting-place before the body was carried into Westminster Abbey.

[From the Effigy.]

487. HENRY VII. _King of England._

[Born 1456. Died 1509. Aged 53.]

A monarch whose greatest vice was avarice. He was inordinately fond of money. He had 14,000_l._ a-year allowed him by his first Parliament for his Household expenses, and 2000_l._ a-year for his wardrobe; yet he left behind him a sum equivalent to 16,000,000_l._ at the present day. With no worse quality than avarice, he had no quality that can be called great. He was brave, politic, attentive to business, reserved, suspicious. His chief merit consisted in closing the civil wars, and securing peace and order in the country. He died at Richmond, and was buried in the magnificent chapel at Westminster, erected by himself. He also built “The Great Harry,” the first ship in the English Navy, ships before this time having been hired or pressed from merchants. It cost 14,000_l._ The King seems to have had remorse for his rapacity on his death-bed. He issued a general pardon for all offences, released all debtors, himself paying the debts of many; converted the Palace of the Savoy into an hospital; built several religious houses; and ordered restitution to be made to all men whom he had wronged by his extortions. It is unnecessary to state that his successor being his son, Henry VIII., not the slightest effect followed from the “restitution” clause.

488. ELIZABETH. _Queen of England._

[Born 1533. Died 1603. Aged 70.]

A mighty sovereign, and the last of our absolute monarchs. Her rule, despotic, but grand, and wholly in the interests of her country. A true Englishwoman, ambitious of England’s glory, and capable of inspiring her servants by her example, with unbounded zeal, patriotism, and heroism. As a woman, the picture less fascinating. Too selfish to be amiable, she was vain, imperious, violent. She had favourites, but none whom she would raise to the throne, for she hugged power with a passionate embrace, which no generous sentiment could unfasten, and no tender consideration induce her to divide. She stood above law, and she knew it. A man sharing her throne might have been less fortunate. Her successor proved so; and the son of that successor, trying the perilous ascent, lost his head in the attempt. Wondrous was the reign of Elizabeth in its effects upon the civilisation of the world. It produced Bacon in philosophy, Shakspeare and Spenser in poetry, Gresham in commerce. Drake and Raleigh also belong to this time. It was the era of the re-establishment of Protestantism, and of the rescue, on the sea, of spiritual liberty from the threatened onslaught of Spain. Undoubtedly Elizabeth was surrounded by great men, but her masculine spirit sat at the helm, and directed, for nearly fifty years, the course of the State vessel. Her vigilance was sleepless, her ability unbounded, her sagacity penetrating and quick; yet she had a love of finery that was frivolous, and to the last laboured under the impression that she was beautiful. The spirit of maritime discovery was now alive in England, and commerce flourished. When dying, Elizabeth was asked by Cecil who should succeed her. She answered, “No rascal. My seat has been the seat of kings. Who should succeed me but a king?”

[From the Effigy.]

489. EDWARD VI. _King of England._

[Born 1537. Died 1553. Aged 16.]

The son of Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour, who died two days after the birth of her child. Edward was ten years old at the time of his accession to the throne. Before his character could be permanently formed he died, yet his form stands out in English history illuminated with intelligence, gentleness, and wisdom. He was fond of books, diligent in business, a lover of justice. He kept a diary, which still exists. Therein he noted down the characters of the good men by whom he was surrounded, how they lived, and what example they offered for his pious imitation. Well acquainted with foreign matters, and with the history and geography of his own country; zealous for knowledge, and ambitious of governing well. In this reign the first journal of the proceedings of the House of Commons was kept; the Common Prayer Book was established by Act of Parliament; Sternhold translated the psalms into English metre; and the king gave his palace at Bridewell for the lodging of poor travellers, and for the correction of vagabonds. Christ’s hospital, for the education of youth, and the hospitals of St. Bartholomew and St. Thomas, for the reception of the sick, were also founded by him. His concern, Alfred-like--and so young!--for exalting the character, by the instruction, of his people, was shown in the foundation of numerous free schools throughout the kingdom, which still bear and endear his name. Edward was very handsome. He died of consumption, brought on by an attack of small-pox and measles.

[Presented by Mr. John Archbutt, London.]

490. MARY STUART. _Queen of Scots._

[Born, 1542. Died, 1587. Aged 45.]

A queen whose calamities fill our eyes with tears, so that we can hardly see the frailties of the woman. Her loveliness, her learning, her misfortunes, her wit, and fascinating manners, have attached to her memory an interest and affection which even the deeply-founded suspicion of her crimes cannot efface. Various judgments have been pronounced upon her conduct. But one report has come down to us of her perfect beauty of countenance, her winning manners, and her elegance of form. Grave historians speak with admiration of her jet black hair, her exquisite complexion, her delicate white arm and hand, her stature that rose to a majestic height. Her treatment of Darnley, brutal though he was, and her marriage with Bothwell after Darnley’s assassination, are blots that still cling to her character. But even these offences would seem more than expiated by her eighteen years’ imprisonment, and her unwarranted execution, that foulest stain upon the reign of our own Elizabeth. Mary Stuart was violent in her attachments, vivacious, indiscreet, fond of flattery, and conscious of the power of her charms. It is said that her heart was warm and unsuspicious. It may be questioned whether she was always sincere. One of her recent biographers in France has styled her the “eternal enigma of history,” “the most problematical of all historical personages.” Disastrous as was her own story, the fate of her immediate descendants was even worse. A curse was upon the line. Yet her lineage flourishes now. It is found in England, Prussia, Denmark, and Hanover; in Spain, Portugal, Austria, Naples, Sardinia, and Modena.

