Chapter XXXVIII: Conclusion

_The place of the feelings in psychic life—They come
first—Physiological proofs—Psychological proofs._

Through the multiple aspects of our subject and the diversity of questions we have dealt with, the fundamental idea of this book has been to show that the foundation of the affective life is appetite or its contrary—that is to say, movement or arrest of movement; that at its root it is an impulse, a tendency, an act in the nascent or complete state, independent of intelligence, which has nothing to do with it and may not even be present. It is unnecessary to inflict upon the reader any new variations on a theme so often repeated. I only desire, in conclusion, to add some remarks on the place of the feelings in the total psychic life, and to show that that place is the _first_.

This statement must be made precise. To compare “sensibility” and “intelligence,” as some authors have done, to see which of these two “faculties” is inferior to the other, is an artificial and unreasonable task, since there is no common measure of the two, and there can be no solution of the question which is not arbitrary. But we may proceed objectively, and ask if the one is not primary and the other secondary, if the one is not grafted on the other, and in that case which is the stock and which the graft. If the feelings appear first it is clear that they cannot be derived, and are not a mode or function of knowledge, since they exist by themselves and are irreducible.

Thus stated the question is simple and the reply evident.

The physiological evidence in favour of the priority of the feelings need only be briefly recalled; it all centres in one point: organic vegetative life always and everywhere appears before animal life; physiologists constantly repeat that the animal is grafted on the vegetable which precedes him. Now organic life is directly expressed by the needs and appetites, which are the stuff of the affective life; animal life by the sensations, the stuff of the intellectual life. The primordial part played by organic sensibility has been shown in the Introduction. We may remember also the myriads of animals which are only bundles of needs, their psychology consisting in the search for food, in defence, and in propagation; their senses (often reduced to touch alone) are only tools, coarse instruments, teleological weapons in the service of their needs; but closed in as they may be from the external world, appetite in them is not less intense. Even in man is not fœtal life, and that of the first months after birth, much the same, almost wholly made up of satisfied or unsatisfied needs, and consequently of pleasures and pains? From the purely physiological point of view, knowledge appears not as a mistress but as a servant.

The psychological evidence is not difficult to supply, and has indeed already been presented by Schopenhauer in so brilliant and complete a manner that it would be a bold task to present it afresh. The chapter entitled “The Primacy of Will in Self-Consciousness”[258] is a long argument in favour of the priority of impulse over knowledge. We need not be duped by the equivocal use of the word “will,” since for Schopenhauer “to will is to desire, to aspire, to flee, to hope, to fear, to love, to hate; in a word, all that directly constitutes our good and our ill, our pleasure and our pain.” Nor need we occupy ourselves with his metaphysics nor his antiquated physiology, nor his personal hatred of intelligence, which he treats as an enemy and usurper, “because all the philosophers up to to-day have made it the intimate primitive essence of their so-called soul;” and having made these eliminations we may find many of his pages full of penetrating and consummate psychology. I recall his chief arguments.

-----

Footnote 258:

_Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung_, Part III., chap. xix.

-----

Will (in the sense above indicated) is universal. The basis of consciousness in every animal is desire. This fundamental fact is translated into the impulse to preserve life and well-being, and to propagate. This foundation is common to the polypus and to man. The differences among animals are due to a difference in knowledge; as we descend in the series intelligence becomes weaker and more imperfect; there is no similar degradation in will (or desire); the smallest insect wills what it wills as fully as man; will is everywhere equal to itself. Relatively to intelligence it is the robust blind man carrying on his shoulders the paralytic who sees clearly.

It is fundamental. The will to live, with the horror of death which results from it, is a fact anterior to all intelligence and independent of it. In it is the basis of identity and of character; “the man is hidden in the heart and not in the head.” It is the source and the bond of all stable associations, religious, political, or professional. It makes the strength of party spirit, of sects, and of factions. Compare the fragility of friendships founded on similarity of intelligence with those that spring from the heart. Thus religions have had every reason to promise eternal recompense to man’s moral qualities, and not to the gifts of the mind.

Its power is sovereign. It is not reason which uses passion, it is passion which uses reason to reach its ends. Under the influence of intense desire, the intellect sometimes rises to a degree of vigour of which none would believe it capable. Desire, love, fear render the most obtuse understanding lucid. And besides, if will and intelligence were identical in nature, their development would proceed side by side, whereas nothing is more frequent than a great intellect united to an inferior character, and “we sometimes find violent desires, impassioned and impetuous impulses, joined to a feeble intellect, that is to say a small brain badly enclosed in a thick skull.”

Memory, which is commonly considered a purely intellectual phenomenon, often depends—as we have seen—on the state of the feelings. This had not escaped Schopenhauer. “Even a weak memory sometimes retains perfectly what concerns the passion dominant at the moment; the lover never forgets a favourable opportunity, the ambitious nothing that serves their projects; the miser never forgets his losses, nor the proud man a wound to his honour; the vain remember every word of praise and every distinction they receive.... That is what might be called the heart’s memory, more intimate than the mind’s.”

