Chapter XLVII: Section IV: of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1902 provides that every (3)

[105] The text reads thus:--"Cobrando el Alcalde en palay el tributo, solo abona al indio dos reales plata por caban; introduce en cajas reales su importe en metalico y vende despues el palay en seis, ocho y a veces mas reales fuertes plata cada caban y le resulta con esta sencilla operacion un doscientos o trescientos por ciento de ganancia.... Ahora recientito esta acusado el Ministro Interventor de Zamboanga por el Gobernador de aquella plaza de haberse utilizado aquel de 15,000 a 16,000 pesos solo con el trocatinte de la medida.... Se cuenta al mismo interventor a que me refiero 50,000 a 60,000 pesos cuando el sueldo de su empleo--oficial 2 deg. de la Contaduria--es de 540 pesos al ano."--_Ibid_.

[106] The Audit Office was suppressed and revived, and again suppressed on January 1, 1889.

[107] There was also a tenth class _gratis_ for the clergy, army and navy forces, and convicts, and a "_privileged_" class _gratis_ for petty-governors and their wives, Barangay chiefs and their wives, and Barangay chiefs' assistants, called "primogenito" (primogenito means first born--perhaps it was anticipated that he Would "assist" his father in his gratuitous government service).

[108] This was not included in Army Estimates, but in Civil Government. Officers from Captain (inclusive) upwards "In expectation of Service" and "In excess of Active Service requirements," received only four-fifths of ordinary pay.

[109] In 1888 the "King's Regiment" was divided into two regiments, under new denominations, viz.:--"Castillo, No. 1" (April 3), and "Espana, No. 1" (June 18).

[110] This gentleman is at present residing in the county of Essex, England.

[111] Under British law, a litigant is not allowed to bring and conduct an action _in forma pauperis_ until it is proved that he is not worth L5 after his debts are paid; and, moreover, he must obtain a certificate from a barrister that he has _good cause of action_.

[112] According to Zuniga ("Hist. de Philipinas"), the ancient inhabitants of Luzon Island had a kind of shell-money--the _Siguey_ shell. _Siguey_ shells are so plentiful at the present day that they are used by children to play at _Sunca_.

[113] _Situado_ is not literally "Subsidy," but it was tantamount to that.

[114] The values of shipments by law established were little regarded.

[115] The _Obras Pias_ (i.e., Pious Works) funds were legacies left exclusively by Spaniards, chiefly pious persons, for separate beneficent objects. Two-thirds of the capital were to be lent at interest, to stimulate trade abroad, and one-third was to be a reserve against possible losses. When the accumulated interest on the original capital had reached a certain amount, it was to be applied to the payment of masses for the repose of the donors' souls.

The peculations of the Gov.-General Pedro Manuel de Arandia (1754-59) permitted him to amass a fortune of a quarter of a million pesos in less than five years' service, which sum he left to pious works. On the secession of Mexico (in 1819) the Government took over the _Obras Pias_ funds, to control their administration. There is reason to believe that many of the donations were the fruits of the corrupt practices of high officials, the legacies being for their benefit hereafter.

The funds were severally administered by the four boards of San Francisco, Santo Domingo, the Recoletos and Santa Isabel, controlled by one general board of management. In 1850 the Spanish Government, in the exercise of its right (_Real patronato_) to intervene in all ecclesiastical administrative affairs, ordered these funds to be transferred to a banking establishment entitled the "Banco Espanol de Isabel II.," more generally known as the "Banco Espanol-Filipino" (q.v.). The _Obras Pias_ funds constituted the original capital of this bank. The board, presided over by the Archbishop, still continued to control the manipulation of these funds by the bank, the income derived from the original capital having to be paid out in accordance with the wills of the several founders of the fund. Up to the close of Spanish rule, money was lent out of this fund on mortgages in and near Manila, at six per cent. interest per annum.

[116] It happened at this date that the dues, etc., equalled 17 per cent. on the anticipated 1,000,000 pesos, but they were not computed by percentage. The Royal Dues were a fixed sum since about the year 1625, so that when the legal value of the shipments was much less, the dues and other expenses represented a much higher percentage. The charges were as follows, viz.:--

Royal Dues. P160,000
Port Dues at Acapulco. 2,000
Disbursements paid in Manila on the ship's departure. 7,500
Port and Anchorage Dues on arrival in Philippines. 500

P170,000

[117] "La Libertad del comercio de Filipinas," by Manuel Azcarraga.

[118] Mr. John B. Butler, who was born in 1800, resided many years in Manila, and married a native wife. He died on October 4, 1855, in London, whence his mortal remains were brought to Manila in 1860, at the instance of his widow, and interred in Saint Augustine's Church, near an altar on the left side of the nave. The site is marked by a marble inscribed slab.

[119] The Peace of Utrecht, signed in 1713, settled the succession of Philip, the French Dauphin, to the Spanish throne, whilst among the concessions which England gained for herself under this treaty was a convention with Spain, known as the _Asiento_ contract. This gave the British the right to send one shipload of merchandise yearly to the Spanish colonies of America. Nevertheless, many ships went instead of one. An armed contest ensued (1739-42), and although the Spaniards lost several galleons in naval combats undertaken by Admiral Vernon and Commodore Anson, the British losses were not inconsiderable.

So prejudicial to the vital interests of Spain was the abuse of the ceded right held to be that the earliest efforts of the first new Cabinet under Ferdinand VI. were engaged in a revision of the commercial differences between that country and England. England was persuaded to relinquish the _Asiento_ contract in exchange for advantages of greater consideration in another direction.

About a century ago England took over from Spain Nootka Sound, a station on the Pacific coast, where a nourishing fur trade was carried on by British settlers. The cession was accorded under a solemn promise not to trade thence with the Spanish colonies of South America.

[120] For example: _vide_ "Memoria leida por el Secretario de la Camara de Comercio de Manila, Don F. de P. Rodoreda, en 28 de Marzo de 1890," p. 6 (published in Manila by Diaz Puertas y Compania).

It remarks: "Jurado Mercantil--El expediente siguio la penosa perigrinacion de nuestro pesado y complicado engranaje administrativo y llevaba ya muy cerca de dos anos empleados en solo recorrer dos de los muchos Centros consultivos a que debia ser sometido, etc."

