Chapter XLII: Part I: 288-305 (1)

Kellner, M. L.--The Deluge in the Izdubar Epic and the Old Testament.

[Reprinted from the Church Review, November, 1888.]

Lacouperie, T. de.--Origin from Babylonia and Elam of the Early Chinese Civilization. Series of articles in the BOR III-VIII.

[Also in book form under the title, 'Origin of Early Chinese
Civilization and its Western Sources.' (London 1894.)
Lacouperie's method is unsatisfactory. The theory, however,
merits farther investigation.]

Lotz, W.--Quaestiones de Historia Sabbati. (Leipzig 1883.)

Lyon, D. G.--Assyrian Study: Its Bearing on the Old Testament. The Christian Register, 1885, Nos. 15, 16.

Menant, J.--Remarques sur un Cylindre du Musee Britannique. La Bible et les Cylindres Chaldeens. CR, 1879, 270-286.

[Discussion of a scene on a cylinder supposed to represent the
first human pair and the serpent.]

Meyer, Ed.--Der Babylonische Einfluss auf Judenthum und Christenthum. BAZ, 1894, No. 344.

Oppert, J.--Origines Communes de la Chronologie Cosmogonique des Chaldeens el des Dates de la Genese. APC, 6th series, XIII. 237-240.

Palmer, A. S.--Babylonian Influence on the Bible and Popular Beliefs. Tehom and Tiamat, Hades and Satan: a Comparative Study of Genesis, i., ii. (London 1897.)

Robiou, F.--L'Etat Religieux de la Grece et de l'Orient au Siecle d'Alexandre ... II. Les Regions Syro-Babyloniens et l'Eran. (Paris 1896.)

[Unsatisfactory, and not based on independent researches.]

Sayce, A. H.--The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments. (London 1894.)

[Suggestive, but unreliable. Full of inaccuracies.]

---- Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments. (2d ed. London 1886.)

Schleussner.--Die Bedeutung der Ausgrabungen in dem Euphrat und Tigris-Gebiet fuer das Alte Testament. (Wittenberg 1892.)

Schrader, E.--Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament. 3d ed. (Announced for 1898.)

[English translation of the 2d German ed., 'The Cuneiform
Inscriptions and the Old Testament.' London 1885-1889.]

Sillem, C. H. W.--Das Alte Testament im Lichte der Assyrischen Forschungen und ihrer Ergebnisse. (Hamburg 1877.)

Simpson, William.--The Tower of Babel and the Birs Nimroud. TSBA IX. 307-332.

Stucken, Edward.--Astralmythen der Hebraer, Babylonier und Aegypter. Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Parts I., II. (Leipzig 1896-1897.)

[Rather fanciful.]

Tallquist, K. L.--Altbabylonischer Aberglauben in den Abendlaendern. [In Norwegian]; Valvoja, Helsingfors, 1896, 498-520.

---- Fornbabyloniska och hebraeiska psalmer. Finisk Tidskrift, Mars 1892.

Tiele, C. P..--Die Assyriologie und ihre Ergebnisse fuer die Religionsgeschichte.

[German translation by Friederick. Leipzig 1878.]

Toy, C. H.--Esther as a Babylonian Goddess. The New World, VI. 130-145.

Vigouroux, F.--Le Bible et les Decouvertes Modernes en Palestine, en Egypte et en Assyrie. 4 vols. (Paris 1884-1885.)

[Written from a Catholic standpoint, but comprehensive and
accurate.]

Wahrmund.--Babylonierthum, Judenthum und Christentum. (Leipzig 1882.)

Ward, W. H.--Light on Scriptural Texts from Recent Discoveries, Hebrew and Babylonian Poetry. The Homiletic Review, 1895, 408.

Zehnpfund, R.--Einige zeitgemaesse Bemerkungen ueber den Wert der Assyriologie fuer die alttestamentliche Litteraturkritik. (Ernste Allotria. Dessau 1896.)

Zimmern, H.--Die Assyriologie als Huelfswissenschaft fuer das Studium des Alten Testaments und des Klassischen Alterthums. (Koenigsberg 1889.)

---- Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Purimfestes. (Zeits. f. alttest. Wiss., XI. 157-169.)

Zschokke, Hermann.--Ueber die Wichtigkeit der Assyriologischen Forschungen, insbesondere fuer das Alttestamentliche Bibelstudium. (Vienna 1884.)

INDEX.

_A_, or _Malkatu_,
her names and their explanation, 74;
position and relationship to Shamash, 74-5, 176, 685;
temples of A and Shamash in Larsa and Borsippa, 70, 241;
temple E-edinna in Sippar, 640.

_Ab_, 5th month, sacred to Nin-gish-zida, 462, 547;
"the mission of Ishtar," 564;
festival of Ishtar, 685.

_Abram_ and _Abraham_, followers of,
in fight with Babylon, 2;
cult of Father Abraham, 562.

_Abu-Habba_, excavations, 10;
see also _Sippar_;
temple records and legal documents, 165.

_Abu-Shahrein_=Eridu.

_Abydenus_, source for B. A. religion, 1, 5.

_Achaemenian inscriptions_, 16.

_Ad_, Arabic tribe, 496.

_Adad_=Ramman, 157;
solar deity of Syria, 156.

_Adam_, parallelism betw. A. and Eabani, 511;
parallelism betw. A. and Adapa, 552.

_Adapa Legend_, a nature myth, 548, 644 ff.;
found on El-Amarna tablets, 544;
Adapa, son of Ea, 545;
A. fighting the south wind, 545 ff.;
seconded by Tammuz and Gish-zida, 548-9;
identified with Marduk, 548;
Adapa myth compared with 3d chapter of Genesis, 551.

_Adar_, 12th month, sacred to the Seven Evil Spirits, 463;
15th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685;
compared with Purim, 636.

_Adar, 2d_ (intercalated), sacred to Ashur, 463.

_Addu_, equivalent of Ramman, 156.

_Adon_, Phoenician equivalent for Tammuz;
see _Tammuz_.

_Adra-Khasis_, epithet of Parnapishtim, 505.

_Aelian_, historian, mentions Gilgamesh, 469, 524.

_Agade_, ancient center, 35, 245;
rulers, 36;
temple E-ul-mash of Nana, 82;
temple of Anunit-Ishtar, 117, 242;
zikkurat E-an-dadia, 639.

_Agriculture_, A. and calendar, 462.

_Agum_, see _Agumkakrimi_.

_Agumkakrimi_, king of Babylon, recovers the statues of Marduk and
Sarpanitum, 122, 152, 670, 687;
cult of Shamash, 144;
cult of Shukamuna, 162;
institutes special festival for Marduk and Sarpanitum, 687.

_Ahasverus_, the wandering Jew, =Parnapishtim, 515.

_Ai-ibur-shabu_, name of street in Babylon, 679.

_Airu_, 2d month, sacred to Ea, 462, 677;
12th day of A., sacred to Gula, 683;
installation of king Ashurbanabal, 684;
sacred in Assyria, 684;
10th day of A., sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_A-ishtu_, a foreign god, 644.

_Akitu_, see _Zag-muk_; festival, 679.

_Akkad_, see also _Sumer_ and _Akkad_;
=Babylonia, 176, 532.

_Akkadian_=Sumerian.

_Alala_,
deity, 417;
in incantations, 417;
in Allatu's court, 593;
consort of Belili, 589;
connection with Alallu, 589.

_Alallu_, a bird;
relations to Ishtar, 482, 589;
connection with deity Alala, 589.

_Alamu_, phase of Nergal, 280.

_Alexander Polyhistor_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5, 413.

_Alexander the Great_, probably contemporary of Berosus, 1;
A. and Gilgamos, 469, 516.

_Alexandria_, gnostic center, 699.

_Allatu_, goddess, 1st Bab. period, originally associated with Bel, 104;
associated with Nin-azu, 586, 590;
associated with Nergal, 104, 183, 565, 580, 583, 593;
goddess of subterranean cave, 104, 282, 511, 565, 580;
in incantations, 282;
=Nin-ki-gal, 282, cf. 584;
Namtar, her messenger, 570, 580, 587, 592;
Belit-seri, her scribe, 587;
pictured as a lion, 580;
Allatu's court, 587, 592;
authoress of evil and disease, 593;
called Eresh-kigal, 584 (_cf._ 282);
vanquished by Nergal, 584-5;
imitation of Tiamat-Marduk episode, 585;
correlated to Ishtar, goddess of fertility, 587;
explanation of name, 587.