[From the Effigy.]

490.* CHARLES THE FIRST. _King of England._

[Born 1600. Beheaded 30th January, 1649. Aged 49.]

Grandson of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, whose misfortunes and drear fate he inherited, if he did not invite. A monarch whose exaggerated notions of prerogative, whose obstinacy, wilfulness, untruthfulness, and double-dealing, justified the resistance of a people awakened to a sense of their rights, and roused to the vindication of their liberties; yet a man whose sorrows, whose dignified bearing in misfortune, whose private virtues, love of literature and art, and gentle demeanour, render him an object of the deepest commiseration, and the most plaintive interest. His death was deliberate murder; and there is too much reason to fear that they who thought least of defending liberty, were the most thirsty of his blood. Yet some palliation for the guilt is found in the circumstance that in the public dealings of Charles with his Parliament his plighted word was not worth the paper upon which it was given. Irresolute and double-minded, he had never kept faith with his people. It was the misfortune of Charles to be born at a period when the conflicting elements of Royalty and Democracy were seething into tumult. Had he lived a little earlier, or a little later he would not have lost his head upon the block. A little earlier, the “divinity that doth hedge a king” would have shielded him in England from the sacrilege. A little later, he would have been hunted from English soil, as his son was. The catastrophe of his unhappy reign can never be re-enacted. His blood purchased that security. Never had the character of Englishmen, in many respects, looked so fair to the world as during the civil wars of Charles the First. The true-hearted loyal gentlemen who, knowing by experience the character of their master, yet clung to his cause and to his person until the last extremity, counting all sacrifice as delightful service, were not surpassed by the professed knights of chivalry. The devoted Republicans, who for the sake of man’s rights and God’s blessing seized arms for the first time in their lives, and became great Generals and Admirals--the glory of their country, and the terror of the world--take rank in the estimation of history, side by side with her most splendid heroes. We receive from them our cherished charters, and the liberty which finds no harm even when Europe is in conflagration. Terrible indeed must have been the state of the atmosphere in 1649, when the thunderbolt fell that struck down Charles, but purified the air for ever afterwards.

[The statue of Charles the First, which is in the South Transept, is
from the bronze equestrian statue by Hubert le Sueur, which was
erected at Charing Cross in the year 1674. It had been cast in 1633,
near the church in Covent Garden, but never placed: and during the
wars it was sold by Parliament to a brazier “living at the Dial, near
Holborn Conduit,” with strict orders that he should break it up. The
brazier concealed the statue and horse underground until after the
Restoration. Le Sueur was a Frenchman, and pupil of John of Bologna.
He arrived in England about 1630, and died here. The pedestal is by
Grinling Gibbons, who was born about the middle of the 17th century.]

491. JAMES II. _King of England._

[Born in England, 1633. Died in France, 1701. Aged 68.]

The second son of Charles I., whose fate he challenged by his obstinacy, wilfulness, and double dealing. He was a Roman Catholic, and in the blind defence and advocacy of his faith against the Constitution and laws of the country he governed, he perilled his crown which he lost, and his life which he ignominiously saved. He was not without good qualities. He was personally brave--not unmindful of the services of friends, and he exhibited devotion in the maintenance of the religious cause which he believed it his paramount duty to uphold. But he was bigotted, cruel, and wrongheaded. He could not be trusted whenever he was acting in the interests of the Pope. Louis XIV. in vain remonstrated with his royal cousin of England. James II. was too sincere a zealot to listen to reason. Louis Quatorze was too fine a gentleman, and too practised a courtier, to be betrayed into fanaticism. When James went a fugitive and an exile to France, Louis received him with a magnificence worthy of a triumphal progress.

[From the well-known statue by Grinling Gibbons in Privy Gardens,
Whitehall. Represented in the costume of a Roman Emperor, according to
the taste of the day.]

492. GEORGE III. _King of England._

[Born 1738. Died 1820. Aged 82.]

The grandfather of her Majesty Queen Victoria. He reigned during sixty years, although during the last ten, he could take no part in public affairs. A king with many good qualities of heart and head, but obstinate, self-willed and not always sincere in his dealings with his Ministers. He is styled “The father of his people;” and his honest desire to secure their well-being and happiness, according to his own ideas of government, entitled him to the enviable distinction. In private life, George III. offered an admirable example for imitation to his subjects. But his wilful persistence in the maintenance of what he conceived his Royal prerogative, plunged England into war with America, and caused the premature loss to the country of that magnificent British colony.

[By John Bacon, R.A., when the King was 30 years old.]

493. GEORGE IV. _King of England._

[Born 1762. Died 1830. Aged 68.]

In 1811, during the lifetime of his father, this prince was appointed Regent: and in 1820, upon the death of George III., he succeeded to the throne. The reign of this monarch is rendered memorable, by the scandalous proceedings instituted against Queen Caroline, and by the passing of the Act in 1829, which tolerated the Roman Catholic religion in the United Kingdom. George IV. was considered the first gentleman in Europe whilst he lived. Since his departure, history has pronounced him heartless, sensual, self-absorbed, and negligent of the true interests of his subjects, though not without some kingly qualities.

494. WILLIAM IV. _King of England._

[Born 1765. Died 1837. Aged 72.]

The third son of George III., and uncle of Queen Victoria. He succeeded his brother George IV. in 1830. His reign is remarkable as that in which the Reform Bill passed, changing the constitution of England by widening its basis. This King was before his marriage the father of several children, since ennobled, the mother being Mrs. Jordan, one of the most fascinating actresses and kind-hearted women of her time.