[121] The following is an extract from the text of the preamble to a Decree, dated March 19, 1886, relative to the organization of the Philippine Exhibition held in Madrid, signed by the Colonial Minister, Don German Gamazo:

"Con el se lograra que la gran masa de numerario que sale de la Metropoli para adquirir en paises extranjeros algodon, azucar, cacao, tabaco y otros productos vaya a nuestras posesiones de Oceania _donde comerciantes extranjeros los acaparan con dano evidente de los intereses materiales del pais."_

[122] (1) The "Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation," incorporated in 1867. Position on June 30, 1905: Capital all paid up, $10,000,000 (Mex.): sterling reserve, L1,000,000; silver reserve, $8,500,000 (Mex.); reserve liability of proprietors, $10,000,000 (Mex.). (2) The "Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China," incorporated in 1853. Position on December 31, 1904: Capital all paid up, L800,000; reserve fund, L875,000; reserve liability of proprietors, L800,000.

[123] "Banco Espanol-Filipino." Position on June 30, 1905: Capital, P1,500,000; reserve fund, P900,000. It has a branch in Yloilo.

[124] Chop dollars are those defaced by private Chinese marks.

[125] Yloilo had its "Gremio de Comerciantes" (Board of Trade), constituted by Philippine General-Government Decree of September 5, 1884, and Manila had Chamber of Commerce. Since the Revolution Yloilo has also a Chamber of Commerce, and Manila several of different nationalities.

[126] _Vide Board of Trade Journal_ (British) for February and April, 1891.

[127] Manila to Yap, 1,160 miles. Yap to Ponape, 1,270 miles. Ponape to Apra, 880 miles.

[128] "Vd cuidado de regatear," was the invitation to haggle.

[129] Weaving was taught to the natives by a Spanish priest about the year 1595.

[130] The extra delay was quite a year, and the cause having become common talk among the natives in the neighbourhood, many of them suggested that an evil spirit prevented the foundations of the bridge being built. They proposed to propitiate him by throwing live children into the river; consequently many mothers migrated with their infants until they heard that the difficulty was overcome.

[131] The sale of Alcohol was a Government monopoly until 1862. Molasses is sold by the _Tinaja_, an earthenware jar measuring 19 inches in height and 17 1/2 inches at the maximum diameter; it contains 16 _gantas_ (liquid measure) = say 11 gallons.

[132] British patents for paper-making from sugar-cane fibre were granted to Berry in 1838, Johnson in 1855, Jullion in 1855, Ruck and Touche (conjointly) in 1856, and Hook in 1857.

[133] Since about the year 1885 a weed has been observed to germinate spontaneously around the roots of the sugar-cane in the Laguna Province. The natives have given it the name of _Bulaclac ng tubo_ (Sugar-cane flower). It destroys the saccharine properties of the cane. The bitter juice of this weed has been found to be a useful palliative for certain diseases.

[134] Extract from a letter dated September 29, 1885, from H. Strachan, Esq., Superintendent, Government Experimental Farm, Hyderabad, Sindh--and Extract from a letter dated February 13, 1886, from A. Stormont, Esq., Superintendent, Government Experimental Farm, Khandesh (_vide_ "The Tropical Agriculturist," Colombo, June 1, 1886, p. 876 _et seq_.).

[135] The extremely fine muslin of delicate texture known in the Philippines as _Pina_ is made _exclusively_ of pine-apple _leaf_ fibre. When these fibres are woven together with the slender filament drawn from the edges of the hemp petiole, the manufactured article is called _Husi_.

[136] A British patent for Manila hemp-paper was granted to Newton in 1852.

[137] A large proportion of the product sent from Mauban to Manila as marketable hemp is really a wild hemp-fibre locally known by the name of _Alinsanay_. It is a worthless, brittle filament which has all the external appearance of marketable hemp. A sample of it broke as easily as silk thread between my fingers. Its maximum strength is calculated to be one-fourth of hemp fibre.

[138] _Vide_ Instructions _re_ Contraband from the Treasury Superintendent, Juan Manuel de la Matta, to the "Intendente de Visayas" in 1843.

[139] _Instruccion General para la Direccion, Administracion y Intervencion de las Rentas Estancadas_, 1849.

[140] Licensed depots for the sale of monopolized goods.

[141] "Hist. de Filipinas," by Gaspar de San Agustin. MS. in the Convento de San Agustin, Manila. The date of the introduction of cacao into these Islands is confirmed by Juan de la Concepcion in his "Hist. General de Philipinas," Vol. IX. p. 150. Published in 14 vols., Manila, 1788.

[142] The word chocolate is derived from the Mexican word _chocolatl_. The Mexicans, at the time of the conquest, used cacao-beans as money. The grandees of the Aztec Court ate chocolate made of the ground bean mixed with Indian corn and rocou (_vide_ W. H. Prescott's "Hist. of the Conquest of Mexico").

Chocolate was first used in Spain in 1520; in Italy in 1606; in England in 1657, and in Germany in 1700.

[143] _Tiangui_, from the Mexican word _Tianguez_, signifies "small market."

[144] Spanish, _Carroza_; Tagalog, _Hila_ or _Paragus_; Visaya, _Cangas_ or _Dagandan_.

[145] British patents for papermaking from cocoanut fibre were granted to Newton in 1852, and to Holt and Forster in 1854. A process for making paper from the cocoanut kernel was patented by Draper in 1854.

[146] _Vide The Tropical Agriculturist_, Colombo, August 2, 1886.

[147] Not to be confounded with _Banga_,--Tagalog for a terra-cotta water-pot.

[148] This company was formed in Hong-Kong and incorporated May 16, 1889, with a capital of P300,000 divided into 6,000 P50 shares, to take over and work the prosperous business of Mr. H. G. Brown. Its success continued under the three years' able management of Mr. Brown. During that period it paid an average yearly dividend of 8-1/3%, and in 1890 its shares were freely dealt in on the Hong-Kong market at 50% premium. On the retirement of Mr. Brown in March, 1891, the company gradually dwindled down to a complete wreck in 1894. It is still (year 1905) in liquidation.