_All-Souls' Day_, see under _Tammuz_ and _Dead_, 599, 605, 682.

_Altar_, description of, 651;
the "horns" of the altar compared with those of Hebrew and Phoenician
altars, 652.

_Alu-usharshid_, king of Kish, 54.

_Amalgamation of divinities_, cause, features, and results, 74-5, 94-5.

_Amanus_, district famous for its wood, 627.

_Amiand_, his attempt at a genealogical arrangement of Old Bab.
pantheon, 108.

_Am-na-na_, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Amraphel_=Hammurabi, 534.

_Amulets_, see _Talisman_, _Teraphim_, 672, 674.

_Anatum_, goddess, consort of Anu, 153.

_Animism_, starting-point of religious belief, 48;
survivals of, 180 ff., 457;
popular rather than theological, 187.

_Anshar_, god, in the cosmology, 197, 410, 417;
=Ashur, 197, 414-5;
A. and Kishar created, 197, 410;
builds Esharra, 198;
A. and Kishar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in
cosmology, 414, 416;
Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418;
conquers Tiamat (one version), 422.

_Anshar-gal_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Antar_, Arabian romance of A., 494.

_Antares_, observations of, 372.

_Antioch_, gnostic center, 699.

_Antiochus Soter_, cult of Marduk and Nabu, 650.

_Anu_, god, 51;
relationship to Ishtar, 84-5;
Der, city of Anu, 88, 155, 162;
god of heavenly expanse, 89, 147, 207, 432;
abstract conception, 89;
priest of Anu, 90;
Anu as term for 'lofty,' 90;
member of the great triad, 107, 152, 155, 207, 677;
in Lugalraggisi's pantheon, 110;
artificial character in Hammurabi's pantheon, 152;
position in Agum's pantheon, 152;
dwells in Uruk, 153;
Anatum, his consort, 153;
in Ass. pantheon, 153-5, 201, 207;
associated with Ramman, 154, 207, 212;
associated with Dagan, 154, 209;
disappears after Sargon, 155;
in religious texts, 156;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
father of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 207, 593;
fighting Tiamat, 197;
temple in Lagash, 53, 640;
temple at Ashur, 207;
succeeded by Ashur, 207;
associated with Ishtar, 207;
blesses handiwork, 208, 237;
associated with Bel and Belit, 226-7;
Anu and Ishtar, names of the west gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
associated with Nusku, 277, 286;
made god of heavenly expanse, 432;
"Way of Anu"=ecliptic of sun, 457;
pole star of the ecliptic, 460;
Nisan, sacred to A. and Bel, 462, 677;
Tebet, sacred to A., Papsukal, and Ishtar, 463;
2d Ululu, sacred to Anu and Bel, 463;
in the Adapa myth, 546 ff.

_Anunit_, goddess, 51;
a variant of Ishtar, 82, 85, 242;
in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169;
worshipped at Agade, 117, 242;
shrine in E-babbara at Sippar, 646.

_Anunnaki_, explanation of name, 184;
number of, and its explanation, 185;
spirits of earth, 185, 593;
gods in whose service the A. are, 186;
their character, 186;
associated with Igigi, 186, 593;
altar of A. and Igigi, 186;
shining chiefs of Eridu, 186;
ruled by Ishtar, 204 (_cf._ 502);
Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593;
Bel, king of all the A., 222;
associated with the great triad, 236;
created by Marduk, 447;
offspring of Anu, 593;
A. and Mammitum determine death and life, 493;
in the deluge story, 500, 502 (_cf._ 204);
in Allatu's court, 593.

_Apollodorus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

_Apotheosis_, see _Deification_.

_Apsu_, the deep, personified ocean, 411, 443, 489, 580;
synonymous with Tiamat, 411;
male principle, 411;
dominion of A. and Tiamat precedes that of the gods, 412;
gods, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 413;
mythical monsters, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 414;
basin, a sacred object and symbol, 653; comparison with the "sea" in
Solomon's temple, 653.

_Arabia_, metals and stone exported, 627.

_Arabians_ invade Mesopotamia, 34, 39.

_Arakh-shamnu_, 8th month, sacred to Marduk, 463, 678, 686;
15^th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Aralu_, the nether-world, 489, 557;
called E-kur or mountain house, 558;
distinction betw. Aralu, the mountain (= earth), and Aralu, the
district of the dead proper, 558;
names and epithets of A., 563, 592;
pictorial representation of, 579 ff.;
pantheon of, 582 ff.

_Arbela_, temple of Ishtar, 202-3, 205, 651;
meaning of name, 203;
theological center, 342, 651.

_Archaeological religious monuments_, 14.

_Architecture_, reed and clay materials for building, 495-6;
see _Temple_.

_Ardi-Ea_, ferryman of Parnapishtim, 491;
takes Gilgamesh to the fountain of life, 509.

_Ark_, see _Ship_.

_Ark of the covenant_ compared with the Babylonian ship for the gods,
655.

_Armenia_, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.;
exports precious stones, 627.

_Arts_, patron gods, 177-8.

_Aruru_, goddess, creates mankind, together with Marduk, 448, 474;
creates Eabani, 448, 474;
= Ishtar, 448-9;
creates Gilgamesh, 473-4.

_Ashera_ compared with tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

_Ashur_, capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651;
modern name Kalah-Shergat, 198;
temple to Ashur, 198, 651;
temple to Ishtar, 205;
temple to Anu, 207;
temple to Shamash, 209;
temple to Bel, 225;
temple to Ea, 230;
intellectual center, 651.

_Ashur_, god, consort of Belit, 150, 226, 668;
rivaled by Ramman, 161;
in Ass. pantheon, 189;
head of Ass. pantheon, 191, 200;
his unique position, 191-2, 215;
local deity, 193;
symbol, 194, 632;
interpretation of symbol, 195-6, 685;
general character of Ashur, 195;
etymology of name, 196;
Anshar another form of A., 197, 414;
god of battle, 195, 199, 201;
chief of pantheon and epithets, 200-2;
king of the Igigi, 200;
associated with Ninib, 214;
his temples few, 215;
associated with Ninib and Nergal, 216, 218;
associated with Marduk, 224;
associated with the great triad, 236;
name of inner wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
permits the king to grow old and protects the troop, 237;
superiority to Marduk, 239;
god of oracles, 344;
Bel Tarbasi or lord of the court, 345;
2d Adar, sacred to A., 463;
Ululu, sacred to A., 463, 685.

_Ashurbanabal_, library, 13;
patron of science and art, 43, 229;
rule, 44;
recaptures Nana's statue, 85, 206;
gives prominence to Nabu cult, 129;
celebrates festival in honor of Gula, 218, 683;
embellishes temple of Nergal at Tarbisu, 219;
his pantheon, 238;
sacrifices in Babylonia, 664;
restores temple E-kur at Nippur, 645;
Shamash cult in Sippar, 646;
Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.

_Ashuretililani_, king of Assyria, improves Nabu's temple at Calah, 229.

_Ashurnasirbal_, king of Assyria, 205;
gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214;
Calah, his capital, 215;
builds sanctuaries to Ishtar, Sin, Gula, Ea, Ramman, 215;
as a hunter, 216;
builds sanctuary to Gula, 218;
builds sanctuary to Sin at Calah, 219;
his pantheon, 237;
gives prominence to Ishtar cult, 325.

_Ashur-rish-ishi_, king of Assyria, 149, 204, 213.

_Assyria_, military superiority, 2;
history by Herodotus, 3;
art and antiquities, 7;
character of country and culture, 30-1;
character of people, 31;
comparison with Babylonia, 31;
architecture, 42;
history, 41-4;
conquest of, 44;
sun worship, 78;
Assyrian Ishtar cult as distinguished from Bab., 83, 85;
Ass. Nabu cult as against Bab. Marduk cult, 128;
religious beliefs more popular than Bab., 153;
influence upon Bab. culture and religion, 179;
pantheon, 188;
divisions of Ass. pantheon, 188-9;
comparison of Ass. and Bab. pantheons, 189, 201;
attacked by Cassites, 199;
A. god of oracles, 344;
continuity of Ass. and Bab. religion owing to Ass. worship of Bab.
deities, 642;
Airu, sacred month in Ass., 684.

_Assyrians_, see _Assyria_.

_Astrology_, lunar worship influenced by A., 219-20;
bar to monotheistic development, 319;
observation of the planets, 370;
questions put to the astrologer, 369.

