Chapter I: Preface: To the

ENGLISH TRANSLATION

The first English edition of this work was published in 1891, and that a second edition is now called for is, we think, a sufficient proof that the enthusiasm of the author for his science, and the philosophical method of his teaching, have been duly appreciated by English chemists.

In the scientific work to which Professor Mendeléeff's life has been devoted, his continual endeavour has been to bring the scattered facts of chemistry within the domain of law, and accordingly in his teaching he endeavours to impress upon the student the _principles_ of the science, the generalisations, so far as they have been discovered, under which the facts naturally group themselves.

Of those generalisations the periodic law is perhaps the most important that has been put forward since the establishment of the atomic theory. It is therefore interesting to note that Professor Mendeléeff was led to its discovery in preparing the first Russian edition of this book.

It is natural, too, that the further application and development of that generalisation should be the principal feature of this, the latest edition.

There are special difficulties in rendering the Russian language into good English, and we are conscious that these have not been entirely overcome. Doubtless also there are errors of statement which have escaped correction, but we believe that the present edition will be found better in both respects than its predecessor. We have thought it our duty as translators to give as far as possible a faithful reproduction of Professor Mendeléeff's work--the sixth Russian edition--without amplifying or modifying his statements, and in this we have the author's approval.

Although other duties have prevented Mr. Greenaway from undertaking the care of the present edition, he has been kind enough to give us the benefit of his suggestions on several points. We also wish to thank the Managers of the Royal Institution for permission to reprint the lecture delivered at the Royal Institution by Professor Mendeléeff (Appendix I.), and to the Council of the Chemical Society for permission to reprint the Faraday lecture which forms Appendix II.

In conclusion, we are indebted to Mr. F. Evershed, who has given us much valuable assistance in revising the sheets for the press.

G. K.
T. A. L.
_August 1897_

AUTHOR'S PREFACE

TO

THE SIXTH RUSSIAN EDITION

This work was written during the years 1868-1870, its object being to acquaint the student not only with the methods of observation, the experimental facts, and the laws of chemistry, but also with the insight given by this science into the unchangeable substratum underlying the varying forms of matter.

If statements of fact themselves depend upon the person who observes them, how much more distinct is the reflection of the personality of him who gives an account of methods and of philosophical speculations which form the essence of science! For this reason there will inevitably be much that is subjective in every objective exposition of science. And as an individual production is only significant in virtue of that which has preceded and that which is contemporary with it, it resembles a mirror which in reflecting exaggerates the size and clearness of neighbouring objects, and causes a person near it to see reflected most plainly those objects which are on the side to which it is directed. Although I have endeavoured to make my book a true mirror directed towards the whole domain of chemical changes, yet involuntarily those influences near to me have been the most clearly reflected, the most brightly illuminated, and have tinted the entire work with their colouring. In this way the chief peculiarity of the book has been determined. Experimental and practical data occupy their place, but the philosophical principles of our science form the chief theme of the work. In former times sciences, like bridges, could only be built up by supporting them on a few broad buttresses and long girders. In addition to the exposition of the principles of chemistry, it has been my desire to show how science has now been built up like a suspension bridge, supported by the united strength of a number of slender, but firmly-fixed, chains, which individually are of little strength, and has thus been carried over difficulties which before appeared insuperable. In comparing the science of the past, the present, and the future, in placing the particulars of its restricted experiments side by side with its aspirations after unbounded and infinite truth, and in restraining myself from yielding to a bias towards the most attractive path, I have endeavoured to incite in the reader a spirit of inquiry, which, dissatisfied with speculative reasonings alone, should subject every idea to experiment, encourage the habit of stubborn work, and excite a search for fresh chains of evidence to complete the bridge over the bottomless unknown. History proves that it is possible by this means to avoid two equally pernicious extremes, the Utopian--a visionary contemplation which proceeds from a current of thought only--and the stagnant realism which is content with bare facts. Sciences like chemistry, which deal with ideas as well as with material substances, and create a possibility of immediately verifying that which has been or may be discovered or assumed, demonstrate at every step that the work of the past has availed much, and that without it it would be impossible to advance into the ocean of the unknown. They also show the possibility of becoming acquainted with fresh portions of this unknown, and compel us, while duly respecting the teachings of history, to cast aside classical illusions, and to engage in a work which not only gives mental satisfaction but is also practically useful to all our fellow-creatures.[1]