[149] "Timber and Timber Trees," by Thomas Laslett (Timber Inspector to the Admiralty). London, 1875.

[150] The same writer also makes the following interesting remark:--"Y tal vez de aqui viene el olor (brea) como empireumatico muy notable de los excrementos en este tiempo!" _Vide_ "Flora de Filipinos," by Father Manuel Blanco, Vol. I., p. 228. Published in Manila in 4 vols., 1879.

[151] Clavigero's "Storia Antica del Messico."

[152] British patents for paper-making from banana fibre were granted to Berry in 1838; Lilly in 1854; Jullion in 1855; Burke in 1855; and Hook in 1857. In these Islands a cloth is woven from this fibre.

[153] To express juice from the small species of lemon, the fruit should be cut from the stalk end downwards. If cut otherwise the juice will not flow freely.

[154] "Flora de Filipinas," by Father Manuel Blanco. Published in Manila by the Augustine Order in 4 vols., 1879.

[155] For more ample details _vide_ "Rapida descripcion de la Isla de Cebu," by Enrique Abella y Casariega. Published by Royal Order in Madrid, 1886.

[156] Monsieur Jean Labedan, who had been the original proprietor of the "Restaurant de Paris" in La Escolta, Manila.

[157] "Hist. de la Provincia de Batangas," por D. Pedro Andres de Castro y Amades, 1790. Inedited MS. in the archives of Bauan Convent (Batangas).

[158] "A Visit to the Philippine Islands," by Sir John Bowring, Spanish translation, p. 67. Manila, 1876.

[159] An effective cure for a centipede bite is a plaster of garlic mashed until the juice flows. The plaster must be renewed every hour.

[160] A good dish can be made of the rice-birds, known locally as _Maya_ (_Munia oryzivora_, Bonap.; _Estrelda amandava_, Gray) and the _Bato-Bato_ and _Punay_ pigeons (_Ptilinopus roseicollis_, Gray).

[161] According to Edouard Verreux, cited by Paul de la Gironniere in his "Aventures d'un gentilhomme Breton aux Iles Philippines," p. 394 (Paris 1857), there were at that date 172 classified birds in this Archipelago.

[162] The city walls were undoubtedly a great safeguard for the Spaniards against the frequent threats of the Mindanao and Sulu pirates who ventured into the Bay of Manila up to within 58 years ago. Also, for more than a century, they were any day subject to hostilities from the Portuguese, whilst the aggressive foreign policy of the mother country during the 17th century exposed them to reprisals by the Dutch fleets, which in 1643 threatened the city of Manila. Formerly the drawbridges were raised, and the city was closed and under sentinels from 11 o'clock p.m. until 4 o'clock a.m. It continued so until 1852, when, in consequence of the earthquake of that year, it was decreed that the city should thenceforth remain open night and day. The walled city was officially styled the _Plaza de Manila_, its last Spanish military governor being General Rizzo, who left for Europe in December, 1898. The most modern drawbridge entrance was the _Puerta de Isabel II_, (1861), facing the Pasig River.

[163] The Cathedral has been destroyed four times by fire and earthquake, and rebuilt by successive archbishops.

[164] _Mariveles_.--Much historical interest is attached to this place. It was the chief port of the _Jurisdiction of Mariveles_ under the old territorial division which comprised the island now called Corregidor. Mariveles is now included in the Province of Bataan.

The first Spanish missionary who attempted to domesticate the natives of the Mariveles coast was stoned by them, and died in Manila in consequence. An insubordinate Archbishop was once banished to Mariveles. Through the narrow channel between this port and Corregidor Island, known as _Boca chica_, came swarms of Asiatic trading-junks every spring for over two centuries. Forming the extreme point of Manila Bay, here was naturally the watchguard for the safety of the capital. It was the point whence could be descried the movements of foreign enemies--Dutch, British, Mahometan, Chinese, etc.; it was the last refuge for ships about to venture from the Islands to foreign parts. Yet, with all these antecedents, it is, to-day, one of the poorest and most primitive villages of the Colony. From its aspect one could almost imagine it to be at the furthermost extremity of the Archipelago. Its ancient name was _Camaya_, and how it came to be called Mariveles is accounted for in the following interesting legend:--About the beginning of the 17th century one of the Mexican galleons brought to Manila a family named Velez, whose daughter was called Maria. When she was 17 years of age this girl took the veil in Santa Clara Convent (_vide_ p. 81), and there responded to the attentions of a Franciscan monk, who fell so desperately in love with her that they determined to elope to Camaya and wait there for the galleon which was to leave for Mexico in the following July. The girl, disguised in a monk's habit, fled from her convent, and the lovers arrived safely in Camaya in a hired canoe, tired out after the sea-passage under a scorching sun. The next day they went out to meet the galleon, which, however, had delayed her sailing. In the meantime the elopement had caused great scandal in Manila. A proclamation was published by the town-crier calling upon the inhabitants to give up the culprits, under severe penalties for disobedience. Nothing resulted, until the matter oozed out through a native who was aware of their departure. Then an alderman of the city set out in a prahu in pursuit of the amorous fugitives, accompanied by a notary and a dozen arquebusiers. After searching in vain all over the island now called Corregidor, they went to Camaya, and there found the young lady, Maria, on the beach in a most pitiable condition, with her dress torn to shreds, and by her side the holy friar, wearied and bleeding from the wounds he had received whilst fighting with the savage natives who disputed his possession of the fair maiden. The search-party found there a canoe, in which the friar was conveyed to Manila in custody, whilst the girl was taken charge of by the alderman in the prahu. From Manila the sinful priest was sent to teach religion and morality to the Visaya tribes; the romantic nun was sent back to the City of Mexico to suffer perpetual reclusion in a convent.

From these events, it is said, arose the names of _Corregidor_ (Alderman) Island, which lies between the rocks known as _Fraile_ (Friar) and _Monja_ (Nun), whilst the lovers' refuge thenceforth took the name of _Mariveles_ (Maria Velez).

Ships arriving from foreign or Philippine infected ports were quarantined off Mariveles, under Spanish regulations. During the great cholera epidemic of 1882 a Lazaretto was established here.