_Astronomy_, factor in spreading lunar worship, 220, 245;
mixture of astronomy and astrology in the observation of eclipses,
357;
in the observation of the planets, 370;
forms part of cosmology, 454;
the determination of the laws under which the stars stood, 457;
composite character of A. science, 460;
divisions of, 460-1;
moon and sun in, 461.

_Azag-sir,_ minor deity in Ass. pantheon, 234.

_Babbar_, surname of Shamash, 72;
etymology, 72.

_Babylon_, founded, 2;
supremacy, 2;
capture of, 4, 45;
ancient center, 35;
capital of Babylonia, 39, 116;
Marduk, deity of, 54, 117-8, 531;
E-sagila, temple of Marduk, 121, 241, 639;
temple of Shamash, 242, 640;
temple of Sin, 242;
temple of Nin-makh, 242, 640;
temple of Nin-khar-sag, 242;
temple of Gula, 242, 638;
attacked by Dibbarra, 531;
zikkurat at Bab., 619, 639;
temple to Nin-lil-anna (242), 640;
religious center of the country, 649-50.

_Babylonia_, conceptions of netherworld, 2;
notices in rabbinical literature, 3;
extent, 26;
character of country, 30;
character of people, 31;
character of culture, 34;
Babylonian states and their history, 35 ff.;
dynasties of, 39-41, 44-5, 489;
united under Hammurabi, 116;
Bab. and Ass. Ishtar cult, 83, 85;
Bab. and Ass. Marduk cult, 128;
Bab. beliefs less popular than Ass., 153;
periods of Bab. religion, 162;
gods common to all three periods of Bab. religion, 163;
Bab. culture and beliefs influenced by Assyria, 179;
comparison of Bab. and Ass. pantheons, 189, 201;
country of Bel, 222;
under Ass. rule, 223;
source of Ass. culture, 222;
independent of Assyria, 239;
political and religious centers, 245;
replaces Nippur, 542;
sanctuary of Nabu, 640;
sacrificial acts in Bab. and their meaning, 664;
Nisan, the sacred month in Bab., 684;
continuity of Bab. and Ass. belief owing to Ass.
worship of Bab. gods, 642.

_Babylonians_, see also _Babylonia_;
subjects of Bel, 222;
humanity of Bel, 222.

_Babylonian-Assyrian religion_, 1;
phases of, 46-7;
age of essentials of religion, 114;
gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 189;
continuity of B.-A. religion, 642;
see _Assyria_ and _Babylonia_.

_Bahrein_, exports wood, 627.

_Ba-kad_, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172.

_Balasi_, astrologer, 340.

_Balawat_, explorations, 9;
portals of palace at B., 627.

_Bar_, offspring of Ishtar declines to fight Zu, 541.

_Bashtum_, goddess in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Battles of Yahwe_, recalls Dibbarra epic, 534.

_Bau_, goddess, 51;
her attributes, 59-60, 90, 678;
temple in Uruazagga, 59, 103;
Zag-muk, her festival, 59, 677;
consort of Nin-girsu, 59, 677;
identification with Gula, 60;
her sphere, 60;
daughter of Anu, 59-60;
mother of Ea and water-deity, 61;
common features with Ga-sig(?)-dug, 61;
Bau not Hebr. bohu, 60;
her sons (Amiaud), 103;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106;
in incantations, 273;
Bau's ship, 655.

_Ba'u-ukin_ = Dungi (Winckler), 65.

_Baz_, city in Babylonia, temple of Bel-sarbi, 242, 639.

_Bel_, see also _Marduk_ and _Bel-Marduk_;
god, temple of, 4;
temple at Nippur, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644;
position in the Babylonian theology, 52;
oldest spelling and meaning of name, 52;
temple in Lagash, 53;
growth of his cult, 53;
blending with Marduk, 54, 145, 146, 148, 222;
phases of cult, 55;
associations and relations with Ea, 62;
associated with Allat, 104;
in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110;
subordination to Marduk, 118;
transfers his name to Marduk, 140, 222, 439, 635;
god of earth _par excellence_, 140, 147, 432, 440, 497;
creator of mankind, 141, 441;
in the deluge story, 142, 497, 502, 504;
Bel and the triad, 107, 145-9, 207, 677;
Bel in Hammurabi's pantheon, 145-6, 162;
in Cassite period, 146;
temple at Dur-Kurigalzu, 146;
in the Assyrian pantheon, 146-7, 225-6;
in the neo-Bab. pantheon, 147;
epithets, 146, 222, 225, 227, 274;
relationship to the other members of the triad, 147, 226;
Bel (and Belit) decree fates, 150, 153, 538;
Dagan = Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225;
relationship to Zakar, 172;
lord of Annunaki and Igigi, 186;
husband of Ishtar, 205;
confused with Dagan, 151, 154, 209;
Ninib, first-born of Bel, 217;
Sin, first-born of Bel, 219, 462;
Nusku, messenger of, 221;
temple at Ashur, 225;
dwells in E-khar-sag-kurkura, 225;
associated with Anu and Belit, 226-8;
consort of Ishtar, 205;
of Belit, 226;
B. and Belit, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
lays foundations, 237 (_cf. Ninib_);
associated with fire-god, 279, 286;
Bel made lord of the earth by Marduk, 432;
in the zodiacal system in conjunction with Nibir and Ea marks the
three divisions of the year, 434-5;
identified with north polar-star, 435, 460;
Nisan, sacred to Anu and B., 462, 677;
2nd Elul, sacred to Anu and B., 463;
Bel in 11th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 496;
rivalry with Ea, 497, 507 ff.;
god of Dur-an-ki, 539;
on seal cylinders, 540;
robbed of tablets of fate by Zu, 540;
temple E-U-gal, 640;
figurines of Bel, 674;
Zagmuk, festival of, 678.

_Bel-epush_, Babylonian prince, votive object, 671.

_Bel-Marduk_, see _Bel_ and _Marduk_.

_Belili_, deity, 417;
in incantations, 417;
sister of Tammuz, 575, 588;
in Allatu's court, 588, 593;
consort of Alallu, 589.

_Belit_, goddess, 51;
place of cult, 55, 635;
titles and their meanings, 55-6, 227;
sanctuaries, 56;
in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110;
consort of En-lil, 111, 150, 151;
consort of Ashur, 150, 226, 668;
uses of "Belit," 151;
Bel and Belit decree the fate, 150, 153;
relationship to Zakar, 172;
associated with Anu and Bel, 226-8;
confusion in Ass. pantheon, 226-7;
consort of Bel, 226;
consort of Ea, 226-7, 231, 237;
= Ishtar, 226-7;
= Sarpanitum, wife of Bel-Marduk, 226, 684;
E-mash-mash, her temple at Nineveh, 227;
B. and Bel, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
brings fertility, 237;
temple at Babylon (see _Nin-khar-sag_), 242;
= Nin-lil, 635;
figurines of, 674.

_Belit of Akkad_ = Belit, 162, 176.

_Belit-ekalli,_ in the Cassite pantheon, 162;
consort of Ninib, l73;
= Gula, 173, 176;
meaning, 173.

_Belit-ilani,_ consort of Ea, 226, 231, 237;
B. and Ea, names of southern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
increases offspring, 237.

_Belit mati_ = Belit of the land = Ishtar, 151, 206, 215;
perhaps=Belit, 227.

_Belit-seri_, scribe of Allatu, 587.

_Bel-sarbi_,
god, his temple at Daz, 242, 639;
perhaps=Nergal, 242.

_Bel-zir_, a layman, offers a votive object, 671.

_Berosus_, source B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 412.

_Birs Nimrud_, explored, 9.

_Bit-Khabban_, town in Babylonia; its patron gods, 176.

_Bit-Khabban_, district of Babylonia, sacred to Sin, 163.

_Blood_, sanctity of, 661.

_Boaz_, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

_Borsippa_,
explorations, 9;
temple of Nabu, 121, 229, 241, 639;
its situation, 124, 125;
beloved city of Marduk, 126;
temple of Ramman, 242;
3 sanctuaries of Gula, 242, 636 (E-ul-la), 641;
zikkurat at B., 617, 619, 639;
E-makhtila shrine in E-zida to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

_Botta, P. E._, excavations, 6.

_Buddhism_, doctrine of annihilation, 556-7.

_Bulala_, a foreign god, 644.

_Bunene_,
in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162;
in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169, 176;
associated with Shamash and Malik, 176.