[1] Chemistry, like every other science, is at once a means and an
end. It is a means of attaining certain practical results. Thus,
by its assistance, the obtaining of matter in its various forms
is facilitated; it shows new possibilities of availing ourselves
of the forces of nature, indicates the methods of preparing
many substances, points out their properties, &c. In this sense
chemistry is closely connected with the work of the manufacturer
and the artisan, its sphere is active, and is a means of promoting
general welfare. Besides this honourable vocation, chemistry
has another. With it, as with every other elaborated science,
there are many lofty aspirations, the contemplation of which
serves to inspire its workers and adherents. This contemplation
comprises not only the principal data of the science, but also the
generally-accepted deductions, and also hypotheses which refer
to phenomena as yet but imperfectly known. In this latter sense
scientific contemplation varies much with times and persons, it
bears the stamp of creative power, and embraces the highest forms
of scientific progress. In that pure enjoyment experienced on
approaching to the ideal, in that eagerness to draw aside the
veil from the hidden truth, and even in that discord which exists
between the various workers, we ought to see the surest pledges of
further scientific progress. Science thus advances, discovering
new truths, and at the same time obtaining practical results. The
edifice of science not only requires material, but also a plan,
and necessitates the work of preparing the materials, putting them
together, working out the plans and the symmetrical proportions of
the various parts. To conceive, understand, and grasp the whole
symmetry of the scientific edifice, including its unfinished
portions, is equivalent to tasting that enjoyment only conveyed by
the highest forms of beauty and truth. Without the material, the
plan alone is but a castle in the air--a mere possibility; whilst
the material without a plan is but useless matter. All depends
on the concordance of the materials with the plan and execution,
and the general harmony thereby attained. In the work of science,
the artisan, architect, and creator are very often one and the
same individual; but sometimes, as in other walks of life, there
is a difference between them; sometimes the plan is preconceived,
sometimes it follows the preparation and accumulation of the
raw material. Free access to the edifice of science is not only
allowed to those who devised the plan, worked out the detailed
drawings, prepared the materials, or piled up the brickwork, but
also to all those who are desirous of making a close acquaintance
with the plan, and wish to avoid dwelling in the vaults or in the
garrets where the useless lumber is stored.

Knowing how contented, free, and joyful is life in the realm of
science, one fervently wishes that many would enter its portals.
On this account many pages of this treatise are unwittingly
stamped with the earnest desire that the habits of chemical
contemplation which I have endeavoured to instil into the minds
of my readers will incite them to the further study of science.
Science will then flourish in them and by them, on a fuller
acquaintance not only with that little which is enclosed within
the narrow limits of my work, but with the further learning which
they must imbibe in order to make themselves masters of our
science and partakers in its further advancement.

Those who enlist in the cause of science have no reason to fear
when they remember the urgent need for practical workers in the
spheres of agriculture, arts, and manufacture. By summoning
adherents to the work of theoretical chemistry, I am confident
that I call them to a most useful labour, to the habit of dealing
correctly with nature and its laws, and to the possibility of
becoming truly practical men. In order to become actual chemists,
it is necessary for beginners to be well and closely acquainted
with three important branches of chemistry--analytical, organic,
and theoretical. That part of chemistry which is dealt with in
this treatise is only the groundwork of the edifice. For the
learning and development of chemistry in its truest and fullest
sense, beginners ought, in the first place, to turn their
attention to the practical work of analytical chemistry; in the
second place, to practical and theoretical acquaintance with some
special chemical question, studying the original treatises of the
investigators of the subject (at first, under the direction of
experienced teachers), because in working out particular facts the
faculty of judgment and of correct criticism becomes sharpened; in
the third place, to a knowledge of current scientific questions
through the special chemical journals and papers, and by
intercourse with other chemists. The time has come to turn aside
from visionary contemplation, from platonic aspirations, and from
classical verbosity, and to enter the regions of actual labour for
the common weal, to prove that the study of science is not only
air excellent education for youth, but that it instils the virtues
of industry and veracity, and creates solid national wealth,
material and mental, which without it would be unattainable.
Science, which deals with the infinite, is itself without bounds.