How is it that facts of common observation, so clear and so numerous, requiring for their discovery neither experiment nor special research, nor even long reflection, have been so generally misunderstood; and that the contrary opinion has always predominated, reducing the manifestations of feeling to “qualities of sensation,” to “confused intelligence,” and other oft-repeated formulas? The only reason I can find is that during centuries this subject has been treated philosophically, not psychologically, and the method of philosophy is necessarily intellectualist. Only the adult and complex forms of the affective life were considered, without regard to their evolution, which alone brings us to their origin. The parts played by movements as psychological factors, and by unconscious activity, were forgotten or misunderstood. Pleasures and pains in their manifold forms were regarded as the essential phenomena in place of the hidden springs which give rise to them.

To sum up, the psychology of the emotions has its point of departure in those complex feelings which daily life brings beneath our eyes every moment. Their complexity is the work of our intellectual nature, which associates and dissociates, mixing and combining perceptions, images, ideas, each of which, in so far as it relates to the individual or social conditions of existence, to the physiological needs, to the offensive and defensive instinct of conservation, to the social, moral, religious, æsthetic, and scientific tendencies, produces in the organism variable effects which, translated into consciousness, impart an affective tone to intellectual states. Analysis shows that these complex forms are reducible to a few simple emotions. The simple emotion itself is a complexus made up of impulses, that is of motor elements, and agreeable, painful, or mixed states of consciousness; these two factors form a whole apparently indissoluble. Finally, the fundamental motor or dynamic element manifests itself under two forms: conscious impulses or desires, unconscious impulses or appetites; there is identity of nature, the first possessing consciousness in addition. Hence for the desires (the psychological form), thanks to consciousness, there is the possibility of manifold adaptations and indefinite plasticity. Hence for the appetites (the physiological form) there is stability, fixity, automatism, the absence of invention, and of that state of indecision arising simultaneously with consciousness.

If we include all the primitive conscious impulses beneath the name of _desire_ (or its opposite, _aversion_), we find two apparently contradictory theses concerning its origin. According to one, desire is a primitive phenomenon, anterior on the one hand to all knowledge, and on the other to all experience of pleasure or pain. According to the other, desire is a secondary phenomenon, the anticipation of a known pleasure to seek for, a known pain to avoid; the latter counts most partisans, and is also condensed into well-known axiomatic sayings and formulas: “We cannot desire what we do not know,” “We can only desire what seems to be for our advantage,” “Desire is founded on a proved pleasure.” Both theses are true, each for a separate moment, and the first alone relates to the question of origin.

At the first moment desire is anterior to all experience, to every consideration of pleasure or of pain; it acts as a blind force; it is a _vis a tergo_, a propulsion only explicable by the physical and mental organism. It must necessarily act at once without knowing whither it goes, else it would act too late or not at all.

At the second moment, it is guided by experience and rests on proved pleasure or pain, seeking one and avoiding the other. It is to this moment that the sayings above quoted apply. That is the final form, and it embraces the immense majority of cases. Even in the adult, however, we have noted examples of vague desire, without object or determined aim.

Blind impulse, when it reaches its end, finds its satisfaction there, and seeks it anew because it is pleasant. But the pleasant and the unpleasant are relative qualities, varying in individuals, and at different moments in the same individual. If the physical and mental organisation changes, the impulses, the position of pleasure and pain change also; pathology furnishes us with unquestionable proof.

Impulse, therefore, is the primordial fact in the life of the feelings, and I cannot better conclude than by borrowing from Spinoza a passage which sums up the whole spirit of this book: “Appetite is the very essence of man, from which necessarily flow all those things which seem to preserve him.... Between appetite and desire there is no difference, save that desire is self-conscious appetite. It follows from all this that we desire and follow after nothing because we deem it to be good, but on the contrary deem that to be good which we desire and follow after.”[259]

-----

Footnote 259:

_Ethica_, iii. prop. 9, schol.

-----

INDEX.

Abderrhaman III., 431 Abnormal characters, 404 _et seq._ Aboulia, 70 Abstraction, faculty of, 18, 313 Acquired pleasures, 56 Active characters, 388, 395-397 Activity accompanied by risk, pleasures of, 270 Actynophrys, 4 Admiration, 369 Æsthetic emotion, 101 ” sentiment, 328 _et seq._; pathology of, 357 _et seq._; decay of, 426; survival of, 428; rudimentary in idiots, 433 ” superiority incompatible with health, 360 Affective type of memory, 166 Affinity, 6 Aggression, real, 220 ” simulated, 221 ” deferred, 222 _Agnatio_, 288 Aïssaouas, 33 Alexander, 400 Alfieri, 395 Algebra, Franklin’s moral, 398 Alternating characters, 413 Althaus, 53 Altruism, 237; its genesis, 281 Altruistic feelings, 292; decay of, 427 ” (or sympathetic) pain, 44 Ambition, 431 Amnesia, 165, 166 Amorphous characters, 386 Anæsthesia, 36, 53, 54, 95, 96 Analgesia, 32 _et seq._ ” artificial, 34 Analysts, 395 Anencephalic monsters, 32 Anger, 14, 218 _et seq._; its symptoms, 219; its pathology, 223 Animism, 308, 309 Ants, 263 Anthropomorphism, 309, 349 Apathetic characters, 389, 397, 398 Apathetic-active characters, 400 ” sensitive ” 401 Appetite, 438 Approbation, desire of, 242 Architecture, 341 Ariosto, 364 Aristotle, 72, 299 Arrest of development, 264 _et seq._, 432 _et seq._ Art, 330 (and Chap. X., _passim_) ” influenced by environment, 339 ” for art’s sake, 342 ” set free from anthropomorphism, 343 ” animals in, 344 ” wild nature in, 345-347 Asceticism, 319, 325 Assimilation, 6 Association of ideas, 172 _et seq._ _Ataraxia_, 360 Atony, 389 Attraction and repulsion, 6 _Audition colorée_, 181 Augustine, 411, 412 Augustus, 409 Auto-intoxication, 40, 224 Avarice, 264 Aveyron, savage of the, 433 Azam, 412, 414 Aztecs, 191, 296, 321, 341