_Bunene_ and _Malik_,
attendants of Shamash, 177;
consort of Malik, 177;
associated with Shamash and Malkatu, 685.

_Burial_, see _Dead_.

_Bur-Sin_, repairs zikkurat and builds shrine in Nippur, 645.

_Calah_,
capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651;
temple of Nabu, 128, 228;
temple of Belit mati, 151;
temple of Ninib, 214;
capital of Ashur-nasirbal, 215;
sanctuary of Sin, 219;
intellectual center, 651;
worship of Ninib, 215, 684;
palace of Sargon II., 687.

_Calendar_,
fixed by Marduk, 434;
importance of moon for c., 436, 461;
agriculture and c., 462;
growth and character, 465;
adopted by Hebrews, 464, 681.

_Cappadocian_ wedge writings, 20.

_Cassites_,
dynasty, 40-1, 480;
cult of Bel of Nippur, 146, 645;
cult of Shamash, 144, 646;
cult of Ramman, 158;
cult of Shukamuna, 152, 162;
cult of Nin-dim-su, Bakad, Pap-u, Belit-ekalli, Shumalia, 162, 172;
attack upon Assyria, 199.

_Chaldaean Wisdom_, 362, 384, 403.

_Chaos_,
attempts at picturing c., 411, 419;
gods contemporaneous with the primeval c., 413.

_Christianity_, influenced by Ass.-Bab. religion, 698.

_Claudius Ptolemaeus'_ astronomy, 5.

_Commercial literature_ in syllabaries, 135.

_Cosmology_, 247, 407 ff.;
the Tiamat episode, 140;
two or more versions of creation, 141-2, 407-8;
literary-religious character of, 247;
rise and development of cosmological speculations, 249;
distinction between popular and scholastic c., 249-50, 442-3;
distinction as to contents and form, 250;
historical kernel, 250;
c. deities antecedent to the known gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 417;
not _creatio ex nihilo_, but evolution of chaos to order, the keynote
of c, 418, 442;
similarities with Biblical account, 409, 433, 435, 451;
creation of heaven, 435, 443;
of sun, 435;
of moon, 436;
of earth, 443;
of mankind, 443;
second version, its similarities with and dissimilarities from the
first version, 444 ff.;
the gods of Nippur, Erech, Eridu, the original creators of the
universe, Marduk a later introduction, 449-50;
the mountain Mashu and the cosmological conceptions, 489;
see _Creation epic_.

_Court of the World_, name of temple, 641.

_Creation epic_,
purpose of, 409;
similarity with the Biblical account, 409, 433;
literary form, 409 ff.;
a nature myth, 432-3;
representation of sun, 461;
see _Cosmology_.

_Ctesias_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4.

_Cult and worship_, cf. _Festivals_ and _Rituals_;
organization, 115, 133, 234;
gods in cult and in invocations, 238;
revival of old c. in Neo-Bab. period, 242-3;
tree-worship, 688-9;
compounded of popular belief and theology, 689.

_Cuneiform_, see _Wedge writing_.

_Cuthah_, ancient center, 35;
= Tell-Ibrahim, 65;
cult and temple Nergal (see _Laz_), 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648, 667;
a designation for the nether-world, 563, 570;
synonymous with netherworld, 583.

_Cuthaeans_, 532.

_Cyrus_, captures Babylon, 4, 45;
adopts Babylonian religion, 45, 650.

_Dagan_, god, 51;
confusion with Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225;
associated with Anu, 154, 209;
chiefly in Assyria, 208;
comparison with Dagon, 208;
probably Aramaic origin, 208;
god of earth, 209.

_Damascius_ (or Damascenus), see _Nicolas of Damascus_.

_Damascus_, in Syria, cult of Ramman, 159.

_Damkina_,
consort of Ea, 64, 143, 231;
meaning of name, 143;
relationship to Ea and Marduk, 143;
in magical texts, 143;
Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153;
title Belit-ilani, 231;
occasionally invoked in incantations, 276.

_Damku_,
god, associated with Sharru-ilu and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232;
meaning of name, 232;
evidently a title, 232;
perhaps foreign deity, 232;
worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

_Damu_ and _Damu-gal_, epithets of Gula, 166, 175.

_Daniel_, book of;
bearing upon B.-A. religion, 2, 3;
Daniel and Bab. religion, 3 (_cf._ 668);
illustrative of Babylonian dream lore, 403;
authentic description of dedication of statue, 669.

_Dead_,
universal, 556;
location and names of the gathering place of the dead, 557 ff. (cf.
_Netherworld_);
All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682;
under the special protection of the gods, 183, 558, 552, 592;
furnish oracles to the living, 559, 560, 582, 657;
deification of dead, 561, 582;
condition of dead, 563 ff.;
purified, 578, 602;
can hear lamentations, 575, 577;
cannot be brought back from Aralu, 576, 582;
suffer hunger, 598-9;
tombs and burial, 595 ff.

_Death and burial_, life after death, 512, 514, 556 ff.;
cave burial, 557;
pyramid burial, 557.

_Deborah_, song of, among the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

_Deification_ (Parnapishtim and Etana), 470, 527;
of dead, 561, 582;
of Gudea and Dungi, 167, 470, 561;
of Gimil-Sin, 561;
of Gilgamesh, 282, 284, 470, 561.

_Delila,_ parallelism with Ishtar, 516.

_Delitzsch, Friedrich_, Sumerian question, 22; see Preface.

_della Valle, Pietro_, traveler, 15.

_Deluge_, in Gilgamesh epic and O. T., 495;
place of origin of deluge, 498;
embodying two distinct traditions, 502, 506;
points of contact with Biblical narrative, 506 ff.;
antiquity of the tradition, 508.

_Demons_, see also _Animism_ and _Spirits_;
chief demon, 57, 497;
in incantations, 287;
how exorcised, 330;
when not to be exorcised, 378;
messenger of god, 378;
_Targul-le_, in the deluge story let loose by Dibbarra, 500;
the Utukku, 260 (_cf._ 511);
the Ekimmu, 260 (_cf._ 512);
authors of evil and disease, 183, 593, 306, 692.

_Der_, center of worship of Nina, 88;
city of Anu, 88, 155.

_de Sacy, Silvestre_, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

_de Sarzec, Ernest_, explorer, 11.

_Dibbarra_, in Ass. pantheon, 189;
plague-god, 232, 505, 528;
a spirit, 232;
identified with Nergal, 232, 528-9, 594;
minor god, 234;
in the deluge story, 500 (_cf._ 505);
solar deity, 528;
god of war, "the warrior," 528-9;
attendant of Nergal, 529, 588;
attended by Ishum, 529;
D.'s attack upon Babylon, 530-1;
D.'s attack upon Uruk, 531;
general war among mankind, 531 ff.;
Dibbarra enraged and appeased, 535;
identified with Girra, 588.

_Dibbarra epic_, see _Dibbarra_, 232, 528 ff.;
recalls the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

_Dilbat_, city in Babylonia;
temple of Ninib, 242;
zikkurat E-gubba-an-ki, 639.

_Dilmun_, island, 125.

_Diodorus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 399, 435.

_Dirges_, sung by priests and priestesses, 604, 658;
by priestesses, 660.

_Divine names_, variety of names of individual divinities and local uses
thereof, 73;
transference of name and its meaning, 118, 140-1;
in proper names, 165-6, 169;
obscurity of, 233.

_Djumdjuma_, 10.

_Dogma_, establishment of, 115, 133, 247, 690 ff.

_Dreams_, importance of, 322-3;
on par with oracles, 350, 479;
treated as omens, 350, 403 ff.;
in the Gilgamesh epic, 481, 486, 497.

_Du'ar_, _Da'ur_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Du-azagga_, council chamber of the gods, 629;
= Apsu, 630;
place where the sun rises, 630.

_Dumu-zi_, god;
his double aspect, 96-7;
worship at Lagash, 635.

_Dumuzi-zu-aba_, god, 51;
interpretation of name, 96;
functions and character, 96;
places of worship, 96;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Dungi_, of Ur, builds temple of Nergal at Cuthah, 65;
builds temple of Nana in Uruk, 81;
builds temple to Nin-Mar, 100;
deified, 167, 470, 561.

_Dun-shagga_, 51;
son of Nin-girsu, 91;
meaning of name, 94;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Dur-an-ki_, name of a temple tower in Nippur, 539.

_Dur-ilu_, Ass. city near Elamitic frontier;
cult of Kadi, 232.

_Dur-Kurigalzu_, temple of Bel, 146.

