Chapter LVII: Appendix: G (2)

Evolution: chemical elements and compounds, =I=, 22–4, 67;
primordial form of living matter, =I=, 63–4, 181; =II=, 21–2;
definitions of life, =I=, 107–10;
growth the primary trait of, =I=, 135;
comprehends growth and development, =I=, 162;
illustrations in development, =I=, 167–70, 178–9;
progressive structural differentiation, =I=, 181–4, 192–6, 211–2;
life before organization, =I=, 210;
heterogeneity of function, =I=, 211;
stability of species, =I=, 242, 515, 518;
individuality, =I=, 247;
cell-organization, =I=, 262;
genesis, heredity, and variation resulting from, =I=, 354–5;
period required for organic, =I=, 407, 565–6;
contrasted with special creation hypothesis, =I=, 415, 431–40;
derivation of hypothesis, =I=, 431, 439, 554;
increasing belief in, =I=, 431–3, 439;
experiences supporting conceivability, =I=, 433–5, 439;
direct evidence, =I=, 435–7, 439;
malevolence not implied by, =I=, 437–9;
evidence from classification, =I=, 443, 444, 449, 466, 555;
embryology, =I=, 451–3, 466;
substitution and suppression of organs, =I=, 456–8, 466, 472–3;
insect segmentation, =I=, 468–9;
vertebral column development, =I=, 470–2;
rudimentary organs, =I=, 472–5;
adaptation to varied media, =I=, 479–85, 556;
growth of the theory of organic, =I=, 490–8;
instability of the homogeneous, a cause, =I=, 509–11, 516, 550;
multiplication of effects, =I=, 511–14, 517–8, 550; =II=, 405;
segregation, and heterogeneity and definiteness of, =I=, 514–8,
550;
natural selection and general doctrine of, =I=, 543–8, 557;
factors tabulated, =I=, 551;
inductive evidences summarized, =I=, 555–6;
surviving disbelief in France, =I=, 559;
current theories of organic, =I=, 559–74;
Eimer’s theory of orthogenesis, =I=, 563–4;
Gulick on monotypic and polytypic, =I=, 569;
phenomena unexplained by theories, =I=, 573–4;
inorganic and the _System of Philosophy_, =I=, 696;
“spontaneous generation,” =I=, 696–701, 702;
dissolution and problems of morphology, =II=, 4–6;
morphology and formula, =II=, 7–9, 231–5;
difficulties of definition, =II=, 17;
cell-doctrine, =II=, 17–21, 85;
unicellular origin of plants, =II=, 21–2;
_résumé_ of plant-morphology, =II=, 78–80;
origin and differentiation of phænogamic type, =II=, 83;
physiological problems, =II=, 239–43;
tissue differentiation, =II=, 244–6, 385;
integration of organic world, =II=, 396, 406;
race and individual multiplication, =II=, 428–30;
declining fertility and human, =II=, 431, 529–30;
individuation, genesis, and, =II=, 501–5;
human life, prospective, =II=, 522–5;
forces influencing human, =II=, 525–8;
future of population, =II=, 532–7;
self-sufficingness of, =II=, 537;
vertebral, =II=, 563–6.

Excretion: genesis of organs of, =II=, 303;
localization of, =II=, 331–3.

Exogen, application of term, =II=, 82.
(_See_ Dicotyledons.)

Expenditure (_see_ Multiplication).

Eye, the: molecular transformations in visual process, =I=, 75–6;
progressive development, =I=, 195; =II=, 317–9;
waste and repair, =I=, 218;
transmitted defects, =I=, 306, 311, 694;
degeneration in cave-animals, =I=, 309, 612–3, 614, 647–9, 693;
late development in insects, =I=, 658;
migration in flat fishes, =II=, 205.

Fabre, J. H., nutrition and sex in _Osmia tricornis_, =I=, 657.

False joints, =I=, 230;
theories of heredity and, =I=, 362, 364; =II=, 371–2.

Fats, the: physical and chemical properties, =I=, 10–12;
non-nitrogenous, =I=, 41;
action of bile, =II=, 330.

Fatty degeneration, and failing vitality, =I=, 41.

Feathers, development, =I=, 474; =II=, 314–6.

Feet, heredity and size, =I=, 311.

Ferments, changes and nitrogenous character of, =I=, 38.

Ferns: foliar development and nutrition, =II=, 76;
inner tissue differentiation, =II=, 273;
indefiniteness, =II=, 296;
genesis, =II=, 441, 463.

Fertility, the General Law of Animal, =I=, 577–601.
(_See_ Multiplication.)

Fertilization: unit-life of generative elements, =I=, 185–6;
the function of chromatin, =I=, 260, 263–5;
extrusion of polar bodies, =I=, 266–8;
nature and functions of generative elements, =I=, 279–83, 317,
334, 342, 593–7;
differentiation and variation effected by, =I=, 330–2;
the essential object of, =I=, 340–1; =II=, 614–6;
hermaphrodism and self-, =I=, 341–2;
crossing and its effects, =I=, 343–7;
isolation of species in respect of, =I=, 570;
floral (_see_ Flowers).

_Ficus_, foliar structure, =II=, 589, 596.

Fingers: embryogeny of human, =I=, 169;
heredity and abnormal, =I=, 305, 314, 321–3;
autogenous development of supernumerary, =I=, 363;
rudimentary, =I=, 473.

Fishes: sizes of ova and adult, =I=, 143–4;
growth of pike, =I=, 154, 292;
size and environment, =I=, 156;
temperature, =I=, 174;
self-mobility, =I=, 175;
continuity of blastomeres, =I=, 214; =II=, 327;
genesis, =I=, 271; =II=, 435, 436;
conditions affecting genesis, =I=, 292–3, 583, 598, 599; =II=,
454;
classification, =I=, 392;
change of media, =I=, 401, 480;
distribution in time, =I=, 408–9;
climbing species, =I=, 480, 482;
migrations, =I=, 500;
dermal structure, =I=, 526; =II=, 305–6, 315, 387;
Cunningham on non-adaptive specific characters, =I=, 565;
elongation and locomotion, =II=, 15;
segmentation, =II=, 122, 225;
bilateral symmetry, =II=, 203–5;
eyes of _Pleuronectidæ_, =II=, 205;
genesis of vertebrate axis, =II=, 212–6, 218–21, 225;
ossification of paleozoic, =II=, 218;
respiratory organs, =II=, 334–8;
activity and muscular colour, =II=, 365–9;
Owen on skeleton, =II=, 552, 557, 558–60, 562, 564.

Fission (_see_ Agamogenesis).

Flint, Austin, on telegony, =I=, 644.

Flounder, symmetry and eyes, =II=, 205.

Flower, Sir W., on ferret, =II=, 480.

Flowers: pollen propulsion in orchids, =I=, 57;
nature of reproductive elements, =I=, 283;
insect fertilization, =I=, 340, 525; =II=, 168, 174, 267, 407;
self- and mutual fertilization, =I=, 342–5, 570;
Darwin on homologies, =I=, 472;
direct equilibration and fertilization, =I=, 524–5;
dimorphism, =I=, 534;
foliar homology of petals, =II=, 43–6;
symmetry, =II=, 132, 161, 162–4, 170, 174, 608;
fertilization and symmetry, =II=, 164–70;
clusters and components, =II=, 170–4;
nutrition and inflorescence, =II=, 179–80, 541–2, 546–7;
tissue differentiation, =II=, 265–9;
separation of ancestral traits in hybrids, =II=, 616–7.

Fly, beneficial parasitism, =II=, 406.

Food (_see_ Nutrition).

Food-cavity, genesis and development of, =I=, 188, 195.

_Foraminifera_: form, =I=, 173;
primary aggregate, =II=, 87, 124;
progressing integration, =II=, 89–90, 124.

Force: action on like and unlike units, =I=, 5;
expenditure and organic growth, =I=, 149–54, 161;
functional accumulation, transfer, and expenditure, =I=, 198–9,
201–3, 391;
waste and expenditure, =I=, 214–5;
distribution during strain, =II=, 209–12.
(_See also_ Energy, _and_ Persistence of Force.)

Fossils (_see_ Palæontology).

Foster, Sir M., on storage of glycogen, =I=, 70, 74;
Increase of weight in hybernating dormouse, =I=, 214.

Fowls (see _Gallinaceæ_).

Foxglove: abnormal development, =I=, 287; =II=, 46;
floral distribution, =II=, 141;
nutrition and growth, =II=, 179.

France: surviving disbelief in organic evolution, =I=, 559;
rate of multiplication, =II=, 509, 512.

Frankland, Sir E., on isomerism of protein, =I=, 700.

Fraser, Col. A. T., on family of Hindu dwarfs, =I=, 316.

Fries, E., multiplication of _Reticularia_, =I=, 582; =II=, 450.

Frog: vitality of detached heart, =I=, 111;
of larval fragments, =I=, 365.

Fry, Sir E., on alternation of generations, =II=, 84.

_Fuci_: cell multiplication, =II=, 27;
undifferentiated outer tissue, =II=, 256.

Function: as a basis of classification, =I=, 124–9, 129–31;
simultaneous progress of structure and, =I=, 197, 211;
divisions of, =I=, 198–200, 391;
correlative complexity of structure, =I=, 200, 210–1;
progressive differentiations, =I=, 201–4;
concomitant integration, =I=, 205–8;
specialization and vicariousness, =I=, 208–10;
formula of evolution, =I=, 211;
diminished ability and overwork, =I=, 215–6;
growth and increased, =I=, 228–33, 234–5;
interdependence of social and organic, =I=, 237–9, 240–2;
structure and heredity, =I=, 306–13, 318–9 (_see_ Acquired
Characters);
aids natural selection, =I=, 308;
organic interdependence, =I=, 318–9;
parental condition and variation, =I=, 324, 326;
variation and altered, =I=, 325–6, 333–4;
as causing variation, =I=, 334–5;
effect on physiological units, =I=, 353–4; =II=, 620;
zoological classification, =I=, 391–3;
multiplication of effects, =I=, 512;
law of equilibration, =I=, 519–22, 557;
correlation of changes in, =I=, 529;
structural effects of changing, =I=, 541–2;
structural co-operation, =II=, 3, 217;
vicarious vegetal, =II=, 270;
vicariousness and specialization, =II=, 293;
epidermic structure, =II=, 312–4, 387;
structure and muscular, =II=, 369, 391;
adaptive bone-structures, =II=, 370–1;
equilibration and adaptation, =II=, 392;
persistence of force and adaptation, =II=, 394.
(_See also_ Physiology.)