[165] The _abacus_ consists of a frame with a number of parallel wires on which counting-beads are strung. It is in common use in China.

[166] _Escolta_ (meaning Escort), the principal thoroughfare in the business quarter (Binondo), is said to have been so named during the British occupation (1762-63), when the British Commander-in-Chief passed through it daily with his escort.

[167] On the site of this last bridge the _Puente de Barcas_ (Pontoon Bridge) existed from 1632 to 1863, when it was destroyed by the great earthquake of that year. The new stone bridge was opened in 1875, and called the _Puente de Espana_.

[168] The burthen of a native play in the provinces was almost invariably founded on the contests between the Mahometans of the South and the Christian natives under Spanish dominion.

The Spaniards, in attaching the denomination of _Moros_ to the Mahometans of Sulu, associated them in name with the Mahometan Moors who held sway over a large part of Hispania for over seven centuries (711-1492). A "_Moro Moro"_ performance is usually a drama--occasionally a melodrama--in which the native actors, clad in all the glittering finery of Mahometan nobility and Christian chivalry, assemble in battle array before the Mahometan princesses, to settle their disputes under the combined inspirations of love and religious persuasion. The princesses, one after the other, pining under the dictates of the heart in defiance of their creed, leave their fate to be sealed by the outcome of deadly combat between the contending factions. Armed to the teeth, the cavaliers of the respective parties march to and fro, haranguing each other in monotonous tones. After a long-winded, wearisome challenge, they brandish their weapons and meet in a series of single combats which merge in a general _melee_ as the princes are vanquished and the hand of the disputed enchantress is won.

The dialogue is in the idiom of the district where the performance is given, and the whole play (lasting from four to six nights) is brief compared with Chinese melodrama, which often extends to a month of nights.

Judged from the standard of European histrionism, the plot is weak from the sameness and repetition of the theme. The declamation is unnatural, and void of vigour and emphasis. The same tone is maintained from beginning to end, whether it be in expression of expostulatory defiance, love, joy, or despair. But the masses were intensely amused; thus the full object was achieved. They seemed never to tire of gazing at the situations created and applauding vociferously the feigned defeat of their traditional arch-foes.

[169] The favourite game of the Tagalogs is _Panguingui_--of the Chinese _Chapdiki_.

[170] The Government House, located in the city, which was thrown down in the earthquake of 1863, has not been rebuilt. Its reconstruction was only commenced by the Spaniards in 1895. The Gov.-General therefore resided after 1863 at his suburban palace at Malacanan, on the river-side.

[171] "Aventures d'un gentilhomme Breton aux Iles Philippines," par Paul de la Gironniere. Paris, 1875.

[172] _Vide_ "Terremotos de Nueva Vizcaya en 1881," by Enrique Abella y Casariega Published in Madrid.

[173] The _Katipunan League_ and _Freemasonry_ were not identical institutions. There were many Freemasons who were leaguers, but not _because_ they were Freemasons, as also there were thousands of leaguers who knew nothing of Freemasonry. There is little doubt that Freemasonry suggested the bare idea of that other secret society called _Katipunan_, whose signs and symbols were of masonic design, but whose aims were totally different. It is probable, too, that the liberty which Freemasons enjoyed to meet in secret session was taken advantage of by the leaguers. There were risings in the Islands long before the introduction of Freemasonry. This secret society was introduced into the Colony a little before the year 1850. In 1893 the first lodges of the Spanish Grand Orient were opened, and there were never more than 16 lodges of this Order up to the evacuation by the Spaniards. Each lodge had about 30 members, or, say, a total of 500. The Spanish deputy, Dr. Miguel Morayta, in his speech in the Spanish Congress in April, 1904, stated that General Ramon Blanco's reply to Father Mariano Gil (the discoverer of the _Katipunan_) was that the identity of Freemasonry with _Katipunan_ "existed only in the brains of the friars and fanatical Spaniards."

[174] By intermarriage and blood relationship Don Pedro P. Rojas is allied with several of the best Manila families. His grandfather, Don Domingo Rojas, a prominent citizen in his time, having become a victim of intrigue, was confined in the Fortress of Santiago, under sentence of death. The day prior to that fixed for his execution, he was visited by a friend, and the next morning when the executioner entered his cell, Don Domingo was found in a dying condition, apparently from the effect of poison. Don Domingo had a son Jose and a daughter Marguerita. On their father's death, they and Jose's son, the present Don Pedro P. Rojas, went to Spain, where Dona Marguerita espoused a Spaniard, Don Antonio de Ayala, and Don Jose obtained from the Spanish Government a declaration stating that whereas Don Domingo had been unjustly condemned to capital punishment, the Gov.-General was ordered to refund, out of his own pocket, to the Rojas family the costs of the trial. The Rojas and Ayala families then returned to the Philippines, where Don Antonio de Ayala made a considerable fortune in business and had two daughters, one of whom, Dona Carmen, married Don Pedro P. Rojas, and the other wedded Don Jacobo Zobel, an apothecary of large means and of German descent. Don Pedro P. Rojas, who was born in 1848, has two sons and two daughters. The three families belonged to the _elite_ of Manila society, whilst the Rojas and the Ayalas acquired a just reputation both for their enterprising spirit, which largely benefited the Colony, and for their charitable philanthropy towards all classes.

[175] _Aguinaldo_ is the Spanish for Christmas-box.

[176] Part of a conversation which I had with Emilio Aguinaldo at his house at Cauit (Cavite Viejo) on July 26, 1904.

[177] _Cauit_ signifies, in Tagalog, Fish-hook.

[178] _Sungay_ signifies, in Tagalog, Deer.

[179] _Imus_. The history of this place is interesting. In the 18th century a banished Spaniard of distinguished family settled there and supplied water to the natives for irrigation purposes. Some years afterwards, on the death of his wife, this gentleman returned to Spain and left the place in charge of a friar, Francisco de Santiago. As the owner never claimed the property, it fell definitely into the possession of the friars. A church was erected there at the people's expense. Later on the friar in charge extorted from the natives material and labour, without payment, for the building of a manor-house, but he was poisoned soon after it was finished. His successor was still bolder, and allowed escaped criminals to take sanctuary in his church to show his superiority to the civil law. After innumerable disputes and troubles with the natives, it developed into a fine property, comprising 27,500 acres of arable land, which the Recoletos claimed as theirs and rented it out to the natives. Its possession was the cause of the important risings of Paran and Camerino (_vide_ pp. 105, 106) and many other minor disturbances.

