Chapter XLIII: Part I: 288-305 (2)

_Magical texts_, subdivision of religious literature, 247;
practical purposes, 246, 255;
beginning of rituals, 247, 253-4, 269;
number of, 247;
comparative age of, 253, 256;
primitive popular thought, 254, 292;
method of composition, 254;
titles of, 254-5;
incantation rituals and their growth, 255, 283 ff.;
Ea and Eridu prominent in, 256;
compiled character, 256-7;
date of composition, 257;
bilingual redaction, 258;
metrical traits, 259;
source of study of popular beliefs, 259;
occurrence of Gibil evidence of ancient age of, 277;
pantheon in m. t. compared with that in historical texts, 297.

_Mahmal_, tabernacle, compared with the Bab. ship for the gods, 655.

_Makhir_, god of dreams, 323, 402.

_Maklu series_, 286 ff., 302.

_Ma-ku-a_, name of Marduk's ship, 655.

_Malik_, god, in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162, 176;
associated with Shamash and Bunene, 176;
in proper names of the time of Hammurabi, 176;
often used as epithet of Shamash, 176;
meaning of name, 176;
Malik and Bunene, attendants of Shamash, 177;
consort of Bunene, 177.

_Malkatu_ = A.

_Malku_, name of canal, 655;
name of Naru's ship, 655.

_Ma-ma_, variant for Gula, 105.

_Mammitu_, goddess; M. and Anunnaki determine death and life, 493.

_Mamu_, a form of Gula in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Mandacan_, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.

_Mar_, district in southern Babylonia, sacred to Nin-Mar, 100;
temple Ish-gu-tur of Nin-Mar, 100.

_Marad_, city in Babylonia, temple of Lugal-Marada, 242;
native place of Gilgamesh, 473.

_Marcheshwan_, see _Arakh-shamnu_.

_Marduk_, 2d Bab. period, deity of Babylon, 54, 96;
child _par excellence_ of Ea, 96, 548;
prominence of his cult since Hammurabi, 116, 134-5, 690-1;
his titles, 118, 126, 239, 240, 276, 500, 576, 630;
identification with Bel and Ea, 118;
solar deity, 118, 119, 528, 576, 690;
his warlike traits, 119;
in religious texts, 120;
temples in Babylon (E-Sagila) and Borsippa, 121, 241, 636, 639;
his papakhu, 640;
his consort, 121-4, 228;
statue brought from Nineveh to E-Sagila, 684;
his statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687;
lord of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 126;
New Year's Day his festival, 127, 631, 678, 681;
mediator betw. Ea and mankind, 139, 276;
Marduk and Ea in incantation texts, 139-40;
conquers Tiamat, 140, 197, 408, 422;
rivaled by Ramman, 158;
during the Cassite period, 162;
called Sag-ila, 169;
lord of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 239;
absorbs the role of other gods, 190, 409;
builds Eshara, 198;
blended with Bel, 54, 145-6, 148, 222, 542;
Bel's titles applied to, 222, 409, 542, 635;
position in the Assyrian pantheon, 224-5, 239;
associated with Ashur, 224;
associated with Ashur, Shamash, and Ramman, 224;
second to Ashur, 239;
prominence of his cult in the neo-B. period, 239-40;
rivaled by Nabu in the pantheon of Nebopolassar, 240, 679;
also in old Bab period, 648;
in incantations, 272-3, 276;
in the Shurpu series, 288;
in hymns, 307 ff.;
lord of rest, 309;
god of oracles, esp. in the south, 342, 345;
zodiacal interpretation, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7;
his double aspect in the creation epic, 409, 432, 450;
takes the tablets of fate from Kingu, 428 (_cf._ 542, 681);
creates the universe, 428 ff., 447;
establishes the districts of Anu, Bel, and Ea, 432;
arranges the stations of the gods in the zodiacal system, 434;
creates man, 437 (_cf._ _Ea_, _Bel_, 443, 448);
the fifty names (of the Igigi) are bestowed upon M., 438;
creates the Anunnaki, 447;
= Nibir, _i.e._, Jupiter, exercises control over all the stars, 434,
458-9;
8th month sacred to M., 463, 678, 686;
Marduk as Sharru in the deluge story, 500;
absent in the deluge story, 508;
dogs symbol of the solar god Marduk, 528;
conquers Zu, 542;
identified with Adapa, 548;
temple at Ashur, 637;
zikkurat at Babylon, 639;
ship of Marduk, 655;
procession on New Year, 679;
spec. festival instituted by Agum, 687.

_Marduk-baladan_, of Babylon, 129.

_Marduk-nadin-akhe_, king of Babylon, carried statues of Ramman and
Shala to Babylon, 212.

_Marriage offerings_, time of, 59;
to Bau, 59.

_Mars_ = Nergal, name of planet, 370, 459;
the "sheep" _par excellence_, 459.

_Mar-tu_ = Ramman, 166, 212.

_Marwa_, hill in Mecca, 687.

_Mashu_, mythical mountain, 488-9;
= Musas or Masis, 516.

_Masis_, or Musas, = Mashu, 515.

_Mecca_, 623.

_Medes_, 44-5.

_Median wedge writing_, 19.

_Meme_, variant of Gula, 175.

_Mer_ = Ramman, 157.

_Mercury_ = Nabu, planet, 371, 459.

_Mesopotamia_, religious ideas and customs, 1, 3;
seat of Terahites, 2;
empire of Nimrod, 2;
geography, 26, 27;
character of, 28 ff.

_Messiah_, Hammurabi and the Hebr.-Christian notion of Messianic time,
533.

_Mili-shikhu_, king of Babylon, his cult of Shamash, 144;
minor gods worshipped, 172.

_Minor gods_, 2d Bab. period, 171-2;
by Mili-shikhu, 172;
some Cassite deities, 172;
in Ass. texts, 171;
in neo-B. period, 171, 242-3;
absorbed by greater gods, 111, 147, 171, 177, 190, 233;
patron-gods of arts, 178;
as personifications, 179;
dividing line betw. spirits and m. g., 183, 233.

_Mishiru_, a foreign deity, 644.

_Mitanni wedge writings_, 20.

_Months_, connected with gods, 462 ff., 676;
names of the months, 464;
m. sacred to gods and their festivals not always corresponding, 687.

_Monumental finds_, 7.

_Moon_, importance of m. as omen giver, 358;
manifold relations between man and m., 358;
importance of m. for calendar, 436, 461;
moon and sun in religion and astronomy, 461.

_Moon-god_, see _Sin_.

_Moses_, 130;
parallelism with Sargon I., 562.

_Mosul_, excavations near, 5.

_Mugheir_, mound, excavated, 9;
see also _Ur_.

_Mummu_, associated with Apsu and Tiamat, 420-1.

_Muenter, Frederick_, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

_Musas_, or Masis, = Mashu, 516.

_Mythology_, see also _Nature_;
extent and influence of Bab. m., 518 ff.

_Nabonnedos_, of Babylon, restores temple of Shamash in Sippar, 70, 647;
last king of Babylonia, 45;
restores temple of Sin in Harran, 77, 646;
gives prominence to Shamash cult, 240-1.