Bachofen, 286, 287, 288 Bacon, Francis, 216, 391 Bacteria, 5 Bain, 74, 78, 82, 130, 134, 141, 162, 190, 208, 210, 212, 218, 221, 230, 231, 235, 238, 241, 242, 280, 349, 353, 369, 384, 395, 396, 398 Balbiani, 251 Baldwin, 231 Barth, 315 Bastian, 6 Basutos, 296, 371 Beard, 214 Beau, 35 Beaunis, 26, 39, 49, 60, 119, 120, 133 Beauquier, 103, 105 Bell, Ch., 113, 115, 124, 219 Belmondo, 202 Benedictines, 374 Beneficence, 292 Benevolence, rise of, 293 Bennett, 143 Berkeley, 96 Bernard, Claude, 4, 62, 116, 117, 118 Bert, 92 Bhâghavad-Gita, 318 Bichat, 114, 219 Biran, Maine de, 395 Blanville, 138 Blind impulse, 422 Blood, syncope at sight of, 217 ” taste for, 68, 228, 365 Blushing, 114, 271 Borgia, Francisco, 412 Boudet de Paris, 106 Bougainville, 190 Bouillier, 63, 64, 73, 77, 80 Bourdon, 51 Bourru, 414, 415 Boyer, 420 Boyle, 216 Brahmanism, 318 Braid, 182 Brain, function of, in transmitting sensation, 28 Brain as seat of emotion, 115 _et seq._ ” separate action of hemispheres, 418 ” change of character through lesions of, 302, 412, 420 Briquet, 201 Broca, 92 Brown-Séquard, 27, 28, 32, 53, 200 Brugia, 200 Bryozoa, 277 Buccola, 106 Buckle, 192 Bucknill, 68 Buddha, 296 Budge, 249 Bull-fights, 68, 228 Burckhardt, 35 Burot, 414, 415 Byron, 366, 400

Cabanis, 383 Cæsar, 264, 298, 346, 397, 409 Calculators, 398 Campbell, 202 Cannibalism, 295, 296 Cardan, 64 Carus, 115 Casalis, 371 Cause and effect, 112 Cellini, Benvenuto, 400 Cerebral dualism, 418 Cervantes, 418 Chambard, 182 Characters, classification of, 383 _et seq._ ” true, 379, 384 ” consistent, 385 ” invariable, _ib._ ” amorphous, 386 ” unstable, _ib._ ” partial, 387, 402, 403 ” sensitive, 388, 393-395; humble, 394; contemplative, _ib._; emotional, 395 ” active, 388, 395-397; (mediocre, 396; great, 397) ” apathetic, 389, 397, 398; pure, 397; intellectual, 398 ” temperate, 389, 390, 401 ” mixed, 379 _et seq._; sensitive-active, 400; apathetic-active, _ib._; apathetic-sensitive, 401; temperate, _ib._ ” Seeland’s classification of, 406, 407 ” abnormal, 408 _et seq._ ” contradictory, 409 _et seq._ ” contradictory (apparently), 409, 410 ” ” successive, 410 _et seq._ ” ” ” co-existent, 416-419 ” alternating, 413-415 ” unstable or polymorphic, 419 _et seq._ Chateaubriand, 170 Chemical action, 40, 120 _et seq._ Chloroform, 37 Clan, social unit, 288, 289 Classification of feelings, 130 _et seq._ Cloquet, 142 Clouston, 46, 85, 376 Cocaine, 37 Cœnæsthesia, 8, 9, 176, 200, 411, 415 Coleridge, 174 Coloured hearing, 181 ” taste, smell, etc., 182 Combination, 269 Complex emotions, 260 _et seq._ Composition of feelings, 267 _et seq._ Condottieri, 396 Confucius, 296 Conquistadores, 205, 397 Contact, element in maternal love, 280 Contemplatives, 394 Contiguity, 177 _et seq._ Contradiction, principle of, 193 Conversions, 410 _et seq._ Correggio, 393 Cortez, 397 Corti’s organ, 26, 358 Corybantes, 320 Cosmic order, 311, 312 Creation-play, 334 Creative imagination, 331 _et seq._ Criminals, 300 Cromwell, 409 Cros, 53 Culture, morbid love of, 378 _note_ Curiosity, 368 ” disinterested, 371 Cuvier, 192 ” F., 252 Cyon, 117, 118