Thus the desire to direct those thirsting for truth to the pure source of the science of the forces acting throughout nature forms the first and most important aim of this book. The time has arrived when a knowledge of physics and chemistry forms as important a part of education as that of the classics did two centuries ago. In those days the nations which excelled in classical learning stood foremost, just as now the most advanced are those which are superior in the knowledge of the natural sciences, for they form the strength and characteristic of our times. In following the above and chief aim, I set myself a second object: to furnish a text-book for an elementary knowledge of chemistry and so satisfy a want which undoubtedly exists among students and those who have recourse to chemistry either as a source of truth or welfare.[2] Hence, although the fundamental object of this work was to express and embrace the general chemical teaching of the present day from a personal point of view, I have nevertheless striven throughout to maintain such a level as would render the 'Principles of Chemistry' accessible to the beginner. Many aspects of this work are determined by this combination of requirements which frequently differ widely. An issue was only possible under one condition, _i.e._ not to be carried away by what appears to be a plausible theory in explaining individual facts and to always endeavour to transmit the simple truth of a given fact, extracting it from the vast store of the literature of the subject and from tried personal experience. In publishing a new edition of this work I have striven to add any facts of importance recently discovered[3] and to revise the former edition in the above spirit. With this object I have entirely gone over this edition, and a comparison of it with the former one will show that the additions and alterations have cost as much labour as many chapters of the work. I also wished to show in an elementary treatise on chemistry the striking advantages gained by the application of the periodic law, which I first saw in its entirety in the year 1869 when I was engaged in writing the first edition of this book, in which, indeed, the law was first enunciated. At that time, however, this law was not established so firmly as now, when so many of its consequences have been verified by the researches of numerous chemists, and especially by Roscoe, Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Nilson, Brauner, Thorpe, Carnelley, Laurie, Winkler, and others. The, to me, unexpectedly rapid success with which the teaching of the periodicity of the elements has spread in our science, and perhaps also, the perseverance with which I collected in this work, and upon a new plan, the most important data respecting the elements and their mutual relations, explained sufficiently the fact that the former (5th, 1889) edition of my work has been translated into English[4] and German[5] and is being translated into French.[6] Deeply touched by the favourable opinions expressed by English men of science upon my book, I ascribe them chiefly to the periodic law placed at the basis of my treatise and especially of the second part of the book, which contains a large amount of data having a special and sometimes quite unexpected, bearing from the point of view of this law. As the entire scheme of this work is subordinated to the law of periodicity, which may be illustrated in a tabular form by placing the elements in series, groups, and periods, two such tables are given at the end of this preface.

[2] I recommend those who are commencing the study of chemistry with my
book _to first read only what is printed in the large type_,
because in that part I have endeavoured to concentrate all the
fundamental, indispensable knowledge required for that study.
In the footnotes, printed in small type (which should be read
only after the large text has been mastered), certain details
are discussed; they are either further examples, or debatable
questions on existing ideas which I thought useful to lay
before those entering into the sphere of science, or certain
historical and technical details which might be withdrawn from the
fundamental portion of the book. Without intending to attain in my
treatise to the completeness of a work of reference, I have still
endeavoured to express the principal developments of science as
they concern the chemical elements viewed in that aspect in which
they appeared to me after long continued study of the subject and
participation in the contemporary advance of knowledge.