_Nabu_, god, 2d B. period, 127;
most prominent trait, 124;
probable aqueous origin, 124-5, 220;
rank as compared with that of Ea and Marduk, 125, 648;
agricultural deity, 125;
suppression of cult by Hammurabi and his successors, 126;
becomes son of Marduk, 127, 240 (_cf._ 648-9);
his shrine in E-Sagila, 127, 220-9, 636;
prominence during the Assyrian period, 128-9, 228;
his symbol, 128;
temple at Calah, 128, 228-9;
prominence during the neo-Bab. period, 129, 240;
his epithets, 129-31, 229;
meaning of name, 130;
his functions, 130, 240;
his cult with other Semites, 130;
identified with Nusku, 220;
his consort Tashmitum, 130, 228-9;
his consort Nana, 224;
favorite of Ramman-nirari III., 128, 228;
temple E-Zida in Borsippa, 121, 229, 241, 639, 648;
god of wisdom, 129, 229;
son of Ea, 229;
in the subscript to Ashurbanabal's tablets, 229-30;
similarity and difference betw. N. and Ea, 230-1;
in hymn, 306;
shrine E-makh-tila in Borsippa, 307, 636;
god of oracles in Assyria, 344, 348;
= Mercury, name of planet, 371, 459;
in the deluge, 500;
sanctuary E-pad-kalama-suma, 640;
Nabu's ship and procession, 654, 679.

_Nabu-akhe-irba_, astrologer, 340.

_Nabu-bal-iddin_, king of Babylon, 162, 685;
restores cult of Sippar, 176, 628, 645, 670;
votive offerings, 670.

_Nabupelassar_, see _Nebopolassar_.

_Namar_, district in Babylonia, sacred to Kamman, Nergal, and Nana, 159,
164.

_Names_, transference of name and interpretation of this act, 118,
140-1;
composition of proper names, 165;
Bab. etymologies of names, 173.

_Namtar_, god of pestilence, 569;
strikes Ishtar with disease, 570;
messenger of Allatu, 570, 580.

_Nana_, goddess, 51;
titles, 81;
center of worship, 81;
position in the pantheon proper and in the cosmology, 81;
her temples, E-anna in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639;
E-ul-mash in Agade, 82;
in Ur, 81-2, 85, 202, 311, 639, 678;
statue captured by Elamites and recaptured by Ashurbanabal, 85, 206;
absorbs inferior local deities, 103;
associated with Nergal and Ramman, 159, 164;
worshipped by Assyr. kings, 206;
consort of Nabu, 224;
Zag-muk of Nana, 678.

_Nannar_ = Sin, etymology of N., 75;
N. attached to Ur, 75;
Sin to Harran, 76;
his position, 76;
his representation, 76;
his functions, 76, 78;
his epithets, 76, 79, 89;
relationship to Ningal, 97.

_Naram-Sin_, founds temple of Shamash in Sippar, 70, 646;
his exploits incorporated in omen text, 562;
builder of the temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642.

_Naru_, rivergod in incantations, 282;
ship of Naru, 655;
place of worship, 655.

_Nature_, worship, 48;
confusion with local cults, 49-50;
nature myth, 432-3, 487, 494.

_Nazi-Maruttash_, Cassite king, votive objects, 671-2.

_Nebo_, mount in Moab, place of death of Moses, 130.

_Nebopolassar_, king of Babylon, 129;
makes Babylon independent, 239;
makes cult of Marduk prominent, 239;
makes cult of Nabu prominent, 240;
Shamash cult at Larsa, 647, note 3.

_Nebuchadnezzar I._, expels the Cassites, 88, 158;
cult of Marduk and Ramman, 158, 162;
his pantheon, 162.

_Nebuchadnezzar II._, religion of N. and Daniel, 3;
builder of Birs Nimrud, 9;
rule, 44;
worships Sarpanitum as the begetting deity, 122;
makes cult of Marduk prominent, 240, 646;
revives ancient cults, 242-3;
restores temple of Nin-karrak at Sippar, 294;
his prayers exemplification of ethical tendencies, 299;
opposed to Bel cult in Nippur, 646;
restores Shamash temple in Sippar, 646;
Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.

_Nergal_, god, 51;
local cult and temple in Cuthah, 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648;
worship in Palestine, 65;
in Uruk, 66;
his names and their meanings, 66;
functions, 66-7, 537;
development of his attributes, 67-8, 582, 593;
identification with Lugal-banda, 95;
with Irkalla, 592;
associated with Allat, 104, 183, 565, 580, 593;
associated with Ramman and Nana, 159, 164;
Nergal in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
epithets, 172;
chief of nether-world and subterranean demons, 183 (_cf._ 260), 511,
563, 582;
associated with Ninib as god of the chase, 216, 218, 237;
with Ninib and Ashur, 216, 218;
god of war, 218, 582;
Cuthah his sacred city, 164, 218, 563, 583;
Kar-Nergal named in his honor, 219;
temple at Tarbisu, 219;
Laz his consort, 219, 243, 583;
identified with Dibbarra, 232, 528-9, 594;
perhaps = Bel-sarbi, 242;
in incantations, 273, 280;
phases of, 280, 459;
= Mars as name of planet, 370, 459;
9th month sacred to N., 463;
sun of midday and summer solstice, 528, 582;
pictured as a lion, 530;
the lion a symbol of Nergal, 537, 580, 582;
identified with Gibil, 594;
associated with Allatu, 104, 183, 565, 580, 583, 593;
Nergal conquers and weds Allatu, 584-5;
imitation of Tiamat-Marduk fight, 585.

_Nether-world_, names of: Aralu, 557;
Ekur, 558;
Shualu, 558;
Kigallu, 562;
Irkalla, 563;
Kutu or Cuthah, 563;
epithets for n., 559, 563;
Nergal, lord of the n., 563;
the older head of the lower world a goddess, Allatu, not a god, 585.

_New Year's Festival_, see _Zag-muk_.

_Nibir_ = planet Marduk or Jupiter, in the zodiac in conjunction with
Bel and Ea, 434-5;
exercises control over all the stars, 458.

_Nicolas of Damascus_, source B.-A. religion, 1, 412.

_Niebuhr, Carsten_, 15.

_Niffer_, excavations, 11;
see _Nippur_.

_Nika_, mother of Esarhaddon, 340.

_Nimrod_, incidental biblical reference to, 2;
not = Gilgamesh, 514.

_Nimrud_ (mound), unearthed, 7;
temple, 9, 627.

_Nina_, quarter in Lagash, 57, 86;
explanation of name, 86.

_Nina_, goddess, 51;
explanation of name, 86;
centers of worship, 86-8, 635;
associations with Nin-girsu, 87, 635;
relations to Ea, 87-8;
fusion with Ishtar of Nineveh, 88;
interprets a dream, 101;
a daughter of Nin-si-a, 102;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

_Nin-a-gal_, god, 51;
meaning of name, 64;
function, 64;
identification with Ea, 64.

_Nin-akha-kuddu_, goddess, 51;
her titles in incantation texts, 103, 282;
in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110;
goddess of purification, 282;
mistress of Uruk, 103, 282;
water deity, 282;
lady of spells, 282.

_Nin-azu_, "god of the great city," 592;
associated with Allatu, 586, 590;
god of healing, 590;
identified with Ninib, 591.

_Nin-dara_, see _Nin-si-a_.

_Nin-dim-su_, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172;
epithet of Ea, 173.

_Nin-din-dug_, name of Bau. (See Corrections.)

_Nin-e-gal_, variant of Nin-gal, 98.

