Chapter VIII: The Social and Moral Feelings 275

Origin of the Social Feelings—Animal societies—Nutritive
societies—The individual and society—Domestic
societies—Social instinct has its source neither in sexual
nor in maternal love—Gregarious societies—Attraction of
like for like—Origin of social tendencies—Accidental and
transitory unions, of variable duration, and voluntary—The
social tendencies arise from the conditions of
existence—Social life does not spring from domestic
life—The higher societies among animals: they exclude
family relations—Human societies—Two opposite theories of
their origin: the family, the horde—Evolution of the
family-Evolution of social life—The family and the clan
not similar institutions—The moral sense. Two views of its
origin: (_a_) the intellectual, (_b_) the emotional—They
correspond to two stages in its development—Its innateness
and its necessity belong to the motor, not the
intellectual order—Genesis of the benevolent feeling.
Psychological analysis of its generative elements. Facts
in support of this—Discoverers in morality—Genesis of the
sense of justice—Phases of its development—Conclusion:
complexity of the moral sense—Pathology. Elimination of
the questions of criminal anthropology. Moral
insensibility.