_Dur-padda_, a fort sacred to Ramman, 158.

_Dur-zakar_, sanctuary of Belit, 56.

_Du'zu_, see _Tammuz_.

_Ea_, god, 51;
functions, 62, 78, 230;
epithets, 62, 142, 173, 230;
associations and relations with Bel, 62;
king of Eridu, 62-3, 275;
sanctuary in Girsu, 61;
god of the water, 63, 147, 237, 275, 430, 699;
explanation of name, 64;
identification with Nin-a-gal and other deities, 64;
member of the great triad, 107, 148, 207, 230, 677;
in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 111;
survival of his cult, 123-4, 136;
change of position since Hammurabi, 136;
non-mention in historical texts, 136;
prominence in religious texts, 136;
Ea and Marduk in incantation texts, 139-40;
transfers his name to Marduk, 118, 141, 439;
god of humanity _par excellence_, 141 (cf. 264, 275, 297, 437, 441,
462, 497);
formed of clay, 142;
Ea in the deluge story, 142, 497, 504;
Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153;
god of fine arts, 177;
fighting Tiamat, 197, 422;
Ninib, first-born of Ea, 217;
shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241;
Belit, consort of, 226, 231, 237;
Nabu, son of, 229;
in the Ass. pantheon, 230;
sanctuary at Ashur, 230;
titles emphasizing his skill, 230;
house of wisdom, 522;
similarity and difference between Ea and Nabu, 230-1;
Ea and Belitilani, names of southern gates of Sargon's palace, 237;
unlocks fountains, 237;
shrine in E-Zida, 241;
prominent in incantations, 137, 256, 275;
the spirits hostile to, 264 (cf. 141);
as a healer, 275;
overcomes eclipse of moon, 276;
associated with fire-god, 279, 286;
in the Shurpu series, 288;
conquers Tiamat, 422;
in the zodiac in conjunction with Nibir and Bel, 434-5;
identified with some star in southern heaven, 435, 460;
Iyar, his sacred month, 462, 677;
Ea in the 11th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 496;
rivalry with Bel, 497, 507 ff.;
Persian Gulf, sacred to Ea, 498, 545;
father of Adapa, 545;
Ea in Ishtar's descent, 571;
Ea's sanctuary E-karzaginna, 636.

_Eabani_, created by Aruru, 448, 474;
E. and Ishtar, 484, 486;
parallelism betw. Adam and E., 511;
E.'s spirit conjured up by Nergal, 511 ff., 560, 565.

_E-adda_, temple of Anu, 53, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-an-dadia_, name of zikkurat at Agade, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-anna_, temple of Ninni in Girsu, 80;
temple of Nana or Ishtar in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 331, 639, 648;
meaning of name, 639.

_Eannatum_, burial costumes, 597.

_E-babbara_, name of the temples of Shamash in Larsa and Sippar, 70,
628, 640;
worship of Shamash, Malik, Bunene in E. at Sippar, 176, 628;
meaning of name, 640;
history of Ebabbara in Sippar, 646 ff.;
with shrine of Anunit, 646;
history of Ebabbara in Larsa, 647.

_Ecbatana_, concentric walls, 618.

_Ecclesiastes_, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh
epic, 513.

_Eclipses_, e. of moon removed by Ea, 276;
cause of e., 264, 276, 280;
calculation of time of occurrence of e., 357;
indication of omens the ulterior motive of observations of, 357, 368;
omens gathered from observation of e. in the "Illumination of Bel"
series, 364 ff.;
eclipses portend public disaster, 366, 369;
importance of omens deduced from observations of e., 368;
e. of sun called the "way of Anu," 457.

_Eden_, Garden of, legendary, 2;
identical with the confluence of streams, 506.

_Edessa_, gnostic center, 699.

_E-dim-anna_, chapel of Sin in E-Zida, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-dingiranagin_, see _E-anna-tuma_.

_E-ditar-kalama_, sanctuary of Shamash in Babylon, 242, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-dur-an-ki_, zikkurat at Larsa, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-dur-gi-na_, temple of Belsarbi, 242, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-edinna_, temple of Shamash's consort, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-esh-gi_, shrine of Nin-girsu at Lagash, 640.

_E-gal-makh_, temple in Ur, 639.

_E-gish-shir-gal_, temple of Sin at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 647;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-gi-umunna_, a sanctuary, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-gubba-an-ki_, zikkurat at Dilbat, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-igi-e-nir-kidur-makh_, temple to Ninni at Kish, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_Ekallate_, name of city in Assyria, cult of Ramman and Shala, 212.

_E-karzaginna_, sanctuary of Ea in E-Sagila, 636.

_E-kharsag_, temple in Ur, 638.

_E-kharsag-ella_, temple of Gula in Babylon, meaning of name, 638.

_E-kharsag-kalama_, name of temple, 638;
E-kur-makh, 638.

_E-kharsag-kurkura_, dwelling of Bel, 225;
temple in Assyria, 615;
meaning of name, 638.

_E-khulkhul_, temple of Sin in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647;
meaning of name, 641.

_E-ki-dur-garza_, temple to Nin-lil-anna in Babylon, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_Ekimmu_, a class of spirits, 260 (_cf._ 512, 581, 602).

_E-kua_, papakhu of Marduk in E-Sagila, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-kur_, temple of Bel, 11, 37, 51, 54, 69, 151, 642, 644;
meaning of E-kur, 173, 217, 614, 638;
= Eshara, 217;
history of the temple, 644 ff.;
= Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura, 558;
lofty dwelling of gods, 541;
designation for the nether-world, 558;
= temple, 558, 614 (cf. 622);
= earth, 614;
in plural = divinities, 615.

_E-kur-makh_, name of temple, 638;
= E-kharsag-kalama, 638.

_Elali_, in proper names of the 2nd Bab. period, 170;
epithet of Gibil, 170.

_Elam_, 35;
Elamites invade Babylonia, 38, 480;
capture Nana's statue, 85;
Elamitic deities: Eria, 122, 162;
Kadi, 188, 232, 234.

_El-Amarna_, tablets of, containing the Adapa legend, 544;
contains legend of Nergal conquering and wedding Allatu, 584-5.

_Elul_, see _Ululu_.

_E-makh_, chapel to Nin-kharsag, 639.

_E-makh-tila_, shrine to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

_E-mash-mash_, temple of Ishtar, 152;
of Belit, 227.

_E-me-te-ur-sagga_, temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_En-anna-tuma_, patesi of Lagash, constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu,
58.

_En-anna-tuma_ II., 2nd dynasty of Ur, devotee of Nin-gal, 98.

_E-nin-makh_, chapel of Ishtar in Babylon, 242, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-ninnu_, temple of Nin-girsu, 57, 87, 635, 640.

_En-ki_, see _Ea_.

_En-lil_, see _Bel_.

_En-meshara_, attendant of Allatu, god of vegetation, 588;
festival of E. in the 10th month, 588.

_Ennanna_ = Ninni, 51.

_En-ninna_, a minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

_En-nugi_, leader of the gods, 495.

_En-temena_, patesi of Lagash, 56;
constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu, 58.

_En-tena_, see _En-temena_ (better reading).

_E-nun-makh_, temple of Sin at Ur, 295, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_Enshar_, cosmological deity, 417.

_En-zu_, see _Sin_.

_E-pa_, zikkurat at Lagash, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-pad-kalama-suma_, sanctuary of Nabu in Babylonia, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_Epics and legends_, literary-religious character of, 247;
historical spirit of, 250;
nature myths, 250.

_Erech_ = Warka = Uruk; see _Uruk_.

_Eresh-Kigal_ = Allatu, 584.

_Eria_, Elamitic goddess, possibly identical with Erua, 122, 162.

_Eridu_, ancient center, 35, 245, 445;
sanctuary of Ea, 62, 124, 445;
lost her political prestige, 136;
cult of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186;
prominent in incantations, 256.

_Erua_, the "begetting" goddess, 123;
amalgamation with Sarpanitum, 122-3, 130;
dwelling in E-Zida, 123;
consort of Nabu, 123;
possibly identical with Eria, 122;
water deity, 123;
cult suppressed by Hammurabi, 130;
place of worship, 130.