I have also placed my personal views, suppositions, and arguments
in the footnotes, which are chiefly designed for details and
references. But I have endeavoured to avoid here, as in the
text, not only all that I consider doubtful, but also those
details which belong either to special branches of chemistry
(for instance, to analytical, organic, physical, theoretical,
physiological, agricultural, or technical chemistry), or to
different branches of natural science which are more and more
coming into closer and closer contact with chemistry. Chemistry, I
am convinced, must occupy a place among the natural sciences side
by side with mechanics; for mechanics treats of matter as a system
of ponderable points having scarcely any individuality and only
standing in a certain state of mobile equilibrium. For chemistry,
matter is an entire world of life, with an infinite variety of
individuality both in the elements and in their combinations.
In studying the general uniformity from a mechanical point of
view, I think that the highest point of knowledge of nature
cannot be attained without taking into account the individuality
of things in which chemistry is set to seek for general higher
laws. Mechanics may be likened to the science of statesmanship,
chemistry to the sciences of jurisprudence and sociology. The
general universe could not be built up without the particular
individual universe, and would be a dry abstract were it not
enlivened by the real variety of the individual world. Mechanics
forms the classical basis of natural philosophy, while chemistry,
as a comparatively new and still young science, already strives
to--and will, in the future introduce a new, living aspect into
the philosophy of nature; all the more as chemistry alone is never
at rest or anywhere dead--its vital action has universal sway, and
inevitably determines the general aspect of the universe. Just
as the microscope and telescope enlarge the scope of vision, and
discover life in seeming immobility, so chemistry, in discovering
and striving to discern the life of the invisible world of atoms
and molecules and their ultimate limit of divisibility, will
clearly introduce new and important problems into our conception
of nature. And I think that its _rôle_, which is now considerable,
will increase more and more in the future; that is, I think that
in its further development it will occupy a place side by side
with mechanics for the comprehension of the secrets of nature. But
here we require some second Newton; and I have no doubt that he
will soon appear.

[3] I was much helped in gathering data from the various chemical
journals of the last five years by the abstracts made for me by
Mr. Y. V. Kouriloff, to whom I tender my best thanks.

[4] The English translation was made by G. Kamensky, and edited by
A. J. Greenaway; published by Longmans, Green & Co.

[5] The German translation was made by L. Jawein and A. Thillot;
published by Ricker (St. Petersburg).

[6] The French translation has been commenced by E. Achkinasi and
H. Carrion from the fifth edition, and is published by Tignol
(Paris).

In this the sixth edition I have not altered any essential feature of the original work, and have retained those alterations which were introduced into the fifth edition.[7] I have, however, added many newly discovered facts, and in this respect it is necessary to say a few words. Although all aspects of the simplest chemical relations are as far as possible equally developed in this book, yet on looking back I see that I have, nevertheless, given most attention to the so-called indefinite compounds examples of which may be seen in solutions. I recur repeatedly to them, and to all the latest data respecting them, for in them I see a starting point for the future progress of our science and to them I affiliate numerous instances of definite compounds, beginning with alloys and silicates and ending with complex acids. There are two reasons for this. In the first place, this subject has deeply interested me from my youth; I have devoted a portion of my own researches to it, and therefore it occupied an important position even in the first edition of my book; besides which all that has been subsequently accomplished in our science, especially during the last five or six years, shows that at the present day an interest in these questions plays an important part in the minds of a large circle of contemporary workers in chemistry. This personal attachment, if I may so call it, to the question of solutions and such indefinite compounds, must involuntarily have impressed itself upon my work, and in the later editions I have even had to strive not to give this subject a greater development than previously, so great was the material accumulated, which however does not yet give us the right to consider even the most elementary questions respecting solutions as solved. Thus, we cannot yet say what a solution really is. My own view is that a solution is a homogeneous liquid system of unstable dissociating compounds of the solvent with the substance dissolved. But although such a theory explains much to me, I cannot consider my opinion as proved, and therefore give it with some reserve as one of several hypotheses.[8] As a subject yet far from solved, I might naturally have ignored it, or only mentioned it cursorily, but such a treatment of solutions, although usual in elementary treatises on chemistry, would not have answered my views upon the subject of our science, and I wished that the reader might find in my book beyond everything an expression of all that a study of the subject built up for me. If in solutions I see and can frequently prove distinct evidences of the existence of those definite compounds which form the more generalised province of chemical data, I could not refrain from going into certain details respecting solutions; otherwise, there would have remained no trace of that general idea, that in them we have only a certain instance of ordinary definite or atomic compounds, subject to Dalton's laws. Having long had this idea, I wished to impress it upon the reader of my book, and it is this desire which forms the second of those chief reasons why I recur so frequently to solutions in this work. At present, my ideas respecting solutions are shared by few, but I trust that by degrees the instances I give will pave the way for their general recognition, and it is my hope that they may find adherents among those of my readers who are in a position to work out by experiment this difficult but highly interesting problem.