_Nineveh_, center of action in book of Judith, 3;
site of, 6;
capital of Assyria, 46, 193, 651;
cult of Ishtar, 152, 202-3;
temple E-mash-mash of Ishtar, 152;
resp. of Belit, 227;
Sha-nit(?)-ka, mistress of, 233;
worship of all gods and goddesses, 638;
intellectual center, 651.

_Nin-gal_, god, 51;
center of worship, 97;
relationship to Nannar, 97;
sanctuary at Khorsabad, 231;
Nin-gal's ship, 655.

_Nin-girsu_, solar deity, 51;
subordinate to Bel, 53, 57;
identity with Ninib, 57, 217 (_cf._ 528);
temple E-Ninnu in Girsu, 57, 87, 634-5, 640;
votive offerings, 57;
agricultural deity = Shulgur, 58;
identity with Tammuz, 58;
relations to Nin-shakh, 93;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106;
in incantations, 273;
zikkurat in Lagash or Girsu, 619, 635, 639;
shrine in Lagash, 640;
his ship, 654;
consort of Bau, 59, 677.

_Nin-gish-zida_, solar deity, 51;
a form of Nin-girsu, 92;
meaning of name, 92;
identified with Ninib, Nin-girsu, Nin-shakh, 99, 217, 528, 547;
local character, 99, 528;
temple in Girsu, 99, 635;
in Gudea's inscriptions and incantation texts, 99, 106, 280;
consort of Nusku, 280;
brings famine in the land, 387;
5th month sacred to N., 462, 547;
servant of Gibil, 463;
4th month sacred to, 463;
identical with Gish-zida, 547;
associated with Tammuz, 546, 588;
presides over the growth of trees, 588.

_Nin-gul_, 51;
consort of Lugal-banda, 95;
interpretation of name, 95;
place of worship, 96.

_Ninib_, see _Nin-girsu_, solar deity, 57, 217, 459, 462, 576, 684;
consort of Gula, 105 (_cf._ 576, 591);
of Belitekalli, 173;
in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162, 164;
god of war, 164, 214, 218;
= Ud-zal, 166;
associated with Ashur, 214;
epithets, 213-4, 217;
temple in Calah, 214-5 (_cf._ 684);
favorite of Ashurnasirbal and Shamshi-Ramman, 214;
god of the chase in association with Nergal, 216, 218, 237;
hero of the heavenly and earthly spirits, 214;
in association with Nergal and Ashur, 216;
identical with Nin-girsu, 57, 217;
with Nin-azu, 591;
absorbs Nin-gish-zida and Nin-shakh, 217 (_cf._ 547);
represents east sun and morning sun, 217;
first-born of Ea, 217;
offspring of Ekur, 217;
first-born of Bel, 217;
god of destructive cloud storm, 217, 500;
other qualities in religious literature, 218, 576;
name of outer wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
lays the foundations of cities, 237;
three forms, 238;
temple in Dilbat, 242;
in incantations, 273, 280;
= Saturn, name of planet, 371, 459;
6th and 11th months sacred, 215, 684;
4th month sacred to N., 462;
in the deluge story, 500 (_cf._ 217), 504;
worshipped at Nippur, 635;
temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640.

_Nin-igi-azag_, title of Ea, 230.

_Nin-igi-nangar-bu_, 171;
presides over metal workers, 178.

_Nin-Karrak_ = goddess Gula, 242;
temple at Babylon (see _Gula_), 242;
in incantations, 273;
temple at Sippar, 294;
in a prayer of Nebuchadnezzar, 294.

_Nin-khar-sag_ = goddess Belit, 164;
in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162, 164;
sanctuary at Babylon (see _Belit_), 242, 639.

_Nin-kigal_ = Allatu, 282.

_Nin-kurra_, 171;
lord of mountain, patron of stone workers, 178.

_Nin-lil_, see _Belit_.

_Nin-lil-anna_, in Nebuchadnezzar's II. pantheon, 242;
temple in Babylon, 640.

_Nin-makh_ = Ishtar, 242;
temple at Babylon, 242.

_Nin-mar_, goddess, 51;
center of worship, 100;
her temples in Mar, 100;
daughter of Nina, 100;
popularity of cult, 100;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635;
daughter of Marduk, 168;
temple at Lagash, 635.

_Ninni_, goddess, = Enanna, 51;
titles, 80;
center of worship, 80;
variant of Ishtar, 82;
in Lugal-zaggisi's and Gudea's panthea, 110;
identical with Nana of Uruk, 111;
temple at Hallabi, 117;
her cult by Hammurabi, 144-5;
"Ninni," consort of Zamama, 169;
temple in Kish, 639.

_Nin-shakh_, god, 51;
his character and functions, 93;
identified with Ninib, 93, 217;
relations to Nin-girsu and Nin-gishzida, 92-3;
temple at Uruk, 93.

_Ninshar_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Nin-si-a_, god, 51;
or Nin-dar-a, 90;
center of worship, 91, 635;
absorbed by Nin-girsu, 91;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

_Nin-sun_, god, temple of N. at Lagash, 635.

_Nin-tu_, god, temple of N. at Lagash, 635.

_Nin-zadim,_ god, 171; patron of sculpture, 178.

_Nippur_, rulers, 37;
temple of Bel, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644;
temple of Belit, 55, 635;
inscriptions from Nippur, 103;
prominence during Cassite period, 40, 146, 480;
wall of Zakar, 172;
wall of Lugal-mittu, 172;
ancient center, 245, 445;
chief god Del, or En-lil, 445, 542;
reference to N. in Gilgamesh epic, 486;
rivalry betw. Nippur and Eridu, 508;
replaced by Babylon, 542;
zikkurat at N., 617;
worship of Ninib, 635;
worship of Nusku, 635;
votive objects, 671-3.

_Nisaba_, goddess, 51;
agricultural deity, 101;
traits in common with Ea, 101;
sister of Nina, 101;
centers of cult, 102;
in Gudea's pantheon, 111;
probably local in Uruk, 111.

_Nisan_, sacred to Anu and Bel, 462, 677;
sacred in Babylonia, 684;
7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Nisir_, mount on which the ship alights, 503.

_Nisroch_, Assyrian deity, 2.

_Noah_, resemblance to Parnapishtim less than is the case with Lot, 507.

_Nu-gim-mud_, title of Ea, 230.

_Nun-gal_, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168;
temple in Sippar, 168;
meaning of name, 168;
solar deity, 168;
becomes a demon, 168.

_Nur-Ramman_, of Ur, builder of Sin's temple in Ur, 76;
builder of temples to Nin-gal and Nannar at Ur, 97.

_Nusku_, fire-god, in Ass. pantheon, 188, 220-1;
in Bab. pantheon, 220;
amalgamated with Gibil, 220, 277;
identified with Nabu, 220-1;
ideographic writing of name and its explanation, 220;
solar deity, 220-1, 279;
shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241;
epithets, 221, 277, 280;
functions, 221;
shrine in E-Zida, 241;
in incantations, 271-3, 277, 286;
younger than Gibil, 277;
a mythological conception, 277, 279;
Gibil-N, god of civilization, 278;
medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279;
associated with Anu, 277, 286;
associated with Bel and Ea, 279, 286;
Ishum, messenger of, 280;
worship at Nippur, 635;
see _Gibil_.

_Oktanos_, see under _Ea_, 63.

