Chapter XXV: Appendix: Alphabetical Series (2)

_Cawse_, Calz, or Caux, from Caux, near Abbeville. Hence the English surname, Cox or Coxe.

_Cayley_, from Cailly, near Rouen.

_Cecil_, Cicelle, or Seyssel, from Kessel, or Cassel, east of Bruges, Flanders. Its arms (escutcheon charged with the lion rampant of Flanders) are still borne in Flanders by a family of the same name. Walter de Alterens, descended from Robert Fitz-Hamon, living 1165, is derived the noble house of Cecil. The great English statesman, Lord Burleigh (William Cecil) was of this family.

_Ceeley_, or Seily, from Silly, Normandy.

_Chabot_, or Cabot. Robert Kabot, 1198. Roger Cabot, of England, 1272.

_Chace_, Chase, or Chausey. Armorially identified, also, with Chancy or De Canci. The name appears in all parts of England as Chancey, Chancy, etc.

_Chad_, for Cadd.

_Chaff_, from Chause. Vide Cafe.

_Chaffer_, Chaffen, from Chevricres, Normandy, 1195.

_Chaffey_, or Chaffy, a form of Chafe, or Chaff.

_Chaffin_, for Caffin. (Lower.)

_Chalie_, for Cayley.

_Challands_, for Chalas. Vide Challen.

_Challen._ A branch of the Counts of Chalons.

_Challenger_, or Challenge, from Chalenge, Normandy.

_Challoner._ Probably from Chalons.

_Chamberlain_, Robert, Herbert, William Henry Camerarius, or Le Chamberlain, Normandy, 1180-98. England, 1194-1200. Henry, Hugh, Ralph, Robert, Thomas, Walter, Richard Turbert Camerarius. The principal family of these was descended from the Barons of Tancarville, Chamberlains of Normandy; also, Chamberlaine, Chamberlin, Chamberlayne.

_Chambers_, or De Camera. William de Camera, England, 1189, Oxford, Essex, Sussex. The family appear early in York, Wilts and Norfolk. Chambre, or Camera, was in Brabant, the family seeming to have come thence at the Conquest. Governor John Chambers, of Kentucky, was one of the aides of General Harrison at the battle of the Thames;--was appointed Territorial Governor of Iowa by President Harrison.

_Champ._ Vide Camp.

_Champin_, for Campion, or Campian.

_Champney_, from De Champigne, Normandy.

_Chancellor_, Canceller, Chanslor. Chancillor, a Norman name. Ranulph Cancellarius.

_Chaney_, for Cheyney.

_Channell._ Armorially identified with Charnell. An eminent judge bore this name.

_Channon._ Vide Cannon.

_Chant._

_Chantry_, from Chaintre, near Macon.

_Chappel._ Vide Capel.

_Chappius._ Calvus, Normandy, 1195. England, Cabous, 1311.

_Charge_, from Gaurges, in the Cotentin.

_Charles._ Vide Carless.

_Charnell_, for Carnell.

_Charniter._

_Charter_, for Chartres.

_Charteris._ The Scottish form of Chartres.

_Chartres._ Ralph Carnotensis (De Chartres) held estates in Leicester, 1086. Ébrard de Carnot, 1148, Winchester.

_Chase._ Vide Chace.

_Chattell._ Vide Cattell.

_Chatwin_, for Chetwynd.

_Chaucer._ Geoffrey Chaucer, the poet, married a daughter of Sir Paine Roet, sister of John of Gaunt's wife, and was valectus, or esquire, to Edward III. The family of Chaucer, Chaucier, Chaucers, or Chaseor, had been seated in the eastern counties, and some members were in trade in London. The name, Le Chaucier (Calcearius) may have arisen from some sergeantry connected with the tenure of land. Probably a branch of the family of Malesoures.

_Cheek._ William Cecus occurs in Normandy, 1198; and in Gloucester, 1189. Walter Chike of England, 1272.

_Cheiley_, or Ceiley, a form of Cilly. Vide Ceely.

_Cheney._ Vide Cheyney.

_Chenoweth._ The history of this name is of peculiar interest. John Trevelesick, according to an old London record, married Elizabeth Terrel. Their son, John, received from his father a tract of land upon which he built a house, and called the place "Chenoweth," doubtless from an oak grove or woods upon the land. The initial syllable of the name is not uncommon in the genealogical nomenclature of Normandy; and Cornwall is notably a land of Norman castles and druidical groves of oak. The Trevelesick family, as was a custom of the period, took the name of the _place_, and was henceforth known as "Chenoweth." This change may have been partly induced by the circumstances that there was a law which required the people to take names that were "easy" to the English. There seems to have been an early etymological connection between the familiar Virginian names "Chenoweth" and "Chinn." Vide Chinn, Cheyne, Chêne, Chenoie, and the Scandinavian suffix _with_. In a list of names from Domesday Book we note the following: Cheneuvard, Chenuard, Cheuvin, Chenut. The Chenoweths of Kentucky are from Berkeley County, Virginia, the progenitor of the family being a "fighting pioneer."

_Cherey._ (1) De Ceresio. The early form, Cerisy. (2) Also from Cheeri, William Cheeri of Normandy, 1180.

_Chesney_, from Quesnay, near Coutances; De Chesnete in England.

_Chevalier_ (_i. e._ Miles), Normandy, 1180. Reginald Miles, England, 1272.

_Chew._ William de Cayu, Normandy, 1180. Walter C. Kew, England.

_Cheyne._ Cheyney, Chinn, from Quesnay, near Coutances. Robert de Chesneto, Bishop of Lincoln, 1147. The Lords Cheyny were of this stock. Chinn is an old family name in Kentucky, and seems to be genealogically connected with the Chenoweth gens. (Vide Chenoweth.) The progenitor of the Chinn family in England and America was one Thomas de Cheyne, of Norman-French descent. Rawleigh Chinn, gent., married Esther Ball, a connection of the Washington family, and came to America about 1713 and settled in Lancaster County, Virginia. (See the "Register" for 1907, page 63.)

_Chick_, or Chike, a form of Cheak (Robson). A prominent Kentucky family (Boyle).

_Child_, the English form of Enfant. William and Roger le Enfant, Normandy, 1180. William and John Child, England, 1180.

_Childers._ A corruption of Challen or Challers. Vide Smithson.

_Chinn._ Vide Cheyney, Cheyne.

_Chitty._ In 1272 was Cette. Roger Cette, Norfolk.

_Chivers_, or Cheevers, from La Chievre, or Capra, Normandy.

_Choicy_, a form of Chausy.

_Chollett._ Collett.

_Cholmelsey_, or Cholmondely. William de Belwar, or Belvar, or Belvoir, married Mabilia, a daughter of Robert Fitzhugh. From this William de Belwar descended the House of Cholmondely.

_Christian._ Thomas and William Christianus, Normandy, 1180. Walter Christianus, England, 1199. Crestien, Cristian, Crestin, England, 1272.

_Christmas._ A translation of the Norman-French Noël.

_Chucks_, a form of Chokes, or Chioches, from Choquet, Flanders.

_Church._ Vide Search.