494A. WILLIAM IV. _King of England._

[Medallion by Chantrey, modelled for the coinage.]

495. THE DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE. _Prince of England._

[Born 1774. Died 1850. Aged 76.]

Youngest son of King George III., and one of the most popular princes of his family. He was for many years Viceroy of Hanover, where he endeared himself to the people. An amiable and innocent man.

496. HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. _Whom God Preserve!_

[Born May 24th, 1819.]

497. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT. _Consort of Queen Victoria._

[Born August 26th, 1819.]

[Modelled from the life, by Emil Wolf.]

497A. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT. _Consort of Queen Victoria._

To whom the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, a development of the original Palace in Hyde Park, is indebted for its existence.

[By J. E. Jones.]

INDEX TO THE PORTRAIT GALLERY.

No. Page
460 Adams, John Quincy, President of the United States, 210
113 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, Roman General, 49
96 Agrippina (the Elder), 44
97 Agrippina (the Younger), 44
497 Albert, H.R.H., Prince Consort of Queen Victoria, 225
124 Alcibiades, Athenian General, 25
22 Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, 24
386 Alexandra, Empress of Russia, 168
180 Alfieri, Vittorio, Poet, 73
152 Allegri, Antonio. (_See_ Corregio.)
134 Angelico da Fiesole (Fra), Painter, 57
458 Anglesey, Marquis of, English Field Marshal, 209
307* Anne of Austria, Queen of France, 130
52 Annius Verus, Roman Prince, 35
79 Antinous, Bithynian Youth, 41
17 Antisthenes, Philosopher, 21
47 Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor, 34
10 Aratus, Astronomer, 18
2 Archilochus, Greek Poet, 14
176 Ariosto, Luigi, Poet, 71
8? Aristides, Athenian Patriot, 17
239 Arnauld, Antoine, Theologian and Controversialist, 99
464 Ashburton, Lord, English Peer, 211
26 Aspasia, 26
340 Auerbach, Berthold, Poet and Novelist, 149
278 Augereau, Pierre François Charles, Marshal of France, 117
35 Augustus, Roman Emperor, 29

51 Ælius Verus, Adopted Emperor, 35
8 Æschines, Greek Orator, 17
6 Æschylus, Tragic Poet, 15
3 Æsop, Writer of Fables, 15

420 Bacon, Francis, Chancellor of England, 188
190 Bandineri, Giovanni Medici, Italian Soldier, 77
431 Baily, Francis, Astronomer, 194
128 Balbinus, Decimus Cœlius, Roman Statesman and Emperor, 54
142 Bartolomeo, Fra, Painter, 60
257 Bayard, Pierre de Terrail, Seigneur de, Warrior, 109
321 Beethoven, Ludwig Van, Musical Composer, 140
261 Belloy, Pierre Laurent Buirette de, Dramatist, 110
160 Berettini, Pietro di Cortona, or Pietro, Painter, 66
274 Berthier, Pierre Alexandre, Marshal of France, 115
252* Berthollet, Claude Louis, Chemist, 105
354 Berzelius, Jan Jacob, Chemist, 156
281 Bessières, Jean Baptiste, Marshal of France, 118
356 Beuth, Peter Kaspar Wilhelm, Member of the Council of
State, in Prussia, 156
11 Bias, Greek Philosopher, 19
482 Blomfield, Charles James, Bishop of London, 219
360 Blucher, Gebhardt Lebrecht Von, Prussian Field Marshal, 158
224 Boileau, Nicolas, Poet and Satirist, 94
355 Boisserée, Sulpitz Von, Architect and Archæologist, 156
295 Bossuet, Jacques Beninge, Prelate of France, 123
368 Boyen, Hermann Von, Prussian Minister at War, 160
138 Bramante, Francesco Lazzari, Architect, Painter, Poet, 58
443 Brassey, Thomas, Railway Contractor, 199
467 Brougham, Henry, Lord, Lawyer, Statesman, Educator, 213
181 Brunelleschi, Sculptor and Architect, 56
107 Brutus, Lucius Junius, Roman Consul, 46
112 Brutus, Marcus Junius, Roman General, 49
245 Buffon, Georges Louis Le Clerc, Comte de, Naturalist, 102
361 Bulow, Friedrich Wilhelm, Prussian General, 158
311 Buonaparte, Napoleon. (_See_ Napoleon)
143 Buonarotti, Michael Angelo, Sculptor, Painter, Architect, 60
468 Buren, Martin Van, Ex-President of the United States, 213
450 Burke, Edmund, Orator, Writer, Statesman, 203
410* Burns, Robert, Poet, 182
404 Butler, Fanny, Actress, 176
418 Byron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, Poet, 187