[180] "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas," por el Dr. Antonio de Morga, anotada por Jose Rizal. Published in Paris by Garnier freres, 1890.

[181] "El Filibusterismo (continuacion del 'Noli me tangere')." Published in Ghent by F. Meyer-Van Loo, 1891.

[182] Father Mariano Gil died in Spain in the spring of 1904.

[183] Rizal's brother and sister were keeping (in 1904) the "_Dimas Alang_" restaurant, 62, _Calle Sacristia_, Binondo (Manila). It is so named after the pseudonym under which their distinguished brother often wrote patriotic articles.

One of the ten annual official holidays, or feast days, appointed by the Civil Commission is "Rizal Day," December 30.

The P2 banknote of the new Philippine currency bears a vignette of Dr. Rizal.

The Manila Province of Spanish times is now called Rizal Province and with it is incorporated what was formerly the Morong District. Probably one-third of the towns of the colony have either a _Plaza de Rizal_, or a _Calle de Rizal_; it is about as general as the _Piazza di Vittorio Emanuele_ throughout Italy.

A public subscription was open for about three years to defray the cost of a Rizal monument to be erected on the Luneta Esplanade (Ins. Gov. Act No. 243). By March 7, 1905, a total of P103,753.89 had been collected, including the sum of P30,000 voted by the Insular Government.

One is led to wonder what _role_ in Philippine affairs Rizal would have assumed had he outlived the rebellion.

[184] It is alleged that this copy was removed from the archives about April, 1898, for the defence of a certain general in Madrid.

[185] _Biac-na-bato _signifies, in Tagalog, Split Stone.

This was the third time, during the 19th century, that the Spanish Gov.-General had been constrained to conclude a treaty with native rebels. In 1835 a certain Feliciano Paran raised the standard of revolt against the friars' claim to the Imus estate (Cavite), and after many fruitless attempts to suppress him, and much bloodshed, the _Treaty of Malacanan_ was signed by the rebel chief and the Gov.-General. Paran was then appointed Colonel of Militia with the monthly pay of P50. He lived peacefully in _Calle San Marcelino_, Manila, until a fresh outbreak (led by another) occurred, when the Spaniards made this a pretext to seize Paran and deport him to the Ladrone Islands (_vide_ p. 105).

In 1870, during the command of General La Torre, a certain Camerino held the Province of Cavite for a long time against the Spaniards. Camerino's plan was to remain in ambush whilst the rank-and-file of the Spaniards advanced, and then pick off the officers. So many of them were killed that influence was brought to bear on the General, who consented to sign the _Treaty of Navotas_. Camerino was appointed Colonel of Militia and lived in Trozo (Manila) until the Cavite rising in 1872, when he and six others were executed for their past deeds (_vide_ p. 106).

[186] The original of the above document was read in public session of Congress in Madrid, on June 16, 1898, by the Deputy Senor Muro.

[187] _Vide_ Pedro A. Paterno's allusion to this at p. 399.

[188] Manuel Godoy, of obscure family, was originally a common soldier in the Guards. He became field-marshal, Duke of Alcudia, Grandee of Spain, Councillor of State, and Cavalier of the Golden Fleece. For his intervention in the Peace of Basilea he received the title of Principe de la Paz. Baldomero Espartero was a successful general, who brought the first Carlist war to a close and concluded the Treaty of Vergara (1839), for which (in 1840) he was granted the titles of Duque de la Victoria and Principe de Vergara.

[189] This steamer came into Manila flying the French ensign, and painted to resemble one of the Russian Volunteer Fleet, to avoid capture on the way.

[190] The precise terms of the treaty or agreement made between the representative of the Philippine Government and the rebel chiefs are hitherto enveloped in mystery; but even though all the personal testimony referred to in this chapter were impugned, there is convincing circumstantial evidence that Emilio Aguinaldo and his followers received a very considerable amount of money from the Philippine Treasury _conditionally_. In the Suit No. 6 of 1899 in the Supreme Court of Hong-Kong, T. Sandico and others _versus_ R. Wildman (all the original filed documents of which I have examined), sworn evidence was given to show that $200,000 Mexican of the sum received by Aguinaldo was deposited in his name in the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. It is not feasible to suppose that this sum was paid to or accepted by Aguinaldo _unconditionally_.

[191] On February 15, 1898, the U.S. man-of-war _Maine_, whilst lying in the harbour of Havana, was, accidentally or intentionally, blown up, causing the death of 266 of her crew. Public opinion in America attributed the disaster to Spanish malice. The Spaniards indignantly repudiated this charge and invited an official inquest. Again, at the Conference of December 6, 1898, the Spanish Commissioners of the Peace Commission at Paris proposed an additional article to the treaty "to appoint an International Commission to be entrusted with investigating the causes of, and responsibility for, the _Maine_ catastrophe," but the proposal was rejected by the American Commissioners.

[192] Mirs Bay has _since_ become British, being included in the extended Kowloon Concession on the mainland of China opposite Hong-Kong.

[193] The distance from Corregidor Island to Manila City is 27 miles.

[194] In July, 1904, I saw five rusty hulls--remnant of the Spanish fleet--afloat in Cavite harbour.

[195] Admiral Patricio Montojo, born in 1831, entered the navy at the age of 14. After the Battle of Cavite he left for Europe in October, 1898, and was committed to prison, March 3, 1899, pending the trial by court-martial which condemned him to compulsory retirement from the service. He died in 1902, aged 71 years.

[196] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, pp. 350-6. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1899.