_E-Sagila_, temple of Marduk in Babylon, 121, 636;
with a shrine of Sarpanitum, 121, 241, 636, 641;
with shrine of Nusku, 220, 241;
with shrine of Nabu, 127, 220, 636;
with shrine of Ea, 220, 241;
with shrine of Tashmitum, 220, 241;
with shrine of Nin-kharsag, 639;
sanctuary E-karzaginna of Ea, 636;
meaning of name, 639;
with papakhu of Marduk, 640;
takes the place of E-kur, 645;
history of E-Sagila, 648 ff.;
place of installation of rulers, 649;
influence of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 649.

_E-Sagila_, temple of Ea, 446.

_E-salgisa_, temple in Girsu, 641;
meaning of name, 641.

_Esarhaddon_, king of Assyria, 200;
restores temple of Nana-Ishtar at Erech, 85, 206;
his pantheon, 238;
restores Ekur, 645;
Shamash cult in Sippar, 646.

_Eschatological literature_, gods and demons in e., 183.

_E-shara_, meaning, 173, 175, 198;
offsprings of, 174;
bride of E., 173, 175;
built by Anshar, 198;
built by Marduk, 198, 431
= Ekur, 217;
placed by Marduk under control of Bel, 432.

_E-shid-lam_, temple of Nergal and Laz at Cuthah, 65, 648, 667.

_Etana_, legendary personage, 468, 505, 519 ff.;
dwells in the netherworld, 511, 520, 523, 527, 590;
E.'s patron, Shamash, 520;
name occurs in O. T., 519;
traditions among other nations, 519-21;
E. and Ganymede, 523;
deified, 527, 590;
god of vegetation, 590.

_E-temen-an-ki_, zikkurat to Marduk at Babylon, 619, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_Ethics_, B.-A. religion, 291, 312, 692;
belong to advanced period, 292, 304-5;
in prayers, 298-9;
gods whose nature create e. notions, 306, 692;
in penitential psalms, 312 ff.;
private morality, 694 ff.

_E-tila_, name of a temple, and meaning of name, 641.

_E-tur-kalama_, temple of Ishtar, 311.

_E-u-gal_, temple to En-lil, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-ulla_, temple to Gula in Sippar, 641;
meaning of name, 641.

_E-ul-mash_, temple of Nana in Agade, 82.

_Euphrates_, stream of Garden of Eden, 2 (_cf._ 506);
E. valley, central habitation of mankind, 2;
old settlements of Hebrews, 2;
course of, 27;
comparison with Tigris, 30;
one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (_cf._
2).

_E-ur-imin-an-ki_, zikkurat at Babylon, 619.

_Eusebius_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 5.

_Eve_, parallelism with Ukhat, 511.

_Excavations_, 6-15.

_Exorcism_, see _Incantations_.

_E-Zida_, temple of Nabu at Borsippa, 121, 229, 241, 639;
with shrine of Erua, 123;
with shrine of Sarpanitum, 241;
with shrine of Tashmitum, 241;
with shrine of Nusku, 241;
with shrine of Ea, 241;
with shrine of Sin, 639;
history of E-Zida, 648 ff.;
influence of E-Zida and E-Sagila, 649.

_E-Zida_, shrine of Nabu in E-Sagila, 127, 220, 229, 636.

_Family_, systematization of O. B. pantheon according to Davis, 109.

_Fast days_, special occasions, 688.

_Fate tablets_, tablets of fate in the hands of Bel, 538 (_cf._ 150,
153);
in the Tiamat story, 420, 428, 538;
robbed by Zu, 540;
compared with the tablets of wisdom, 585.

_Festivals_, zag-muk, 59, 127, 631, 677, 678;
significance of every day, 675;
special significance of special days, 675, 677, 680-1, 683-5;
words for f. in Assyrian, 676, 687;
each month sacred to a deity, 462-3, 676, 683-4;
festivals and months sacred to divinities not always corresponding,
687;
special festivals, 687-8;
the puru ceremony, 688;
fast days and rites, 688.

_Fire_, see _Water_ (cf. Gibil-Nusku in incantations, 277);
means of purification, 276, 279;
belongs to all three divisions of the universe, 286.

_Foreign gods_ in B.-A. religion (see also _Cassites_), 142, 644;
Adad = Ramman, 156;
Kadi, 188, 232, 234;
Damku, 232;
Eria, 122, 162 (Elamitic).

_Fresnel, Fulgente_, expedition, 8.

_Gaga_, Assyrian pantheon, 188;
minor god, 234;
Anshar's messenger to Tiamat, 423;
a foreign deity, 238, 644.

_Gal-alim_, 51;
center of worship, 91;
son of Nin-girsu, 91;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Gamlat_, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

_Ganymede and Etana_, 523.

_Ga-tum-dug_, goddess, 51;
similar to Bau, 61;
worship at Lagash, 61, 635;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

_Gate of Widespread Splendor_, seat of Sarpanitum in E-Sagila, 121, 241,
636, 641.

_Gegunu_, epithet of Aralu, 563.

_Genealogical_ systematization of Old Bab. pantheon according to Amiaud,
109.

_Genesis_, see _Cosmology_.

_Gibil_, fire-god, E-la-li, perhaps an epithet, 170;
in Ass. pantheon, 189;
amalgamated with Nusku, 220, 227;
in incantations, 273, 277;
older than Nusku, 277;
epithets, 277, 280;
a mythological conception, 277, 279;
G.-Nusku, god of civilization, 278;
medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279;
associated with Anu, 277;
associated with Bel and Ea, 279;
associated with Nin-gish-zida, 463;
identified with Nergal, 594.

_Gil_, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588;
god of foliage, 588.

_Gilgamesh_, hero of the Bab. epic, 83, 468 ff.;
in incantations, 282, 284, 470;
mythological explanation of, 282, 486-7;
with omens, 387;
solar deity, 470-1, 515;
king of the earth, 471;
born in Marada, 473;
conquers Uruk, 473, 513;
created by Aruru, 473-4;
Shamash (see _Lugal-Marada_), his patron, 471, 479;
love affair with Ishtar, 481 ff.;
Lugal-Marada, his patron (see _Shamash_), 486;
conquers Khumbaba, 480, 514;
G.'s contest with the bull, 486, 514, 537;
contest with lion, 488, 514;
Gilgamesh half divine, half human, 490, 514;
G. and Sabitum, 490-1;
G. and Parnapishtim, 492 ff.;
points of contact with O. T., 495, 515-6;
G. and Eabani, 510, 565;
seeking immortality and the secret of life after death, 513;
parallelism with Samson, 516;
parallelism with Hercules, 516;
Gilgamesh and Alexander the Great, 469, 516;
G. in Aelian, 469, 524;
G.'s grandfather Sokkaros, 524.

_Gimil-Sin_, deified, 561;
temple at Lagash, 561.

_Gim-nun-ta-ud-du-a_, son of Bau, 103;
explanation of name, 103;
probable functions, 103.

_Gin-shul-pa-uddu_, wife of Gudea, 99.

_Girra_, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588;
identified with Dibbarra, 588;
a form of Nergal in later texts, 589.

_Girsu_, see _Lagash_.

_Gish-galla_ (?), quarter of Lagash, 57;
temple of Ninni, 80.

_Gish-zida_, identical with solar deity Nin-gish-zida, 547;
G. and Tammuz, doorkeepers of heaven, 546;
5th month sacred to G., 547;
intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9.

_Gnosticism_, influenced by B.-A. religion, 698.

_Great Place_, name of temple, 641.

_Grotefend, Georg Friedrich_, decipherment of wedge writing, 16.

_Gudea_ statues, 57, 652;
his pantheon, 106 ff., 635;
number of deities indicative of the extent of his sovereignty, 106;
principle of order, 107;
gods common to Gudea's and Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110;
deified, 167, 470, 561;
his zikkurat, 615, 619;
builder of temples, 642;
imports diorite from Sinai peninsula, 627, 651;
Gudea's apsu, 653;
Gudea's ship for Ningirsu, 654;
G.'s votive objects and inscription, 57, 668-9, 672.

_Gula_, identified with Bau, 60;
associated with Ninib, 105 (_cf._ 576);
goddess of healing, 105, 166, 175, 282 (_cf._ 576, 683);
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162, 175;
epithets, 166, 173, 175, 576;
goddess of nether-world, 174-5;
position intermediate betw. gods of the living and gods of the dead,
175 (_cf._ 576);
creator of mankind, 175;
her sanctuary erected by Ashurnasirbal, 218;
her festival celebrated by Ashurbanabal, 218, 683;
= Nin-Karrak, 242;
temple at Babylon (see _Nin-Karrak_), 242, 638;
three sanctuaries at Borsippa, 242, 636 (E-ulla), 641;
in incantations, 273, 282;
12th day of Iyar sacred to G., 683.