Dagonet, 244, 325 D’Alembert, 391 Dallemagne, 259 Danger, fascination of, 270 Danton, 400 Danville, 256 Darwin, 13, 14, 16, 44, 82, 113, 124 _et seq._, 190, 207, 209, 218, 219, 231, 234, 235, 240, 271, 279, 282, 336, 351, 354, 355, 369 Dauriac, 104 Davy, Sir H., 52, 101 Decay of feelings, 423 _et seq._ ” of the æsthetic emotions, 426 ” of the altruistic emotions, 427 _et seq._ ” of the ego-altruistic emotions, 430 ” of the religious sentiment, 430, 431 ” of ambition, 431 ” of the egoistic feelings, 32 Degenerescence, 302, 357 _et seq._, 434 _et seq._ Dehumanisation of art, 345-347 Delbœuf, 251 Depravation of appetite, 201 Depression, 319 Descartes, 12, 51, 80, 110, 111, 261, 268, 369 Descuret, 373 Desire, 442 Despine, 301 Development, arrested, 264, 432 _et seq._ Dewey, 378 Diocletian, 411 Dipsomania, 203 Direct evolution of emotion, 193 Discoverers in morals, 295 Discord between character and intellect, 391 Disgust, 204 _et seq._ Disinterested curiosity, 371 Disinterested emotions, decay of, 426 Domestic life _v._ social solidarity, 284, 285 Domination, instinct of, 221 Doubt, 375 _et seq._ Dreams, 142 Drobisch, 137 Dualist view, 111 Du Chaillu, 296 Duchenne, 124, 125 Dumas, G., 52, 71, 72, 93, 427 Dumont, L., 82, 83, 126, 131-133, 351, 352, 356 Dynamogeny, 53 Dynamometric experiments, 83, 407 Dyaks, 338 Dynamic form of intellectual emotion, 372

Ecclesiastes, 431
Ecstasy, 325, 326
Ego, 238 _et seq._
Ego-altruistic emotions, decay of, 430
Egoistic feelings, decay of, 432
Egoistic pain, 44
Elmira, 301
Emotion, 12
” simple, 13
” sexual, 15
” higher, 17
” ” development of, 18
” intellectual, 19, 101, 368 _et seq._
” James and Lange’s theory of, 93 _et seq_.
” coarse, 97
” subtle, _id._ _ib._
” moral, 100
” relations of, with physical environment, 107
” internal conditions of, 113 _et seq._
” expression of, 124 _et seq._
” revival of, 152 _et seq._
” tender, 230 _et seq._
” complex, 260 _et seq._
” evolution of, 262, 263
” produced by movements, 392
Emotional memory, 161, 162
” type, 167
” type of sensitives, 395
Endogamy, 289
Epilepsy, 9, 223
Espinas, 276, 279 _et seq._
Esquirol, 54, 224, 416
Ethology, 384
Euphoria, 67, 88
Exaltation, 320
Exogamy, 289
Expression of emotions, 124 _et seq._

Falret, 213 Family, 284; evolution of, 286 _et seq._ Fatigue, 147 Fear, 10, 13, 207 _et seq._ ” definition of, 207 ” psychology of, 209 _et seq._ ” hereditary, 210 ” morbid, 212 _et seq._ ” an element in the religious sentiment, 309, 431 Fechner, 55, 102 Feeling, law of, 173 Feelings, priority of, 438 Félida, case of, 414 Ferrero, 366 Ferri, 179 Ferrier, 28, 29, 420 Fetichism, 308 Fétis, 103 Finality of pleasure and pain, 86 Fischer, 357 Fixed ideas, 226 Flaubert, 364 Flourens’ vital knot, 28 Flournoy, 181 _Folie circulaire_, 415 Fonsagrives, 53 Fouillée, 78, 126, 141, 151, 162, 172, 173, 183, 384, 405 Francis of Assisi, 400 François-Franck, 32, 142, 200 Franklin, 398 Frey, 27, 51 Friedmann, 293 Fuegians, 191, 297, 343

Gall, 115, 228 Galton, 146, 167, 425 Gauss, 391 Gautier (Th.), 343 Gélineau, 214, 215, 217 Generalising process in religious ideas, 312-314 Genius, 360, 363, 364, 437 Georget, 47 Germ-plasm, 256 Gevaert, 105 Girard-Teulon, 287 Gley, 92, 142 Goblet d’Alviella, 307, 311, 312, 314 Godfernaux, 326 Goethe, 164, 369, 402 Goldscheider, 27, 47 Goltz, 200, 250 Grant Allen, 83, 87, 88, 102, 331, 342, 343, 347, 349, 352, 358 Gratiolet, 7, 128, 143, 210 Greeks, limitations of their humanity, 192 Gregarious life, 281 _et seq._ Grétry, 103, 105 Griesinger, 62, 68, 376 Grief, 15, 45 Groos, 330 Guislain, 68 Gurney, 106, 111, 352 Guyau, 292, 331, 339, 351