_Fungi_: nitrogenous character, =I=, 40;
development, =I=, 163, 164, 165;
conjugation, =I=, 279; =II=, 449;
fission, =I=, 584, 585;
integration, =II=, 24–5, 293;
symmetry, =II=, 137–40, 146;
puff-ball tissue, =II=, 246, 252, 386;
tissue differentiation, =II=, 256;
inner tissue, =II=, 279;
indefiniteness, =II=, 295;
growth and genesis, =II=, 459;
nutrition and genesis, =II=, 487.

_Gallinaceæ_: conditions affecting fertility, =II=, 454–5, 469,
471;
masculine traits of old hens, =II=, 495.

Galls: definition of life and, =I=, 111;
Hertwig on, =I=, 690.

Galton, F., on variation outside the mean, =I=, 669.

Gamogenesis: homogenesis, =I=, 270, 271, 336;
heterogenesis, =I=, 270, 336;
independence of offspring, =I=, 278;
reproductive tissue, =I=, 279–84;
vegetal nutrition, =I=, 285–8, 293; =II=, 39;
animal nutrition, =I=, 289–94, 297;
when and why does it recur? =I=, 294–7, 336–40;
effect on species, =I=, 347–9;
leaf formation, =II=, 39;
alternating generation in liverworts, =II=, 80–4;
molluscan homogenesis, =II=, 116, 117–8;
vertebrate, =II=, 118;
growth, =II=, 266.
(_See also_ Fertilization, _and_ Multiplication.)

_Gasteropoda_ (see _Mollusca_).

Geddes and Thompson, on the determination of sex, =I=, 657.

Gelatine, nutritive value of, =I=, 77.

Gemmation: and genesis, =I=, 272–6;
theories of heredity and, =I=, 361;
annulose, =II=, 100–5, 106.

Generalization, impossibility of perfect, =I=, 450.

Generation, and genesis: the words, =I=, 269.

Genesis (_see_ Multiplication).

_Gentiana_: floral arrangement, =II=, 608–11.

Genus: indefinite value, =I=, 389, 446;
instability of homogeneous and heterogeneity of, =I=, 509–11,
515, 517–8, 550, 557.

Geology: growth displayed in, =I=, 135, 136;
distribution in time, =I=, 404–11, 412;
special creation, =I=, 419, 426;
evolution, =I=, 432, 437;
record congruous with evolution, =I=, 485–9, 556;
organic influence of changes, =I=, 501–3, 549, 550, 557;
climatic influence of changes, =I=, 503;
time required for organic evolution, =I=, 565–6;
rise of insect and plant relations, =II=, 407;
human evolution and changes, =II=, 534.

Geometry, evolution illustrated by, =I=, 433–4.

Germ-cell: unspecialized nature, =I=, 279–83, 317;
dissimilarity, =I=, 330, 332, 334, 342;
equilibrium, =I=, 340.
(_See also_ Fertilization.)

Germ-plasm, Weismann’s theory of, =I=, 357–8;
inconsistent with plant embryogeny, =I=, 359;
regeneration of lost limbs, =I=, 362;
variations in peacock’s tail feather, =I=, 372, 695; =II=, 618–9;
alleged differentiation of reproductive and somatic cells, =I=,
622, 628–30, 633–44, 646;
origin of variations in neuter insects, =I=, 659, 663–5, 671,
675;
correlated variations in stag, =I=, 677;
insuperable difficulties, =I=, 682;
conceivability of hypothesis, =I=, 695; =II=, 619;
correlated variations in cultivated plants, =II=, 621–2.

Ghost-theory, Vitalism and, =I=, 114.

Giraffe, co-adaptation of structures, =I=, 615.

Gizzard, development of birds, =II=, 320.

Glass, molecular re-arrangement, =I=, 337, 352, 704.

Glove, strain analogy, =II=, 575.

Glycogen, In animal metabolism, =I=, 70, 72.

Goethe, J. W. von: foliar homology, =II=, 43–4, 543, 544;
archetypal hypothesis, =II=, 122;
vegetal fructification and nutrition, =II=, 180;
theory of supernumerary bones, =II=, 223;
on the skull, =II=, 561.

Gold, effect of bismuth on, =I=, 121.

Gorilla, callosities, =II=, 312.

Gould, J., _Birds of Australia_, =II=, 469.

Gout (_see_ Disease).

Grafting, Born’s experiments with frog larvæ, =I=, 365.

Graham, T., properties of water, =I=, 9; =II=, 359;
colloids and crystalloids, =I=, 15–8; =II=, 356;
their diffusibility, =I=, 18–20;
sapid and insipid substances, =I=, 53.

_Graminæ_: foliar surfaces, =II=, 61, 263;
floral symmetry, =II=, 165;
physiological differentiation, =II=, 257.

Graminivores, food contrasted with that of carnivores, =I=, 68.

Grassi, on food habits of _Termites_, =I=, 686.

Gravity: its ultimate incomprehensibility, =I=, 121;
vegetal circulation, =II=, 586.
(_See also_ Specific Gravity.)

_Gregarina_: central development, =I=, 163;
primary aggregate, =II=, 87;
symmetry, =II=, 186.

Grimaux, on artificial proteids, =I=, 39.

Growth: organic and inorganic, =I=, 135–7;
simulation of, =I=, 136;
limits to, =I=, 137, 155–7;
structural complexity, =I=, 138–40, 145–7, 161;
nutrition, =I=, 140, 147–9, 161;
expenditure of energy, =I=, 141–3, 161;
initial and final bulks, =I=, 143–4, 157–60, 161;
final arrest of, =I=, 149–55, 639;
where unceasing, =I=, 154;
_résumé_ with generalizations, =I=, 161;
defined, =I=, 162; =II=, 461;
increased function, =I=, 228–33, 234–5;
functional interdependence, =I=, 235–9, 240;
nutrition and vegetal, =I=, 293, 294–7, 336; =II=, 39;
heterogenesis and animal nutrition, =I=, 289–93, 296, 336;
homo- and heterogenesis and natural selection, =I=, 294–8;
of acrogens, =II=, 56;
cylindrical form of vegetal, =II=, 56–64;
endogenous, =II=, 60–2, 78;
exogenous, =II=, 63–4, 78;
plant differentiation, =II=, 129–131;
tissue differentiation, =II=, 370;
formation of adaptive bone-structures, =II=, 370–2;
progressive increase of size with evolution, =II=, 401–2;
vegetal, and asexual genesis, =II=, 439–42;
animal, and asexual genesis, =II=, 442–5;
antagonistic to asexual genesis, =II=, 446;
vegetal and sexual genesis, =II=, 448–51;
animal and sexual genesis, =II=, 452–6, 495;
antagonistic to sexual genesis, =II=, 457–8;
nutrition and genesis, _résumé_, =II=, 497–9;
evolution and, =II=, 501–5;
commencement of genesis, =II=, 506;
fertilization and restoration of growth-energy, =II=, 613.

Gulick, T.: on monotypic and polytypic evolution, =I=, 569;
physiological selection, =I=, 569–71.

Gunpowder, nitrogenous instability, =I=, 8, 43.

_Gymnotus_, electricity of, =I=, 51.

_Gyrodactylus elegans_, rapid succession of generations, =I=, 641;
=II=, 488.

Habit, change of, in plants, =I=, 308.

Hæmal, term applied to female element, =I=, 594–5.

Hairs: non-conductors of heat, =I=, 526;
vegetal, and natural selection, =I=, 532;
development, =II=, 314–6;
tactual organs, =II=, 317.

Hand: embryogeny, =I=, 169;
heredity and size of, =I=, 311;
distribution of veins, =I=, 364.

Hardy, W. B., =I=, vii; =II=, vi.

Hare: activity and muscular colour, =II=, 365;
expenditure and genesis, =II=, 472.

Hart, J. A., on “Parasol” ants, =I=, 687–8.

Havilland, G. D., collection of Termites, =I=, 687.

Haystack, chemical action in, =I=, 74.

Head, structural influence of size, =I=, 512, 537.

Hearing: the sense of, =I=, 54;
multiplying agencies, =I=, 75.

Heart (_see_ Vascular System).

Heat: action on di- and tri-atomic compounds, =I=, 7–8, 10–12, 23,
24;
on colloids and crystalloids, =I=, 26;
organic changes from evaporation, =I=, 29;
chemical decomposition by, =I=, 33;
organic oxidation, =I=, 46–9, 60;
growth and organic, =I=, 152–3;
animal, vegetal, and environment, =I=, 174–5, 177;
alloy melting points, =I=, 339;
organic effects of rhythm in terrestrial, =I=, 498, 557;
effect on physiological units, =I=, 705;
respiration in fishes, =II=, 337;
animal preservation, =II=, 434;
vertebrate expenditure and genesis, =II=, 468–9, 474;
insect genesis, =II=, 476;
seasonal variations and genesis, =II=, 484–5;
in germination, =II=, 615.

Hebrew idea of creation, =I=, 421.

_Hectocotylus_, individuality, =I=, 250.

Hellin, D., on multiparity and twin-births, =II=, 457.

Hen, what prompts her to pick up egg-shell fragments? =I=, 120.

Henslow, Rev. G., inheritance of functionally-produced changes,
=I=, 560.