[7] The fifth edition was not only considerably enlarged, compared with
the preceding, but also the foundations of the periodic system
of the elements were placed far more firmly in it than in the
former editions. The subject-matter was also divided into
text and footnotes, which contained details unnecessary for a
first acquaintance with chemistry. The fifth edition sold out
sooner than I expected, so that instead of issuing supplements
(containing the latest discoveries in chemistry), as I had
proposed, I was obliged to publish the present entirely new
edition of the work.

[8] This hypothesis is not only mentioned in different parts of this
book, but is partly (from the aspect of the specific gravity of
solutions) developed in my work, _The Investigation of Solutions
from their Specific Gravity_, 1887.

In conclusion, I desire to record my thanks to V. D. Sapogenikoff, who has corrected the proofs of the whole of this edition and compiled the indexes which greatly facilitate the search for those details which are scattered throughout the work.

D. MENDELÉEFF.

TABLE I
_Distribution of the Elements in Groups and Series_
+--------+-------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Group | I. | II. | III. | IV. | V. |
+--------+-------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|Series 1| H | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| | | | | | |
| " 2| Li | Be | B | C | N |
| | | | | | |
| " 3| Na | Mg | Al | Si | P |
| | | | | | |
| " 4| K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V |
| | | | | | |
| " 5| (Cu)| Zn | Ga | Ge | As |
| | | | | | |
| " 6| Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb |
| | | | | | |
| " 7| (Ag)| Cd | In | Sn | Sb |
| | | | | | |
| " 8| Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Di? |
| | | | | | |
| " 9| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| | | | | | |
| " 10| -- | -- | Yb | -- | Ta |
| | | | | | |
| " 11| (Au)| Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi |
| | | | | | |
| " 12| -- | -- | -- | Th | -- |
| | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |R_{2}O |R_{2}O_{2}|R_{2}O_{3}|R_{2}O_{4}|R_{2}O_{5}|
| | | | | | |
| | -- |RO | -- |RO_{2} | -- |
| | | | | | |
| | -- | -- | -- |RH_{4} |RH_{3} |
| | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----------+----------+----------+----------+

+---------+----------+----------+--------------------+
| Group | VI. | VII. | VIII. |
+---------+----------+----------+--------------------+
| Series 1| -- | -- | |
| | | | |
| " 2| O | F | |
| | | | |
| " 3| S | Cl | |
| | | | |
| " 4| Cr | Mn | Fe Co Ni Cu |
| | | | |
| " 5| Se | Br | |
| | | | |
| " 6| Mo | -- | Ru Rh Pd Ag |
| | | | |
| " 7| Te | I | |
| | | | |
| " 8| -- | -- | -- -- -- -- |
| | | | |
| " 9| -- | -- | |
| | | | |
| " 10| W | -- | Os Ir Pt Au |
| | | | |
| " 11| -- | -- | |
| | | | |
| " 12| U | -- | |
| | | | |
+---------+----------+----------+--------------------+
| |R_{2}O_{6}|R_{2}O_{7}| Higher oxides |
| | | | |
| |RO_{3} | -- | RO_{4} |
| | | | |
| |RH_{2} | RH | Hydrogen compounds |
+---------+----------+----------+--------------------+