_Old Testament_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 669 (_cf._ 696);
relations betw. the Hebrews and B.-A., 2, 611, 697-8;
contrast betw. Hebr. and B.-A. religion, 3, 668;
O. T. points of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495;
with deluge story, 506 ff.;
parallels betw. Adam and Eabani, Eve and Ukhat, 511;
betw. Samson and Gilgamesh stories, 515-6;
3d chapter Genesis compared with Adapa legend, 551;
Hebr. Sheol || Bab. Shualu, 560;
Hebr. Shoel || Bab. Sha'ilu, 560;
Hebr.-Bab. custom of inquiring of the dead, 560;
parallelism betw. Sargon I. and Moses, 562;
conceptions of nether-world in O. T. and in Bab., 606;
parallels betw. temple of Solomon and Bab. temple, 623, 632, 652-3,
655;
libation of oil in O. T. and in Ass.-Bab., 665;
sacrifices in O. T. compared with Ass.-Bab., 667-8;
teraphim and Ass.-Bab. amulets, 674;
Hebr. and Bab. New Years, 681;
Purim compared with Bab. 15th Adar festival, 686;
Ashera and tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

_Omens_, division of religious literature, 247;
purposes of, 248, 331;
comparative age of, 253-4;
an indirect means of forecasting the future, 329;
directions for the priest in recognizing o., 330;
relationship betw. o. and prayers, 331;
part of magic element in the ritual, 331;
occasions for seeking an o., 331 ff.;
derived from offered animals, 332;
of a public character, 332 ff., 362, 364, 374, 401;
questions of an omen seeker, 333 ff., 369;
list of, 337, 362;
their relation to reports, 368, 372;
o. ritual, 338;
connecting link betw. incantations and o., 352;
variety of o. literature, 355, 362;
o. from stars, 356;
the more variety, the more significance--a principle of general
application in interpretation of o., 358;
other guiding principles, 358 ff., 388, 401;
private o., 362, 403, 405;
o. series and mode of their composition, 363;
omens deduced from observations of eclipses, 357, 364;
restricted application of o. no hindrance to their practical use, 366,
372;
vagueness of o. intentional, 367;
interrelation betw. reports and o., 368, 372-3;
importance of o. deduced from eclipses and more ordinary phenomena,
368-9;
omens deduced from observations of planets, esp. Ishtar, and of other
heavenly bodies, 371-3;
omen calendars, 375, 382;
omens from terrestrial phenomena, 383 ff.;
logical principle controlling the interpretation, 384;
offshoot of sympathetic magic, 384;
birth omens, 384;
partly public, partly private character, 386;
the rarer the phenomena, the greater the significance, 385;
ideas of sympathetic magic in the interpretation of o., 388;
omens from offsprings of animals, 391 ff.;
omens from the actions of animals, 397-402;
omens from dreams, 402-4;
o. of a private character, 403;
popular phase of augury, 403;
omens from individual experiences, 404;
dividing line betw. omens of individual and of public character, 405;
the practical working of the omen belief, 406.

_Ophites_, a gnostic sect, 699.

_Oppert, Jules_, expedition to Babylonia, 8.

_Oracles_, see also _Omens_ and _Witchcraft_, direct means of
forecasting the future, 329;
occasions for asking o., 338 ff.;
blank forms for o., 341;
form of, 341 ff.;
Marduk, god of, 342;
asked of the sun-god, 334 ff.;
of Ishtar of Arbela, 342;
ceremonies accompanying o., 345;
relationship to penitential psalms, 347;
practical purpose of, 349;
by means of dreams, 349 ff.;
generally vague language, 344;
occasionally definite language, 360;
objects with which o. are concerned, 360;
given by priestesses, 485, or priests, 329, 560, 657-8;
asked of the dead, 559-60, 657;
asked on the New Year's festival, 628-9.

_Pantheon_, divisions and development, 48-50;
sources, 51;
comparison betw. p. in historical and in incantation texts, 297;
comparison betw. B. and A. pantheon, 189, 201.

_Papakhu_, chamber of the god, 627;
cosmological significance, 629.

_Pap-sukal_, _i.e._, divine messenger, epithet of Nin-shakh, Nebo, and
Nusku, 93 (cf. 463, 571);
in incantations, 273;
10th month sacred to P., Ishtar, and Anu, 463.

_Pap-u_, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172;
offspring of E-sharra, 174;
function, 174.

_Paradise_, belief in, among Babylonians, 578.

_Parakku_, chamber of the god, 627.

_Parnapishtim_, immortal, 488, 577;
P. and Gilgamesh, 492 ff.;
son of Kidin-Marduk, 488, 496;
born in Shurippak, 496;
his epithet Adra-Khasis, 505;
bears more resemblance to Lot than to Noah, 507.

_Pa-sag_, god, 51;
"the leader of the land," 101;
identity with Ishum, 101;
lieutenant of Shamash, 107;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Patesi_, 198.

_Patron gods_, of persons, 216, 235;
Nabu, patron of Ramman-nirari III., 228;
of places, 49, 69-70, 106, 111.

_Penitential psalms_, points in common with and differences from
incantations, 312;
national origin of, 312;
marks relationship betw. god and man, 313;
purpose to appease the anger of the gods, 315, 688;
advanced religious conceptions, 314-5, 326;
dialogue form, 315;
language, 316-7;
age, 317;
anonymity of the deity addressed, 318;
p. for specific purposes, 324, 688;
relationship to oracles, 347.

_Persepolis_, wedge writings, 16.

_Persian Gulf_, sacred to Ea, 497;
not the source of the deluge, 497;
confluence of the streams, 577.

_Persian wedge writing_, 19.

_Personifications of human arts_, 178.

_Peters, John P._, explorer, 11.

_Pilgrimage_, 684.

_Place, Victor_, excavations, 8.

_Place of Fates_, name of temple, 641.

_Planets_, observations of, 370;
identifications of p. with deities, 370, 459 (_cf._ 619);
prominence of Ishtar-Venus, in astrological texts, 371;
regarded as auguries for the chiefs and the general welfare, 373;
planets and zikkurats, 619.

_Politics_, affecting religion and literature, 108, 110-1, 134-5, 201,
239, 690-1.

_Popular Belief_, see _Theology and Popular Belief_.

_Prayers_, see also _Hymns_, occasions, 663;
in connection with incantations, 293, 299;
without accompaniment of incantations, 294;
curses regarded as p., 296;
no line of demarcation betw. incantations and p., 297, 299, 307;
ethics in, 298;
power of words, 328;
no p. in its highest form, 329;
relationship betw. prayers and omen, 330;
efficacy dependent on their being uttered in the right manner and by
the right person, 353.

_Priestly codes_, 362.

_Priests and priestesses_, divisions of, 269, 241-2, 657-8;
p. as exorciser and his function, 271-2, 330, 657-8;
mediator betw. man and god, 315, 331, 353, 374, 560, 627, 692;
prognostication of future, 329, 560, 657;
importance of, 353;
"Priests of Ashur," association of priestly functions with early
kingship, 374;
priests and priestesses in their functions, 485, 655 ff., 692;
priests purifying the dead, 578, 602;
general name for priest, 657-8, 676;
priestesses as dirge singers, 604, 658;
as judges, 625, 658;
intellectual leaders, 693;
as sacrificers, 657-8;
eligibility to priesthood, 658-9;
women priests, 485, 659-60.