_Hepaticæ_: Schleiden on, =II=, 51, 52;
continuous and discontinuous development, =II=, 52;
phyletic homologies, =II=, 80–4;
meaning of so-called alternating generation, =II=, 84;
vascular system, =II=, 280;
genesis and development, =II=, 463.

Heredity: structural modification, =I=, 232;
function of cell-nucleus in, =I=, 258–59;
general truths, =I=, 301–4;
transmission of congenital peculiarities, =I=, 304–7;
structure and altered function, =I=, 307–13, 318–9 (_see also_
Acquired Characters);
atavism, or recurrence of ancestral traits, =I=, 314;
sex limitation, =I=, 314–6;
physiological units, _résumé_, =I=, 350–5; =II=, 612–6;
Darwin’s and Weismann’s theories examined, =I=, 356 _et seq._,
559–61; =II=, 622;
true theory must include plants, =I=, 358;
inadequacy of theory of physiological units, =I=, 360–1;
sociological parallel, =I=, 366–8;
natural selection (_q. v._), =I=, 545–7, 553, 557;
ethnology and natural selection, =I=, 553;
unsolved problems, =I=, 573–4;
mutilations, =I=, 631;
ultimate process incomprehensible, =I=, 695;
cell-doctrine, =II=, 19;
physiological development, =II=, 242;
wood formation, =II=, 287;
tissue differentiation, =II=, 304, 312–4;
respiratory system, =II=, 311;
osseous differentiation, =II=, 351;
muscular adaptation, =II=, 367;
persistence of force and physiological adaptation, =II=, 394;
vegetal vascular system, =II=, 574, 582, 588, 596.

Hermaphrodism, =I=, 340–3.

Hertwig, O.: on Weismann’s germ-plasm theory, =I=, 690;
cell characters, =I=, 691;
meaning of fertilization, =II=, 613.

Hertwig, R., classification of tissues, =I=, 189.

Heterochrony of development, =I=, 655.

Heterogeneity: in chemical evolution, =I=, 23–4;
of vital changes, =I=, 84–90;
of development, =I=, 170, 178;
functional, =I=, 204–8, 211–2;
of organic matter, =I=, 350–5;
organic and instability of homogeneous, =I=, 509–11, 517, 549,
557;
segregation accompanying, =I=, 514–6, 517–8, 550.

Heterogenesis: occurrence, =I=, 270, 272–5, 336;
animal nutrition, =I=, 289–91, 295–7;
natural selection, =I=, 295–8;
heredity, =I=, 301.

Hindus: food, =I=, 68;
dwarf family, =I=, 316.

Histology (_see_ Physiology).

Hofmeister, sporophytic generation of Archegoniates, =II=, 80.

Hollyhock, floral symmetry, =II=, 167, 169, 170.

Homogeneous, instability of the: variation, =I=, 330, 334, 342;
evolution, =I=, 509–11, 517, 549, 557;
morphological development, =II=, 7–9, 234;
direction of vegetal growth, =II=, 181;
radial symmetry, =II=, 190;
physiological differentiation, =II=, 384, 392.

Homogenesis (_see_ Gamogenesis).

Homology, simulation of, by analogy, =II=, 14.

Hooker, Sir J. D., =I=, ix;
European plants in New Zealand, =I=, 477;
plant distribution, =I=, 479;
adaptation of plants to varied media, =I=, 484;
plant growth, =II=, 56;
_Balanophoræ_ and _Raffiesiaceæ_, =II=, 274;
structural complexity, =II=, 295, 297;
relative antiquity and distribution of plants and animals, =II=,
297;
bean vascular system, =II=, 574.

Hooker, Sir W., on fructification in _Jungermanniaceæ_, =II=, 52.

Horns, natural selection and correlated variation, =I=, 537, 567,
674, 677.

Horse: ancestral types, =I=, 409;
fertility, =I=, 598;
weight of brain, =I=, 599;
quagga markings, =I=, 624, 627.

Husbandry, co-ordination of actions in, =I=, 96, 579.

Hutchinson, Sir J., hereditary syphilis, =I=, 623.

Huxley, T. H., =I=, ix;
“continuous” and “discontinuous” development, =I=, 164;
classification of development, =I=, 276;
hermaphrodism, =I=, 344;
zoological classification, =I=, 383;
on “Persistent Types,” =I=, 408–9;
ancestral equine types, _ib._;
segmentation of articulates, =I=, 468–9; =II=, 113;
agamic multiplication of _Aphis_ and _Entozoa_, =I=, 640–1; =II=,
476;
cell-doctrine, =II=, 21;
vertebrate embryo, =II=, 119, 120;
molluscan symmetry, =II=, 202;
tegumentary organs, =II=, 314, 315;
vertebrate sensory organs, =II=, 318, 319;
_Chondracanthus_, =II=, 487;
Owen’s vertebrate theory, =II=, 563.

Hyacinth: lateral spike, =II=, 42;
symmetry, =II=, 141, 162.

Hybernation, waste and repair in, =I=, 214–5.

Hybrids, separation of ancestral traits in, =II=, 616–7.

Hydro-carbons: properties, =I=, 6–9;
the term carbo-hydrates (_q. v._), =I=, 10.

Hydrochloric acid, in gastric juice, =I=, 69.

Hydrogen: chemical and physical properties, =I=, 3–5;
compounds, =I=, 6, 8, 9, 10–12, 12–13.

_Hydrozoa_ (see _Cœlenterata_).

_Hymenoptera_ (_see_ Insects).

Hypertrophy (_see_ Disease).

Hypospadias, telegonic transmission, =I=, 646.

Hypostasis of a relation, exemplified in explanations of
fertilization, =II=, 613.

Ideas (_see_ Psychology).

Individuality: the botanical, =I=, 244–6;
the zoological, =I=, 246–7;
the fertilized germ product, =I=, 248–9;
definition of life, =I=, 250.

Individuation: and genesis, =I=, 583–4; =II=, 428–30, 499;
total cost, =II=, 435–7;
genesis and evolution, =II=, 501–5, 529, 530.

_Infusoria_: functional specialization, =I=, 391;
primary aggregate, =II=, 87;
asymmetry, =II=, 187, 188;
differentiation, =II=, 299, 385;
genesis, =II=, 442, 446, 452.

Injuries, repair of animal, =I=, 219, 222–4, 316; =II=, 102, 611.

Insanity, inherited, =I=, 314.

Insects: temperature, =I=, 47, 174;
phosphorescence, =I=, 49;
self-mobility, =I=, 175;
parthenogenesis, =I=, 274–5, 277, 294, 592, 640;
growth and reproduction, =I=, 292;
species distribution determined by presence of, =I=, 396–7;
eyes of cave-inhabiting, =I=, 309, 612–3, 614, 647–9, 693;
persistent types, =I=, 408;
retrograde development, =I=, 458;
segmentation, =I=, 468–9; =II=, 114;
aborted organs, =I=, 474;
East Indian distribution, =I=, 478;
floral fertilization, =I=, 525; =II=, 168–9, 406–7, 608;
appliances for cleaning antennæ, =I=, 651;
eyes, =I=, 658; =II=, 318;
integration and homology, =II=, 111–3, 121;
bilateral symmetry, =II=, 198;
sexual selection, =II=, 269;
eyes, =II=, 318;
environment, =II=, 433;
cost of genesis, =II=, 436, 437;
development and genesis, =II=, 461;
nutrition and genesis, =II=, 476, 490–2.

Insects, Social, origin of caste gradations in, =I=, 654–65, 670,
674, 675, 678–84, 686–8.

Instability of the homogeneous (_see_ Homogeneous).

Instinct: organic evolution and co-ordination of, in mason-wasp,
=I=, 574;
a vital attribute, =I=, 578;
loss of self-feeding, in Amazon ants, =I=, 660–1, 663–4.

Integration: in chemical evolution, =I=, 23;
morphological composition, =II=, 4–6;
arthropod, =II=, 111–4, 121;
physiological, in plants, =II=, 292–5, 295–8, 390;
of organic world, =II=, 396–408;
genesis, =II=, 424, 426–9.

Intelligence, a vital attribute, =I=, 579.

Internodes: varied development, =II=, 45;
nutrition and length, =II=, 178–9.

Intestine (_see_ Alimentary Canal).

Intra-selection, Roux’s theory of, =I=, 562, 676–8.

Irish, nutrition and genesis, =II=, 510.

Iron: colloidal form of peroxide, =I=, 17, 20;
molecular re-arrangement, =I=, 337, 704;
vegetal absorption, =II=, 573.

Iron industry, interdependence of social function, =I=, 237–41.

Isolation, and species differentiation, =I=, 568–9.

Isomerism: of organic constituents, =I=, 4, 9, 25;
tri- and poly-atomic compounds, =I=, 11, 13, 25;
muscular action, =I=, 59;
organic evolution, =I=, 700, 703;
differentiation of nerve tissue, =II=, 356–60, 361;
of muscular tissue, =II=, 361–4.

Jackson, J. Hughlings, on inheritance of nervous peculiarities,
=I=, 313, 694.

Jaundice (_see_ Disease).

Jaws, of uncivilized and civilized, =I=, 541–2, 612, 693.

Johnson, G. Lindsey, on inherited myopia, =I=, 694.

Jones, T. Rymer, on fission, =I=, 585, 590.

Julin, C., on “castration parasitaire” in Crustaceans, =II=, 493–6.

_Jungermanniaceæ_: morphology, =II=, 33–4;
relations of high and low types, =II=, 35, 55;
continuous and discontinuous development, =II=, 52–5, 92;
tubular structure, =II=, 58, 62;
proliferous growth, =II=, 67, 91;
colour, =II=, 75, 265;
symmetry, =II=, 140;
fertility and growth, =II=, 441.

Jussieu, A. de, plant classification, =I=, 378.

Karyokinesis, =I=, 257, 259, 263–5.

Kerner, A., on cauline buds, =I=, 358;
plant classification in _Natural History of Plants_, =I=, 378–9.