Habeneck, 141 Hack Tuke, 28, 30, 68, 114, 144, 324, 376 Hadrian, 366 Hahnemann, 47, 133 Hall, Stanley, 211, 305 Hallucinations, 143 Hamilton, 64 Hamlet, 394 Hartmann, 42, 255 Haschisch, 8, 9 Hatred, 266 Hecker, 351, 356 Heidenhain, 30 Helmholtz, 377 Henle, 412 Hennequin, 339 Henotheism, 306 Herbart, 137, 372 Heredity, 175, 190, 191, 217, 246, 279, 336 Hering, 3 Hermann, 142 Hobbes, 353 Höffding, 19, 141, 172, 192, 239, 269, 271 Home, 330 Homer, 63, 316, 342 Homicidal mania, 225 _et seq._ Horwicz, 75, 172, 183 Houssay, 283 Humble, the, 394 Humour, sense of, 271, 351 _et seq._ Hunger and thirst, 147, 158, 202 Hunter, 115 Hydractinia, 277 Hydroid polypes, 277 Hyperæsthesia, 36 Hyperalgesia, 36 Hypertrophy of intellect, 391 Hypochondria, 46, 361, 394 Hysteria, 36, 47, 116

Ideas, fixed, 226 Ideal, search for, 254 Idiots, 323, 369, 432 _et seq._ Images of taste and smell, 145 Imitative instinct, 231, 232 Incongruity, 352 Indifferent state, 57 Inertia, 389 Infantilism, 300, 422 Infinite, 306, 307 Inhibitory forces, 265 Injury connected with pain, 87 Instinct of preservation, 11, 199 _et seq._ ” nutritive, 200 _et seq._ ” of domination, 221, 222 ” imitative, 231, 232 ” sexual, 248 _et seq._ Instincts, 194 _et seq._ Intellectual development of the race, 189 ” memory, 152 ” sentiment, 368 _et seq._ Intellectualised emotion, 101, 267 Intellectualists, 28, 35, 75, 137, 172, 390 Intensity of stimulation as a cause of pain, 39 Internal sensations, 119, 143, 147 Interrogation, 370 Ipecacuanha, 95 Ireland, 243, 434 Irons, 111 Irony, 271 Itard, 433

Jacoby, 243 James, W., 11, 93, 95 _et seq._, 101, 106, 110, 111, 141, 162, 172, 174, 194, 231, 241, 249, 271, 273 James I., 216 Janet, 33, 201, 249 Jealousy, 268 Jessen, 3 Joy, 15 Julian the Apostate, 411 Justice, 297

Kaffirs, 337 Kant, 19, 81, 290, 299, 330, 348, 360, 379, 384, 391 Kepler, 373 Kinæsthetic sense, 27 ” sensations, 50 Kraepelin, 351 Krafft-Ebing, 65, 67, 72, 224, 300, 302, 325, 415’ Kröner, 7, 119, 120 Külpe, 76, 102 Kurella, 93

Ladd, 188, 379 Landscape-painting, 345 Lange, 15, 52, 93 _et seq._, 110, 111, 114, 208, 219, 235, 249 Laughter, 351 _et seq._ Lavater, 124 Laycock, 3, 175 Lazarus, 331 Le Bon, 100, 391 Lehmann 7, 28, 30, 35, 52, 75, 137, 141, 176, 178, 269 Leibnitz, 234 Lépine, 420 Lessing, 372 Letourneau, 20, 297, 340, 374 Leuba, 305 Leuret, 105 Lewes, G. H., 54 Littré, 153, 162, 297 Lloyd Morgan, 237 Löb, 6 Lombard, 92 Lombroso, 300, 386 Longet, 32 Lotze, 383 Louis XI., 398 Love, 249 _et seq._ Loyola, 412 Lubbock, Sir J., 233 Lucan, 397 Luckey, 37 Lucretius, 63 Ludwig, 142 Ludwig II. of Bavaria, 366 Lulli, Raymond, 410, 412 Luther, 400, 410, 412 Lymphatic temperament, 397

