Chapter XIII: Potassium, Rubidium, Cæsium, and Lithium. Spectrum Analysis

Just as the series of halogens, fluorine, bromine and iodine correspond with the chlorine contained in common salt, so also there exists a corresponding series of elements: lithium, Li = 7, potassium, K = 39, rubidium, Rb = 85, and cæsium, Cs = 133, which are analogous to the sodium in common salt. These elements bear as great a resemblance to sodium, Na = 23, as fluorine, F = 19, bromine, Br = 80, and iodine, I = 127, do to chlorine, Cl = 35·5. Indeed, in a free state, these elements, like sodium, are soft metals which rapidly oxidise in moist air and decompose water at the ordinary temperature, forming soluble hydroxides having clearly-defined basic properties and the composition RHO, like that of caustic soda. The resemblance between these metals is sometimes seen with striking clearness, especially in compounds such as salts.[1] The corresponding salts of nitric, sulphuric, carbonic, and nearly all acids with these metals have many points in common. The metals which resemble sodium so much in their reactions are termed the _metals of the alkalis_.

[1] Tutton's researches (1894) upon the analogy of the crystalline
forms of K_{2}SO_{4}, Rb_{2}SO_{4} and Cs_{2}SO_{4} may be taken
as a typical example of the comparison of analogous compounds. We
cite the following data from these excellent researches: the sp.
gr. at 20°/4° of K_{2}SO_{4} is 2·6633 of Rb_{2}SO_{4}, 3·6113, and
of Cs_{2}SO_{4}, 4·2434. The coefficient of cubical expansion (the
mean between 20° and 60°) for the K salt is 0·0053, for the Rb salt
0·0052, for the Cs salt 0·0051. The linear expansion (the maximum
for the vertical axis) along the axis of crystallisation is the
same for all three salts, within the limits of experimental error.
The replacement of potassium by rubidium causes the distance
between the centres of the molecules in the direction of the three
axes of crystallisation to increase equally, and less than with the
replacement of rubidium by cæsium. The index of refraction for all
rays and for every crystalline path (direction) is greater for the
rubidium salt than for the potassium salt, and less than for the
cæsium salt, and the differences are nearly in the ratio 2 : 5. The
lengths of the rhombic crystalline axes for K_{2}SO_{4} are in the
ratio 0·5727 : 1 : 0·7418, for Rb_{2}SO_{4}, 0·5723 : 1 : 0·7485,
and for Cs_{2}SO_{4}, 0·5712 : 1 : 0·7521. The development of the
basic and brachy-pinacoids gradually increases in passing from K to
Rb and Cs. The optical properties also follow the same order both
at the ordinary and at a higher temperature. Tutton draws the
general conclusion that the crystallographic properties of the
isomorphic rhombic sulphates R_{2}SO_{4} are a function of the
atomic weight of the metals contained in them (_see_ Chapter XV.)
Such researches as these should do much towards hastening the
establishment of a true molecular mechanics of physico-chemical
phenomena.

Among the metals of the alkalis, the most widely distributed in nature, after sodium, is _potassium_. Like sodium, it does not appear either in a free state or as oxide or hydroxide, but in the form of salts, which present much in common with the salts of sodium in the manner of their occurrence. The compounds of potassium and sodium in the earth's crust occur as mineral compounds of silica. With silica, SiO_{2}, potassium oxide, like sodium oxide, forms saline mineral substances resembling glass. If other oxides, such as lime, CaO, and alumina, Al_{2}O_{3}, combine with these compounds, glass is formed, a vitreous stony mass, distinguished by its great stability, and its very slight variation under the action of water. It is such complex silicious compounds as these which contain potash (potassium oxide), K_{2}O, or soda (sodium oxide), Na_{2}O, and sometimes both together, silica, SiO_{2}, lime, CaO, alumina, Al_{2}O_{3}, and other oxides, that form the chief mass of rocks, out of which, judging by the direction of the strata, the chief mass of the accessible crust (envelope) of the earth is made up. The primary rocks, like granite, porphyry, &c.,[1 bis] are formed of such crystalline silicious rocks as these. The oxides entering into the composition of these rocks do not form a homogeneous amorphous mass like glass, but are distributed in a series of peculiar, and in the majority of cases crystalline, compounds, into which the primary rocks may be divided. Thus a felspar (orthoclase) in granite contains from 8 to 15 per cent. of potassium, whilst another variety (plagioclase) which also occurs in granite contains 1·2 to 6 per cent. of potassium, and 6 to 12 per cent. of sodium. The mica in granite contains 3 to 10 per cent. of potassium. As already mentioned, and further explained in