Kidd, Benj., his acceptance of Weismannism, =I=, 690.

Kitto, Dr., his visual memory and deafness, =I=, 230.

Klebs, on _Hydrodictyon_, =I=, 288;
_Vaucheria_, =II=, 84.

Klein, E., multiplication of _Bacteria_, =II=, 443.

Korschelt, E., annulose segmentation, =II=, 103, 601–3, 605;
_Arenicola_ larvæ, =II=, 109.

Labour, physiological division of, =I=, 204, 207, 591; =II=, 373;
its meaning and Weismann’s fallacious interpretation, =I=, 634–5.

Lacaze-Duthiers, on origin of annulose type, =II=, 110.

Lamarck: zoological classification, =I=, 382;
opinions of E. Darwin and, =I=, 491, 493–7;
neo-Darwinists and, =I=, 630–1.

_Laminariaceæ_: pseudo-foliar and axial development, =II=, 30;
tissue, =II=, 247, 256, 272.

Language: and evolution, =I=, 442, 444, 446;
perceptiveness of tongue-tip, =I=, 607.

Lankester, Sir E. Ray, absence of nucleus in _Archerina_, =I=, 183;
diversity of _Protozoa_, _ib._;
zoological classification, =I=, 387;
blindness of cave-animals, =I=, 647–8, 649.

Laugh, definition of life and, =I=, 112.

Laurel, leaves of, =II=, 149, 249.

Leaves: growth of shoot, =I=, 168;
development and aggregation, =II=, 37–42, 76;
stem-like stalks, =II=, 41;
homologies, =II=, 42, 75–7, 83;
nutrition and compound, =II=, 42;
foliar and axial development, =II=, 46–50, 541–7;
“adnate,” =II=, 58;
proliferous growth, =II=, 67, 91;
nutrition and development, =II=, 76–8;
symmetry, and of branches, =II=, 148–50, 151;
size and distribution of leaflets, =II=, 152–5;
transition from compound to simple, =II=, 155–8;
unsymmetrical form, =II=, 158–9;
natural selection and distribution, =II=, 179;
morphological summary, =II=, 234–5;
tissue differentiation, =II=, 247;
distribution, =II=, 249;
outer tissues of stem and, =II=, 256–9, 270, 386;
distribution of stomata, =II=, 260–1;
wax deposit on, =II=, 260, 261;
light and colour, =II=, 261–2;
superficial differentiation, =II=, 263–5, 270, 387;
abortive in parasitic plants, =II=, 274;
submerged, in aquatic plants, =II=, 274–5;
inner tissue differentiation, =II=, 278, 388;
vascular tissue differentiation, =II=, 286, 288, 388;
dye absorption and circulation, =II=, 570–4, 577;
vascular system, =II=, 588–92, 596;
arrangement, =II=, 608–11.

_Lepidoptera_ (_see_ Insects).

_Lepidosiren_: ossification, =II=, 218;
respiration, =II=, 338;
skeleton, =II=, 553, 555, 560.

_Lepidosteus_: armour, =I=, 526;
air-bladder, =II=, 334.

Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre, on Australian miners’ usages, =I=, 364.

_Lessonia_: Hooker on growth, =II=, 56;
branch symmetry, =II=, 146.

Lewes, G. H., definition of life, =I=, 80.

Lichens: tissue, =I=, 586;
cell multiplication, =II=, 27;
Hooker on growth, =II=, 56;
tubular structure, =II=, 57;
integration, =II=, 293;
dual nature, =II=, 399;
reproduction, =II=, 450.

Liebig, Baron, nitrogenous food stuffs, =I=, 47–8.

Life: co-ordination of actions, =I=, 79, 89, 577–80;
defined by Schelling, =I=, 78, 178;
Richeraud, =I=, 79;
De Blainville, =I=, 79, 93;
Lewes, =I=, 80;
definition yielded by contrasting most unlike kinds, =I=, 81–8;
changes showing, =I=, 91;
vital actions and environment, =I=, 92–3;
resulting addition to conception, =I=, 93, 326;
Comte’s definition, =I=, 93;
correspondence of external and internal relations, =I=, 93–6,
100; =II=, 523;
continuous adjustment of such relations, =I=, 99;
completeness proportionate to correspondence, =I=, 101–4, 109,
349;
length and complexity, =I=, 103;
complexity of environment and degree of, =I=, 104–6;
definitions of evolution and, =I=, 107–10;
deficiencies of formula, =I=, 112–3;
activity the essential element, =I=, 113;
hypothesis of independent vital principle examined, =I=, 114–7;
difficulties of physico-chemical theory, =I=, 117–20;
ultimate incomprehensibility, =I=, 120–3, 373;
validity of conclusions reached, =I=, 123;
is organization produced by? =I=, 197;
precedes organization, =I=, 210;
definitions of individuality and, =I=, 250;
effect of incident forces on, =I=, 348–9, 355;
length in individuals and species, =I=, 422;
equilibration of, =I=, 547, 557;
final formulation of definition, =I=, 580;
co-ordination of actions and sexual differentiation, =I=, 593;
“absolute” commencement of, =I=, 699, 702;
integration and augmentation, =II=, 426;
prospective human, =II=, 522–5.

Light: influence on organisms, =I=, 30–6; =II=, 433;
nitrogenous plants, =I=, 40;
organic phosphorescence, =I=, 49;
heliotropism, =I=, 92; =II=, 160;
effects on organic matter, =I=, 149;
plant adaptation, =I=, 227;
rhythmical variation of, and organic life, =I=, 499, 557;
vegetal influences, =II=, 130, 131, 147, 149, 158;
influence on flowers, =II=, 167–8, 608–11;
vegetal tissue differentiation, =II=, 253–5, 258, 259;
action on leaves, =II=, 260–4;
on plant vascular system, =II=, 288, 297, 586;
development of sensory organs, =II=, 320.

_Liliaceæ_, floral symmetry, =II=, 170.

Lime, leaf forms, =II=, 158, 159.

Lindley, J., plant classification, =I=, 377.

Linnæus, C., classificatory system, =I=, 377, 380.

Linnet, contrasted with blackbird in development, =II=, 503.

Liver: metabolic processes, =I=, 69, 70;
vitality of excised, =I=, 111;
development, =II=, 329–33.

Liver-fluke (see _Distoma_).

Liverworts (see _Hepaticæ_).

Lizard, regeneration of lost tail, =I=, 360.

Locomotion (_see_ Motion).

Logic, reasoning and definition of life, =I=, 81–6.

Logwood, vegetal staining, =II=, 569–74, 577–81, 584.

Longevity, and complexity of life, =I=, 102–3.

Lubbock, Sir J.: on growth and genesis in insects and crustaceans,
=I=, 292;
aquatic flies, =I=, 400.

Lungs (_see_ Respiratory System).

Lymphatic system: amœboid cells, =I=, 187;
structural traits, =I=, 192, 193.

MacBride, E. W., =I=, vi; =II=, vi;
zoological phyla, =I=, 386–7;
arthropod segmentation, =II=, 114;
ctenidia of slug, =II=, 117;
conjugation of _Paramæcium_, =II=, 452.

_Macrocystis pyrifera_, gigantic seaweed, =I=, 121.

Magenta, vegetal staining, =II=, 569–74, 577–81, 584.

Magnetism: muscular action, =I=, 59;
incomprehensibility, =I=, 121.

Maillet, B. de, modifiability of organisms, =I=, 490, 496.

_Mammalia_: temperature and molecular change, =I=, 30;
nutrition and growth, =I=, 141;
expenditure of force, =I=, 142, 156;
flesh constituents, =I=, 154;
temperature, =I=, 174, 177;
self-mobility, =I=, 175;
functional and structural differentiation, =I=, 201;
heart-function, =I=, 206;
viviparous homogenesis, =I=, 271;
variation and uterine environment, =I=, 327;
classification, =I=, 392;
cervical vertebræ, =I=, 394; =II=, 564;
aquatic types, =I=, 400;
fossil remains and rate of evolution, =I=, 407;
ancient and modern forms contrasted, =I=, 408–10;
embryonic respiratory system, =I=, 456;
suppression of teeth, =I=, 457;
arrested development, =I=, 473–4;
simulated homologies, =I=, 485;
natural selection and inactive parts, =I=, 534;
re-development of rudimentary organs, =I=, 563;
location of testes and current theories, =I=, 573;
fertility and development, =I=, 583; =II=, 465;
fertility and nervous development, =I=, 598–9;
locomotion and elongated form, =II=, 15;
symmetry, =II=, 204;
tegumentary structure, =II=, 314;
circulation, =II=, 340;
vascularity and ova-maturation, =II=, 342–3;
activity and muscular colour, =II=, 365–9;
functional integration, =II=, 375;
outer tissue differentiation, =II=, 387;
growth and genesis, =II=, 456, 459;
comparative fertility, =II=, 465, 470;
heat expenditure and genesis, =II=, 467–9;
activity and fertility, =II=, 472;
nutrition and genesis, =II=, 479–80.

Man: effect of climate on vigour, =I=, 30;
flesh and grain eaters compared, =I=, 68;
longevity and life, =I=, 103;
complex environment, =I=, 105;
embryogeny of arm, =I=, 169;
fertility and conditions affecting it, =I=, 300, 570, 583; =II=,
484, 506–21;
inheritance of functionally-produced changes, =I=, 310–3, 541,
605, 608, 612, 652, 673, 689, 693–4;
heredity and sex, =I=, 315–6;
function of bilirubin, =I=, 330;
cousin-marriages, =I=, 346; =II=, 615;
primitive notions, =I=, 417–9;
inutility of _Appendix vermiformis_, =I=, 474;
diminution of jaw, =I=, 541, 612, 693;
co-ordination of actions greatest in, =I=, 579;
fundamental traits of sex, =I=, 594–7;
obesity, =I=, 594;
substance and weight of brain, =I=, 596, 599;
distribution of tactual perceptiveness, =I=, 602–8, 665–6, 672–3,
692;
telegony, =I=, 625, 644–5;
degradation of little toe, =I=, 652, 673;
transmitted osteological peculiarities of Punjabis, =I=, 689;
traits of twin-bearing women, =II=, 457;
comparative mammalian fertility, =II=, 465;
future evolution, =II=, 522–37.
(_See also_ Language _and_ Sociology.)