Mabillon, 374 MacLennan, 286, 287 Magic, 310 Maine de Biran, 345 Malarial regions, their influence, 72 Malebranche, 110, 111 Malherbe, 362 Manes, 296 Mania, 67, 224 Mantegazza, 29, 30, 31, 36, 50, 63, 67, 125, 127, 128, 208, 209, 219, 222, 235, 240, 271, 355 Maraña, 412 Marie, 320 Marie Antoinette, 45 Marshall, 111 Marshall, Rutgers, 37, 39, 59 Maspero, 314, 316 Mass, sublimity of, 350 Maternal love, 279, 280 Matriarchate, 287 Matter and form, 112 Maudsley, 92, 111, 301, 420, 430 Maupas, 6, 252 Maury, A., 142 Medium activity the cause of pleasure, 54 Medulla, 28 Megalomania, 243, 244, 362, 364 Melancholia, 65 ” attonita, 69 ” passive, 71 ” religious, 324 ” demoniac, 325 Melancholy, 270 Memory of feelings, 140 _et seq._ ” pain, 43, 149 _et seq._ ” sorrow, 153 _et seq._ ” taste, smell, etc., 157 _et seq._ ” emotional—false, or abstract, 160, 161 ” emotional—true, or concrete, 162 _et seq._ ” affective type of, 166 ” influenced by unconscious feelings, 174 _et seq._ Mendoza, Suarez de, 182 Mentelli, case of, 373 Mercier, 135 Meynert, 84, 85 Michelangelo, 43, 349, 366, 400 Micro-organisms, 251 Mill, James, 211 ” J. S., 340, 384 _Mind_ quoted, 74, 93, 102, 106, 111, 342, 343, 358 Misoneism, 386 Mitchell, Weir, 33, 36, 39, 414 Mixed states, 10 Mixed temperaments, 399 Mixture, 268 Modesty, 271 _et seq._ Monkeys, 219, 279, 355 Moore, Mrs. K. C., 14 Moral pain, 42 _et seq._ ” emotion, 100; complexity of, 299 ” influence of ideas, 192 ” sentiment, 289 _et seq._ ” evolution, 292 _et seq._ ” insanity, 300 ” insensibility, 54, 302, 391, 417 Morbid state, its criteria, 62 ” pleasures, 63 _et seq._ ” pains, 69 ” fears (phobias), 213 ” tenderness, 238 ” self-esteem, 242 ” religious feelings, 324, etc. ” characteristics of genius, 360 _et seq._ ” characters, 405 _et seq._ Moreau (de Tours), 8, 255 Morel, 33, 216, 229, 238, 435 Morgan, Lloyd, 237 Morselli, 106, 245 Mortimer, Granville, 106 Moses, 296 Moshesh, 296 Mosso, 30, 92, 118, 208, 216, 272 Motor manifestations of feeling, 2 ” functions affected by pain, 30 ” reflexes, 84 ” elements in emotion, 92; revived in memory, 152, 158, 159 ” disturbances, 203; as symptoms of mania, 224 ” retrogression, 434 Movements, 183 Müller, J., 124, 142, 377 Müller, Max, 233, 306, 307 Münsterberg’s experiments, 52, 53, 183 Music, 103 _et seq._, 335, 431, 434 Musset, A. de, 420, 421 Mysticism in science, 377 Mystics, 319, 320, 326, 394, 400

Nahlowsky, 137, 138 Napoleon, 264, 349, 400, 409 Natal, cannibalism in, 296 _note_ Nature, sympathy with, 343 _et seq._ Naunyn, 35 Needs, 10, 11, 196, 439 Negative form of self-feeling, 241 Nero, 366 Nerval, Gérard de, 365 Nerves, painful impressions transmitted by, 26 Nerves, special, for pain, 27 Nervous temperament, 407 Neutral states, 57, 73 _et seq._ Newton, 21, 391 Nichols, 37, 38, 51 Nietzsche, 344 Nirvana, 316 Noiré, 232 _Nomina_, _numina_, 306 Nordau, 357, 360 Normal characters, 380 _et seq._ Note-deafness, 358 Nutrition, societies founded on, 278 Nutritive functions and instincts, 199 _et seq._

Objective representations of emotions, 156 Obsession, 20, 21, 256, 325 Occipital lobes, 29 Odours, memory of, 158 ” Galton’s experiments on, 146 Oppenheimer, 40 Orators, 395 Organic sensibility, 3 ” origin of melancholia, 72 ” Correlation, law of, 265 Ornaments, 338, 344

Pain, 8, 16; (physical), 25 _et seq._; (moral), 42 _et seq._; ” definition of, 25; its influence on the heart and the respiration, 29; on the digestion and motor functions, 30 ” lower races less sensitive to, 36 a quality of sensation, 39 ” depends on quality and intensity of stimulus, 39 ” caused by chemical modifications, 40 ” connected with injury, 87 Pain-bearing nerves, 27, 37 Painful state, 10 Pain-phenomenon, independence of, 35 Pain-points (Sachs’s), 27 Panphobia, 214 Pantheistic tendencies, 347 Pantomime-dance, 334 Paramæcids, 251 Partial characters, 387, 402, 403 Pascal, 33, 215, 331, 412 Passion, definition of, 20, 21 ” of love, 256, 257 ” ruling, 403 Passions, 12, 19, 92, 261, 369 Paternal love, 281 Pathological method, 60, 61 Pathology of pleasure and pain, 63 _et seq._ ” fear, 212 _et seq._ ” anger, 223 ” nutritive instinct, 201-204 ” tender emotion, 238 ” self-feeling, 242 _et seq._ (see Megalomania) ” sexual instinct, 256 _et seq._ ” social and moral feelings, 300 ” religious sentiment, 324 ” æsthetic sentiment, 357 ” creative imagination, 364 ” intellectual sentiment, 375 Patriarchate, rise of, 288 Paul, St., 410, 412 Paul, St. Vincent de, 297, 400 Paulhan, 384, 405, 407, 417, 420 Perez, 13, 14, 207, 218, 234, 384, 405 Perrier, 276 Persecution, 322 Personal unconsciousness, 176 Personality, alteration of, 413 _et seq._ Pessimism, 361, 362, 366 Peter the Great, 215 Peter the Hermit, 400 Pfeffer, 252 Phagocytosis, 5 Philip II. of Spain, 398 Phlegmatic temperament, 397 Phobias, 10, 213 _et seq._ Physiological conditions of religious sentiment, 99, 319 Physiological conditions of feeling, 16 ” ” of music, 103 _et seq._ ” ” theory of character, 383 Physiology of pleasure, very little known, 50 Piderit, 127, 129, 351, 356 Piesse, 158 Pitres, 36, 116, 182 Pizarro, 397 Plato, 114, 299, 341 Platonic love, 19, 267 Play-instinct, 198, 329 _et seq._ ” absent in idiots, 433 Pleasant states, revival of, 152 Pleasure, 8, 16, 48 _et seq._ ” a sensation? 50 ” due to medium activity, 54 ” connected with utility, 87 ” in suffering of others (anger), 221 Pleasure and pain only symptoms, 2, 3 ” ” general conditions of, 16 ” ” common basis of, 57 _et seq._ ” ” result of difference between receipt and expenditure, 57, 58 Plethysmograph, 30, 119 Poetry, 335, 340 Poets, peculiar habits of, 363 Polymorphic characters, 386, 419-422 Possession, 325 Predatory tendencies, survival of, 87 Preservation, instinct of, 11, 198 _et seq._, 207 _et seq._, 218 _et seq._ Preyer, 8, 13, 14, 16, 17, 44, 81, 207, 209, 210, 218, 231, 369 Prichard, 300, 301 Primitive emotions, 12 ” man, 188, 189, 242, 309, 311 ” tendencies and instincts, 194 _et seq._ Primitive religious belief, 308 _et seq._ ” art, 340, 341 Promiscuity, primitive, 287 Proselytising, 323 Pruner Bey, 36 Pseudophobia, 214 Psychological theory of character, 383, 384 Psycho-physicists, 75 Ptomaine increased in quantity by anger, 219 Pure states of feeling, 7 Pyromania, 225 Pyrrhonians, 376 Pythagoras, 377