_Proper names_, see also _Names_, composition of, 165;
source of study of divinities, 166;
evidence of age of cult of gods (Ishme-Dagan), 208;
Samsi-Ramman, 209.

_Psalms_, see _Penitential Psalms_; also _Hymns_, _Prayers_.

_Ptolemy_, see _Claudius Ptolemaeus_.

_Pudilu_, builds temple of Shamash at Ashur, 209.

_Purat_ = Euphrates, 27.

_Purification_, see _Rituals_.

_Purim_, compared with the Bab. solar festival, 15th of Adar, 686;
not to be compared with Puru, 688.

_Puru_, a festival ceremony, 688.

_Puzur-Shadu-Rabu_, captain of the ship of Parnapishtim, 500.

_Ra_, Egyptian sun-god, 210.

_Rabbinical literature_, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3, 697.

_Races_, of Mesopotamia, 24, 33.

_Ramman_, god, Shala his consort, 102, 161, 212;
associated with Anu, 154, 207, 212;
associated with Shamash, 145, 157-8, 160, 211;
associated with Sin and Shamash, 158, 163;
associated with Nergal and Nana, 159, 164;
rivals of Marduk, 158;
ideographic and other readings of the name, 156-7;
meaning of name, 156-7;
extent of his cult, 159;
cult by Aramaeans, 159;
indigenous to Assyria, 159;
rival of Ashur, 161;
his two aspects as storm-god, 160;
epithets, 156, 158, 160, 212, 498;
in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
= Martu, 166, 212;
popular in Assyria, 211;
his instruments of destruction, 212;
"the mightiest of the gods," 212;
name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
brings abundance, 237;
temple at Borsippa, 242;
temple at Kumari, 242;
11th month sacred to R., 463;
R. in the deluge, 500;
declines to fight Zu, 541.

_Ramman-nirari I._, king of Assyria, 155;
cult of Ramman, 159;
of Anunnaki and Igigi as spirits of earth and heaven resp., 185;
repels the Cassites, 199;
his pantheon, 237, 593.

_Ramman-nirari III._, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Nabu cult in
Assyria, 128, 228;
erects temple to Nabu at Calab, 228;
Nabu his patron god, 228.

_Rassam_, Hormuzd researches, 9.

_Rawlinson, Henry_, explorations, 9.

_Regulus_, observations, 372.

_Religion_, unity of church and state, 690;
influence upon Hebrews, see _Old Testament_;
upon Christianity, 698;
upon Egypt, Persia, and Greece, 699-701.

_Religious texts_, 12-3, 467;
sources for religion, 51, 661;
in Bab. theological schools, 134;
reshaping of r. t. during Hammurabi's time, 140-2;
divisions, 247-51;
age, 691;
comparison betw. Ass. and Bab. r. t., 251-2;
their value as source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661;
votive inscriptions on statues, 669;
on other objects, 671-2;
worn as amulets, 672;
plague tablets, 536, 674.

_Rim-Sin_, of 2d dynasty of Ur, "called" by Bel and Ea, 62;
cult of moon and sun-god in Ur, 70;
of Nana in Ur, 81;
builds temple of Nin-shakh at Uruk, 93;
his wife builds temple to Nin-gal at Ur, 97.

_Rituals_, establishment of, 115;
and incantations, 247-8, 253-4, 283;
manner of growth, 255;
purification, 284, 688;
incantations the oldest fixed r., 294;
penitential psalms, 312 ff., 688;
bodily castigation, 320, 688;
offerings, 328;
prayers, 293 ff.;
never without ulterior motive, 328;
oracles and omens, 328 ff.;
composition and growth, 329-30;
strictness in observation of, 347.

_Rustem_, son of Sal in Armen. and Mandaean legend, parallel to Etana,
520.

_Saba_, district in southern Arabia, 491.

_Sabitum_, maiden in Gilgamesh epic, 490-1;
the goddess of Siduri, 491.

_Sacred objects_, 651.

_Sacred period_, 686.

_Sacred quarter_, 622 ff.

_Sacredness of animals_, meaning of, 397-8, 662;
of trees, 662-3.

_Sacrifices_, when not to be offered, 378;
when offered, 663, 667-8;
offered by priests, 657-8;
Semitic view of, 660;
comparison with Hebrew, 667-8;
as determined from religious and historical literature, 661;
development of, 661;
two kinds of, 661;
connected with prayers, 663;
use of oil and wine, 664, 666;
daily, 667;
monthly, 668.

_Sadu_, the hunter in the service of Gilgamesh, 475;
associated with Ukhat, 511.

_Safa_, hill in Mecca, 687.

_Sag-ila_ = Marduk, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Sal_, father of Rustem, 520.

_Samsi-Ramman,_ king of Assyria, builds temple to Ramman, 154, 159;
builds temple to Ashur in Ashur, 198;
his name as evidence of age of Shamash cult, 209.

_Samson_, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 515 ff.

_Samsu-iluna_, king of Babylon, 56;
builds sanctuary of Belit, 56;
builds Dur-padda, sacred to Ramman, 158;
his pantheon, 162;
builds wall of Zakar in Nippur, 172;
builds wall of Lugal-mittu in Nippur, 172.

_Samuel_, prophet, his spirit called up, 559.

_Saracus_, last king of Assyria, 229.

_Sargon I._, "builds" temple E-ulmash of Nana in Agade, 82;
myth of Sargon I. related to an incident in Moses' life, 562;
his exploits incorporated in a religious text, 562;
"builder" of temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642, 645.

_Sargon II._, of Assyria, restores "laws and customs of Harran," 77;
builds sanctuary to Shamash, 211;
names Kar-Nergal in honor of Nergal, 219;
builds sanctuary to Sin at Khorsabad and Magganubba, 219;
patron of learning, 229;
prominence of Nabu cult, 229;
erects sanctuary to Nin-gal at Khorsabad, 231;
restores Magganubba, 232;
revives the triad, 236;
his pantheon, 237;
his palace at Khorsabad, 225, 237;
his zikkurat at Khorsabad, 617;
sacrifices in Babylonia, 664;
institutes special festival, 687.

_Sarpanitum_, consort of Marduk, 121, 224, 228, 636;
interpretation of name, 121, 449;
shrine in E-Sagila, 121, 241, 636, 641;
her statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687;
her subordinate position, 121-2;
goddess of matrimonial fertility, 122, 684;
of secret knowledge, 122;
amalgamation with Erua, 122;
epithets of Sarpanitum-Erua, 123;
called Belit, 224, 684;
shrine in E-Zida, 241;
rarely in incantations, 276;
25th day of Siwan her festival, 684;
festival instituted by Agum, 687.

_Saturn_ = Ninib, planet, 371, 459.

_Saul_, king of Israel, and the witch, 559.

_Semites and non-Semites_ in Babylonia, 21-2, 32-4.

_Sendschirli_, excavations in, 579.

_Senkereh_ = Larsa.

_Sennacherib_, king of Assyria, 200;
takes statues of Ramman and Shala back from Babylon, 212;
erects temple to Nergal at Tarbisu, 219;
his pantheon, 238, 644, note 2.

_Seven spirits_, cause eclipse of moon, 264, 276;
12th month sacred to them, 463;
Sibi, collective personification of the s. p. associated in war with
Ishum, 533.