Manatee, nailless paddles, =I=, 473.

Manx cats, =I=, 303.

_Marchantiaceæ_: symmetry, =II=, 140;
outer tissue differentiation, =II=, 252.

Marmot, hybernation and waste, =I=, 214–5.

Marriage (_see_ Multiplication).

Marsh, O. C., on telegony, =I=, 644.

Masters, M. T., on foliar homology, =II=, 46–7;
selection of inconspicuous variations in plants, =II=, 298, 621;
separation of ancestral constitutions in plant hybrids, =II=,
616;
single and double stocks, =II=, 622.

Matter, incomprehensibility of interactions, =I=, 121–2.

Mechanics: transverse strains, =II=, 209–12;
genesis of vertebrate axis, =II=, 212–6, 216–8, 224, 225–7;
osseous differentiation, =II=, 345–51;
disintegrated motion, =II=, 375;
analogy from locomotive, =II=, 517–9;
future human evolution, =II=, 524;
strain and vegetal structure, =II=, 574–88, 592–6.

_Medusæ_: contractile functions, =I=, 58; =II=, 374;
individuality, =I=, 248;
heterogenesis, =I=, 273;
fertility, =I=, 582;
strobilization, =I=, 592;
symmetry, =II=, 188–91.

Mehnert, E., on feet of pentadactyle vertebrates, =I=, 461.

Mensel’s salt, temperature and isomerism, =I=, 77.

Metabolism: antithesis between plants and animals, =I=, 62–3;
evolution hypothesis and primordial, =I=, 63–4;
in plants, =I=, 64–7;
animals, =I=, 67–77;
nervo-muscular activities, =I=, 71–7;
summary, =I=, 77;
cell processes, =I=, 261.

Metals: remarkable interactions of some, =I=, 121;
melting of alloys, =I=, 339;
atomic re-arrangement, =I=, 352.

Metamerism (_see_ Segmentation).

_Metazoa_: cellular structure, =I=, 184, 194; =II=, 21;
subordination of units, =I=, 185–7;
general characters of tissues, =I=, 188–9;
protoplasmic continuity, =I=, 190–2, 194, 628;
genesis of food-cavity and visual organ, =I=, 195;
Weismann’s differentiation theory, =I=, 637–43.

Meteorology: non-vital changes shown in, =I=, 82, 84;
crystallization of “storm glass,” =I=, 96;
special creation, =I=, 419;
rhythm in, and organic change, =I=, 499–501, 557;
variations due to geologic change, =I=, 503.

_Microstomida_, segmental reproduction, =II=, 102.

Migration: of animal species, =I=, 396–401, 411;
solar influences, =I=, 500;
part played by, in organic evolution, =I=, 568;
causes of, =II=, 533–4.

Milk, heat and supply of, =II=, 468.

Milne-Edwards, H., “physiological division of labour,” =I=, 204;
Weismann’s erroneous application of it, =I=, 634;
on ocular structure, =II=, 318.

Mind (_see_ Psychology).

Mitosis (_see_ Karyokinesis).

Mobility, molar and molecular, =I=, 14;
environment and self-mobility, =I=, 177.

Mohl, on phænogamic growth, =II=, 82.

Mole, modifications due to habits, =II=, 391.

Molecules: mechanically considered, =I=, 14;
stability, =I=, 337–40;
nerve differentiation, =II=, 355–61, 379–82.

_Mollusca_: axial development, =I=, 165;
genesis, =I=, 271; =II=, 444;
hermaphrodism, =I=, 341;
classificatory traits, =I=, 392;
distribution in time, =I=, 405, 408, 410, 446–7;
trochophore and its relationships, =I=, 447; =II=, 108, 109, 115;
development, =I=, 460;
amphibious and terrestrial, =I=, 481;
indirect equilibration, =I=, 534;
secondary aggregation, =II=, 115–7;
symmetry, =II=, 201–3;
outer tissue, =II=, 310, 387;
alimentary system, =II=, 325;
vascular system, =II=, 340–1.

_Molluscoida_, =II=, 598.
(See _Polyzoa_ and _Tunicata_.)

Monocotyledons: growth, =I=, 138, 139, 143;
uniaxial development, =I=, 165;
cotyledonous germination and endogenous growth, =II=, 59–62,
69–72, 82–3, 181–2;
absence of helical phyllotaxy in _Ravenala_, =II=, 182;
surface contrasts, =II=, 257;
outer leaf tissue, =II=, 263;
wood formation, =II=, 278;
growth and genesis, =II=, 451.

Monstrosities, in plants, =II=, 78, 541, 546;
vertebrate, =II=, 118.

Morgan, T. H., on regeneration of _Planaria_, =II=, 102, 611.

Morphology: facts comprised in, =I=, 125–6;
morphological units, =I=, 190–2, 225;
rudimentary organs, =I=, 472–5, 556;
structural and functional co-operation, =II=, 3, 239;
integration, =II=, 4–6, 181–96;
change of shape, =II=, 6;
formula of evolution, =II=, 7–9;
as interpreted by phylogeny, =II=, 10–6;
evolution and cell-doctrine, =II=, 17–21.

Morphology, Animal: evolution and segmentation of _Articulata_,
=I=, 468–9;
vertebral column development, =I=, 470;
simulated homologies, =II=, 14–5;
primary aggregates, =II=, 85–8, 123–4;
secondary, =II=, 88–91, 124;
tertiary, =II=, 91–3;
integration and independence of individuality, =II=, 93–9, 124;
annulose segmentation, =II=, 98–101, 106–10, 125–7, 602–7;
progressive annulose integration, =II=, 100–5, 111–5, 121, 124,
223;
unintegrated molluscan form, =II=, 115–7;
vertebrate segmentation and integration, =II=, 117–23, 124–7,
223–4, 602, 606–7;
motion and symmetry, =II=, 183–5;
symmetry of primary and secondary aggregates, =II=, 186, 187–91;
of compound _Cœlenterata_, =II=, 192–4;
simulation of plant shapes, =II=, 192;
symmetry of _Polyzoa_ and _Tunicata_, =II=, 194;
of _Platyhelminthes_ and _Echinoderms_, =II=, 195–7;
of _Annulosa_, =II=, 197–201;
of molluscs, =II=, 201–3;
of vertebrates, =II=, 203–6, 208;
similarity of animal and plant, =II=, 206;
cell-shapes, =II=, 228–30;
evolution and generalizations summarized, =II=, 231–5.
(_See also_ Structure.)

Morphology, Vegetal: simulated homologies, =II=, 13–4;
unicellular plants, =II=, 21;
aggregation and integration, =II=, 22–6, 78–9;
pseudo-foliar development, =II=, 26–8;
pseudo-axial, =II=, 28–9;
pseudo-foliar and axial, =II=, 30–2;
composition of Archegoniates, =II=, 33–5;
leaf development and aggregation, =II=, 37–42, 75–8;
foliar homologies, =II=, 42–6, 75–8;
foliar and axial development, =II=, 46–50, 541–7;
growth and development of Archegoniates, =II=, 50–6;
of Phænogams, =II=, 56–64, 78–80;
axillary bud development, =II=, 65–9;
phænogamic modes of growth, =II=, 69–72;
homologies, =II=, 73–5, 80–4;
development of foliar into axial organs, =II=, 75–8;
_résumé_, =II=, 78–80;
criticisms and replies, =II=, 80–4;
can plant shapes be formulated? =II=, 128;
growth and differentiation, =II=, 129–31;
kinds of symmetry, =II=, 131–3;
symmetry of primary aggregates, =II=, 134–7;
of secondary, =II=, 137–40;
tertiary, =II=, 140–3;
symmetry and environing influences, =II=, 143–4;
symmetry of branches, =II=, 145–8;
leaf and branch symmetry, =II=, 148–50;
phænogamic unit homology, =II=, 151;
size and distribution of leaflets, =II=, 152–5;
transition from compound to simple leaves, =II=, 155–8;
unsymmetrical leaf development, =II=, 158–9;
differentiation of homologous units, =II=, 159–60;
floral symmetry, =II=, 161–74;
cell-differentiation and metamorphosis, =II=, 175–7;
nutrition and differentiation, =II=, 178;
and inflorescence, =II=, 179;
helical growth of phænogams, =II=, 180–1;
summary of symmetry, =II=, 234;
stress and structure, =II=, 275–9, 388.
(_See also_ Structure.)

Morton, Lord, quagga-marked foal, =I=, 624.

Moser, impressions produced by light on metals, =I=, 352.

Mosses: varied development, =II=, 501, 52;
homologies, =II=, 80, 81;
indefiniteness, =II=, 296;
multiplication, =II=, 441.

Moth, clothes, food of larva, =I=, 77.

Motion: organic, and environment, =I=, 75–7, 175–8, 196;
of animals and waste, =I=, 214, 220;
simulation of locomotive structures, =II=, 15.

Motor organs, differentiation of, =I=, 262.

Mountains: climatic effects, =I=, 504;
growth of trees on, =II=, 142.

Mouse: fertility of, =II=, 421, 473;
tapeworm parasitism, =II=, 490;
compared with rat, =II=, 503–4.

_Mucor_, =II=, 22, 123.

Mucous membrane, differentiation, =II=, 321–2, 389.