Reciprocity, 277 Reflection, 265 Régis, 213, 415 Regiomontanus, 301 Religious sentiment, 99, 263, 305 _et seq._; decay of, 431 ” philosophy, 317 ” ideas, 324 ” belief, absence of, 323 ” psychoses, 320 ” melancholia, 324 ” exaltation (theomania), 326 Renan, 307 Renaudin, 47 Representation as a source of pain, 85 Reproduction, societies founded on, 278 _et seq._ Resemblance, 178 Resignation, 266 Retrogression, 227, 424 _et seq._ Revivability of impressions, 140 _et seq._ Revenge, 297, 298 Réville, 323 Richelieu, 409 Reynolds, Mary, case of, 414 (see Weir Mitchell) Richet, 25, 34, 35, 53, 204, 205 Richter, J. P., 395 Ritual, 320-322 Romanes, 237, 279, 370 Rosenkranz, 359 Rosseuw St.-Hilaire, 79 Rousseau, J. J., 164, 188, 346, 395 Rubens, 417 Rudel, Geoffroi, 255 Ruling passion, 403 Rutgers Marshall, 37, 39, 59

_Sacer horror_, 99, 319 Sachs, 6 Sacrifices, 310 Saint-Simon, 110 Salsotto, 301 Sand, George, 420, 421 Saponine, effects of, 37 Scaliger, 216 Schelling, 362 Schiff, 59, 200 Schiller, 329, 366 Schlegel, 271, 362 Schneider, 87, 90, 175, 330, 346, 387 Schopenhauer, 255, 256, 290, 293, 330, 390, 391, 398, 404, 416, 439 _et seq._ Schüle, 70, 71, 223, 228, 300, 415, 433 Science, personification of, 379 Scientific emotion, 371 Seeland, 406, 412 Self-feeling, 239 _et seq._ ” its symptoms, 240 ” in animals, _ib._ ” becomes anti-social, 242 ” its pathology, 242 _et seq._ (see Megalomania) Seneca, 63, 219 Sensibility, unconscious (vital, organic, or protoplasmic), 3, 4, 6 Sensibility, general, 37 Sensitives, 388 Sensitive-actives, 400 Sergi, 11, 28, 74, 271, 272, 273, 334, 346 Sexual attraction, 6, 278 ” emotion, 15, 248 _et seq._; instinctive stage, 250; emotional stage, 253; intellectual stage, 254 ” ” ascending evolution of, 255 ” ” its pathology, 256 _et seq._ ” connected with religious emotion, 320 ” decay of, 430 Sforza, Ludovico, 45 Shadworth-Hodgson, 137, 172, 174 Shaftesbury, 290 Sibbern, 269 Siphonophora, 277 Smell, 145, 146, 158, 182, 202; no art based on, 351 Societies, animal, 276 ” ” founded on nutrition, 277 ” ” founded on reproduction, 278 (_a_, sexual approach, 278; _b_, maternal love, 279; _c_, paternal love, 281) ” ” gregarious, 281 _et seq._ ” ” highest forms of (ants, bees, etc.), 284, 285 ” ” human, 285 _et seq._ Social character of religion, 310 ” environment, emotion adapted to, 109 ” feelings, 275 _et seq._ ” group, morality confined to, 298 ” instinct, 277 ” life, development of, 288 ” solidarity, 277; opposed to family tendencies, 285 Socrates, 299 Solger, 271 Solidarity, 277 Sollier, 96 Sommer, 183 Spalding, 210 Spasmodic diathesis, 420 Spencer, Herbert, 49, 54, 63, 64, 82, 87, 88, 107, 126, 127, 134, 141, 175, 176, 190, 233, 237, 253, 256, 268, 271, 272, 280, 283, 288, 290, 307 _et seq._, 330, 342, 351, 352, 355 _et seq._, 370, 430 Spinoza, 111, 261, 373, 390, 416, 442 Spiritism, 308, 309 Stability, 385, 393-395 Stanley, Hiram M., 111 Stanley Hall, 211, 305 Staniland Wake, 296 Starbuck, 305 Starcke, 286, 289 Starr, Allen, 420 States of feeling, 7; four types of, 10 Static form of intellectual emotion, 373 Stewart, Dugald, 163 _Stigmata diaboli_, 32 Stoics, 299, 379 Strength, feeling of, 240 Stricker, 231 Strong, 33, 37, 38 Strümpell, 96 Stumpf, 104 Suarez de Mendoza, 182 Sublime, feeling for the, 270, 348 _et seq._ Sufis, 394 Suicide, 244 _et seq._; the supreme negation of self-feeling, 245 ” deliberate or voluntary, 245 ” impulsive, 246 ” hereditary, 246 Sully, 19, 74, 78, 102, 130, 172, 176, 180, 208, 211, 231, 236, 237, 241, 346, 348, 350, 354, 369, 371 Sully-Prudhomme, 154, 162, 381 Sumner Maine, 286 Superiority, feeling of, 354 Surprise, 369 Symbolism, 322, 365 Sympathy, 230 _et seq._, 292 Synæsthesia, 231 Synergia, 231 Syringomyelia, 38