_Churchill_, or De Courcelle. The Churchills of Dorset, ancestors of the great Duke of Marlborough, are traceable by the ordinary heralds' pedigrees to the reign of Henry VII. The family of Wallace (Walensis) was a branch of the Corcelles. From this family came the Great Duke. One of the later Dukes of Marlborough published a charming account of his visit to Kentucky, just after the war. He was entertained at "Ashland" by Major Henry C. McDowell.

_Clare._ Two families. (1) De Clare of Browne. (2) The Norman House of De Clere.

_Claret._ Walter Clarté, Normandy, 1180. John Clarrot, England, 1272.

_Clark._ George Rogers Clark.

_Clay_, from Claye, near Méaux. The name is borne by the Baronets Clay. The Clays of Bourbon and the Clays of Fayette, says General Cassius M. Clay, are descended from the same remote ancestor.

_Cliff_, or Clift, Clive.

_Cochrane_, Cochran. The family were resident in County Renfrew (says Lower) for many centuries. Vide Peerage, Earl of Dundonal. Renfrew has strong associations with John Knox, and according to Doctor MacIntosh, the vigorous race he represented had a strong infusion of Norman or Scandinavian blood. A recent legal decision connects the name of Cochrane with one of the most important cases ever brought before a Kentucky judge.

_Cockerell._

_Collins._

_Collins._ William de Colince or Colimes held lands at Chadlington near Oxford. Coulimes was near Alençon. Hugh de Coulimes, 1165, held a barony of four fees.

(1) The Collins family or families of Kentucky have been notably distinguished. General Richard H. Collins was a lawyer of great ability. His sons, also lawyers, were brilliant and cultivated men. John A. Collins was a member of the Cincinnati bar, and a partner of Senator Pugh. Charles and William were writers of ability and distinction. Richard was a gallant Confederate soldier and the artillerist of Shelby's command. Their father welcomed John Quincy Adams to Kentucky when he made his famous speech in vindication of Mr. Clay.

(2) Judge Lewis Collins was a native of Kentucky and derived from pure Virginian stock. He was a man of the highest character. His history of Kentucky, a valuable work, was officially recognized by the Legislature of the State. His son, Doctor Richard H. Collins, a man of marked and varied ability, continued his father's historic labors; revised the volume first published, added another volume, and increased the quantity of matter fourfold. No one has bestowed higher commendation upon this work than Professor Shaler, himself an historian of the State.

_Combs._

_Cooke._

_Corbett._

_Corbin._

_Corker._ De Corcres, Normandy, 1180-95.

_Costello_, from Mac Ostello, descendants of Hostilio de Angelo, settled in Ireland, temp. Henry. In this instance the new settler took the prefix _Mac_, not an uncommon occurrence in those days. The native "Macs" and "O's" of Ireland were never at peace, and the Galwagians repudiated both. When the Normans came they gave the Celts "_Fitz_," and characteristically enough the Celts, who were dissatisfied with "O" and "Mac," have been having "Fitz" ever since. Lower says that English settlers sometimes assume the prefix "Mac," apparently from a desire of assimilation to the Celtic race. In Ireland "O" was held in higher esteem than "Mac" In Scotland, it was just the reverse.

_Courtenay._

_Cowan._

_Cox_, or Coxe; Cocks, Le Coq; Coke; Cocus; also, De Caux.

_Creasy._

_Cripps._ Armorially identified with Crisp.

_Crittenden._ A fine old name from Kent. The Crittendens of Kentucky have nobly illustrated the name. The founder of the family, John Crittenden, was an officer in the Revolutionary War. He came to Kentucky at the close of that struggle, and settled in Woodford, the heart of this State. His sons, John, Thomas, and Robert, were eminent at the bar, and Henry, who devoted his life to agriculture, was equally conspicuous for talent. John J. Crittenden received his elementary education at the local schools; afterwards attended Washington Academy (now Washington-Lee University), and completed his studies at William and Mary. The effect of his classical training is shown in the clearness, finish, and felicity of his published speeches; his peculiar power in forensic oratory must always be a matter of tradition.

The name "Crittenden" is imperishably associated with that of Kentucky. It is peculiarly a family of soldiers, lawyers, and political leaders. One soldier of the name was immortalized by his tragic fate--William Crittenden, the proto-martyr of _Cuba Libre_.

The history of the family is the history of the State.

_Crockett._

_Crook_, or Crooke.

_Crozier._

_Cummings_, or Cumming.

_Cunditt._

_Currier._ Richard Coriarius, Normandy, 1180, from Angerville, in the Cotentin.

_Curtis._

_Cuss._ A form of Cust. One may be a "Cuss" in Kentucky; but quite as often he is "Cust."

_Dade._

_Dailey._

_Dangerfield_, or D'Angerville.

_Daniel._

_D'Arcy._

_Darrell._

_Davie._

_Davies._

_Davis._ Mr. Burton N. Harrison, in his graphic "Century" narrative of the Capture of Jefferson Davis, records the last "War" speech of the Southern President. It was addressed to a column of cavalry, under the command of General Duke, at Charlotte, N. C., the soldiers waving their flags and hurrahing for "Jefferson Davis." The speech was brief. He thanked them for their cordial greeting; complimented the gallantry and efficiency of the Kentucky cavalrymen; and expressed his determination not to despair of the Confederacy, but to remain with the last organized band, "upholding the flag." This was all. He said later to his faithful Secretary, "I can not feel like a beaten man."

In a private letter written by Secretary Harrison to his mother about this time (unpublished), he says: "Thaddeus Stevens recently sent us an offer to become one of Mr. Davis' counsel if it were agreeable to us to have him serve." Mr. Harrison's letters to his family are admirably written and full of interest.

It was the trained sagacity of an English statesman which in the midst of universal doubt and misconception enabled him to comprehend at a glance the difficulties encountered by Jefferson Davis in bringing order out of the wild chaos of secession in the Southern States. "He has created a Nation"--said Mr. Gladstone. Doubtless, posterity, in full possession of the facts, will be disposed to let the judgment stand. These facts have never been more ably and accurately stated than in the eulogy by Colonel William C. P. Breckinridge upon that able and daring pilot in this great extremity of the South. The eulogist was competent to speak; he was early in the field; he was close to the inner councils of the war; he saw and shared the struggle in every phase; and at the close, he calmly accepted the results. His clear and rapid summary will carry historic weight:

"When the world once understands how it was possible for the government, inaugurated at Montgomery, without a battalion of soldiers, or a ship of war, without arms or munitions of war, without provisions and military stores; a government not possessing within its borders a single factory at which a single weapon of war, or a single part of a weapon of war, could be manufactured, without credit or funds; a nation with her ports soon blockaded so as to be deprived of access to the markets of the world; a republic composed nominally of thirteen separate States, of which Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri were practically under the control of its enemy--how such a nation could maintain such a war for a period of four years against the United States of America, and bring into the field an army more numerous than its entire adult white population, feed it, clothe it, transport it, arm it, take care of it and keep it in such condition that it won unprecedented victories, has been an unsolved mystery. When it is added that during those years personal freedom was maintained, order preserved, courts kept open and no rights usurped, thinkers will conclude that he who was the head and life, the spirit and chief must have been a very great man."

The London _Times_, in its obituary notice, said: "As he was the first to perceive the true nature of the struggle, so was he the last to admit that the battle was lost. He fought a losing battle with unquestionable ability and unflinching courage. His achievements will secure him an honorable place in his country's history."