_Sex_, inferiority of female to male in the B.-A. pantheon, 75, 79, 104;
confusion of female cults, 80;
variety of "ladies" in pantheon, 98, 104;
position of female deities as consorts of male deities, 104, 586, 594;
male deities becoming female and consorts of male deities, 177, 280;
association of sexes in cosmology, 411;
association of sexes in the creation of the gods, 413;
female deities and the months, 463;
sex in witchcraft, 267, 342, 660;
sex in priesthood, 485, 659-60;
sex in furnishing oracles, 485, 660;
sex among musicians and dirge singers, 660 (see _Dirge_);
position of woman, 694.

_Shabat_, 11th month, sacred to Ramman, 463;
sacred to Ninib, 215, 684.

_Shabra_, god, temple at Lagash, 635.

_Shailu_, a designation for priest, 560;
|| Hebr. Shoel, 560.

_Shala_, consort of Ramman, 161, 212;
in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169;
in Ass. pantheon, 189;
meaning of name, 213;
other applications of the name, 213;
epithets, 213.

_Shalman_, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

_Shalmaneser II._, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Shamash cult,
205, 215;
his pantheon, 237.

_Shamash_, or Utu, 51, 277;
signification of name, 68;
relations to the moon-god, 68-70, 98, 305;
centers of worship, Sippar and Larsa, 69, 117, 143, 176, 241, 628,
640, 646;
relative age of the centers, 70;
temple Ebabbara, 70, 628, 640, 645;
attributes and functions, 71, 120, 210;
in incantations, 71, 211;
probable age of these conceptions, 72;
his other names and their meaning, 72-4, 176;
local uses thereof, 73;
Malkatu his consort, 74-5, 176, 241-685;
offspring of Nin-gal, 98;
in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110;
in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162;
warrior of heaven and earth, 144, 211;
mighty hero, 152;
position in Bab. pantheon during and after Hammurabi, 144;
position in Ass. pantheon, 144, 209-11;
associated with Ramman, 145, 157-8, 160, 211;
associated with Sin and Ramman, 158, 163;
associated with Ishtar, 163, 511;
associated with Malik and Bunene, 176;
often called Malik, 176;
symbol of Shamash, 176-7;
temple at Ashur, 209;
protecting deity, 209;
ethical level in Ass. pantheon, 209-10;
judge of heaven and earth, 210, 274, 279, 297, 527 (_cf._ 640);
prominence of sun cult during reign of Ashurnasirbal and Shalmaneser
II., 210, 646;
under Esarhaddon, 646;
sanctuary by Sargon II., 211;
cult influenced by that of Egyptian Ra, 210 (_cf._ 699);
name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
grants victory, 237;
Nebuchadnezzar II. and Shamash cult, 646;
Nabonnedos gives prominence to Sh. cult, 240-1, 647;
temple in Babylon, 242, 640;
Sh. in incantations, 280;
in hymns, 300 ff.;
in omens and oracles, 334, 344;
Shamash and Sin, 305, 647;
7th month sacred to Sh., 463, 685;
patron of Gilgamesh, 471, 479;
identical with Lugal-Marada, 486;
patron of Etana, 520;
controls Zu, 538;
on seal cylinders, 540;
Si-gar, a festival of, 684;
festival days, 685.

_Shamshi-Ramman_, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214.

_Shamuktu_, a class of priestesses of Ishtar, 660.

_Sha-nit(?)-ka_, goddess, in Ass. pantheon, 188;
associated with Damku and Sharru-ilu, 232;
mistress of Nineveh, 233;
= Ishtar, 233.

_Sharru_, title of Marduk, in the deluge story, 500.

_Sharru-ilu_, god, associated with Damku and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232;
meaning of name, 232;
evidently a title, 232;
perhaps a foreign god, 232;
worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

_Shar-sarbi_ = Belsarbi, 242.

_Sherua_, minor god in Ass. pantheon, 234;
foreign deity, 644.

_Sheol_, 560;
O. T. conceptions of Sheol || to Babylonian conceptions, 606 ff.;
see also _Shualu_, _Dead._.

_Shinar_ = Babylonia, 613.

_Ship_, construction of, 498-9;
Puzur-shadu-rabu, captain of ark, 500;
a sacred object, 653-4;
its uses and significance, 654;
compared with the Mahmal and the ark, 655.

"_Ship of Light_," name of Sin's ship, 655.

"_Ship of Malku_," name of the ship of Naru, 655.

"_Ship of the Brilliant Offspring_," name of Bau's ship, 655.

_Shir_, god, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
local god, 163;
patron of Bit-Khabban, 176.

_Shirpurla_, see _Lagash_.

_Shualu_, designation of the district of the dead, 560 ff.;
meaning, 559;
|| to Hebr. Sheol, 560.

_Shubu_, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
local character, 163;
patron god of Bit-Khabban, 176.

_Shu-bu-la_, god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169;
patron of Shumdula, 169.

_Shu-gid-la_, see _Shu-bu-la_, 169.

_Shukamuna_, Cassite god, identical with Nergal, 152, 163, 172;
head of Agum's pantheon, 152, 172;
consort of Shumalia, 173.

_Shul-gur_ = Nin-girsu, 51.

_Shul-pa-uddu_, god, 51;
meaning of name, 99;
age and extension of cult, 99;
decline of cult in favor of Shamash and Ninib, 100;
position in Babylonian astronomy, 100;
solar deity, 99, 531.

_Shumalia_, in the Cassite pantheon, 162-3, 172;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
consort of Shukamuna, 173;
epithet, 173.

_Shumdula_, city in Babylonia, cult of Shubula, 169.

_Shum-gar_, see _Si-gar_.

_Shurippak_, city on Euphrates, destroyed by rainstorm, 495;
comparison with Sodom, 496, 507.

_Shurpu series_, 290.

_Shu-sil-la_, see _Shubula_, 169.

_Sibi_, collective personification of the seven evil spirits associated
with Ishum, 533.

_Sibittum_, minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

_Siduri_, Sabitum, the goddess of Siduri, 491.

_Si-gar_, festival of Gula, 683;
festival of Sin, 684;
festival of Shamash, 684;
meaning, 684;
date of installation of Ashurbanabal, 684.

_Silili_, mother of one of Ishtar's associates, 482.

_Sin_, god, see also _Nannar_; worshipped in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647;
temple at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 644, 687;
occurrence of the name elsewhere, 77;
amalgamation with Nannar, 78;
chief trait, 78;
lunar cycle and sun calendar, 78;
epithets and functions, 76, 78-9, 219, 462;
gradual decrease of Sin cult, 78-9;
in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110;
associated with Shamash and Ramman, 158, 163;
in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162;
patron of Bit-Khabban, 163;
head of 2d triad, 163;
associated with Ishtar, 163, 571;
father of Ishtar, 565;
temple at Calah, 219;
sanctuary at Khorsabad, 219;
sanctuary at Magganubba, 219;
god of wisdom, 78, 219;
god of water in Ass. pantheon, 219;
first-born son of Bel, 76, 219;
subordinate position in Ass. pantheon, 219-20;
Sin and astronomy, resp. astrology, 219-20;
temple at Babylon, 242;
in incantations, 280;
in hymn, 303-4;
Sin and Shamash, 305, 647;
first-born of Bel, 219, 462;
Siwan, 3d month, sacred to Sin 462;
chapel in E-Zida, 639;
Sin cult under Nabonnedos, 77, 648;
Sin's ship, 655;
zagmuk of, 678;
Si-gar, festival of, 684.