[197] The _Macabebes_ who came so conspicuously into prominence during the Rebellion of 1896 are the inhabitants of the town of Macabebe and its dependent wards, situated in Lower Pampanga, near the Hagonoy River. They are the only Filipinos who have persistently and systematically opposed the revolutionary faction of their own free will, without bribe or extraneous influence. No one seems to be able to explain exactly why they should have adopted this course. They aided the Spaniards against the rebels, and also the Americans against the insurgents. All I have been able to learn of them in the locality is that they keep exclusively to themselves, and have little sympathy for, and no cordial intercourse with, the natives of other towns, either in their own province or elsewhere. A generation ago the Macabebes had a bad reputation for their petty piratical depredations around the north shore of Manila Bay and the several mouths of the Hagonoy River, and it is possible that their exclusiveness results from their consciousness of having been shunned by the more reputable inhabitants. The total population of Macabebe is about 14,000.

[198] The finding of the court says: "Pasara a la seccion de reserva del Estado Mayor General del Ejercito con incapacidad para obtener destinos y sin figurar en la escala de los de dicha categoria." Signed by Canuto Garcia de Polavieja, dated April 28, 1899, and published in the _Gaceta de Madrid_.

[199] It seems almost incredible that, even at this crisis, the Spaniards still counted on native auxiliaries to fight against their own kith and kin.

[200] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, p. 282. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1899.

[201] Captain T. Bentley Mott, A.D.C to General Merritt, writing in _Scribner's Magazine_ (December, 1898) says: "Neither the fleet nor the army was, at this time, ready for a general engagement. The army did not have, all told, enough ammunition for more than _one day_ of hard fighting, and only a part of this was in the camp." Admiral Dewey had then been in possession of Manila bay and port three months and 12 days.

[202] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, p. 491.

[203] "The Spanish Commander-in-Chief fled from the city shortly before it was attacked." Senate Document 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, p. 146.

[204] Barasoain is another parish, but it is only separated from Malolos by a bridged river. It is only five minutes' walk from Malolos Church to Barasoain Church. Since the American advent the two parishes have been united.

[205] For want of space I am obliged to omit the summary of all the debates in the Revolutionary Congress of 1898, printed reports of which I have before me.

[206] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part II., 55th Congress, 3rd Session, p. 371. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1899.

[207] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 62, Part I. of the 55th Congress, 3rd Session. Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1899.

[208] The Treaty was ratified by the Senate by 57 votes to 27 on February 6, 1899.

[209] The Paco church was an ancient, imposing building; to-day there is not a stone left to show that it ever existed, and the plot is perfectly bare.

[210] General Diego de los Rios was remaining in Manila to negotiate with the insurgents the liberation of the Spanish prisoners (_vide_ p. 477).

[211] The decree says:--"Seeing that the Spanish garrison in Baler, consisting of a handful of men, isolated, without hope of succour, is, by its valour and constant heroism worthy of universal admiration, and in view of its defence, comparable only with the legendary valour of the sons of the Cid and of Pelayo, I render homage to military virtues, and, interpreting the sentiments of the Philippine Republic, on the proposal of my Secretary of War, and in agreement with my Council of State, I hereby decree as follows, viz.:--That the said forces shall no longer be considered our prisoners, but our friends, and consequently the necessary passes shall be furnished them enabling them to return to their country. Given in Tarlac on the 30th of June, 1899. The President of the Republic,--_Emilio Aguinaldo_."

[212] After the war I visited this former insurgent stronghold. Of the ancient church three walls and a quarter of the roof were left standing. There was nothing inside but shrubs, which had grown up to 3 feet high. In front of the church ruins stood an ironical emblem of the insurgents' power in the shape of an antiquated Spanish cannon on carriage, with the nozzle broken off. Judging from the numerous newly-erected dwellings in this little town, I surmise that three-fourths of it must have been destroyed during the war.

[213] A Chinese half-caste Pampango. I knew him intimately as a planter. He was deported to and died a prisoner in the Island of Guam in 1901.

[214] In 1905 one of the wealthiest men in the Colony was arrested and brought to trial on the charge of having paid, or caused to be paid, the sum of P 20 to an outlaw in Batangas Province. After putting the accused to a deal of expense and annoyance, the Government suddenly withdrew from the case, leaving the public in doubt as to the justice or injustice of the arraignment.

[215] A very intelligent man who was appointed Civil Governor of La Laguna Province when the war terminated.

[216] Early in 1905 the Court of Nueva Ecija passed sentence of imprisonment for life on this man for murder.

[217] Raymundo Melliza, a Visayan lawyer, who afterwards became Provincial Governor of Yloilo, is the son of Cornelio Melliza, of Molo, a man much respected both by natives and foreigners.

[218] A verbal statement made to me by ex-insurgent General Pablo Araneta, which I took down in writing at the time of the interview.

[219] When I asked ex-General Pablo Araneta the same question he naively explained to me that it was thought if the Americans came ashore and found the town in ruins they would relinquish their undertaking!

[220] The See of Jaro was created in 1867. The town was already rich with its trade in _pina_ and _jusi_ (_vide_ p. 283, footnote). Up to 1876 Yloilo town was merely a group of houses built for commercial convenience.

[221] _Vide_ p. 169. _Castila_ in the North; _Cachila_ in the South; signifying European, and said to be derived from the Spaniards' war-cry of _Viva Castilla!_

[222] "Water-cure" was a method adopted by the Americans. Water was poured down the throat of the victim until the stomach was distended to the full; then it was pressed out again and the operation repeated. The pretext for this mode of torture was to extort confession; but it was quite inefficacious; because the victim was usually disposed to say anything, true or false, for his own salvation. The "water-cure" operation, in vogue for awhile all over the Islands, proved fatal in many cases. It is now a penal offence (Phil. Com. Act 619, Sec. 2).

[223] Otong in olden times was a place of importance when the galleons put in there on their way to and from Mexico, taking the longer route in order to avoid the strong currents of the San Bernardino Straits.

Under the old territorial division, the Jurisdiction of Otong comprised all Panay Island (except a strip of land all along the north coast--formerly Panay Province, now called Capis) and a point here and there on the almost unexplored Negros coast. Galleons were sometimes built at Otong, which was on several occasions attacked by the Dutch. Yloilo at that time was an insignificant fishing-village.

[224] A half-caste Chinese family of large means and local influence.