In the last public address of Jefferson Davis, delivered in the capitol of Mississippi to the Legislature in joint convention, he said: "The people of the Confederate States did more in proportion to their numbers and men than was ever achieved by any people in the world's history. Fate decreed that they should be unsuccessful in the effort to maintain their claim to resume the grants to the Federal Government. Our people have accepted the decree; it, therefore, behooves them, as they may, to promote the general welfare of the Union; to show to the world that hereafter, as heretofore, the patriotism of our people is not measured by the lines of latitude and longitude, but is as broad as the obligations they have assumed and embraces the whole of our ocean-bound domain. Let them leave to their children and children's children the grand example of never swerving from the path of duty, and preferring to return good for evil rather than to cherish the unmanly feeling of revenge."

_Davison._

_Davy_, or Davey.

_Dawe._

_Dawkins_, or Dakin.

_Dawson._

_Day._

_Deacon._

_Dean._

_Dearing_, or Deering.

_DeLacy_, or Lacy.

_Delmar_. An abbreviation of De la Mare.

_Denis_, or Dennis.

_Denney_, or Denny.

_Denton._

_Derry_, for D'Arry or D'Airy.

_Desha._ (Fr. Deshayes.) A grandson of Governor Desha of Kentucky, visiting many years ago the Valley of Wyoming, the ancestral home-place of the Desha family, found a venerable scion of the pioneer stock, who invariably spelt his name Deshay. Fields, woods, hedges, etc., give surnames to families. In the following line from an old French writer we find two family names, or at least words familiarly used as such:--_On lui dressoit des sentiers au travers des hayes de leurs bois_. The name Desha is accented on the second syllable, in Kentucky, this doubtless being the original pronunciation as implied by the ancestral orthography--"Deshay." Beyond the Seine in old Paris; beyond the Latin Quarter and the Faubourg St. Germain, near the fortifications, there stands--or did stand in the closing quarter of the last century--a block of antique villas. One of these was known as the _Villa Deshayes_. Captain Deshayes, of the French man-of-war _Le Grand Joseph_, made a gallant fight against two British frigates during the Colonial wars.

General Joseph Desha, after a brilliant military and political career, became Governor of Kentucky in 1824. His administration (says Collins, the old Whig historian) was strong and efficient. The message of Governor Desha of Kentucky, November 7, 1825, says Professor W. G. Sumner of Yale, "deserves attentive reading from any one who seeks to trace the movement of decisive forces in American political history."

Judge Bledsoe (the father-in-law of Governor Desha) is reported to have said that "Desha commenced his career with as sound a set of politics as any man in Kentucky, but it was his misfortune never to change them."

Even Desha's enemies concede that he made a brilliant and impressive appearance upon the hustings. His handsome person and carriage contributed much to this effect. He is described in that Hudibrastic skit, "The Stumpiad" (1816):

"With chapeau-bras and good broad sword,
And fine as any English lord."

(Vide sketch and portrait of Desha in No. 18 of the Publications of The Filson Club: Battle of the Thames.)

_Devereux._

_Devine._ William le Devin, Normandy, 1180-95.

_Dewey._

_Dickens_, or Digons. Digin or Diquon, an early "nurse-name" of Richard. Digg, Diggery, Dickman, Digman, Digins, Diggins, "Dickens"--name of the novelist. Also, Dickson, Dickenson.

"Dickins," used as a nickname of Satan, is a contraction of the diminutive _Devilkins_.

_Dietrich._ (Scan.) Didrik. Didrich, Diderk, Diderisk. (From a list of Frisian Personal and Family Names--Barber.)

_Dimmett_, for Diment.

_Dimmitt._

_Dixie._ Armorially identified with Dicey. From Diss, Norfolk, which belonged to Richard de Lucy, Governor of Falaise. The Confederate war-song, therefore, bears a Norman name.

_Dodson._ The son of Dode, Alwinus Dodesone, occurs in Domesday as a tenant-in-chief. It is an open question whether it is Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon. Even Lower is doubtful. There is a large connection of this name in Maryland and Kentucky. One branch is connected with the Botelers of Virginia. A good English stock.

_Doggett._

_Doniphan._ Probably an early form of Donovan. By old writers (says Lower) the name is written Dondubhan ("the brown-haired chief")--changed to Doniphan by the familiar substitution of p for b. The Doniphans of Kentucky were a strong race--lawyers, soldiers, physicians, etc. General William Nelson's mother was a Doniphan.

Joseph Doniphan came to the Fort at Boonesborough in 1777. He is said to have been the first school-teacher in Kentucky.

At the battle of Bracito, the Mexican leader of a large force called upon Colonel Doniphan (a Kentuckian) to surrender, with the alternative "no quarter."

"Surrender, or I will charge your lines!"

The answer came at once--"_Charge and be damned_!"

There was no surrender. The Mexicans lost.

Colonel Alexander Doniphan was a close maternal kinsman of General William Nelson, of Kentucky, and like him in many respects.

_Dougles_, or Dougless.

_Dover_, from Douvres or Dovers, Normandy. A baronet family which derived its name from a Scandinavian Dover at the conquest of Normandy, 912. Dover, Kentucky, is doubtless in the same line of descent.

_Dowell_, for Doel or Dol. Rivallon, Seneschal of Dol, ancestor of the Counts of Dol; connections of the du Guesclins (of France) and Stuarts (of Scotland). Passing into a Celtic environment, a Norman Dol or Dowell would naturally assume the Celtic prefix, "Mac," as in like circumstances English settlers have done. In Lord Stair's list of _Macs_, he gives _Dowale_, _Douall_, _Dowell_. McDowell is the form the name assumes in Virginia and Kentucky, one branch of the family (McDowells) being known as the _McDoles_, a traditional pronunciation of the name. The progenitor of the family, Colonel Samuel M. Dowell, was a Colonial leader in Virginia, and conspicuous and influential as a pioneer in Kentucky. He was President of the Convention that organized the State.

The common derivation of "Dowell" is from _Dougall_, and was intended in the Highlands to apply exclusively to the _Lowlander_; though quite as applicable to the "man from below." (Vide Lower: _Dhu_, black; _gall_, a stranger.)

_Downing._ Old English name familiar in Kentucky. A loc. n. Worc. (Eng.)

_Drake._ There is no reason to doubt that the Drakes of Devon were all originally of the same race. They bore a dragon (Draco), showing that their name had been Draco. The father of Daniel Drake came to Kentucky in the closing years of the Eighteenth Century, settling in the rich bluegrass county of Mason. Along with a rifle and an axe, he brought five books to the wilds of Kentucky, to wit, a Bible, a hymn book, an arithmetic, a spelling book, and the "Famous History of Montellion, a Romance of the Ages of Chivalry." "The Letters of Lord Chesterfield,"--borrowed by the father of Daniel from a friend in the neighboring Virginian colony--"fell in mighty close"--says the son--"with the tastes of the whole family." Chesterfield and Montellion:--ideal educators even in this "school of the woods," as it was happily termed by its most distinguished graduate, Doctor Daniel Drake.