156 Cagliari, Paolo. (_See_ Veronese)
40 Caligula, Roman Emperor, 32
469 Calhoun, John Caldwell, American Statesman, 213
495 Cambridge, Duke of, Prince of England, 225
287 Cambronne, Pierre Jacques, French General, 120
415 Campbell, Thomas, Poet, 185
480 Canning, Lord, English Peer, 218
168 Canova, Antonio, Sculptor, 68
60 Caracalla, Roman Emperor, 37
158 Caracci, Annibale, Painter, 65
155 Caravaggio, Polidoro Caldare da, Painter, 64
184 Caro, Annibale, Writer, 75
70 Carinus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor, 39
439 Carlyle, Thomas, Writer, 198
357 Carus, Karl Gustav, Physician and Anatomist, 157
110 Cato, Marcus Porcius, Roman General, 47
111 Cæsar, Julius, Roman Dictator, 48
398 Chantrey, Francis, Sculptor, 174
254 Chaptal, Jean Antoine, Chemist, 106
296* Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Emperor of the West, 124
490* Charles I., King of England, 223
195 Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 79
300 Charles V., Emperor of Germany and King of Spain, 126
303 Charles IX., King of France, 127
449 Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, Statesman, 203
406 Chaucer, Geoffrey, Father of English Poetry, 178
232 Chaussée, Pierre Claude Nivelle de la, Dramatist, 96
421 Chetham, Humphrey, “Dealer in Manchester Commodities”, 189
120 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman Orator, 51
167 Cimarosa, Domenico, Musical Composer, 67
208** Clairon, Mdlle., French Tragic Actress, 87
478 Clarendon, George William Frederick, Earl of, Statesman, 217
38 Claudius I., Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus,
Roman Emperor, 31
194 Clement XIII., Pope. (_See_ Rezzonico.)
117 Clodius Albinus, Decimus Clodius Ceionius Septimius,
Roman General, 50
261 Colbert, Edouard, Minister of State, 112
267* Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Statesman and Financier, 113
188 Coleoni, Bartolomeo, Soldier of Fortune, 76
260 Coligny, Gaspard de, Marshal and Admiral, 110
279** Collard, Pierre Paul Roger, Statesman and Philosopher, 117
182 Columbus, Christopher, the Discoverer of the New World, 74
56 Commodus, Lucius Aurelius, Roman Emperor, 36
268 Condé, Louis II. de Bourbon, Prince de, and Warrior, 113
250* Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine Nicolas Carétat, Marquis
de, Mathematician and Philosopher, 104
73 Constantius Chlorus, Flavius Valerius, Roman Emperor, 40
116 Corbulo, Cneius Domitius, Roman General, 50
161 Corelli, Arcangelo, Violinist and Composer, 66
218 Corneille, Pierre, Dramatist, 91
222 Corneille, Thomas, Dramatist, 93
326 Cornelius, Peter, Painter, 142
152 Correggio, or Antonio Allegri, Painter, 64
160 Cortona, Pietro di, Painter. (_See_ Berettini.)
206 Coysevox, Antoine, Sculptor, 86
445 Creasy, Edward Shepherd, Historical Writer, 201
228 Crébillon, Prosper Jolyot de, Dramatist, 95
101 Crispina, Roman Empress, 45
402 Cruikshank, George, Caricaturist, 176
453 Curran, John Philpot, Lawyer, 206
256 Cuvier, Georges Léopold Chrêtien Frédéric Dagobert,
Naturalist, 107

269 D’Aguesseau, Henri François, Chancellor of France, 114
256* D’Alembert, Jean Le Rond, Mathematician and Philosopher, 107
291* D’Amboise, Georges, Cardinal and Minister of State, 121
208* Dangeville, Marie-Anne-Botol, French Comic Actress, 87
279* Dannon, Pierre Claude François, Statesman and Writer, 117
173 Dante Alighieri, Poet, 69
247* Darcet, Jean, Chemist and Physician, 103
443* Dargan, William, Railway Contractor, 200
405* Darling, Grace, Lighthouse-keeper’s Daughter, 177
405** Darling, William, Lighthouse-keeper, 178
209 David, Jacques Louis, Painter, 88
288 Davoust, (Prince D’Eckmuhl,) Louis Nicolas, Marshal of
France, 120
63 Decius, Caius Messius Quintus Trajanus, Roman Emperor, 38
438 De La Beche, Sir Henry Thomas, Geologist, 198
19 Demosthenes, Greek Orator, 22
252 Denon, Dominique, Egyptian Traveller, 105
477 Derby, Earl of, Statesman, 217
283 Desaix, Louis Charles Antoine, French General, 119
238 Descartes, Réné, Mathematician and Metaphysician, 99
229 Destouches, Philippe Nericault, Dramatist, 96
333* Devrient, Edward, Player, 145
217 Diane de Poitiers, 91
72 Diocletian, Caius Valerius Aurelius, Roman Emperor, 40
18 Diogenes, Philosopher, 22
442 Disraeli, Benjamin, Writer and Politician, 199
159 Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri, called, Painter, 66
44 Domitian, Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman Emperor, 33
94* Domna Julia (Pia Felix Augusta), Roman Empress, 43
133 Donatello, Donato di Niccolo, di Betto Bardi, Sculptor, 57
215 D’Orsay, Comte, 90
114 Drusus, Nero Claudius, Roman General, 50
235 Du Barry, Marie Jeanne Vaubernier, Comtesse, 98
227 Dufresny, Charles Rivière, Dramatist, 95
248 Duhamel, Jean Pierre, Man of Science, 103
272 Dumouriez, Charles François, French General, 115
265 Duquesne, Abraham, Vice-Admiral of France, 111

485 Edward III., King of England, 220
489 Edward VI., King of England, 222
65 Elagabalus. (_See_ Heliogabalus.)
454 Eldon, Lord, High Chancellor of England, 207
486 Eleanora of Castile, first Queen of Edward I. of England, 220
488 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 221
20 Epicurus, Philosopher, 23
5 Epimenides, Poet and Prophet of Crete, 15
192 Eugene, François Eugene of Savoy, called Prince, Military
Commander, 77
312** Eugénie Marie Guzman, Empress of the French, 134
9 Euripides, Greek Poet, 17