_Sinai_, a peninsula (metals and stone), 627, 652.

_Sin-gamil_, of Uruk, builds sanctuaries to Nergal at Cuthah, 66.

_Sin-gashid_, of Uruk, servitor of Lugal-banda and Nin-gul, 95-6.

_Sin-iddina_, of Larsa, builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69;
builds temple of Sin in Ur, 76.

_Sippar_, temple and archives, 10;
ancient center, 35, 245;
center of worship of Shamash, 69, 117, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646;
temple of Nun-gal, 168;
worship of Shamash, Malik, and Bunene, 176;
temple of Nin-karrak, 294;
temple of Malkalu or A, 640;
zikkurat, "Threshold of Long Life," 641.

_Sir_, serpent god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

_Sirius_, observations of, 372.

_Siwan_, 3d month, sacred to Sin, 462, 687;
sacred to the god of brick structures, 463;
25th day of Siwan sacred to Belit of Babylon, 684.

_Slaves_, standing of slaves a measure of social ethics, 695.

_Smith, George_, explorations, 9.

_Sodom_, destruction of, point of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495-6,
507.

_Sokkaros_, grandfather of Gilgamesh (Aelian), 524.

_Solomonic_ temple and the sacred quarter in Nippur, 623-4;
horns of altar compared with Bab. custom, 652;
"sea" compared with Apsu, 653;
ark compared with the Bab. ship, 655.

_Sorcer_, _Sorceress_, see also _Witchcraft_;
relationship betw. s. and oracle-giver, 342.

_Spirits_, in proper names, 166, 180;
Nun-gal-e-ne, a class of, 168 (cf. 184);
their symbols, 174, 182;
functions, 174;
lists of, 180;
classification of, 181 ff.;
of disease, 181, 186, 246;
of the field, 182;
of the nether-world, 183;
dividing line betw. gods and spirits, 181, 183, 231, 266, 274;
of evil, 260, 264;
activity of, 260-1;
representations of, 263;
habitations of, 260, 263;
the seven spirits, 264;
strength attribute of, 266;
relationship betw. demons and witchcraft, 267;
differentiation of demons, 262.

_Spiritualization of mythology_, 304, 306;
characteristic of later times, 297;
in penitential psalms, 313, 319.

_Splendor of Heaven and Earth_, name of temple, 641.

_Stars_, writing of heaven, 454;
division of, 455.

_Storm_, symbols of storm (birds and bulls), 537 ff.

_Subartu_, name of country, 532.

_Sugi_, name of country, 675.

_Sukhaul-ziku_, name of mythical fountain, 572.

_Sumer and Akkad_, ethnological-geographical, 32-3;
S.-A. language in incantations, 259.

_Sumerian question_, 21-4, 32-4.

_Sun_, see _Shamash_;
gates of s., 435, 443;
representation of sun in creation story, 461;
sun and moon in astronomy and religion, 461.

_Susian wedge writing_, 19.

_Syllabaries_, 135.

_Syncellus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

_Systematized religion_, see _Theology_.

_Taboo_, meaning of, 397.

_Talisman_, see _Amulet_, _Teraphim_.

_Tammuz_, agricultural deity, 58, 588;
relations to Ishtar, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574;
T. and Gish-zida doorkeepers of heaven, 546;
solar deity, 547;
4th month named for T., 547, 682;
intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9;
brother of Belili, 575;
T.'s day = All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682;
identified with Nin-girsu, 58;
associated with Nin-gish-zida, 546, 588.

_Tammuz_, 4th month, sacred to Ninib, 462;
named for god Tammuz, 547, 682;
sacred to the servant of Gibil, 463.

_Tarbisu_, city north of Nineveh; temple of Nergal, 219.

_Tar-gul-le_, names of some demons let loose by Dibbarra in the deluge
story, 500.

_Tashmitum_, goddess in pantheon of Hammurabi, 130;
a new creation, 131-2;
consort of Nabu, 130-1, 228-9;
meaning of name, 131;
her quasi-artificial character, 131-2;
called Nana, 132;
shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241;
in the subscript to Ashurbanabal's tablets, 229-30;
shrine in E-Zida, 241.

_Tashritu_, see _Tishri_.

_Taylor, J. E._, excavations, 8.

_Tebet_, 10th month, sacred to Papsukal, Ishtar, and Anu, 463;
festival of En-meshara, 588.

_Tel-Id_, mound near Warka, site of ancient capital of Mar, 100.

_Tell-el-amarna_, see _El-amarna_.

_Tell-Ibrahim_ = Cuthah.

_Telloh_, excavations, 11;
temple records and legal documents, 165.

_Tell-Sifr_, temple records and legal documents, 165.

_Temple records_, see also _Literature_;
source of study of the deities, 167.

_Temples_, 612 ff.;
names of t., 638 ff.;
history of t., 642 ff.;
as financial establishments, 650;
minor part played by the temples in Assyria, 659.

_Terah_, _Terahites_, appearance in Palestine, 2;
migrations, 2;
home of, 9.

_Teraphim_, talismans parallel to Ass.-Bab. statuettes of gods, 674.

_Teumman_, king of Elam, 296.

_Thamud_, Arabic tribe destroyed, 496.

_The Brilliant House_, name of temple, 641.

"_The Lesser Light_," name of Ningal's ship, 655.

_Theology and popular belief_, 89, 114, 131, 180, 235, 249, 411, 414,
416, 458, 494, 527, 584, 614, 619, 629-30, 689;
Gudea's system, 108;
interaction betw. political fortunes and positions of divinities, 108,
110-11, 134-5, 201, 234, 235;
genealogical arrangement according to Amiaud, 108;
family theory according to Davis, 109;
its value, 109;
tendency towards recognition of certain great gods, 111, 147, 171,
190, 234-5, 696;
organization of cult and ritual, establishment of dogmas, 115, 133,
247, 690;
pedagogical activity, 135;
formation of the great triad, 147;
re-systematization of gods by Hammurabi, 171, 276;
systematization of spirits, 184;
attempts to systematize series of gods, 213, 216, 233;
theology in cosmology, 412 ff., 418, 443;
in the 12th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 512-3;
in the Etana legend, 527;
theology in the Zu epic, 542.

_Thomas, Felix_, excavations, 8.

_Thousand and One Nights_, 494.

_Threshold of Long Life_, name of zikkurat in Sippar, 641.

_Tiamat_, mythical monster, conquered by Marduk, 140, 197, 408;
fought by Anu, Ea, 197;
synonymous with Apsu, 411;
female principle, 411;
personified chaos, 411, 414;
dominion of T. and Apsu precedes that of the gods, 412;
gods product of the union of T. and Apsu, 413;
mythical monsters product of the union of T. and Apsu, 414;
associates of T., 419;
Ummu-Khubur, epithet of T., 419;
Kingu her consort, 420;
Tiamat epic compared with Zu myth, 543;
comparison with Nergal-Allat fight, 585.

_Tiglathpileser I._, king of Assyria, nomenclature of Bel, 146;
dedicates temple to Anu and Ramman, 154, 159;
as a hunter, 216;
rebuilds temple of Bel at Ashur, 225;
pantheon, 236;
dedicates captured gods, 675.

_Tiglathpileser II._, sacrifices in Babylonia, 664.