Daniel Drake was not only a skillful physician and accomplished scholar, but he was the founder of a famous medical school, and an author whose productions, in the estimation of competent critics, have given him and his country a splendid and enduring renown. His elaborate and systematic treatise upon the Diseases of the Valley of the Mississippi is a work which lays broad the foundations of medico-geographical research in the Western Hemisphere, and foreshadows in masterly fashion the rigorous methods of physical science that are now universally in vogue. The author was an explorer by right of birth. He was a true son of his pioneer father, and a typical scion of an adventurous race. The daring navigator, Sir Francis Drake, the son of a Devonshire yeoman, was a true kinsman in spirit, and probably in blood. The same passion for exploration which drove the one to circle the universal seas in an English keel inspired the other to toil through the vast spaces of a continental wilderness and explore the haunts of pestilence upon the shores of the Mexican Gulf. It is doubtless as the author of that unique work--"The Diseases of the Great Interior Valley"--that Daniel Drake will chiefly be remembered, and certainly no one could desire a better title to remembrance. The motto of his famous "Journal," E SYLVIS NUNCIUS, is a succinct and happy characterization of the man. He was indeed an ambassador from nature, and his credentials have passed unchallenged to this day.

_Drewry._

_Duckworth._

_Dudley._

_Duer._

_Duncan_, or Dunkin.

_Duke._ Le Duc, Normandy, 1180-98. Radulphus Dux (or Duke), of Bucks, England, 1199. The name keeps its old distinction in Kentucky. It will long survive in social tradition and always hold a high place in the history of the State.

AN ANGLO-NORMAN FAMILY. _Dr. Basil Duke_, born in Calvert County, Maryland, 1766; died in Washington, Ky., 1828; married, 1794, Charlotte Marshall, born, 1777, in Fauquier County, Virginia; died in Washington, Kentucky, April 17, 1817. She was a sister of Chief-Justice Marshall.

1. Thomas Marshall Duke, born 1795, died about 1870; married:
1. Bettie Taylor.
2. Nancy Ashby.
3. ---- McCormick.

2. Mary Wilson Duke, born February 7, 1797; married, May 7, 1818, Dr. John F. Henry; died September, 1823.

3. James Keith Duke, born, Washington, Ky., 1799; died August 2, 1863; married, February 5, 1822, Mary Buford.

4. Nathaniel Wilson Duke, born 1806; died at Paris, Ky., July, 1850; married, October 4, 1833, Mary Currie. Parents of General Basil Duke.

5. John Marshall Duke, born, Washington, Ky., October 29, 1811, died in Maysville, Ky., 1880; married Hannah Morton.

6. Lucy Ann Duke born Washington, Ky., January 11, 1814; died Rock Island, Ill.; married, January 20, 1835, Charles Buford.

7. Charlotte Jane Duke, born Washington, Ky., January 20, 1817; died February, 1886; married, January 14, 1840, Harrison Taylor, "War" Speaker of the House of Representatives. (Kentucky.)

The Dukes of South Mason are descended from Alexander Duke of Maryland, a tall, vigorous specimen of the Anglo-Norman breed who lived to be nearly one hundred years of age. His son, Dr. Basil Duke, was a brigade surgeon in the Confederate service.

_Durrell_, from Durell. Armorially identified with Darrell, Durrant, Durran, Durrock, and possibly Durrett. (Vide Durrett.) Note how slight a change converts the Norman name Clarte into Claret. So, Druett into Durrett.

_Durrett._ A surname traceable beyond the Conquest, and having all the marks of a Norman surname. If not of literal record in our various lists, it is evidence of defect in the list itself. It is a familiar tradition in Colonel Paul Durrett's family that the original form of the surname was _Duret_, and that the family was of French extraction. Widely separated branches of the same stock have the same tradition. Every village in Normandy--says Camden--has "surnamed" a family in England. It is easy to perceive, therefore, that the number of surnames thus derived, added to the number derived from other sources, would oblige the compilers of genealogical dictionaries from sheer exhaustion to _omit_ many names. There is a simple process of linguistic mutation which explains the genesis of many words. It is known as _transposition_. It may be a transposition of _letters_, as in the simple name _Crisp_, transpose the terminal letters and we have the familiar name _Crips_; or it may be a transposition of _syllables_, of which we have a famous example in _Al-macks_, _decelticized_ for Anglican uses by a simple transposition of the syllables in the Celtic surname--_Mack-All_. So, Durand, Durant (vide Battle Abbey Roll and D. B.), DeRuelle, Durelle, Druell, Durell, Durel, Durell (Huguenot, London, 1697), Durrell; so, too, Drouet (Nor. Fr.), Druet, Druett, Durrett. _Duré_ is a French surname easily Normanized by the addition of the diminutive suffix _et_ or _ett_, giving us Duré, Duret, or Durett; and when consonantally _braced_ (more Anglico) by doubling the "r," we have _Durrett_--a familiar surname in Kentucky. _Dur_, the adjective, means _hard, durable, enduring_; the noun _Dur_ is _door_; _ett_ is a Norman suffix; giving the ancient surname _Durrett_ a characteristic Norman stamp, structure, and _cachet_.

_Dye_, for Deye.

_Dyer._

_Eames._ Ames.

_Edmonds_, or Edmunds.

_Egerton._

_Eckert._

_Eliot._

_Ellis_, or Alis, from Alis near Pont de l'Arche. The sensational duel between Major Thomas Marshall and Captain Charles Mitchell was fought upon the place of Mr. Washington Ellis, near Maysville, Ky. It has been well described by Dr. Anderson Nelson Ellis, his son, an accomplished writer and physician.

_Ellison._

_Emet_, or Emmett, from Amiot, Normandy.

_English_, or Inglis; families of this name are all Norman. England is another form of Anglicus.

_Eve_, or Ives.

_Everett_, from Evreux. (Normandy.)

_Fail_, for Faiel, Fales. William Faiel, Normandy, 1180. Reginald Fale, England, 1272.

_Faint_ for Fant.

_Falconer_, or Falkner.

_Farish_, or Fariss or Ferris.

_Farley_, or Varley.

_Farrer_, armorially identified with Ferrers of Bere. Ferrers, Farrow, the same. A large family, well and widely connected in Virginia and Kentucky. Archdeacon Farrer is of the same gens. The name is variously spelled Farrer, Farrow, Farra, Farrers.

_Faulconer_, for Falconer; also Faulkner.

_Fell_, _Fayle_, or Fail, Fales.

_Fickling._

_Field._ Richard de la Felda is mentioned in Normandy, temp. John (Mem. Soc. Ant. Norm. V. 126). Burke (Landed Gentry) states under the head De la Field that this family was originally seated in Alsace near the Vosges Mountains. The author of "The Norman People" says the name embraces both English and Norman families. Pierce's great two-volume "Genealogy" (profusely illustrated) exhibits the prodigious growth in America, including such names as Cyrus Field, Justice Field, Marshall Field, and Judge Curtis Field. The Kentucky Fields were connected by marriage with the Clays of Bourbon. Pierce's genealogy gives very pleasing views of "Auvergne," the home of the Field-Clays. This estate was inherited by Hon. Cassius M. Clay, Jr., of Bourbon. Henry Field (Eng. 1611) came to Virginia in 1635. Lieutenant Henry Field, Culpeper County, Virginia, married Ann Lightfoot, May, 1771. His will made November 19, 1777. His daughter, Judith Field, married Francis Taylor, of Maryland, in Louisville, Ky., February 14, 1774. Francis Taylor studied law with Judge Sebastian in Louisville. Lucretia, a daughter of Francis and Judith Taylor, married Captain James B. Robinson. The Fields family of Tennessee (afterward of Kentucky) are now in the North, the brothers James and Henry being conspicuous in the management of important steel and iron trusts. Their sister, Mrs. Charles D. Lanier, is a resident of New York City. Her husband (a son of the famous Southern poet) is now at the head of "The Review of Reviews."