TABLE II

_Periodic System and Atomic Weights of the Elements_
(_Giving the pages on which they are described_)
+---------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| | 2nd Series, | | |
| | Typical | 4th | 6th |
| | elements | Series | Series |
+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| I. | | Li 7 | K 39 | Rb 86 |
| | | | ==== | |
| | | vol. i. 574 | vol. i. 558 | vol. i. 576 |
| | | | | |
| II. | | Be 9 | Ca 40 | Sr 88 |
| | | | ----- | |
| | | vol. i. 618 | vol. i. 590 | vol. i. 614 |
| | | | | |
| III. | | B 11 | Sc 44 | Y 89 |
| | | ---- | | |
| | | vol. ii. 60 | vol. ii. 94 | vol. ii. 93 |
| | | | | |
| IV. | | C 12 | Ti 48 | Zr 91 |
| | | ==== | | |
| | | vol. i. 338 | vol. ii. 144 | vol. ii. 93 |
| | | | | |
| V. | | N 14 | V 51 | Nb 94 |
| | | ==== | | |
| | | vol. i. 223 | vol. ii. 194 | vol. ii. 197 |
| | | | | |
| VI. | | O 16 | Cr 52 | Mo 96 |
| | | ---- | ----- | |
| | | vol. i. 155 | vol. ii. 276 | vol. ii. 290 |
| | | | | |
| VII. | | F 19 | Mn 55 | ? 99 |
| | | | ===== | |
| | | vol. i. 489 | vol. ii. 303 | |
| | | | | |
| | | | Fe 56 | Ru 102 |
| | | | ===== | |
| | | | vol. ii. 317 | vol. ii. 369 |
| | | | | |
| VIII. | | | Co 59 | Rh 103 |
| | | | vol. ii. 353 | vol. ii. 369 |
| | | | | |
| | | | Ni 59·5 | Pd 106 |
| | | | vol. ii. 353 | vol. ii. 369 |
| | | | | |
| | | 3rd Series | 5th Series | 7th Series |
| | | | | |
| I. | H 1 | Na 23 | Cu 64 | Ag 108 |
| | ---- | | | |
| | vol. i. 129 | vol. i. 533 | vol. ii. 398 | vol. ii. 415 |
| | | | | |
| II. | | Mg 24 | Zn 65 | Cd 112 |
| | | vol. i. 590 | vol. ii. 39 | vol. ii. 47 |
| | | | | |
| III. | | Al 27 | Ga 70 | In 114 |
| | | vol. ii. 70 | vol. ii. 90 | vol. ii. 91 |
| | | | | |
| IV. | | Si 28 | Ge 72 | Sn 119 |
| | | vol. ii. 99 | vol. ii. 124 | vol. ii. 125 |
| | | | | |
| V. | | P 31 | As 75 | Sb 120 |
| | | | ----- | |
| | | vol. ii. 149 | vol. ii. 179 | vol. ii. 186 |
| | | | | |
| VI. | | S 32 | Se 79 | Te 125 |
| | | vol. ii. 200 | vol. ii. 270 | vol. ii. 270 |
| | | | | |
| VII. | | Cl 35·5 | Br 80 | I 127 |
| | | | ----- | |
| | | vol. i. 459 | vol. i. 494 | vol. i. 496 |
+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+

+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| | | | |
| | 8th | 10th | 12th |
| | Series | Series | Series |
+---- --+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| I. | Cs 133 | -- | -- |
| | vol. i. 576 | | |
| | | | |
| II. | Ba 137 | -- | -- |
| | ------ | | |
| | vol. i. 614 | | |
| | | | |
| III. | La 138 | Yb 173 | -- |
| | vol. ii. 93 | vol. ii. 93 | |
| | | | |
| IV. | Ce 140 | ? 178 | Th 232 |
| | vol. ii. 93 | | vol. ii. 148 |
| | | | |
| V. | ? Di 142 | Ta 183 | -- |
| | vol. ii. 93 | vol. ii. 197 | |
| | | | |
| VI. | -- | W 184 | U 239 |
| | | vol. ii. 290 | vol. ii. 297 |
| | | | |
| VII. | -- | -- | -- |
| | | | |
| | -- | Os 192 | |
| | | vol. ii. 369 | |
| | | | |
| VIII. | -- | Ir 193 | |
| | | vol. ii. 369 | |
| | | | |
| | -- | Pt 196 | |
| | | ------ | |
| | | vol. ii. 369 | |
| | | | |
| | 9th | 11th | |
| | Series | Series | |
| | | | |
| I. | -- | Au 197 | |
| | | vol. ii. 442 | |
| | | | |
| II. | -- | Hg 200 | |
| | | vol. ii. 48 | |
| | | | |
| III. | -- | Tl 204 | |
| | | vol. ii. 91 | |
| | | | |
| IV. | -- | Pb 207 | |
| | | vol. ii. 134 | |
| | | | |
| V. | -- | Bi 209 | |
| | | vol. ii. 189 | |
| | | | |
| VI. | -- | -- | |
| | | | |
| VII. | -- | -- | |
+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+

_Note._--Two lines under the elements indicate those which are very widely distributed in nature; one line indicates those which, although not so frequently met with, are of general use in the arts and manufactures.

CONTENTS
OF
THE FIRST VOLUME

PAGE

TRANSLATORS' PREFACE v

AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SIXTH RUSSIAN EDITION vii

TABLE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELEMENTS IN GROUPS AND SERIES xv

TABLE OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS xvi