Multiplication: decline of fertility with evolution, =I=, 103;
=II=, 431;
vitalism, =I=, 116;
phenomena classified, =I=, 130;
the term “genesis,” =I=, 269;
processes classified, =I=, 270–6, 336, 583;
a process of disintegration, =I=, 276;
reproductive tissue in gamogenesis, =I=, 278–84;
nutrition and growth, =I=, 285–94, 295–7, 299;
natural selection, =I=, 295–8;
hermaphrodism, =I=, 340–4;
in-and-in breeding, =I=, 344–7;
physiological units, =I=, 350–5;
law of race-maintenance, =I=, 581; =II=, 420–3, 430;
effect of mental application, =I=, 597; =II=, 511–4, 516–9, 530;
individuation antagonistic to, =I=, 598–600; =II=, 428–30, 435–7,
499, 501–5;
checks put by carnivores on, =II=, 405;
four factors in rate of, =II=, 416, 435;
destructive and preservative forces, =II=, 417–20;
rhythm of species, =II=, 419;
nutrition and disintegration of, =II=, 424, 425, 430;
integration and genesis, =II=, 426–8;
influence of environment, =II=, 432–3;
and variations of expenditure, =II=, 433–5;
growth and asexual genesis, =II=, 439–46;
asexual and sexual distinguished, =II=, 448;
sexual genesis and growth, =II=, 448–58, 495;
and development, =II=, 461–5;
plant expenditure, =II=, 467;
animal expenditure, =II=, 468–72;
nutrition in plants, =II=, 475, 511;
in animals, =II=, 476–84, 511;
seasonal variations, =II=, 484–5;
nutrition, _résumé_, =II=, 486, 497–9;
nutrition and parasitic, =II=, 486–90;
reversion to agamogenesis, =II=, 490–2;
human fertility, =II=, 506–10;
Doubleday on, =II=, 510–2;
civilized and uncivilized, =II=, 514–6;
human evolution and decline in, =II=, 529–31;
the future of population, =II=, 532–7;
equilibration and evolution, =II=, 537.

Muscle: electrical contrasts, =I=, 50;
action of, =I=, 59;
metabolism, =I=, 70, 71–4;
definition of life and actions of, =I=, 112–3;
growth and function, =I=, 151, 155;
development, =I=, 170;
Hertwig’s classification of tissues, =I=, 189;
functional differentiation, =I=, 203–4;
waste and repair, =I=, 215–7;
modifiability and adaptability, =I=, 228–9, 230, 232;
correlated variations, =I=, 536–9, 614–21, 676, 693;
resistance to strains, =I=, 639;
action on bones in Punjabis, =I=, 689;
differentiation, =II=, 361–9;
activity and colour, =II=, 365–9;
integration, =II=, 376, 382;
equilibration in action, =II=, 393;
activity and fertility in birds, =II=, 470–2;
future human evolution, =II=, 523;
origin of vertebrate type, =II=, 598–600.

Music: limited adaptability of voice and ear, =I=, 231;
inheritance of faculty, =I=, 311–2, 694.

Mutilations, the question of their inheritance, =I=, 631.

_Mycetozoa_, growth and reproduction, =I=, 298–9.

Myocommata (myotomes), and vertebrate skeleton, =II=, 216, 217–8,
222.

Myopia, inheritance of, =I=, 306, 694.

_Myrianida fasciata_, =I=, 361; =II=, 445.

_Myriapoda_: gemmation, =I=, 589;
segmentation, =I=, 590; =II=, 113, 114, 601;
degenerated eyes of cave-inhabiting, =I=, 649;
integration and homology, =II=, 111–4;
genesis, =II=, 445.

_Myxothallophyta_, =I=, 378.

Nails, mammalian, =I=, 473.

_Nais_: regeneration of detached parts, =I=, 219, 361.

Narcissus, separation of ancestral traits in hybrids, =II=, 617.

Natural selection: structural modification, =I=, 211;
in cell processes, =I=, 263–4;
multiplication, =I=, 295–8;
aided by function, =I=, 308–10;
special creation, =I=, 426–7;
the term “survival of the fittest,” =I=, 530;
indirect equilibration, =I=, 530–5, 552–3, 557, 571;
changes unexplained by, =I=, 535–42, 571; =II=, 371;
tendency to economy, =I=, 536, 562;
decrease of jaw, =I=, 541, 693;
general doctrine of evolution, =I=, 543–8, 557;
unceasing operation, =I=, 552;
human races, =I=, 553;
current views, =I=, 559–60;
panmixia and cessation of selection, =I=, 560–3;
intra-selection, =I=, 562, 676–8;
Eimer’s theory of orthogenesis, =I=, 564;
Mr. Cunningham’s criticism, =I=, 565–6;
location of mammalian testes, =I=, 573;
co-ordinated instincts of mason-wasp, =I=, 574;
tactual perceptiveness, =I=, 603–8, 633, 646, 665, 671, 672, 692;
erroneously identified with artificial selection, =I=, 609, 695;
reversed selection, =I=, 611;
blindness of cave-animals, =I=, 613, 614, 647–8, 693;
co-adaptation of co-operative parts, =I=, 614, 621, 663–5, 670,
674, 675, 689, 692;
where operative, =I=, 632;
Weismann on conceivability of process, =I=, 651;
degeneration of little toe, =I=, 652–3, 673;
genesis of caste gradations In social insects, =I=, 654–60, 663,
670, 675, 684;
self-feeding instinct in ants, =I=, 660–2, 670;
rudimentary organs, =I=, 667–9, 671, 692;
horns of stag, =I=, 676–8, 692;
musical faculty, =I=, 694;
the neo-Darwinian position reviewed, =I=, 694–5;
vegetal nutrition, =II=, 51–2;
upright vegetal growth, =II=, 56–7;
endogenous growth, =II=, 57–8;
exogenous, =II=, 64;
_Navicula_ symmetry, =II=, 135;
foliar, =II=, 158;
foliar distribution, =II=, 167, 179;
floral fertilization and symmetry, =II=, 168–70, 608–11;
helical phænogamic growth, =II=, 181;
_Echinodermata_ and bilateral symmetry, =II=, 197;
vertebrate structure, =II=, 214–20, 227;
phænogamic tissue differentiation, =II=, 248;
physiological differentiation, =II=, 252, 256;
rootlets of ivy, =II=, 254;
stomata and foliar surfaces, =II=, 261, 262;
floral fertilization, =II=, 268–9;
sexual selection, =II=, 269;
vegetal tissue differentiation, =II=, 279;
wood formation, =II=, 287–8, 290;
animal tissue differentiation, =II=, 304–8;
evolution of nervous system, =II=, 307–8;
respiratory system, =II=, 311;
dermal callosities, =II=, 312–4;
sensory organ complexities, =II=, 321;
skin and mucous membrane differentiation, =II=, 322;
localization of excretion, =II=, 333;
respiratory organs of fishes, =II=, 335–8;
heart and vascular system, =II=, 341, 344;
osseous differentiation, =II=, 355;
also muscular, =II=, 363, 368–9;
“false joints,” =II=, 371;
insect nutrition and genesis, =II=, 499;
economics of evolution, =II=, 501–5;
author’s enunciation of survival of the fittest in 1852, =II=,
528–9;
evils of interference with, in man, =II=, 532–3;
vegetal tissue formation, =II=, 582, 594–6;
origin of vertebrate type, =II=, 599.

Nature, more complex than supposed, =I=, 252, 450.

_Navicula_, symmetry, =II=, 134–5.

“Nebular Hypothesis,” =I=, 23.

Negation, inconceivability of, the ultimate test of truth, =I=,
675.

Negroes, telegony In United States, =I=, 644–5.

_Nemertidæ_: continuing vitality of pilidium, =I=, 250;
bilateral symmetry, =II=, 195.

Neo-Darwinists, and Lamarck, =I=, 630;
their position reviewed, =I=, 694–5.

Nerves: electrical phenomena, =I=, 51;
generation of nerve force, =I=, 52–6, 60;
_corpuscula tactus_, =I=, 75;
Hertwig’s classification of tissues, =I=, 189;
structural traits, =I=, 192, 193;
environment and structure, =I=, 196;
differentiation, =I=, 203; =II=, 355–61;
vasomotor system, =I=, 206;
vicarious function, =I=, 209;
activity and waste, =I=, 216;
adaptability, =I=, 229, 232, 236;
parallelism in cell processes, =I=, 260–2;
heredity, =I=, 313;
effects of severance, =I=, 349;
relative development in men and women, =I=, 594;
analysis of brain substance, =I=, 596;
individuation and development of, =I=, 598, 599, 600;
distribution of tactual perceptiveness, =I=, 603–8, 633, 646,
665–6, 671, 672, 692;
alleged costliness of tissue, =I=, 662;
instinct degeneration in ants, _ib._;
“sensation areas,” =I=, 666;
segmentation in Annelids, =II=, 125;
ectodermal derivation, =II=, 303–4;
co-operating factors in evolution of, =II=, 307–8;
differentiation from muscle, =II=, 363.
(_See also_ Psychology.)

Nervousness, hereditary transmission, =I=, 307.

Neurine, =I=, 594, 597.

Neuter insects (_see_ Insects).

New Zealand: invasion of alien species, =I=, 477;
kinship of past and present forms, =I=, 489.

Nitrogen: properties, =I=, 3–5, 20, 24;
compounds and their properties, =I=, 6, 8, 9, 12–14, 25–6, 39,
41, 42–3; =II=, 250;
organic importance, =I=, 42–3;
evolution of heat and oxidation, =I=, 47;
violent organic effects of compounds, =I=, 54–5;
function in metabolism, =I=, 63–4, 66, 68–76;
presence in protoplasm, =I=, 66;
action in digestion, =I=, 69;
fat accumulation and fertility, =II=, 483.

Nitro-glycerine, violent effects of, =I=, 55, 122.

Notochord: segmentation, =II=, 125, 218–22;
formation, =II=, 217–8, 600;
in Permian vertebrates, =II=, 225.

Noumenon, life not manifested as, =I=, 580.

Nuclein, =II=, 21.