_Gurmu_, son of Bau, 103.

_Gushgin-banda_, 171;
"brilliant chief," patron of metal-workers, 178.

_Halevy, J._, Sumerian question, 22-4.

_Hallabi_, city near Sippar, temple of Ninni, 117, 144.

_Hamath_, city in N. Syria, 578.

_Hammurabi_, king of Babylon, secures the hegemony in Babylonia, 116,
532;
Marduk, the chief of his pantheon, 117;
builds temples, 642;
builds temple to Ninni at Hallabi, 117;
builds E-Zida, 121;
ignores cult of Nabu, 128;
suppresses cult of Erua, 130;
care of temple of Shamash at Larsa, 143-4;
Shamash cult, 117, 143-4;
at Sippar, 117, 143;
at Larsa, 143;
Ninni cult at Hallabi, 144-5;
"proclaimer of Anu and Bel," 146-7;
beloved shepherd of Belit, 150;
list of names of gods in H.'s pantheon, 161-2;
"The Akkadian," 532;
H.'s character as a Messiah, 533;
= Amraphel, 534.

_Harran_, city in Mesopotamia, sacred to Sin, 76, 241, 641, 647;
its importance and political decline, 77;
meaning of its name, 78;
associations with Ur, 77;
enjoys the patronage of Sargon II., 77;
temple of Sin, 76, 241, 641;
patronized by Nabonnedos, 77, 242.

_Haynes, John H._, excavations, 11.

_Heart of Shamash_, name of a temple, 641.

_Hebrews_, see _Old Testament_.

_Hercules_, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 516.

_Herodotus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1;
history of Assyria, 3;
history of Persia, 4;
notices on B.-A. religion, 4;
notices on Ishtar cult in Erech, 485.

_Hillah_, village, site of, 8.

_Historical texts_, value as source for religion, 51, 166, 246, 661;
pantheon in h. t. compared with that in incantation texts, 297;
source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661.

_Hittites_, eagle standard among the H., 527;
influence on Assyrian architecture, 627.

_Hommel, Fritz_, Sumerian question, 21.

_Homoroka_ = Marduk, 5.

_House Full of Joy_, name of temple, 641.

_House of Fifty_, see _E-ninnu_.

_House of Great Splendor_, name of temple, 641.

_House of Hearkening to Prayers_, name of temple, 641.

_House of Light_, name of temple, 641.

_House of the Brilliant Precinct_, name of temple, 641.

_House of the Seven Divisions of Heaven and Earth_, name of zikkurat at
Borsippa, 639.

_House of the Seven Zones_, name of zikkurat at Uruk, 639.

_House Without Rival_, name of temple, 641.

_Hymns and prayers_, division of religious literature, 247, 293;
where composed, 248;
in connection with incantations, 293, 301;
h. to Shamash, 300 ff.;
to Sin, 303-4;
dialogue style of composition, 305;
to Nebo, 306;
no difference in thought betw. h. and incantation, 301, 307;
illustrating relationship betw. man and gods, 309;
deity as person of dialogue in, 310;
see also _Prayers_.

_Iamblichus_, source of B.-A. religion, 399.

_Idiklat_ = Tigris, 28.

_Igi-dug-ga_, title of Ea, 230.

_Igigi_, explanation of name, 185;
number of, and explanation, 185;
spirits of heaven, 185, 200;
gods in whose service the I. are, 186;
their character, 186;
associated with Anunnaki, 186, 593;
altar of I. and Anunnaki, 186;
chiefs of Eridu, 186;
Ashur, king of, 200;
Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593;
associated with the great triad, 236.

_Ilabrat_, minor god, in the Adapa legend, 546.

_Illumination of Bel_, name of an omen series, 363.

_Im_ = Ramman, 156.

_Immeru_ = Ramman, 157.

_Immortality_, see _Dead_.

_Im-pa-ud-du_, son of Bau, 103;
explanation of name, 103;
function, 103.

_Incantations_, see also _Magical Texts_;
in therapeutics, 246;
means and methods of, 270-3;
gods invoked in, 273;
sacred objects invoked, 274;
gods in incantations _par excellence_, 275;
the fire-god in, 277;
favorite time of, 280-1;
i. services, 281, 283 ff.;
principle of sympathetic magic, 284;
mixed with ethical conceptions, 292;
in connection with prayers, 293, 301;
the oldest fixed ritual, 294;
no line of demarcation betw. prayers and i., 297, 307;
points in common with and differences from penitential psalms, 312;
the natural expression of popular beliefs, 326;
demons exorcised by i., 330;
connecting link betw. omens and i., 352.

_Inmarmaru_, city in Dibbarra epic, 533.

_Invocations_, 165;
in records of the 2nd Bab. period, 167;
combined invocations, 235;
where found, 235, 245;
motive and manner of, 236 ff.;
Tiglathpileser I., 236;
Ramman-nirari I., 237;
Ashurnasirbal, 237;
Shalmaneser II., 237;
Sargon II., 237;
Sennacherib, 238;
Esarhaddon, 238;
Ashurbanabal, 238;
gods in invocation and in actual worship, 238.

_Irkalla_, a designation of the netherworld, 563, 566;
name of the consort of the queen of Aralu, 563, 591;
identified with Nergal, 592.

_Isaiah_, prophet, 2.

_Ish-gu-tur_, temple of Nin-Mar in Mar, 100.

_Ishi-milku_, a foreign deity, 644.

_Ishme-Dagan_, king of Assyria, evidence of age of Dagan cult, 208.

_Ishtar_, goddess Nana, 82, 85, 202, 311, 643;
absorbs other deities, 82;
epithets, 83, 151-2, 204, 237;
functions in B.-A., 83, 459;
functions in A., 83-5;
in Gilgamesh epic, 84-5, 482, 501, 563-4;
zodiacal interpr., 82-4, 310-1;
relationship to Sin, 79, 84, 163, 565, 571;
relationship to Anu, 84-5, 566;
significance of these relationships, 85;
variants, 82, 85, 202, 242;
temple at Agade, 117, 242;
temple at Calah, 151;
temple E-mash-mash, 152, 205, 227;
relationship to Sin and Shamash, 163, 571;
goddess of war, 83, 164, 204;
during Cassite and Nebuchadnezzar's I. reign, 164, 645;
variants of Assyrian Ishtar, 202;
mighty over the Anunnaki, 204;
milder nature in religious texts, 205;
mother of mankind, 204-5, 237;
relationship to her devotees, 205;
temple Kidmuru, 202;
temples at Arbela, Nineveh, and Ashur, 205;
I. of Nineveh and I. of Arbela distinguished, 205;
Ab her sacred month, 205, 462, 685;
wife of Bel, 205;
Belit of the land (151, 206), 215, = Belit, 226;
temple in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639;
worship in Uruk, 103, 242, 472, 475, 531 (see _Nana_);
wife of Ashur, 227;
associated with the great triad, 236;
Ishtar and Anu, names of west. gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
causes the inhabitants to flourish, 237 (_cf._ 204);
temple at Babylon, 242 (_cf. Ninmakh_), 640;
in incantations, 273;
in hymns, 310;
temple E-tur-kalama, 311;
in a penitential psalm, 318;
prominence of cult of I. under Ashurnasirbal and before, 325, 342;
in oracles and omens, 343-4;
= Venus as name of planet, 370, 458-9, 571;
importance of Ishtar-Venus in omen literature, 371-2;
I. appears in a dream to the king, 374;
personification of fertility, 459, 462, 482, 563, 587;
causes decline, 483, 563;
10th month sacred to I., Papsukal, and Anu, 463;
the Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati of I. in Uruk, 475, 485, 660;
relationship to Tammuz, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574;
Ishtar's love fatal to her lovers, 482, 516;
I. and Eabani, 484, 486;
in the deluge, 501, 503-4;
parallelism with Delila, 516;
I. in the lower world, 564;
the 6th month "the mission of Ishtar," 564, 684;
festival celebrated in Ab, 685;
correlated to Allatu, 587;
I. cult under Ashurbanabal, 85, 206, 238, 648;
cult under Nebuchadnezzar II., 648;
figurines of, 674.

_Ishtaritu_, general designation of Ishtar priestess, 660.