[225] Esteban de la Rama is of the family of the late Isidro de la Rama, a well-known prosperous and enterprising Yloilo merchant. Pedro Regalado, personally known to me, is the son of my late friend Jose Regalado, at one time a wealthy middleman, who, however, lost his fortune in adverse speculations. Pedro Regalado and I were, at one time, together in Hong-Kong, where he learnt English. On the entry of the American troops into Yloilo he was imprisoned on a charge of disaffection, but shortly released and appointed a government interpreter.

[226] The protest contained the following significant clauses, viz: (1) "Ceder a tal exigencia en vista de la superioridad de las armas Americanas. (2) No tener poder, ni la provincia ni todos los habitantes juntos, de ejecutar actas como esta, prohibidas por el Presidente de la Republica, Senor Emilio Aguinaldo."--Extracts taken by myself from the official copy of the protest.

[227] The approximate number of prisoners was as follows, viz:--

Military Officers (including Gen. Leopoldo Garcia Pena) 200
Military Regular troops 8,000
Civil Servants and private Civilians and families 560
Ecclesiastics and Nuns (including Bishop Hevia
Campomanes, of the diocese of Nueva Segovia 400

Total in long captivity, about 9,160

Taken prisoners and released voluntarily, or through
personal influences, or escaped from the camps--about 1,840

Approximate Grand Total 11,000

[228] Baron Honore Frederic Adhemar Bourgeois du Marais, a Frenchman of noble birth and noble sentiments, was the son of Viscount Bourgeois du Marais. Born at Bourg Port, in the Algerian province of Constantina, in 1882 he left Europe with a party of gentlemen colonists in the s.s. _Nouvelle Bretagne_, intending to settle in Port Breton, in Australasia. The vessel having put into Manila, she was detained for debt, but escaped from port in the teeth of a hurricane. A Spanish gunboat went in pursuit and brought her back, and Baron Du Marais decided to remain in the Philippines. For several years he was associated with his countryman M. Daillard in the development of the Jalajala Estate (_vide_ p. 360). On M. Daillard's decease he became the representative of the "Compania Tabacalera" at their vast estate of Santa Lucia (Tarlac), which prospered under his able management. His wonderful tact in the handling of natives secured their attachment to him. After fifteen years' absence from home he went to Europe to recruit his health, returning to the Islands in November, 1898. After the ill-fated mission of humanity referred to above, his body lay hidden in the jungle for nearly two years, until November, 1900, when it was discovered and brought to Manila for interment at the Paco cemetery. The funeral, which took place on November 25, was one of the most imposing ceremonies of the kind ever witnessed in Manila. Monsignor Chapelle officiated at the _Requiem_ mass celebrated at the Cathedral in the presence of the chief American authorities, the French and Spanish Consuls-General and representatives of the foreign residents, Chambers of Commerce, the Army and Navy, the Clubs, the Press, and every important collectivity. The cortege was, moreover, escorted by a large body of troops to the last resting-place of this gallant hero.

[229] By Royal Decree of June, 1897, a _Philippine Loan_ was authorized, secured on Custom-house revenue and general guarantee of Spain. The Loan was for 200 millions of pesetas in hypothecary bonds of the Philippine Treasury, bearing 6 per cent, interest, redeemable at par in 40 years.

Series A. 250,000 Bonds of 500 pts. = 125 millions
Series B. 750,000 Bonds of 100 pts. = 75 millions

First issue of 100 millions A at 92 per cent. was made on July 15, 1897.

[230] Born at Aliaga (Nueva Ecija) June 17, 1877, he raised a troop of rebels in his native town and joined General Llaneras. Appointed colonel in June, 1897, he was one of the chiefs who retired to Hong-Kong after the alleged Treaty of Biac-na-bato. He returned to the Islands with Aguinaldo, and became a general officer at the age of twenty-three years.

[231] At one time Cornelio Felizardo had an American in his gang. This degenerate, Luis A. Unselt, was fortunately captured and sentenced, on April 6, 1904, to twenty-five years' imprisonment as a deserter from the constabulary and bandit.

Previous to this event, the piracy of Johnston and Hermann in the southern islands caused much sensation at the time.

In September, 1905, it was rumoured that, in order to escape capture, Cornelio Felizardo had committed suicide.

One can judge of the ferocity of these men by Clause 3 of what Julian Montalon calls his Law No. 9. Dated April 10, 1904, it says:--

"The Filipino who serves the American Government as scout,
constabulary or secret-service man, who does not sympathize with
his native country, shall, if caught, immediately suffer the
penalty of having the tendons of his feet cut, and the fingers
of both hands crushed."

There were many cases of cutting off the lips; two victims of this atrocity were brought to Manila in 1905, during _El Renacimiento_ trial (_vide_ p. 550).

[232] This establishment was put up for sale by tender in 1904. The prospectus stated as follows:--

Revenue for one year gold $332,194.17
Disbursements for one year 198,338.93

Profit $133,855.24

Reserve price one million dollars gold. Conditions of payment one-third cash, and two-thirds in three annual payments with six per cent. interest per annum guaranteed by mortgage on the building and plant or other acceptable security. It was not stated whether the sale included a monopoly of army supply.

[233] _Sampaloc_ signifies _Tamarind_ in Tagalog.

[234] The first Philippine club was opened on November 6, 1898.

[235] The _carromata_ is a two-wheeled spring vehicle with a light roof to keep off the sun and rain. In Spanish times it was commonly used by the natives in Manila and by all classes in the provinces, being a light, strong, and useful conveyance.

[236] _Vide_ "Official Roster of the Officers and Employees in the Civil Service in the Philippine Islands." Manila, Bureau of Public Printing, 1904.

[237] Independent Offices, i.e., not under control of a Civil Commission Secretary.

[238] Under the "Cooper Bill," which came into operation on March 20, 1905, the Insular Government was authorized to increase the salaries of the Chief Justice and the associated judges to $10,500 and $10,000 gold respectively. Under the same Act, judges of First Instance can be called upon to serve in the Supreme Court when needed to form a quorum, for which service they are allowed ten pesos per day besides their travelling expenses from and to the place of their permanent appointments. By Philippine Commission Act No. 1,314, the salaries of the Chief Justice and associate judges were fixed at $10,000 each.