_Fillpot_ or Philpot, from Philipot, diminutive of Philip.

_Finch._

_Finney._

_Fisher._

_Fisk_, or Fyska.

_Fitch_, or Fitz.

_Fitzgerald._

_Flanders_, or Flamders. Common in England after the Conquest.

_Fleet._

_Fleming._ The Flemings of Fleming are derived from the Flemings of Virginia.

_Fleming._ The Flemings of "Wigton" came from Flanders in the train of William the Conqueror. Sir Thomas Fleming came to Virginia in 1626. Colonel John Fleming (another Wigtonshire Fleming) came from Virginia to Kentucky in 1790. His grandson, John Donaldson Fleming, was also a pioneer and served with marked efficiency as United States District Attorney for Colorado.

_Fletcher._

_Flowers._

_Foakes_, or Fowkes.

_Foley._

_Folk._ Governor of Missouri. A political leader of distinction.

_Follett._

_Force_, de Forz.

_Foreman_, or Forman for Fairman. The Forman family of Kentucky (local pronunciation _Fur_-man) forms one of the largest and most influential connections in the State. They are Scandinavians of a high type.

_Forrest._

_Forrester._

_Forster_, or Foster. James Lane Allen was a Foster in the maternal line.

_Fountain_, de Fonte.

_Fowke_, Gerard, a Kentuckian, directed the later Horsford Excavations at Cambridge. He is a descendant of the "Elizabethan" Fowke, a Virginian pioneer. His latest paper described his explorations of the Lower Amur Valley. It was a cold trail, but the story is one of singular interest.

_Fowkes_, or Fowke. See Foakes.

_Fowler._

_Fox_, or Reinard. The Norman name was translated in England after the Conquest, being previously Rainer, Renard, etc. The celebrated Fox family of England was derived from Le Fox, Normandy. Renard de Douvres is familiarly known in Kentucky as "Fox of Dover." The Fox family of Dover are descendants of a wealthy Virginian, Arthur Fox, distinguished among the pioneer citizens of the State. Judge Fountain Fox of Boyle and the Southern novelist, John Fox, were doubtless derived from the same Anglo-Norman stock.

_Francis_, Governor of Missouri; Organizer of the World's Fair in commemoration of the Louisiana Purchase.

_Frazee_, Fraser, Frazier, Fraize, a loc. n. in France. Fr. Fraiseur. From _fraiser_, to fortify with stakes. Samuel Frazee, a revolutionary soldier, came to Madison County, Ky., in 1792. Progenitor of a large and prominent family in the State. Doctor Lewis J. Frazee, of Louisville, was author of "A Medical Student, Europe," a mid-century publication.

_Freyer_, or Frier. (Old Norse.) Armorially identified in Normandy with Frere. Ansgot Frater, of Normandy, 1198. In England, 1326.

_Gaines._

_Gairdner_, or Gardner (C. Jardinier).

_Gambier._

_Gamble._

_Garland._

_Garrard_, for Gerard; Ralph and William Gerard, Normandy, 1180-95. Twenty-six of the name in England, 1272.

_Garratt._ Roger and William Garrett, of Normandy, 1180.

_Garrett._

_Gaskin._

_Gaskins._

_Gates._

_Gault._

_Gay._ Ralph Gai, Normandy, 1180. Robert de Gay, a benefactor to Osney, Oxford.

_Geary_, or Gery, Normandy, 1165. William de Gueri. Of this name are the baronets Geary.

_Gentry_, Chantry. From Chaintre, near Macon.

_Gibbon_, or Gibbons.

_Gibbs._

_Gibson._

_Gilbert._

_Gill_, Gille or Giles.

_Gillman._

_Gilpin_, Galopin.

_Glen_, or Glenn.

_Goble_, for Gobel.

_Goddard._

_Godfrey._

_Goggin_, or Gogin, Normandy, 1195; England, 1272. William L. Goggin was a mid-century Governor of Virginia. Lucien B. Goggin, his brother, was a prominent citizen of Kentucky. This ancient surname is distinctly traceable by record from Normandy to England; from England to Virginia; from Virginia to Kentucky. And this is but one out of _many names_, officially recorded in Normandy, that reappear, hundreds of years afterward, in Kentucky.

_Goode._

_Gooding._

_Goodman._

_Gordon_, or Berwick (Anglo-Norman, also a Celtic clan name).

_Goring._

_Gosling._

_Gossett._

_Gowan._

_Graham_, in all the early records of England, means Grantham in Lincoln. William de Graham, who settled in Scotland, came from Grantham. Ralph, hereditary chamberlain of Normandy, had two grandsons--(1) Rabel, ancestor of the Chamberlains of Normandy. (2) William de Graham, ancestor of Montrose and Dundee.

_Grand_, Le Grant, Grand; Scottish Grants are Celtic.

_Graves._

_Gray_, Greey or Grey. From Gray, Normandy, near Caen.

_Grenfell._ Recalling the name of the gallant Englishman that rode with Morgan.

_Gresham._

_Gunn._ William de Gons, Normandy, 1280. William Gun, England, 1272. Dennis Gunn, Kentucky, 1870.

_Gurney_, from De Gournay.

_Gurdon_, from Gourdon, near Calais.

_Hailie_, for Hailly or D'Aily.

_Haines._ From Haisne, near Arras.

_Haley_, for Hailey.

_Haley_, for Hailey. Percy Haley is notably Anglo-Norman.

_Hall._

_Halliday_, or Holliday. Recalls the famous Overland Route.

_Halliday_, from Halyday, Normandy. A name historically associated in America with the great Overland Route, as is also Blanchard (q.v.). Benjamin Holliday, William Blanchard, and Judge Thomas A. Marshall (President of the Central Pacific) were Kentuckians born within a few miles of each other, near the northern border of the State. All pioneers of Scandinavian blood.

_Halsey._

_Ham._ From the Castle of Ham, Normandy. William _du_ Ham, Normandy, 1180. William _de_ Ham, England, 1272.

_Hamer._ Heirmir, the name of a jarl. It was that stout fighter, General Hamer, who sent Ulysses Grant to West Point.

_Hamilton._ A well-known family in Kentucky.