_Tabes dorsalis_, 35 _Tabula rasa_ theory, 403 Taine, 162, 167, 336, 364 Tamburini, 202, 226 Tanzi, 59, 92 Tarchanoff, 106 Tasso, 365, 366 Taste, 142, 145, 146, 351 Tattooing, 335 Tears, 235, 236 Temperaments, 383 _et seq._ (see Characters) ” Seeland’s classification of, 406 _Temperamentum temperatum_, 390 Temperate characters, 389, 401 Tendency, 365 Tenderness, 234 _et seq._ Terror, 209 Thales, 377 Theomania, 326 Therapeutæ, 394 Tickling, 355 Tiele, 314 Time, sublimity of, 350 Titchener, 171 Tissues, exchange of, 407 Todd, 28 Touch suppressed by saponine, 87 ” sympathy connected with, 235 Toulouse, 170 Toxin, 40 Toxic changes in organism, 121 ” secretions in anger, 219 Transference of feelings, 176 _et seq._ Trousseau, 219 Tuke, Hack, 28, 30, 68, 114, 144, 324, 376 _Tunicata_, 277 Tylor, 286, 323

Unconscious, the, 3, 174-176, 216, 254, 363, 441 Unity of character, 385 Unstable characters, 386, 419-422 (see Polymorphic) Utility connected with pleasure, 87 ” connected with art, 342

V., L., case of, 414 (see Personality, Alteration of) Valentin, 142 Vallon, 320 Van Swieten, 219 Vascular reflexes, 84 Vaso-motor modifications, 94 Vaso-motor apparatus, affected by fear, 208 Verworn, 6, 252 Vignoli, 371 Vigouroux, 106 Vincent de Paul, St., 297, 400 Vintschgau, Von, 142 Visceral theory, 114 Vulpian, 32

Wagner, Richard, 418 Waitz, 137 Wake, Staniland, 296 Wallace, 190, 336, 355 Wallaschek, 104, 337 Warner, 127 Weir Mitchell, 33, 36, 39, 414 Weismann, 190, 256, 336, 337 Welfare of the individual and of the race, 88 Westermarck, 286 Westphal, 213 Wigan, 164, 302 Will to live, 439, 440 William the Silent, 398 Witch-marks, 32 (see _Stigmata diaboli_) Wonder, 369 Worcester, 111 Wundt, 49, 75, 102, 111, 127, 128, 129, 137, 180, 272, 383

Yogis, 394

Zola, 170 _Zones idéogènes_, 182

PRINTED BY WALTER SCOTT, LIMITED, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s Note

The Index topics beginning with 'Su' preceded those 'St'. They have been moved to their proper position to avoid unnecessary confusion.

Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original.

20.14 [“]it is a violent and sustained desire Added.
49.13 sometimes in the other.[’/”] Replaced.
106.7 The resea[r]ches of Boudet de Paris Inserted.
117.36 (accord[ing] to Claude Bernard) Added.
147.32 [“]general lassitude, of a diffused kind Added.
167.3 revival of affective impressions[.] Added.
170.n2.7 Emile Zola: Enquête M[e/é]dico-psychologique Replaced.
196.26 consequent in[s]terstitial exchanges Removed.
236.2 organs assuag[e]ing assuaging pain Removed.
278.3 question of the point of view[.] Added.
336.23 exercised on this point[.] Added.
384.n2.1 Fou[i]llée Inserted.
434.n1.9 play fragments of tunes[.] Added.