[239] "Report of the Philippine Commission, 1900." Published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, 1901.

[240] Mr. William H. Taft, the first Civil Governor of the Philippines, was born at Cincinnati (Ohio) on September 15, 1857. His father was a jurist of repute, diplomat, and member of the Cabinet. After his preparatory schooling in his native town, W. H. Taft graduated at Yale University in 1878, studied law at Cincinnati and was called to the bar in 1880. Since then he held several legal appointments up to the year 1900, when he became a district judge, which post he resigned on being commissioned to the Philippine Islands.

[241] _Vide_ Senate Document No. 331, Part I., 57th Congress, 1st Session.

[242] Mr. Luke E. Wright, the second Civil Governor and first Gov.-General of the Philippines, was born in Tennessee in 1847, the son of Judge Archibald Wright. At the age of sixteen he took arms in the Confederate interest in the War of Secession. Called to the bar in 1868, he became a partner in his father's firm and held several important legal appointments. At the age of twenty-four he became Attorney-General, and held this post for eight years. A Democrat in politics, he is a strong character, as generous and courteous as he is personally courageous.

[243] "Should we wish the Filipino people to judge of Americans by the drunken, truculent American loafers who infest the small towns of the Islands, living on the fruits of the labour of Filipino women, and who give us more trouble than any other element in the Islands? Should we wish the Filipino people to judge of American standards of honesty by reading the humiliating list of American official and unofficial defaulters in these Islands?"--_Extract from Governor W. H. Taft's speech at the Union Reading College, Manila, in 1903, quoted in_ "Population of the Philippines," _Bulletin I, p. 9. Published by the Bureau of the Census, 1904_.

[244] From a statement kindly furnished to me by the Adjutant-General, Colonel W. A. Simpson (Manila).

[245] A "contract" Surgeon or Dental Surgeon is a civilian who comes to the Islands on a three-years' contract. He is only temporarily an Army officer.

General Officers' pay is as follows; viz.:--

Lieut.-General, Active Service $11,000; retired $8,250 gold.
Maj.-General, Active Service $7,500; retired $5,625 gold.
Brig.-General, Active Service $5,500; retired $4,125 gold.

The monthly pay of a private serving in the Islands is $15.60 gold.

[246] _Hadji_ signifies Knight, a title which any Mahometan can assume after having made the pilgrimage to Mecca.

[247] The Americans occupied and the Spaniards evacuated Jolo on May 20, 1899.

[248] _Vide_ Report of the Secretary of War for 1902, p. 18.

[249] Camp Vicars is said to have an elevation of 2,000 feet above the sea. Lake Lanao is reputed to be 1,500 feet above sea-level.

[250] _Vide_ Captain J. J. Pershing's Report to the Adjutant-General in Manila, dated Camp Vicars, Mindanao, May 15, 1903.

[251] _Vide_ Brig.-General Sumner's Report to the Adjutant-General in Manila, dated Zamboanga, Mindanao, June 13, 1903.

[252] Maj.-General Leonard Wood, born October 9, 1860, was a doctor of medicine by profession. On the outbreak of war with Spain he was appointed Colonel of the First Volunteer Cavalry in Cuba, with Mr. Roosevelt (now the United States President) as Lieut.-Colonel. At the close of the war he was promoted to Brig.-General, and on December 13, 1899, received the appointment of Military Governor of Cuba, which he held until the government of that island was transferred to Senor Palma Estrada, the first President of the Cuban Republic. To his brilliant reputation for statesmanship gained in the Antilles, General Wood has now added the fame of a successful organizer of the Southern Philippines. Beloved by his subordinates, his large-hearted geniality wins him the admiration of all who know him, and even the respect of the savage whom he had to coerce.

[253] _Mindanao_, the name of this southern island, signifies "Man of the Lake."

[254] The limits and area of that portion of the Island under civil government are defined in Philippine Commission Acts Nos. 127 and 128, amended by Act No. 787. It is approximately all that land north of 8 deg. N. lat. and east of 123 deg. 34' E. long.

[255] Under the above-cited Act No. 787, any military officer, from the commander of the district downwards, holding concurrent civil office in the province receives his army pay, plus 20 per cent, of the same as remuneration for his civil service. The combined emolument of a major-general as military commander and provincial governor would, therefore, be $9,000 gold.

[256] Under Spanish rule the Moro country was divided thus:--Seven districts, namely, Zamboanga, Misamis, Surigao, Davao, Cottabato, Basilan, and Lanao, all under the Gov.-General of Mindanao. Jolo was ruled independently of Mindanao under another governor.

[257] Up to June 30, 1904, there was a total of 12 municipalities organized.

[258] Philippine Commission Act No. 787, Section 13, Clause II, provides that the Moro Government is to "vest in their local or tribe rulers as nearly as possible the same authority over the people as they now exercise." Clause L: "To enact laws for the abolition of slavery, and the suppression of all slave-hunting and slave trade."

[259] From a statement kindly furnished to me by the Military and Provincial Governor, Maj.-General Leonard Wood, June, 1904.

[260] At Malabang about 500, at Parang-Parang 205, and at Jolo 744.

[261] _Kudarangan Cotta _was situated on the north bank of the Rio Grande. Datto Piang's fort stands at the junction of this river and the Bacat River. Fort Reina Regente, established in this neighbourhood, was the most inland Spanish stronghold in Mindanao, and was at one period in Spanish times garrisoned by 800 to 1,000 convict troops (_disciplinarios_).

[262] _Panglima_ signifies General, or Chief of Warriors.

[263] The father of Mr. J. Schueck was a German sea captain, who got into trouble with the Spaniards because he traded directly with the Sultan of Sulu. His ship and all he possessed were seized, and Captain Schueck decided to settle in the Island under the protection of the Sultan. He took a Mora wife, became a very prosperous planter, and the Spaniards were eventually only too glad to cultivate his friendship. He died in 1887, leaving three sons; one is the gentleman mentioned above, another is the military interpreter, and the third manages the fine property and trading interests of the family. Mr. J. Schueck's two sisters-in-law are Moras.