_Hamilton._ Gilbert de Hamelden had estates in Surrey, holding his lands from the Honour of Huntingdon, and, therefore, from the Kings of Scotland (1254). His elder son, Walter, was one of the Barons of Scotland, and held the barony of Hamilton. The family dates from Normandy, 1130. The most illustrious descendant of this noble Scottish family was an American--Alexander Hamilton--who, according to that very eminent authority, Prince Talleyrand, "was the greatest man of his epoch," an epoch illustrated by such names as Napoleon and Washington--his greatness consisting peculiarly in this, that he was not only variously gifted--soldier, scholar, orator, administrator, political philosopher and financier, but, like William of Normandy, he was a creative or constructive statesman, and his mother, like the Maiden of Falaise, was a daughter of France. In a brilliant and powerful work descriptive of his life, he is fitly styled the "Conqueror," and an American Senator, writing upon the same lines, adopts practically the same views. The discussion in both instances is conducted with perfect frankness and in perfect taste. In a speech at the recent Home-Coming in Louisville, an eloquent Kentuckian made felicitous reference to a similar instance in which (it was alleged) destiny (or subterranean tradition) had assigned to a daughter of the people the same illustrious rôle. Whatever the facts, there is a philosophy that rises above conventions; precisely as if it should say--"In the higher planes of life, the conceptions of social evolution are sometimes predestinated and immaculate." Who knows? Thus much at least may be conceded to the maiden of the wilderness, to the daughter of the tropics, and to the Maiden of Falaise, that no three women who have figured in profane history as the mothers of great men have more profoundly affected the destinies of the English or Anglo-Norman race.

_Hampden._

_Hampton._ Norman-French. De Hantona.

_Hancock._ Hancoc or Hencot--These names were gradually changed to Hancock.

_Hanks._ According to Lower, an old Cheshire "nick"-name of Randolph. The name Randolph has given rise to many "diminutives," as Rankin, Randolph, Randy, Ranson, Hankin, Hankey, Hanks, resembling in this respect the prolific "Peter" (q.v.). In the struggle for existence the monosyllabic "Hanks" has survived to share the distinction of the original surname. To have been borne by the mother of Lincoln is quite enough to render it illustrious for all time. A contemporary said of her that "she was a woman of superior natural endowments of mind and of great amiability and kindness of heart. She was always gentle, always kind, but far more energetic than her husband. She was quick-witted, with a great relish for the humorous and a keen appreciation of fun." Her husband generously described her occasional "complaints" as "chirping"--a gracious felicity of speech. Whatever the wit and charm of the woman, there was certainly humor, with tenderness and imagination, in the man.

Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin County, Ky., in February, 1809, three and a half years after the marriage of his father and mother. She died in October, 1818. She was buried near the present site of Lincoln City, and lay for many years in an unmarked grave. A "sculptured monument" now marks the spot. It is a beautiful shaft of white marble and bears the impressive legend: "Beneath this shaft lies in peace all that is mortal of NANCY LINCOLN, mother of Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United States."

_Hanson_, Hausen (Scand).

_Harben_ (Norman) or Harbin, de Harpin: Harbinson.

_Harcourt._ The Earls of Harcourt were descended from Bernard, "the Dane," who was chief counselor and second in command to Rollo or Rolf in his invasion of Neustria, 875, and received for his services a chateau ("Harcourt") near Brionne in France. Robert de Harcourt attended William the Conqueror to the Conquest of England. "Harcourt" is notably a name of "high life."

_Harden_, or Hardin. Walter Hardin, a true Norman name.

_Hardin._ Ben Hardin, the great Kentucky lawyer, on one occasion when traveling the circuit breakfasted with his kinsman, Major Barbour, a prominent citizen of a pious community. Mrs. Barbour, who had little taste for the profane writers, but read her Bible daily, was truly a mother in Israel; and was as hospitable to sinners as to saints. The problem before the venerable hostess was to make the conversation interesting to the great lawyer. Roosevelt and the Kaiser were not at the front in those days, and the conversation naturally flagged; but the old lady soon found a satisfactory substitute for the great modern rulers, and turned suddenly upon her imposing kinsman with the query, "Benjamin, what do you think of SOLOMON?" Ben had evidently studied the subject, for he answered instantly, "SOLOMON, madam, was a magnificent damned scoundrel."

_Hardin_, Hardinge, D. B. Harding, Hardingus, Hardine. In old Norse, Haddingjar. Harden for Ardern or Hardern. Ralph de Ardern was Lord of Bracebridge. The family of Arden or Ardern (with aspirate, Harden) was Norman and went to England in 1066. Bernard "the Dane" was Regent of Normandy, 940.

_Harden_, for Hardern or Ardern; or _Arden_ with aspirate.

_Hardy._

_Harris_, for Heris, Normandy. Harsee, Normandy, 1198.

_Harris_, for Heriz. Ralph Heriz, Normandy, 1180-'95. Ivo de Heriz, England, 1130.

_Harrison._ Philip and Gilbert Heriçon, Normandy, 1180. Henry Harsent, England, 1272. In Virginia, a great name.

(1) The famous French economist, Michel Chevalier, traveled in the United States in 1835. He says in one of his _Lettres_ that he remarked at the table of the hotel a man of about 60 years of age who had the lively air and alert carriage of a youth. He was impressed by the amenity of his manners and by a certain air of command which peered even through his "linsey" habit. This, he learned, was the distinguished American general, Harrison, victor in the Battle of the Thames, one of the two very celebrated battles of the war, the other being the Battle of Tippecanoe. If a "Norman" battle was ever fought upon this continent, it was the Battle of the Thames. It might have recalled to the Conqueror his own baptism of fire. On the eve of battle the American commander changed his plans. Having learned that Colonel James Johnson's cavalry had been drilled to _charge in the woods_, he ordered a charge to be made by the mounted Kentuckians upon the British line, which was drawn up in a wooded strip of ground between the river and the swamp. Their artillery was planted in the wagon road which bisected the center of the British line. The column of Kentuckians flanking the artillery was launched upon the right of the Saxon line with irresistible force. Reserving their fire and reversing the movement, they charged the broken and disordered line from the rear, pouring upon it a destructive fire. The victory was complete. Colonel R. M. Johnson charged the Indians in their covert on the left; and it was here, in a close hand-to-hand struggle, that Tecumseh fell, bequeathing a lifelong controversy to his foes. It was ultimately settled, however, in the popular mind by the traditional couplet--

"Humpsy, Dumpsy,
Humpsy, Dumpsy,
Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh."

_Harrison._ Heriçon, Normandy, 1180.

_Harrop._ La Herupe.

_Harrow._

_Hart._

_Hart._ LeCerf, Ralph Cerfus, Normandy, 1180-1198. In England translated into Herte, also Harte.

_Harvey_, Harvie, Hervey, Herveus, 1198, Normandy. Sire Hervey is mentioned in Piers Plowman. The early pronunciation of Hervey was _Harvey_. Now, generally pronounced as spelled.

_Hatcher._

_Haughton._

_Hawes._ Richard Hawes, Confederate Governor of Kentucky.

_Hawkins._ From the Manor of Hawkings, Kent, held by Walter Hawkins, 1326. Colonel Tom Hawkins of Kentucky, who fought with Lopez in Cuba, was a typical Anglo-Norman.

_Hawley._

_Hay_, or de la Haye.

_Hay_, or de la Hey, Hay. Armorially identified with Hayes, from Hayes, near Blois. Vide Desha or Deshayes.

_Hayles._

_Hayley._

_Hayne_, or Haynes.

_Hearn_, from Heron, near Rouen.

_Hedge._

_Helm._ Andrew de Helm, England, 1262. (Normandy, 1198.)

_Herd_, for Hert, Hart.

_Hert._

_Hewett_, or Hewitt. From Huest or Huet, near Evreux. Also, Hewettson.

_Hibberd._

_Hickey_, Hequet, Normandy.

_Hicks._

_Higgin_, Hequet, Normandy. Higginson.