_Tigris_, course of, 28-9;
comparison with Euphrates, 30;
in garden of Eden, 2 (_cf._ 506);
one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (_cf._
2).

_Tishri_, 7th month, sacred to Shamash, 462 (_cf._ 681, 685);
7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Tombs_, see _Dead_.

_Triad_, the great, Anu, Bel, Ea, 107;
relationship of the members, 147;
product of theology, 147, 149;
development of, 148;
extraneous position, 149;
representative of the three kingdoms, 155;
punish the violator of monuments, 207;
fix the name of the months, 208, 236;
general position in Ass. pantheon, 236;
give victory, 236;
grant rule, 236;
associated with Ashur, Ishtar, and Igigi, and Anunnaki, 236;
in incantations, 273;
associated with fire-god, 279;
in Gudea, 418;
in the cosmology, 418;
ancestors of the triad, 418;
symbolizes the eternal laws of the universe, 432.

_Triad_, second, Sin, Shamash, Ramman, 163;
in incantations, 273.

_Tubal-cain_, biblical father of metal workers, 178.

_Tur-lil-en_, in Nebuchadnezzar's II. pantheon, 242.

_Tychsen, Gerhard_, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

_Ubshu-kenna_, council chamber of the gods, 423, 629, 687.

_Uddushu-Namir_, a divine servant, created by Ea, 571.

_Ud-zal_ = Nimib, 166.

_Ukhat_, in the Gilgamesh epic, 475, 476 ff.;
parallelism betw. U. and Eve, 511.

_Ukhati_, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

_Ul-mash-shi-tum_, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

_Ululu_, 6th month, sacred to Ishtar, 462, 684;
sacred to Ashur, 463, 685;
sacred to Ninib, 215, 684;
3d day of U. sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Ululu 2d_ (intercalated), sacred to Anu and Bel, 463.

_Umu_, goddess, 51;
priestess of Uruk, 102;
in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110.

_Umun-pa-uddu_ = Shul-pa-uddu, 99.

_Ur_, city, home of Terahites, 9;
dynasties, 36-7;
sacred to Sin or Nannar, 69-70, 75, 242, 640, 647;
sanctuary of Shamash, 70;
starting point of Hebrew migrations, 77;
association with Harran, 77;
temple of Nana, 81;
temple of Nin-gal, 97;
temple of Sin, 70, 242, 295, 640;
literary center, 245;
zikkurat at Ur, 617;
temple E-kharsag, 638;
temple E-gal-makh, 639.

_Ur-Bau_, patesi of Lagash,
builds sanctuary of Belit, 56;
builds sanctuary to Ea in Girsu, 61-3;
builds temple of Ninni in Gishgalla, 80;
builds temple to Nin-Mar in Mar, 100;
builds temple to Ku(?)-anna in Girsu, 102;
erects a zikkurat in Nippier, 645.

_Ur-Gur_, 2d dynasty of Ur,
builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69;
preserves local cults in Larsa, Nippur, Uruk, 69;
builds temple to Sin in Ur, 76;
builds temple to Nana in Uruk, 81.

_Ur-Kasdim_ = Ur.

_Ur-Nin-Girsu_, of Lagash, priest of Anu, 90.

_Ur-Shul-pa-uddu_, ruler of Kish, 99.

_Uru-azagga_, quarter of Lagash, 57;
temple of Bau, 59, 103.

_Uru-gal_, "great city,"
designation of nether-world, 592;
Nin-azu, god of U., 592.

_Uruk_, ancient center, 9, 35, 245, 445, 472;
excavated, 9;
rulers, 37;
temple of Nin-shakh, 93;
temple of Lugal-banda, 95;
temple of Nin-gul, 96;
origin of cult of Nisaba, 102;
Nana, or Ishtar, the great goddess of Uruk, 81, 84, 103, 242, 311,
445, 473, 475, 645, 648;
importance of Uruk in Nippur inscriptions, 103;
worship of Nisaba, 111;
temple of Nana or Ishtar, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639;
Uruk supuri, 472;
city of the Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati, 475, 531;
conquered by Gilgamesh, 473, 513;
attacked by Khumbaba, 430;
Uruk under Cassites (?), 480;
attacked by Dibbarra, 531;
dwelling of Anu and Ishtar, 531;
zikkurat at U., 619, 639.

_Uru-kagina_, patesi of Lagash, 53;
king of Girsu, 56;
erects temple of Bau at Uru-azagga, 103.

_Utu_, surname of Shamash, 72;
etymology, 73.

_Utukku_, a class of spirits, 260 (_cf._ 511).

_Vases_, sacred objects, 652, 674-5
comparison with vases in the Solomonic temple, 653.

_Venus_ = Ishtar, name of planet, 370.

_Votive inscriptions_, see _Religious Texts_.

_Votive offerings_, 51, 57, 660 ff.;
lists of, 165;
popular character, 668-9;
statues of kings votive offerings, 669;
occasions for, 670;
offered by kings and laymen, 671, 675;
various objects, 671, 675;
captured gods as offerings, 675.

_Warka_, see _Uruk_.

_Water_, see _Fire_ and _Ea_;
means of purification, 276, 279, 282, 289.

_Wedge writing_, styles and varieties, 19, 20;
origin, 21 ff., 454, 455.

_Witchcraft_, origin of belief in, 267;
relationship betw. w. and demons, 267;
the sex in w., 267, 342, 485;
means of w., 268;
protection against, 269;
release from, 285, 657;
causes of punishment by, 291.

_Worship_, tree worship compared with Hebrew-Phoenician Ashera cult,
689;
symbolical in Bab., 689.

_Xenophon_, contemporary of Ctesias, 1.

_Xisuthras_, 505;
see _Adra-Khasis_.

_Yakhin_, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

_Zab_, lower, tributary of Tigris, 192.

_Zabu_, king of Babylon, restores Shamash temple at Sippar, 117;
restores Anunit temple at Agade, 117.

_Zag-muk_, festival of Bau, 59, 677;
festival of Marduk, 127, 631, 678-9;
festival of En-lil, 678;
festival of Sin, 678;
festival of Nana, 678;
propitious time for asking oracles, 628-9;
spring and fall the time of the z., 678;
compared with Jewish New Year, 687.

_Zakar_, god, meaning of name, 172;
place of worship, 172;
"wall of Zakar," 172;
relationship to Bel and Belit, 172.

_Zamama_, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168;
sanctuary to Z. in Kish, 169;
god of battle (identified with Ninib, 640), 169;
Ninni his consort, 169;
in incantations, 273;
temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640.

_Zarmu_, son of Bau, 103.

_Za-za-uru_, son of Bau, 103.

_Zikkurat_, staged tower, 615;
imitation of mountain, 615;
house of oracle, 622;
names of zikkurats, 638 ff.

_Zodiac_, z. system outcome of religious thought, 247, 434;
zodiacal interpretation of the gods, 82, 310-1, 434, 462-3, 676;
almost the entire zodiac known to the Babylonians, 456.

_Zoroastrianism_, 45.

_Zu_, personification of storm, 525, 537;
myth of Zu, 537 ff.;
compared with Tiamat epic, 543;
explanation of name, 537;
the chief worker of evil, 538;
under the control of Shamash, 538;
robs the tablets of fate, 540;
conquered by Marduk, 542.

_Zurghul_, city in Babylonia, 578.

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