434 Fairbairn, William, Millwright and Engineer, 196
436 Faraday, Michael, Natural Philosopher, 196
105 Faustina, Junior, Annia Faustina, 45
203 Félibien, André, Sieur des Avaux et de Javercy, Writer on
Art, 85
296 Fénélon, François de Salignac, de Lamotte, Archbishop and
Writer, 123
349 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, Philosopher and Metaphysician, 154
394 Flaxman, John, Sculptor, 172
258 Foix, Gaston de, Warrior, 109
476 Follett, Sir William, Lawyer, 217
447 Forbes, Edward, Naturalist, 201
452 Fox, Charles James, Statesman, 206
286 Foy, Maximilien Sebastien, French General, 120
299 Francis I., King of France, 125
387 Francis Joseph, reigning Emperor of Austria, and King of
Hungary, 168
343* Frank, Johann Peter, Physician, 151
424 Franklin, Benjamin, Statesman and Philosopher, 191
376 Frederic II., surnamed the Great, King of Prussia, 164
377 Frederic Louis Henry, Prince of Prussia, 164
374 Frederic William, Elector of Brandenburg, 163
375 Frederic William I., King of Prussia, 164
379 Frederic William III., King of Prussia, 165
384 Frederic William IV., Reigning King of Prussia, 167
391 Fuseli, or Fuessli, Henry, Painter, 171

39 Galba, Servius Sulpicius, Roman Emperor, 31
185 Galileo Galilei, Philosopher, 75
66 Gallienus, Publius Licinius Valerianus, Roman Emperor, 39
145 Garofalo, Benvenuto Tisio, called, Painter, 62
390 Garrick, David, Player and Dramatist, 170
328 Gärtner, Friedrich, Architect, 144
189 Gattamelata, Stefano, Warrior, 77
181 Gavazzi, Alessandro, Monk and Orator, 73
256*** Gay-Lussac, French Chemist, 108
492 George III., King of England, 224
493 George IV., King of England, 224
212 Gérard, François, Painter, 89
115 Germanicus Cæsar, Roman General, 50
61 Geta, Publius Septimius, Roman Emperor, 37
132 Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Sculptor, 57
140 Ghirlandaio, Domenico, Painter, 59
400 Gibson, John, Sculptor, 175
211 Girodet-Trioson, Painter, 88
154 Giulio Romano, Giulio Pippi di Giannuzzi, Architect and
Painter, 64
327 Gluck, Christoph, Musician, 143
366 Gneisenau, Augustus Count Herdart de, Field Marshal, 160
337 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, Poet, 147
179 Goldoni, Carlo, Poet, 72
410 Goldsmith, Oliver, Poet and Man of Letters, 181
55 Gordianus Africanus, Marcus Antonius, Roman Emperor, 36
62 Gordianus II., Marcus Antonius, Roman Emperor, 37
67 Gordianus III., Pius, Marcus Antonius, Roman Emperor, 39
196 Goujon, Jean, Sculptor, 83
172 Grisi, Giulia, Italian Singer, 69
213 Gros, Antoine Jean, Painter, 89
214 Guérin, Pierre Narcisse, Painter, 89
135 Guidi, Tommaso. (_See_ Masaccio)
341 Gutenberg, Johann, Inventor of Printing, 149
358 Gutkow Karl, Journalist and Dramatist, 157

46 Hadrian, Publius Ælius Hadrianus, Roman Emperor, 33
346 Hahnemann, Samuel, Physician and Founder of Homœopathy, 152
332 Halbig, Johann, Sculptor, 145
446 Haliburton, Judge, Lawyer, and Writer, 201
314 Handel, George Friedrich, Musical Composer, 136
451* Hastings, Warren, Statesman, 205
316 Haydn, Franz Joseph, Musical Composer, 138
65 Heliogabalus, Varius Avitus Bassianus, Roman Emperor, 38
302 Henry II., King of France, 127
304 Henry III., King of France, 127
305 Henry IV., King of France, 128
487 Henry VII, King of England, 221
479 Herbert, Sidney, Statesman, 218
89 Herennius, Roman Emperor, 42
352 Hermann, Gottfried, Philologist and Critic, 155
435 Herschell, Sir John, Astronomer, 196
14 Hippocrates, Physician, 20
280 Hoche, Lazare, French General, 118
1 Homer, Great Epic Poet of Greece, 13
480* Hooper, William Hulme, Naval Officer, 218
119 Hortensius, Quintus, Roman Orator, 51
74 Hostilianus, Roman Emperor, 41
350 Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm, Physician, 154
351 Humboldt, Alexander Von, Naturalist and Traveller, 154
367 Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm, Baron Von, Statesman and
Philologist, 160
466 Hume, Joseph, Political Reformer, 212
427 Hunter, John, Surgeon and Comparative Anatomist, 193
462 Huskisson, William, Statesman and Financier, 211

15 Isocrates, Rhetorician, 20

457 Jackson, General, President of the United States, 209
344 Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, Philosopher and Poet, 151
491 James II., King of England, 224
430 Jeffrey, Francis, Critic and Essayist, 194
419 Jerrold, Douglas, Writer, 188
425 Johnson, Samuel, Writer and Moralist, 191
388 Jones, Inigo, Architect, 169
282 Joubert, Barthélémi Catharine, French General, 118
95* Julia, Daughter of Augustus, 43
71 Julian the Apostate--Flavius Claudius Julianus, Roman
Emperor, 40
253 Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, Botanist, 106