_Hill._ The English form of De Morete. For Helle or de Heille, near Beaurais. The family was spread throughout Kent and Surrey.

_Himes._

_Hitt._

_Hoare._ Aure from Auray, in Bretagne. _Aure_, with aspirate, becomes _Hoare_.

_Hogg_, or De Hoge. From La Hogue in the Contentin.

_Hoghton_, Hocton.

_Hoide._

_Hoile_, or Hoyle. Norman Hoel, a familiar name in Kentucky.

_Holburd_, Halbert, Alberd, Albert.

_Holiday_, or Holliday. Ben Holliday, forerunner of the Stanfords and Huntingtons.

_Holland_, de Hoilant, Normandy, 1180.

_Holles_, for Hollis. Robert de Holis, Normandy, 1198.

_Holmes_ (William der Holme).

_Holmes._ From Norse Holmer (an islet in a lake). D. B. de Holme, a tenant in chief. William du Holme, 1180-95.

_Hood._ Norse Udi. Danish Hude. The popular hero, Robin, seems to have been of Scandinavian descent. John Hood, of Kentucky, was pre-eminently a "fighting general." Jesse James was the Robin Hood of our day.

_Hooker._

_Hooper._

_Hord._ A Swedish name, borne by a general of Charles XII.

_Howel._

_Hudson._ Hudson of Maysville, an intimate friend of General Grant.

_Hughes._

_Hulbard._ For Hubert.

_Humfrey._

_Humphry._

_Humphrey._ Notably a Norman name. As theologians, lawyers, scholars, the Humphreys of Kentucky have sustained the ancient distinction of the name.

_Hunt_, Le Huant, Normandy, 1198.

_Hunter_ (Venator or Le Veneur).

_Hunter._ English form of Le Veneur.

_Huntley._

_Hurt._

_Hutchings_, or Hutchins, Houchin.

_Hyatt_ (Haytt).

_Ingall._ For Angall.

_Ingle._ For Angle.

_Inglis_, or Anglicus.

_Ingram._

_Innes_ (the Baronets Innes).

_Ireland_ (DeHibernis, Normandy, 1180).

_Jack._ For Jacques; William Jack, England, 172.

_Jackson._ A name of the family Lascelles.

_James._ St. James, Normandy.

_Janvier._ (January.) At least three branches in this country from a common ancestor in France. The name is sometimes anglicized--notably in Missouri and Kentucky.

_Jarvis_ (Gervasius, Normandy, 1180).

_Jeffreys_ (with various forms), Geoffrey, Geoffrey's son, Jefferson. In the home-coming reception Mason and Jefferson hold the extremes of the receiving line.

_Jennings_, from Genn or Canon, Chanum, Chanon, Chanoun, Jenun, Jenning or Jennings, William Jennings Bryan. Vide Bryan.

_Jewell_, from Juel or Judæ de Mayenne.

_Jewett_, or Guet, Normandy, 1180.

_Johnson._ The Johnsons of Ayscough-Fee, County Lincoln, claim from the house of FitzJohn of Normandy (Guillim's Display of Heraldry). A distinguished name in Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky.

_Johnston_ is Scandinavian. Probably the most conspicuous and influential Scandinavian in the United States at this time bears that name. He is a native of Scandinavia. The most notable American of that race and name was the Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston. There are two pictures of him that will live in the popular mind: (1) As he stood, silent and absorbed, beside his camp fire on the night before Shiloh; (2) As he led that dashing and successful charge on the following day. A soldier worthy of his race.

_Julian._ From St. Julian, Normandy.

_Karr._

_Kays._

_Kerr._ Appears to be a branch of the Norman house of Espec. The name is variously given as Kerr, Karr, Carr, Cairo, Carum. Lucien Carr was author of a History of Missouri.

_Keats_, for Keate. Keats the poet had a brother who lived in Louisville, Ky.

_Keats_, Keat, Keyt, Kate. In Collins' History, page 557, Vol. 2, the reader notes the following reference to this name--"The most celebrated female school in the West at the time was in Washington, 1807-12; that of Mrs. Louisa Caroline Warburton Fitzherbert Keats, sister of Sir George Fitzherbert, of St. James Square, and wife of Reverend Mr. Keats, a relation of the celebrated poet."--The Keats family of Louisville (closely related to the poet) was conspicuous in the early history of that city. They were connections of the famous Speed family of Kentucky.

_Kehoe._ (French) Cahot; Cahut; Cayeux, p. n.

_Kenney_ (De Kani, 1198, Normandy).

_Kentain_, for Kintan or Quentin. Simon Kenton was always known among the plain people as Kinton, though, in early Kentucky statutes, the name is spelled _Canton_, no doubt as then pronounced, even by "scollards." Kenton, a "place" name near the northeast coast of England. Much of our old Kentucky stock is Northumbrian.

_Keith._

_Key._

_Keyes._

_Kimball_, for Kemble.

_King_ (Rex de LeRoy, Normandy, 1180).

_Kinsey_, for Kensey.

_Kirk_, or Quirk, de Querçu.

_Kissill._ For Cecil, which is also sometimes Sissell, Knight (Miles or Knight, Normandy).

_Knott_, for Canot or Canute.

_Knott_ (Danish), Knouth. Norse Knöttr (a ball or knob, as a Knot on oak).

_Kydd_, or Kidd.

_Kyle_, or Keyle.

_Lacy_, or Lacey. A baronial name from Lasey, between Vire and Aulnay. Walter de Lacy was in the battle of Hastings, and Captain Walter Lacy of Kentucky was a soldier in the Mexican War.

_Lamb_ (Robert, Agnus, and Ralph, Normandy, 1180).

_Lambton._ A Durham family from the Barons of Tarp and Normandy.

_Landor_, or Lander. From Landers, Burgundy. From this family Walter Landor, the poet.

_Larken_, Larkin, Largan, Largant, Larcamp, Larkins, Normandy, 1180.

_Laurence_, Lorenz, Normandy, 1180; also Lawrence.

_Lawson_, from Loison, Normandy, 1180.

_Lee_, Leigh, De la Mare. Stephen Lee, the progenitor of the Kentucky Lees, was born in Prince William County, Virginia, and died in Mason County, Kentucky. His first wife--the widow Magruder--was the mother of Priscilla Lee, who married William Botts of Virginia. His second wife died without issue. His third wife was Mrs. Ann Dunn. Her son, Henry, who rose to distinction in the history of Kentucky, was born April 2, 1757. He married Mary Young.

The question is sometimes asked, "How were the descendants of Stephen Lee related to the Lees of the Northern Neck?" Many years ago the writer of this note saw in a collection of old papers made by that able and conscientious antiquary, William D. Hixson,[13] a letter from General Henry Lee of Virginia ("Light-Horse Harry") to General Henry Lee of Kentucky, in which the latter was addressed as "Dear Cousin." The letter was in relation to certain lands in Mason County then owned by a daughter, Priscilla Lee; and was of peculiar interest as confirming the familiar tradition of a connection by blood between the two families of Lee. The name "Lee" is traced by English genealogists to Scandinavia. (Vide sketch of the Lee family in the "Register," by Lucy Coleman Lee.)

[13] W. D. Hixson, the "Old Mortality" of Mason, is now a resident of Mt. Sterling, Kentucky.