Nucleus: central development, =I=, 163;
in simple organisms, =I=, 183;
phenomena exhibited by, =I=, 255–8;
current hypotheses of function, =I=, 258–9;
properties and function of chromatin, =I=, 259–65;
fusion in fertilization, =I=, 283–4;
function in unicellular reproduction, =I=, 595–6;
absence of, =II=, 20–1;
diffused form, =II=, 85;
macro- and micronucleus in conjugation, =II=, 452.

Nutrition: organic molecular re-arrangement, =I=, 36;
nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous, =I=, 47–8, 68, 71–4, 77; =II=,
362;
food assimilation and reasoning, =I=, 81;
needful for vital change, =I=, 94;
relation to growth, =I=, 140, 143, 144, 147–9, 150, 157, 161;
expenditure of energy, =I=, 157, 391;
fluid, =I=, 208;
vegetal fructification, =I=, 267; =II=, 266;
vegetal growth and genesis, =I=, 293, 294–7, 336;
animal growth and genesis, =I=, 289–93, 295–7, 336;
conditions qualifying antagonism of growth and genesis, =I=, 299;
competition among parts of an organism for, =I=, 562, 566, 676;
sex differentiation, =I=, 594–5;
cell multiplication, =I=, 638;
differentiation of neuter insects, =I=, 655–60, 670, 674, 686–8;
monstrous ant forms, =I=, 683–4;
leaf development, =II=, 39, 42, 73–8;
vegetal development, =II=, 51–2, 178, 276;
axillary buds, =II=, 65–9, 73–4;
effect on animal aggregation, =II=, 93;
internodes and inflorescence, =II=, 178–80;
helical phænogamic growth, =II=, 181;
action of bile, =II=, 330;
osseous development, =II=, 349, 353;
genesis, =II=, 419, 422, 427, 435–7, 452;
parental loss in feeding young, =II=, 424, 429;
diverse sources, =II=, 433;
Carpenter on reproduction and, =II=, 460;
animal development and genesis, =II=, 465;
expenditure and genesis, =II=, 468;
variations of genesis, =II=, 475–80, 511;
obesity and genesis, =II=, 480–4, 511;
general doctrine of genesis, =II=, 486;
genesis and vegetal parasitism, =II=, 486;
also animal, =II=, 487–90, 495;
insect genesis, =II=, 490–2;
genesis, _résumé_, =II=, 497–9;
and evolution, =II=, 501–4;
of blackbird and linnet, =II=, 503;
genesis in human race, =II=, 508–10, 514–6;
Doubleday on, =II=, 510–2;
future human evolution, =II=, 526, 531;
floral monstrosities, =II=, 542, 546, 547.

Obesity, nutrition and genesis, =II=, 480–4, 511.

Odoriferous glands, natural selection and, =I=, 534.

Odours: floral fertilization, =II=, 268–9;
animal protection, =II=, 434.

Offspring: parental loss entailed by nurture, =II=, 424, 429;
influence of age on, =II=, 507.

Oken, L., archetypal hypothesis, =II=, 122;
theory of supernumerary bones, =II=, 223;
on the skull, =II=, 561.

Oliver, F. W., classification of plants, =I=, 378–9.

_Ophryotrocha puerilis_, ciliation of segments, =II=, 109.

Orchids: pollen propulsion, =I=, 57;
leaf formation in _Dendrobium_, =II=, 60–1;
aërial roots and physiological differentiation, =II=, 255, 257;
foliar surface, =II=, 264.

Organic matter: properties of elements, =I=, 3–5, 22;
of compounds, =I=, 5–13, 25;
molar and molecular mobility, =I=, 12–14;
colloid and crystalloid form, =I=, 15–8, 25;
their diffusibility, =I=, 18–21, 26;
extreme complexity, =I=, 21;
laws of evolution and genesis of, =I=, 22–4;
modifiability, =I=, 27, 44;
capillarity and osmosis, =I=, 28;
effects of heat, =I=, 29;
of light, =I=, 30–4;
nitrogenous, =I=, 39–43;
oxidation and evolution of heat, =I=, 46, 60;
genesis of electricity, =I=, 50–2, 60;
sensible motions in, =I=, 59;
transformations and persistence of force, =I=, 61;
metabolism, =I=, 62–77;
artificial production of compounds, =I=, 64;
contrasted with inorganic matter, =I=, 107–8;
incomprehensibility of vital changes in, =I=, 122;
instability, =I=, 149, 508;
phosphorus in cell-organization, =I=, 260–1;
heterogeneity, =I=, 350–5;
“spontaneous generation” and evolution of, =I=, 696–701;
cell-doctrine and evolution of, =II=, 17–21.

Organization (_see_ Structure).

Ormerod, Dr., on sex and nutrition in wasps, =I=, 656.

Orthogenesis, Eimer’s theory of, =I=, 563–4.

Osmosis: organic effects, =I=, 28, 29;
in animals, =I=, 58;
in vascular system, =II=, 339;
in vegetal tissue, =II=, 568, 575, 577, 585, 592–6.

Osteology (_see_ Bone).

Ovum (_see_ Egg _and_ Fertilization).

Owen, Sir R.: metagenesis and parthenogenesis, =I=, 273–4;
fossil mammals, =I=, 410;
human parasites, =I=, 427;
continuous operation of creative power, =I=, 492;
fission in _Infusoria_, =I=, 584, 585, 595–6;
parthenogenesis, =I=, 592;
theory of vertebrate skeleton, =II=, 123, 548–66;
theory of supernumerary bones, =II=, 223;
Eschricht on _Ascaris_, =II=, 488.

_Oxalis_: radial symmetry, =II=, 152;
foliar surface, =II=, 264.

Oxen: comparison with sheep, =I=, 158, 160;
cerebro-spinal system, =I=, 508.

Oxidation (_see_ Oxygen).

Oxygen: properties, =I=, 3–5, 20, 22;
compounds, =I=, 6–7, 10–13, 22, 24–5;
a crystalloid, =I=, 21;
combining power and atomic weight, =I=, 33;
organic change from, =I=, 37;
heat generation, =I=, 46–9;
phosphorescence, =I=, 49;
nerve force dependent on, =I=, 53;
animal metabolism, =I=, 72, 73;
necessary to animal life, =I=, 94–5, 577;
activity and amount inhaled, =I=, 214.

Packard, A. S., on eyes of cave-animals, =I=, 648–9, 693.

Paget, Sir J., blood changes in small-pox and scarlatina, =I=, 221,
701.

Palæontology: distribution in time, =I=, 404–11, 412;
special creation, =I=, 425;
congruity with evolution hypothesis, =I=, 485–9, 556;
relations of present to extinct species, =II=, 10–11;
scarcity of remains, =II=, 34–5;
secondary thickening in plants, =II=, 56;
Cope on osteology of Permian Vertebrates, =II=, 225–6.

Pangenesis, Darwin’s theory of, =I=, 356, 357, 359, 360, 362, 372.

Panmixia, Weismann’s hypothesis of: Its relation to Romanes’
“cessation of selection,” =I=, 560;
alleged selective process denied, =I=, 561–3, 667, 685;
distribution of tactual perceptiveness, =I=, 608;
rudimentary eyes of cave fauna, =I=, 612–3, 647;
Romanes on process, =I=, 649, 667;
degeneration of self-feeding instinct In Amazon ants, =I=, 660–2,
670;
rudimentary limbs of whale, =I=, 668–9, 685;
a pure speculation, =I=, 671;
markings on leg-bones of Punjabis, =I=, 689.

_Paramœcium_: parasite infesting, =I=, 427;
reproduction, =II=, 443, 452.

Parasites: sexual dimorphism, =I=, 315;
limits to distribution, =I=, 397;
special creation and, =I=, 427–9, 438;
retrograde development, =I=, 457; =II=, 12;
aphis and ant, =I=, 660–1; =II=, 403, 405;
as an integrating agency, =II=, 402–4;
its comparative recency, =II=, 404;
nutrition and genesis in vegetal, =II=, 486;
in animal, =II=, 487–90, 493;
“castration parasitaire” in crustaceans, =II=, 493–6.

Parasol Ants, origin of classes, =I=, 687–8.

Parthenogenesis: occurrence, =I=, 274–5;
alternating with gamogenesis, =I=, 289–91;
Owen on, =I=, 592;
laws of multiplication, =II=, 415;
in articulate animals, =II=, 445.

Pasteur, L., silkworm diseases, =I=, 622–3.

Peacock: theories of heredity and structure of tail feather, =I=,
372–3, 695; =II=, 618–9.

Pear, foreright shoots, =I=, 287.

Peloria: in _gloxinia_, =II=, 166;
phænogams, =II=, 180.

Penguin, dermal structure, =II=, 314.

Pepsin, =I=, 69.

Pericyclic fibres of monocotyledons, =II=, 278.

_Peripatus capensis_, protoplasmic continuity, =I=, 629.

Peri-visceral sac, function and differentiation, =I=, 391.

Perkin, W. H., =I=, vi.

Persistence of force, corollaries from: properties of compounds,
=I=, 3;
organic transformation, =I=, 60;
growth, =I=, 150;
organic energy, =I=, 220;
variation, =I=, 335;
genesis, heredity, and variation, =I=, 354–5;
morphological summary, =II=, 235;
vegetal tissue differentiation, =II=, 245;
physiological development, =II=, 394.

Petals: foliar homology, =II=, 43–6;
“adnate,” =II=, 58.

Petrels, Darwin on, =I=, 455.