342 Kant, Immanuel, Metaphysician, 150
271 Kellermann, François Christophe, Marshal of France, 114
397 Kemble, Charles, Player, 174
275 Kleber, Jean Baptiste, French General, 115
325 Klenze, Leo Von, Architect, 142
334 Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, Epic and Lyric Poet, 145

256** Laborde, Alexander Louis Joseph, Marquis de, Soldier,
Traveller, and Educator, 107
255 Lacépède, Bernard Germain Étienne, Naturalist, 106
277 Lafayette, Marie Paul Gilbert Motier, Marquis de, French
General, 116
220 La Fontaine, Jean de, Poet, 92
249 Lagrange, Joseph Louis, Astronomer, 104
284 Lannes, Jean, Marshal of France, 119
253* Laplace, Pierre Simon, Astronomer, 106
290 La Salle, Antoine Charles Louis Collinet de, General of
Cavalry, 121
273 La Tour D’Auvergne-Corret, Theophile Malode, Warrior, 115
396 Lawrence, Sir Thomas, Painter, 173
202 Lebrun, Charles, Painter, 85
276 Lefebvre, François Joseph, Marshal of France, 116
383 Leopold I., King of the Belgians, 166
230 Le Sage, Alain Réné, Novelist, 96
262 Lesdiguières, François de Bonne, Duc de, Constable of
France, 110
335 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, Man of Letters, 146
259 L’Hôpital, Michel de, Chancellor of France, 109
246 Linné, or Linnæus, Charles, Botanist, 102
93 Livia, Drusilla, Roman Empress, 43
122* Livy--Titus Livius, Roman Historian, 53
422 Locke, John, Philosopher, 189
482 London, Bishop of. (_See_ Blomfield.)
381 Louisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia, Queen of Prussia, 165
383* Louise Marie, Queen of the Belgians, 167
297 Louis XI., King of France, 125
298 Louis XII., King of France, 125
307 Louis XIII., King of France, 129
308 Louis XIV., King of France, 130
309 Louis XV., King of France, 131
312* Louis Napoleon. (_See_ Napoleon.)
312 Louis Philippe, King of France, 133
380 Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia, 165
382 Ludwig I., ex-King of Bavaria, 166
205 Lully, Jean Baptiste de, Violinist, and Musical Composer, 86
371 Luther, Martin, the Great Reformer, 162
30 Lycurgus, Lawgiver, 28
463 Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron, Ex-Chancellor of
England, 211

204 Mabillon, Jean, Antiquary, 85
183 Machiavelli, Niccolo, Political Writer and Historian, 74
429 Mackintosh, Sir James, Historian and Metaphysician, 194
401 Macready, William Charles, Player, 175
57 Macrinus, Marcus Opilius, Roman Emperor, 36
76* Magnus Decentius, 41
171 Malibran, Maria Felicitas, Actress, 69
102 Mamæa, Julia, Roman Empress, 45
207 Mansart, Jules Hardouin, Architect, 86
448 Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, Lord Chief Justice, 202
136 Mantegna, Andrea, Painter and Engraver, 58
369 Manteuffel, Otto-Feodor Freiherr von, Prussian Minister, 161
151 Marcantonio Raimondi, Engraver, 64
286 Marceau, François Sévérin Desgraviers, French General, 20
163 Marcello, Benedetto, Writer and Musician, 67
108 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, Roman General, 47
48 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Roman Emperor, 34
53 Marcus Galerius Antoninus, Roman Prince, 35
310 Marie Antoinette, Joséphine Jeanne, Queen of France, 131
104 Mariniana, 45
490 Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, 222
135 Masaccio, Tommaso Guidi, Painter, 57
279 Massena, André, Marshal of France, 117
100 Matidia, 45
483 Mathew, Father Theobald, Temperance Reformer, 219
59 Maximinus, Caius Julius Verus, Roman Emperor, 37
378 Maximilian Joseph I., King of Bavaria, 165
68 Maximus, Caius Julius Verus, Roman Prince, 39
293 Mazarin, Cardinal, Minister of France, 122
91 Mæsa, Julia, Roman Empress, 42
187 Medici, Cosmo de, Merchant and Statesman, 76
190 Medici, Giovanni. (_See_ Bandineri), 77
306 Medici, Marie de, Queen of France, 128
372 Melancthon, Philip, German Divine and Reformer, 162
32 Menander, Comic Poet, 28
331 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, Musician, 144
315* Mengs, Anthony Raphael, Painter, 137
178 Metastasio, Pietro Bonaventura, Poet, 72
20A Metrodorus, Greek Philosopher, 23
143 Michael Angelo. (_See_ Buonarotti.)
199 Mignard, Pierre, Painter, 84
25 Miltiades, Athenian General, 26
408 Milton, John, Poet, 180
191 Mirandola, Francesco Pico della, 77
221 Molière, Dramatist, 93
251* Monge, Gaspar, Geometrician, 105
236 Montaigne, Michel de, Essayist, 98
461 Monteagle, Lord, English Peer, 211
234* Montenoy, Charles Palissot de. (_See_ Palissot.)
251 Montgolfier, Jacques Étienne, Aëronaut and Inventor of
Balloons, 105
416 Moore, Thomas, Poet, 186
317 Mozart, Johann Wolfgang, Musical Composer, 138
399 Mulready, William, Painter, 175