_Lemon_, Lemmus, Normandy, 1180.

_Lenard_, or Leonard. For Leonard from St. Leonard near Fecamp, Normandy.

_Lenney_, or Linney, from Launer, Normandy.

_Lewis_, DeLues or Luiz, Normandy, 1180.

_Liddell._ From Lydale, on Scottish border; seat of a Norman.

_Lile_, for Lisle.

_Lincoln._ Alured de Lincoln came from Normandy with the Conqueror; held a great barony in Lincoln and Bedford. From a collateral branch, it is said--and the branches were numerous--descended the greatest of the "Rulers of Men," Abraham Lincoln.

_Lincoln._ The following appreciation of the character of Abraham Lincoln is from Paul Bourget's Outre-Mer. The judgment of posterity is probably anticipated in this discriminating characterization by an able foreign writer: "That heroic struggle has left more noble vestiges than the shameful abuse of electoral pensions: the recollection in the first place of a common bravery, the proof that American industrialism has not in the least diminished the energies of the race; again, the legend of Lincoln, of one of those men who by their example alone model after their mind the conscience of an entire country. That personage, so American by the composite character of his individuality, humorous and pathetic at the same time; that politician experienced in all trickeries and nevertheless so capable of idealism and mysticism; that half-educated man who had at times magnificent simplicities of eloquence; that old wood-cutter, his face bitter with disgust, yet luminous with hope, worn out with trials and still so strong; that statesman so close to the people and nevertheless with so broad a vision, remains the most modern of heroes, one whom the United States can boldly place in opposition to a Napoleon, a Cavour, a Bismarck. The South to-day recognizes his greatness as well as the North. He had the luck to be exactly the workman that was needed for the task which he undertook, and to die as soon as that task was achieved. Such circumstances continued form great destinies."

"Abraham Lincoln" (says one of his admiring compatriots) "was an incomparable leader of men. While McClellan and Grant could conduct more or less successfully the operations of a hundred thousand men in the field, it was Abraham Lincoln alone that could keep in hand the vast and turbulent electorate of eighteen Northern States. It was Lincoln's consummate generalship, happily for the South, that held these radical and aggressive elements in check: '_Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem._'"

_Lindsay_, or de Lines. Branch of a baronial Norman house; one of the sovereign families that ruled in Norway till dispossessed by Harold Harfager. The name "Lindsay" is from the Norman seigneury Limesay. There are various branches with armorial identifications pointing to a common origin. Chief Justice Lindsay, of Kentucky, stands in the front rank of Anglo-Norman lawyers.

_Lisle._

_Littell_, or Little. Parvus or Le Petit, Normandy, 1180.

_Littleton_, or Lytleton.

_Lockett_, for Lockhart.

_Long._ Petrus de Longa, Normandy.

_Lovell._ Louvel, Normandy, 1180.

_Lucas._ From De Lukes or Luches.

_Luckett_, for Lockett.

_Luke._ From St. Luc, near Evreux, Normandy.

_Luttrell_, Ralph and Robert Lotrel, Normandy, 1180.

_Lyle_, for Lisle.

_Lyon._ From Lions, Normandy.

_Lyttleton._ From Vantort, Maine. Lord Chief Justice Lytleton was of this house.

_Machin._ From LeMachun or LeMeschun.

_Mainwaring._ Mesnil, Larin, a well-known Norman family.

_Major._ Normandy, 1198.

_Maltby._ (Scandinavian.)

_Malby._ For Malbiæ, Normandy, 1180.

_Man_, or Mann.

_Manning._ From Maignon, Normandy, 1180.

_March._ From Marchie, Normandy.

_Markland._ An old Scandinavian name. It was given by Eric in his voyage of exploration (year 1000) to the "wooded" coast of Cape Breton, or Nova Scotia.

_Marsh._ DeMarisco, Normandy, 1180.

_Marshall._ There are 62 coats of arms of this name, generally Normans, the principal of these being the Earls of Pembroke. Colonel Thomas Marshall of Virginia, the father of the great Chief Justice, lived near Washington, Mason County, Ky. He died in 1802. His grave in the family burying-ground near the old home ("The Hill") has attracted many visitors of late years, and the family homestead near Washington was once visited by the Chief Justice himself. John Marshall was probably the greatest American lawyer of Anglo-Norman descent; and certainly, as Mr. Barrett Wendell says, "the most eminent Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States."

Judge Thomas A. Marshall, who recently passed away at Salt Lake City, a grandson of old Colonel Thomas Marshall, was also a "pioneer." He became the greatest mining lawyer in the West, and President of the Central Pacific Railroad. Lytleton, Coke, Chitty, Denman, and other great English lawyers were derived from that same learned, astute, and litigious Norman race.

_Martin._ Ralph, John, William, Normandy, 1198; William Martin, England, 1178.

_Mason._ William Le Mazon, Normandy, 1198; Hugh Le Maun, England, 1198. Mason County, named after the famous Virginian, George Mason, by the Legislature of Virginia in 1788, and not (as recently proclaimed) after a Governor of Michigan, who in all likelihood was not born when the county was named.

_Massey._

_Massie._

_Massy._ A well-known Norman family, Macy, whence the name is derived, was seated near Coutances and Avranches, Normandy.

_May._ From De Mai, Normandy, 1180; De May, England, 1272. Maysville, Ky., named after John May.

_Mayhew_, for Mayo.

_Mead_, or Meade. The English form of De Prato, Normandy, 1180.

_Menzies_, or De Maners, or later in Scotland, Manners.

_Mercer_, Mercier; Normandy.

_Merrill._

_Miall_, Miel, Mihell, Mighell (the last a mediæval form of Michael). Lower also derives Mitchell from Michael through the French form Michel.

_Miles._

_Mill._

_Miller_, or Milner, in Normandy Molendinarius.

_Mills_, from Miles.

_Milton_, or Middleton. Armorially identified with the Norman family De Camville, in the Cotentin. The poet Milton was of this stock.

_Minors_, or Minor. A distinguished family long settled in Virginia. De Mineriis, Normandy, 1198; in England also, 1198.

_Mitchell_, for Michel.

_Mitchell._ Rudulphus Michael, Normandy, 1180-'95. William de St. Michael, England, 1198. Michael, Michel, Michell.

_Montagu._ From Montaigu or Montacute, Normandy.

_Montgomery_, DeMonte. Gourmeril, Normandy, many branches.

_Moodie._

_Moody._

_Moore_ (de More).

_Morey._ English pronunciation of Moret.

_Morton_, for Moreton.

_Morton._ Ralph de Morteine.

_Mountjoy._ Pagonus de Montegaii, Normandy, 1097; the family was seated in Notts and Derby. Early settlers in Virginia and Kentucky.

_Mowbray._ Baronial family, Castle of Molbrai.

_Mullins_, for Molines.

_Mundey_, for Munday.

_Murrell_, for Morrall.

_Nelson_, Nilson. Of Norman descent, who settled in Norfolk, was the direct ancestor of Admiral Lord Nelson. Original form Neilson or Neilsen.

_Neville_, De Nova Villa, Normandy, 1180. The families of Neville, Beaugenay, and Baskeville are descended from a common ancestor. The Nevilles are most numerous in Lincoln.

_Newton._ The most famous of this large family, Sir Isaac Newton, was of Norman descent.