_Ishum, god_, 51;
identity with Pa-sag, 101;
in proper names of, 2nd Bab. period, 169;
messenger of Nusku, 280;
solar deity, 528;
local deity, 528;
attendant of Dibbarra, 529, 594;
describes Dibbarra's deeds, 530 ff.;
his wars, 533 ff.;
associated with Sibi, 533;
"the warrior," 533;
associated with Nergal, 594.

_Isin_, ancient center, 35;
kings, 37;
Isin dynasty as "builders" of temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

_Iskenderun_, bay of, 122.

_Iyar_, see _Airu_.

_Izdubar_ = Gilgamesh.

_Jezreel plain_, cult of Ramman, 159.

_Job_, book of, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh
epic, 513.

_Josephus_, historical references to B.-A., 5.

_Judges_ = priests, 625, 658.

_Judith_, book of, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3.

_Jupiter_ = Marduk, name of planet, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7;
see _Marduk_.

_Kaaba_, at Mecca, 624.

_Kabru_, epithet for Aralu, 563.

_Kadashman-Turgu_, Cassite king, votive tablet, 671.

_Kadi_, in Ass. pantheon, 188;
Elamitic god, 232;
worshipped in Dur-ilu, 232;
minor god, 234.

_Kadishtu_, general designation of Ishtar priestess, 660.

_Kalah-Shergat_, excavations, 10;
site of city of Ashur, 198.

_Kallat-Eshara_, epithet of Gula, 173.

_Kanishurra_, a foreign god, 644.

_Kara-indash_, king of Babylon, restores Shamash temple at Larsa, 144

_Kar-nuna-ta-uddua_, ship of Ningirsu, 654;
meaning of name, 654.

_Karun_, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506.

_Katnu_, a foreign god, 644.

_Kercha_, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams,
506.

_Khadir_ = Parnapishtim, 515.

_Khani_, tribe hostile to Babylon, 152.

_Khani_, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188;
a form of Nebo, 188;
minor god, 234;
a foreign deity, 644.

_Kharimati_, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

_Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura_, "the (great) mountain of the earth," 558;
native place of the gods, 558, 614;
= Ekur, 558.

_Khashur_, mountain destroyed by Ishum, 533.

_Khasis-Adra_, see _Adra-khasis_, 505.

_Khi-gir-nun-na_, son of Bau, 103.

_Khi-khi_, mountain attacked by Ishum, 533.

_Khiraitum_, a foreign deity, 644.

_Khi-shaga_, a son of Bau, 103.

_Khorsabad_, unearthed, 6, 8;
capital of Assyria, 193;
sanctuary of Sin, 219;
palace of Sargon, 225;
names of its gates and walls, 237;
sanctuary of Nin-Gal, 231;
zikkurat at K., 617.

_Khumbaba_ attacks Uruk, 480;
conquered by Gilgamesh, 514.

_Khusha_, god of the 2nd Bab. period, 168.

_Kidin-Marduk_, father of Parnapishtim, 488, 496.

_Kidmuru_ temple of Ishtar in Nineveh, 202.

_Kigallu_, a designation of the netherworld, 562.

_Kilili_, a foreign deity, 644.

_Kingship_, differentiation of kingly and priestly functions late, 374;
traces of direct relationship betw. gods and king, 374-5.

_Kingu_, consort of Tiamat, 420;
symbol of chaos, 538;
deprived of the tablets of fate by Marduk, 428.

_Kinunira_, city on the Euphrates (?), sanctuary of Dumuzi-zu-aba, 96.

_Kish_, city in Babylonia, 54;
temple of Zamama, 169;
temple of Ninni, 639.

_Kishar,_ god, K. and Anshar created, 197, 410;
K. and Anshar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in
creation, 414, 416-7;
creation of theologians, 416;
Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418.

_Kishar-gal_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Kishshat_, a foreign god, 644.

_Kislev_, 9th month, sacred to Nergal, 463.

_Kizreti_, Ukhati, and Kharimati, the harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

_Koyunjik_, mound, unearthed, 7, 9.

_Ku(?)-anna_, 51;
place of worship, 102;
functions, 102;
consort of Ramman (?), 102.

_Kudur-mabuk_, 2d dynasty of Ur, "builder" of temple of Sin in Ur, 76,
295;
of temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

_Kumari_, city in Babylonia, temple of Ramman, 242.

_Kurigalzu_, Cassite, king of Babylon, cult of Bel of Nippur, 147, 645.

_Kutu_, see _Cuthah_.

_Lagamal_, a foreign god, 644.

_Lagash_, governors, 36;
temple of Anu, 53, 640;
temple of Belit, 56;
temple of Bau, 635;
quarters of, 56-7;
temple of Ningirsu-Ninib, 57, 87, 635, 640;
center of worship of Ninni, 80;
ancient center, 35, 245;
temple of Dumu-zi-zu-aba, 96;
Dumuzi, temple of Ninmar, 635;
temple of Nin-gish-zida, 99, 635;
temple of Nina, 635;
temple of Ku(?)-an-na, 152;
temple of Gimil-Sin, 561;
shrine of Nin-girsu, 640;
zikkurat of Nin-girsu, 619, 635, 639;
temple of E-salgisa, 641;
temple of Nin-si-a, 635;
temple of Shabra, 635;
temple of Nin-sun, 635;
temple of Nin-tu, 635;
votive objects, 673.

_Lakhamu_, L. and Lakhmu cosmological, 197, 410, 417;
a monster, 414, 418;
in incantations, 417;
in Allatu's court, 593.

_Larsa_, ancient center, 35;
rulers, 37-8;
dynasty, 39;
center of worship of Shamash, 69, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646;
zikkurats at L., 617, 639.

_Lasimu_, a foreign god, 644.

_Layard, Austen Henry_, excavations, 7.

_Laz_, consort of Nergal, 219, 243;
not mentioned in Ass. texts, 219;
not mentioned in religious texts, 583.

_Lebanon_, cedar forests, 626.

_Legal literature_, see also _Literature_;
source for study of religion, 166;
religious character of, 245.

_Libations_, 664, 666;
in Old Testament and in A.-B., 665.

_Libit-Ishtar_, 2d dynasty of Ur, builds temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

_Life of the World_, name of temple, 641.

_Light of Shamash_, name of temple, 641.

_Lists of gods_, 213, 216;
character of, 233;
prepared on the basis of religious texts, 233.

_Literature_, Ashurbanabal's library, 132;
syllabaries, 135;
religious l., 12, 13, 213, 216, 233, 245, 247, 690-1;
temple records, 165;
legal documents, 165-6;
connection betw. religion and literature, 245, 691;
historical texts, 246;
uncertain demarcation betw. religious and secular l., 247;
epics, see _Gilgamesh_, _Eabani_, _Adapa_;
compound of popular belief and of theology, 689.

_Local cults_, origin of, 49;
confusion with nature cult, 49-50;
growth of, 49;
policy of preservation of local cults by foreign conquerors, 69-70,
106, 111;
confusion of (female) local cults, 80;
prominence given to local gods as compared with others, 111;
local cult features and general cult features compared, 110;
survival of local cults, 113;
factors obscuring local cults, 113-5;
political factors, 113;
popular factors, 114;
theological factors, 114;
absorption, 114, 168, 171;
number of, 170, 234, 274;
in lists, 233;
of the Ass. pantheon, 234;
importance diminishes, 235.

_Loftus, William K._, excavations, 9.

_Lofty and Brilliant Wall_, name of temple, 641.

_Lot_, bears more resemblance to Parnapishtim than Noah, 507.

_Lugal-banda_, god, 51;
temple at Uruk, 95;
local character, 95;
identification with Nergal, 95;
signification of name, 95.

_Lugal-edinna_, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.

_Lugal-erima (?)_, god, 51;
his local character, 97;
interpretation of name, 97.

_Lugal-gira_, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.

_Lugal-ki-mu-na_, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Lugal-Marada_, god, temple at Marad, 242;
a solar deity, 473;
patron of Gilgamesh, identical with Shamash, 486.

_Lugal-mit-tu_, in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162;
wall of L., 172;
meaning of name, 172.

_Lugal-zaggisi_, old Babylonian king of Uruk, 101;
his pantheon and its age, 110, 636;
gods common to Lugal-zaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110;
priest of Anu, 110.

_Lulubite_, name of people, 532.

_Lunar cycle and sun calendar_, 78.

_Ma-an-ish-tu-su_, servitor of A, 74.

_Magarida_, a foreign god, 644.

_Magganubba_, city in n.-e. Assyria, sanctuary of Sin, 219;
restored by Sargon II., 232;
cult of Damku, Sharru-ilu, Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232.