149 Nani, Giovanni di. (_See_ Udine.)
311 Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of France, 132
312 Napoleon, Louis, Emperor of France, 132
455 Nelson, Horatio, Lord High Admiral, 207
36 Nero, Claudius Cæsar Drusus, Roman Emperor, 30
42 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, Roman Emperor, 32
423 Newton, Sir Isaac, Astronomer and Philosopher, 190
285 Ney, Michel, Marshal of France, 119
385 Nicholas Paulovitch, Reigning Emperor of all the Russias, 167
256**** Nodier, Charles, Writer, 108
365 Nollendorf, Friedrich Hinrich von, Prussian Field-Marshal, 160
392 Northcote, James, Painter, 171
200 Nôtre, André le, Architect and Gardener, 84
34 Numa Pompilius, Second King of Rome, 29

465 O’Connell, Daniel, Orator and Lawyer, 212
473 O’Lochlen, Sir Michael, Lawyer, 216
347 Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Mathias, Astronomer, 153
130 Orcagna, or Orgagna, Andrea di Cione, Painter, Sculptor,
Architect, 56
441 Owen, Richard, Naturalist, 199

321* Paer, Ferdinando, Musical Composer, 141
170 Paganini, Niccolo, Violinist, 69
165 Paisiello, Giovanni, Musical Composer, 67
157 Palestrina, Di. (_See_ Pierluigi.)
234* Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, Dramatist, 98
155 Palladio, Andrea, Architect, 65
471 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount, Statesman, 215
294 Pascal, Blaise, Theologian and Philosopher, 122
472 Peel, Sir Robert, Statesman, 215
264 Peiresc, Claude Fabri de, Patron of Science, 111
210 Percier, Charles, Architect, 88
29 Periander, “Tyrant” of Corinth, 28
27 Pericles, Athenian Statesman, 27
291 Perier, Casimir, Statesmen, 121
250 Pérouse, Jean François Galaup de la, Navigator, 104
49 Pertinax, Publius Helvius, Roman Emperor, 34
139 Perugino, Pietro, or Pietro Vanucci della Pieve, Painter, 58
343 Pestalozzi, Heinrich, Educator, 151
174 Petrarca, Francesco, Poet, 70
69 Philip (the Younger), Marcus Julius Philippus II., Roman
Prince, 39
296* Philip III., King of France, 124
23 Phocion, Athenian Statesman and General, 25
157 Pierluigi, Giovanni, surnamed Palestrina, Musical
Composer, 65
7? Pindar, Greek Poet, 16
164 Piranesi, Giambatista, Engraver, 67
231 Piron, Alexis, Poet, 96
129 Pisano, Niccola, Sculptor and Architect, 56
28 Pisistratus, “Tyrant” of Athens, 27
456 Pitt, William, Statesman, 208
16 Plato, Greek Philosopher, 21
99 Plotina, Pompeia, Roman Empress, 44
470 Pollock, Sir Frederick, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, 214
409 Pope, Alexander, Poet, 180
106 Poppæa, Sabina, Roman Empress, 46
31 Posidippus, Comic Poet, 28
33 Posidonius, Greek Philosopher, 29
470* Pottinger, Sir Henry, Diplomatist, 214
198 Poussin, Nicolas, Painter, 83
58 Pupienus--Marcus Claudius Pupienus Maximus, Roman Emperor, 36

223 Quinault, Philippe, Poet, 94

216 Rachel, Madlle. Felix, Tragic Actress, 91
225 Racine, Jean, Dramatist, 94
370 Radetzky, Count Joseph, Austrian General, 161
146 Raffaelle, Sanzio, Painter, 62
323 Rauch, Christian, Sculptor, 141
244 Réaumur, Réné Antoine Ferchault de, Chemist and
Naturalist, 101
226 Regnard, Jean François, Dramatist, 95
194 Rezzonico, Carlo, afterwards Clement XIII., Pope, 78
292 Richelieu, Cardinal, Minister of France, 121
411 Rogers, Samuel, Poet, 183
242 Rollin, Charles, Historian, 101
219 Rotrou, Jean de, Dramatist, 92
243 Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, Lyric Poet, 101
247 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Philosopher and Writer, 102
313 Rubens, Peter Paul, Painter, 136
474 Russell, Lord John, Statesman, 216

92 Sabina, Roman Empress, 43
255* Sacy, Antoine Isaac Silvestre, Baron de, Orientalist, 106
475 Salomons, David, Alderman, 216
103 Salonina, Cornelia, Roman Empress, 45
175 Sanazzaro, Giacomo, Poet, 70
147 Sanmicheli, Michele, Architect, 63
150 Sarto, Andrea del, Painter, 63
405 Sartoris, Adelaide, Vocalist, 176
270 Saxe, Maurice Comte de, Marshal of France, 114
109 Scipio, Africanus Major, Publius Cornelius, Roman General, 47
319 Schadow, Johann Gottfried, Sculptor, 139
363 Scharnhorst, Gebhardt David, General, 159
353 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, Metaphysician, 155
338 Schiller, Christoph von, Poet, 148
324 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, Architect and Painter, 142
373 Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernest Daniel, Theologian, 163
329 Schnorr, Julius, Painter, 144
330 Schwanthaler, Ludovic, Sculptor, 144
333 Schwind, Moritz von, Painter, 145
413 Scott, Sir Walter, Poet and Novelist, 184
148 Sebastiano del Piombo (Fra), Painter, 63
234 Sedaine, Michel Jean, Dramatist, 97
122 Seneca, Lucius Annæus, Philosopher, 53
64 Severus, Alexander Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor, 38
54 Severus, Lucius Septimius, Roman Emperor, 35
407 Shakspeare, William, Poet, 178
137 Signorelli, Luca, Painter, 58
440 Skey, Frederick Carpenter, Surgeon, 198
426 Smith, Adam, Philosopher and Political Economist, 192
393 Smith, John Raphael, 172
13 Socrates, Philosopher, 19
436* Somerville, Mary, Mathematician and Astronomer, 197
7 Sophocles, Tragic Poet, 16
208 Soufflot, Jacques Germain, Architect, 87
414 Southey, Robert, Poet Laureate, 185
169 Spontini, Gasparo, Musician, 68
362 Stein, Karl, Baron Von, Prussian Minister of State, 159
433 Stevenson, George, Engineer, 195
395 Stothard, Thomas, Painter, 173
201 Sueur, Eustache le, Painter, 84
263 Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duc de, Minister of State, 110