Phænogams: production of spermatozoids, =I=, 186;
morphological composition, =II=, 37–79;
leaf transitions, =II=, 37–42;
foliar homologies, =II=, 42–9;
origin of type, =II=, 49–84;
vertical growth, =II=, 56–64;
axillary buds, =II=, 66;
cotyledonous germination and endogenous growth, =II=, 69–72;
axial homologies, =II=, 73–5;
irregular development, =II=, 75–8;
degree of composition, =II=, 78;
reproductive homology, =II=, 80–4;
uni- and multiaxial symmetry, =II=, 141–3;
unit of composition, =II=, 151;
helical growth, =II=, 181;
secondary thickening, =II=, 247;
tissue and leaf differentiation, =II=, 247–9, 387;
also bark and cambium, =II=, 249–50, 386;
also outer tissue, =II=, 252, 256–9, 270, 386–7;
wax deposit on leaves, =II=, 260–2;
differentiation of inner tissues, =II=, 273–5, 388;
vascular system development, =II=, 280–4, 388;
integration, =II=, 293–5, 296, 390;
insect fertilization, =II=, 407;
multiplication, =II=, 441, 442;
genesis and growth, =II=, 451, 457;
and development, =II=, 464;
and nutrition, =II=, 476, 477, 511;
substitution of axial for foliar organs, =II=, 541–7.

Phenomenon, life manifested as, =I=, 580.

Philology (_see_ Language).

_Phoronis_, individuality, =II=, 444.

Phosphorescence, organic, =I=, 49.

Phosphorus: allotropic, =I=, 4;
in cell physiology, =I=, 259–62;
cerebral activity, =I=, 596–7;
organic evolution, =I=, 703.

Photogenes, visibility of, =I=, 218.

Phylogeny: as interpreting morphology, =II=, 10–12;
difficulties of affiliation, =II=, 34–5.
(_See_ Embryology _and_ Evolution.)

Physiological Units: definition, =I=, 226;
genesis, =I=, 280–1, 316;
heredity, =I=, 315–9;
variation, =I=, 330, 331–2, 333; =II=, 619;
stability, =I=, 340; =II=, 614;
self-fertilization, =I=, 342–4, 353;
interbreeding, =I=, 345, 353; =II=, 615;
recapitulation of hypothesis, =I=, 350–5; =II=, 612–7;
structural proclivities, =I=, 362, 364, 369–71; =II=, 613, 622;
sociological analogy, =I=, 364; =II=, 620;
complexity in organized types, =I=, 368–70;
re-named “constitutional units,” =I=, 369;
telegony, =I=, 650;
“mechanical theory,” =I=, 701–6;
morphological development, =II=, 7–9;
cell-doctrine, =II=, 17–21;
development, =II=, 76;
“false joints,” =II=, 371–2;
dissociation of ancestral traits in hybrids, =II=, 616–7;
inheritance of acquired characters, =II=, 618–23.

Physiological division of labour (_see_ Labour).

Physiological Selection, =I=, 569–71.

Physiology: and psychology, =I=, 127;
subdivisions, =I=, 128;
vicarious function, =I=, 208;
primitive interpretations, =I=, 417;
multiplication of effects exemplified, =I=, 512; =II=, 390;
relations to morphology, =II=, 3, 239–41;
evolutionary interpretation of phenomena, =II=, 241–5, 384–95;
ultimate inconceivability of processes, =II=, 372;
correlated integration and differentiation, =II=, 373.

Physiology, Animal: metabolism, =I=, 67–77;
vertebrate internal symmetry, =II=, 108;
tissue differentiation in _Protozoa_, =II=, 299, 385;
primary tissue differentiation, =II=, 300–2, 382, 389;
natural selection and tissue differentiation, =II=, 304–8;
outer tissue in _Cœlenterata_, =II=, 309–10;
respiratory organs, =II=, 310–1, 333–8;
differentiation of animal epidermic tissue, =II=, 312–4, 387;
development of tegumentary organs, =II=, 314–6;
of sensory, =II=, 317–20;
inner and outer tissue transition, =II=, 321–2, 389;
alimentary canal differentiation, =II=, 323–5;
gizzard development in birds, =II=, 325;
alimentary canal of ruminants, =II=, 327–9;
differentiation of liver, =II=, 329–33;
of animal vascular system, =II=, 339–44;
of osseous system, =II=, 344–55;
of nerve tissue, =II=, 355–61;
of muscle, =II=, 361–9;
differentiation and integration, =II=, 373–6;
in vascular system, =II=, 376–9, 383;
in nerves, =II=, 379–82;
origin of development, =II=, 384;
differentiation and instability of homogeneous, =II=, 384–9, 392;
summary of development, =II=, 384–94;
multiplication of effects, =II=, 390–1, 392;
equilibration, =II=, 391–4.
(_See also_ Function.)

Physiology, Plant: metabolism, =I=, 62–7;
tissue differentiation in secondary aggregates, =II=, 246, 385;
in phænogams, =II=, 247–9, 386;
in bark and cambium, =II=, 249–50, 386;
in free and fixed surfaces, =II=, 251–6, 270, 386;
outer stem and leaf tissue, =II=, 256–9, 270, 386;
superficial differentiation in leaves, =II=, 260–4, 270, 387;
floral tissue differentiation, =II=, 265–9;
outer tissue, _résumé_, =II=, 270;
inner tissue differentiation, =II=, 273–5, 388;
supporting tissue, =II=, 275–9, 285–8, 388;
vascular system development, =II=, 273–5, 279–84, 285–8, 388;
inner tissue, summary, =II=, 288–91, 388;
integration, =II=, 292–8;
differentiation and instability of homogeneous, =II=, 384–9, 392;
multiplication of effects, =II=, 390–1, 392;
equilibration, =II=, 391–4;
circulation and wood formation, =II=, 564–97;
dye permeability, =II=, 569–74, 577–81, 584, 586.
(_See also_ Function.)

Pickering, J. W., on artificial proteids, =I=, 39.

Pig: colour of muscles, =I=, 365–6;
telegony, =I=, 627;
fertility of domestic and wild sow, =II=, 479–80.

Pigeons: food of starving, =I=, 215;
heredity and variation, =I=, 305, 321, 615;
atavism, =I=, 314;
fertility, =II=, 471–2, 478.

Pike, unceasing growth, =I=, 154, 292.

Pique-gouffe, commensal relations with buffalo, =II=, 403.

_Plagiochila_, evolution of stem, =II=, 62.

_Planaria_: integration, =II=, 101–2;
Morgan on regeneration, =II=, 102, 611;
segmentation, =II=, 107;
symmetry, =II=, 195;
unintegrated function, =II=, 373.

Plants: influence of heat, =I=, 29;
effect of solar rays, =I=, 31–6, 500, 557;
chemical composition, =I=, 40–1;
heat generation, =I=, 47;
phosphorescence, =I=, 49;
electricity, =I=, 51;
sensible motion, =I=, 56–7, 58;
metabolism, =I=, 62–7, 70;
vital changes, =I=, 86, 87, 91, 94;
simulation by crystals, =I=, 96;
vital adjustments, =I=, 102;
length and complexity of life, =I=, 103–4;
biological classification, =I=, 125;
growth, =I=, 136, 138, 140, 143, 145–9, 153, 160–1; =II=, 401–2;
development, =I=, 163–5, 167–70, 272;
weight, temperature, and self-mobility, =I=, 174;
function, =I=, 174–8;
structure, =I=, 194–6; =II=, 21;
animal structure contrasted, =I=, 196;
function and structure, =I=, 200;
vicarious function, =I=, 208–9;
waste and repair, =I=, 213, 220;
physiological units, =I=, 225–6, 317, 360;
adaptation, =I=, 227;
what is an individual? =I=, 244–6, 250–1;
genesis, =I=, 270, 271, 272–3, 274, 276–8, 279–85;
relation of nutrition to growth and genesis, =I=, 284–9, 294,
295–300, 642; =II=, 39;
ovule homologues, =I=, 288;
natural selection, =I=, 294–8, 532, 533; =II=, 51;
heredity, =I=, 301–4, 308, 358–60;
variation, =I=, 320, 323–4, 325–6;
fertilization, =I=, 340–5;
classification, =I=, 377–80, 389–90;
distribution, =I=, 396–400, 401–3, 404–12, 478–9, 556;
special creation and parasitism, =I=, 428;
evolution hypothesis, =I=, 434, 443, 449–50;
rudimentary organs, =I=, 474, 475, 556;
varied media, =I=, 484; =II=, 32;
alien and native species in New Zealand, =I=, 477;
E. Darwin and Lamarck on evolution of, =I=, 490–8;
geologic changes affecting, =I=, 501–3, 557;
interdependence of animals and, =I=, 504–6, 514; =II=, 398;
complexity of influences affecting, =I=, 506;
direct equilibration, =I=, 523–5;
indirect, =I=, 532, 533;
seed distribution, =I=, 546;
wood development, =II=, 285–7, 289, 567–97;
interdependence, =II=, 402–3, 404;
insect relations, =II=, 406–7;
adaptation and multiplication, =II=, 411–6;
rhythm in numbers, =II=, 419;
growth and asexual genesis, =II=, 439–42;
growth and sexual genesis, =II=, 448–51;
expenditure, =II=, 467;
horticulture, nutrition, and genesis, =II=, 477;
tree development, =II=, 553;
circulation and wood formation, =II=, 567–92;
dye permeability and circulation, =II=, 569–74, 577–81, 584, 586;
_résumé_ on circulation and wood formation, =II=, 592–7.
(_See also_ Multiplication, Morphology, _and_ Physiology.)

Plasmodium, dissolution of, =I=, 185.

Plato, ἰδέα of, =II=, 550.

_Platyhelminthes_: transverse fission, =II=, 101;
segmented and non-segmented types, =II=, 102, 107;
symmetry, =II=, 195, 197;
multiplication and growth, =II=, 488–9.

Plethora, fertility and, =II=, 480–4, 511.

_Pleurococcaceæ_, unicellular form, =II=, 21, 134.

_Pleuronectidæ_: symmetry and location of eyes, =II=, 205;
outer tissue, =II=, 387.

_Plumatella_: metagenesis, =I=, 277;
symmetry, =II=, 195.

_Podostemaceæ_, undeveloped circulatory system, =II=, 274.

Polar bodies, hypothesis concerning extrusion of, =I=, 266–8.