177 Tasso, Torquato, Poet, 71
419* Taylor, Henry, Poet, 188
118 Terence--Publius Terentius, Latin Comic Poet, 51
345 Thaer, Albrecht, Physician and Agriculturist, 152
320 Thorwaldsen, Albrecht Bartholomäus, Sculptor, 139
237 Thou, Jacques Auguste de, Minister of State and Historian, 99
12 Thucydides, Greek Historian, 19
37 Tiberius, Claudius Nero Cæsar, Roman Emperor, 30
322 Tieck, Christian Friedrich, Sculptor, 141
339 Tieck, Ludwig, Author, 149
145 Tisio, Benvenuto. (_See_ Garofalo)
144 Titian, Tiziano Vecellio, Painter, 61
43 Titus, Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, Roman Emperor, 32
241 Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, Botanist, 100
45 Trajan, Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, Roman Emperor, 33
266 Turenne, Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Vicomte de, Marshal
of France, 112

149 Udine, Giovanni da, Painter, 63

301 Valentino, Carlota d’Avesne, Duchess of, 127
98 Valeria Messalina, Roman Empress, 44
139 Vanucci della Pievo, Pietro. (_See_ Perugino.)
150 Vannucchi, Andrea. (_See_ Sarto.)
240 Vauban, Sebastien le Prestre de, Engineer, 100
194* Ventura, Padre, Italian Priest, 79
207* Vernet, Claude Joseph, Painter, 87
403 Vernon, Robert, Patron of Art, 176
156 Veronese, Paolo Cagliari, called, Painter, 65
51 Verus, Ælius. (_See_ Ælius.), 35
52 Verus, Annius. (_See_ Annius.), 35
50 Verus, Lucius Aurelius, Roman Emperor, 35
39* Vespasian--Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianius, Roman
Emperor, 31
496 Victoria, Queen of England, 225
141 Vinci, Leonardo da, Painter, 59
121 Virgil--Publius Virgilius Maro, Latin Poet, 52
41 Vitellius, Aulus, Roman Emperor, 32
233 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, Historian, Poet, and
Wit, 97
75 Volusianus, Caius Vibius, Roman Emperor, 41
197 Vouet, Simon, Painter, 83

444 Warren, Samuel, Lawyer and Writer, 201
364 Wartenburg, Yorck Count von, Prussian Field-Marshal, 159
451 Washington, George, First President of the United States, 204
428 Watt, James, Improver of the Steam Engine, 193
469* Webster, Daniel, American Statesman and Orator, 214
459 Wellington, Arthur, Duke of, Soldier and Statesman, 209
437 Whewell, William, Philosopher, 197
336 Wieland, Christoph, Poet, 147
494 William IV., King of England, 225
417 Wilson, John, Poet and Professor, 186
315 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, Antiquary, 137
484 Wiseman, Cardinal, Chief of the Romish Church in England, 220
348 Wolf, Friedrich Augustus, Philologist, 153
481 Wolsey, Cardinal, Minister of State, 218
410 Wordsworth, William, Poet, 183
389 Wren, Sir Christopher, Architect and Mathematician, 169

193 Ximenez de Cisneros, Francisco, Cardinal and Regent of
Spain, 78

432 Yarrell, William, Naturalist, 195

159 Zampieri, Domenico. (_See_ Domenichino.)
318 Zelter, Karl Friedrich, Musician, 139
21 Zeno, Founder of the Stoic Philosophy, 23
359 Ziethen, Hans Joachim von, Prussian General, 157
166 Zingarelli, Niccolo, Musician, 67

BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.

THE
NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT
OF THE
CRYSTAL PALACE DESCRIBED.

ETHNOLOGY.

BY DR. R. G. LATHAM, M.D.

ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.

BY EDWARD FORBES, F.R.S.,
Professor in the University of Edinburgh.

CRYSTAL PALACE LIBRARY;
AND
BRADBURY & EVANS, 11, BOUVERIE STREET, LONDON.

1854.

BRADBURY AND EVANS,
PRINTERS TO THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY,
WHITEFRIARS, LONDON.

PREFACE.

The Natural History, which forms the subject of this Handbook, is of a somewhat more comprehensive kind than the current meaning of the words would suggest.

It comprises not only Botany and Zoology proper, but also ETHNOLOGY, or, the Science of Human Races.

Ethnology, from the greater novelty of the subject and its comparative importance, occupies the first and larger part of this little volume. The second part is, however, absolutely necessary to the full illustration of the first; and in order that each may reflect due light upon the other, the reader will do well, after going through the notice of each Ethnological group, to refer to the corresponding description in the Botanical and Zoological portion.

In the heading of each group is indicated the page for reference.

CONTENTS.