Chapter II: Preface

The famous Roman Wall, which, in former times, protected southern Britain from the ravages of the northern tribes, exhibits, at this day, remains more entire, and forms a subject of study more interesting than is generally supposed.

Two authors of great learning have treated of this renowned structure—Horsley, in the Britannia Romana, and Hodgson, in the last volume of his History of Northumberland. Both are treatises of considerable size, and both are, to a certain extent, rare. The Britannia Romana, moreover, describes the Wall, not as it is, but as it was more than a century ago. Hodgson’s work is of recent date, and forms a valuable storehouse of nearly all that is known upon the subject. The mind, however, of that amiable man and zealous antiquary was, at the time of its preparation, bending under the weight of his ill-requited labours, and he has failed to present his ample materials to the reader in that condensed and well-arranged form which distinguishes his previous volumes, and without which a book on antiquities will not arrest the attention of the general reader.

The following work may be regarded as introductory to the elaborate productions of Horsley and Hodgson. The reader is not assumed to be acquainted with the technicalities of archæology; and, at each advancing step the information is supplied which may render his course easy. I have not attempted, in the last part of the work, to enumerate all the altars and inscribed stones which have been found upon the line of the Wall, but have made a selection of those which are most likely to interest the general reader, and to give him a correct idea of the nature and value of these remains.

In the body of the work I have endeavoured to furnish a correct delineation of the present condition of the Wall and its outworks. All my descriptions are the result of personal observation. To secure as great accuracy as possible, I have read over many of my proof sheets on the spot which they describe.

The pictorial illustrations have been prepared with care, and will give the reader, who is not disposed to traverse the ground, a correct idea of the state of the Barrier. The wood-cuts and plates, illustrative of the antiquities found on the line, have, with the exception of a few coins introduced into the first Part of the volume, and copied from the MONUMENTA HISTORICA, been prepared from original drawings, taken for this work from the objects themselves. I am not without hope that the well-read antiquary will value these delineations for their beauty and accuracy.

The inhabitants of the isthmus are proud of the Wall and its associations; and whatever may have been the case with their forefathers, will not needlessly destroy it. Most kind has been the reception I have met with in my peregrinations, and most valuable the assistance I have received from the gentry and yeomen of the line, and others interested in my labours! Gladly would I enumerate all to whom I am indebted, had it been possible. Some names, however, must be mentioned. His Grace the Duke of Northumberland has not only given me free access to all his antiquarian stores, but directed me to prepare at his expense engravings on wood of all that I thought suitable to my purpose. Would that his Grace knew how much I have been cheered in my course by his notice of my humble labours! To John Clayton, esq., I am obliged for the gift of the wood-cuts illustrative of the numerous and interesting antiquities preserved at CILURNUM, the produce of that station and BORCOVICUS. To Albert Way, esq., the accomplished and honorary secretary of the Archæological Institute, with whom I had last year the pleasure and advantage of spending a day upon the Wall, I am indebted for the cuts representing the altar and slab discovered at Tynemouth. The suite of wood-cuts illustrative of the hoard of coins found in the ancient quarry on Barcombe-hill, have been engraved at the expense of my tried and valued friend, John Fenwick, esq., of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and to William Kell, esq., town-clerk of Gateshead, with whom I have traversed the Wall from sea to sea, and some portions of it repeatedly, I am indebted for the beautiful representation of the ancient PONS ÆLII fronting the title-page. My former school-fellow, William Woodman, esq., town-clerk of Morpeth, besides otherwise assisting me, has caused surveys to be made for my use of not fewer than eighty of the strongholds of the Britons still existing on the heights north of the Wall. To trace the movements of the brave people whom the Romans drove to the more inaccessible portions of the island, would have been an interesting sequel to the account of the Roman Wall, but I found the undertaking too great for me.

It is with no ordinary emotion that I write the last lines of a work to the preparation of which I have devoted the leisure of three years. The Wall and I must now part company. Gladly would I have withheld the publication of this work for the Horatian period, and have spent the interval in renewed investigations; though even then I should have felt that I had fallen short of

‘The height of this great argument;’

other cares, however, now demand my attention.

_Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1 January, 1851._

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

THE MOST NOBLE ALGERNON DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND,
Patron of the Society of Antiquaries of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto and octavo._

THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL GREY, Lord Lieutenant of the County of
Northumberland.

THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF CARLISLE.

THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD LONDESBOROUGH. _Quarto and Octavo._

THE RIGHT REVEREND THE LORD BISHOP OF DURHAM.

THE HONOURABLE HENRY THOMAS LIDDELL, ESLINGTON,
NORTHUMBERLAND. _Quarto and octavo._

THE RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR GEORGE GREY, BART.

SIR JOHN EDWARD SWINBURNE, BART., Capheaton, Northumberland, President
of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

SIR JOHN P. BOILEAU BART., F.R.S., Ketteringham, Norfolk, and Upper
Brook-street, London.

SIR WALTER CALVERLEY TREVELYAN, BART., Wallington, High Sheriff of
Northumberland.

SIR WILLIAM LAWSON, BART., Brough Hall.

SIR FRANCIS PALGRAVE, K.H., F.R.S. Deputy Keeper of the Public Records,
London.

WILLIAM ARMSTRONG, ESQ., MAYOR OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.

THE REV. R. C. COXE, M.A., VICAR OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.

The University of Edinburgh. _Quarto._

The British Archæological Association.

The Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

The Society of Writers to her Majesty’s Signet, Edinburgh.

The Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

The Literary and Philosophical Society, North
Shields.

The Mechanics’ Institute, Gateshead.

The Mechanics’ Institute, South Shields.

The Scientific and Mechanical Institution,
Alnwick.

The Edinburgh Select Library.

The Wansbeck Book Club.

Richard Abbatt, esq., Stoke Newington, London.

John Adamson, esq., one of the Secretaries of the Society of
Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and one of the Secretaries of the
Literary and Philosophical Soc., of the same town.

R. Addison, esq., The Friary, Appleby.

Joshua Alder, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

John Anderson, esq., Coxlodge, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Thomas Annandale, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Arthur Ashpitel, esq., F.S.A., 5, Crown-court, City, London.

George Clayton Atkinson, esq., Denton,
Northumberland.

Charles Austin, esq., Brandeston Hall, Suffolk.

William Austin, esq., Egerton House,
Berkhampstead.

J. C. Backhouse, esq., Blackwell, Darlington.

Charles Baily, esq., F.S.A., one of the Honorary Secretaries of the
British Archæological Association, Gracechurch-street, London.

J. Bailey, esq., Wood-street, Cheapside, London.

The Rev. Thomas Baker, M.A., Rector of Whitburn, Durham.

Thomas Baker, esq., Official Assignee of the Court of Bankruptcy,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

The Rev. E. A. Barker, Ludlow.

Thomas Barnes, esq., M.D., Bunker’s-hill,
Carlisle.

Thomas Bateman, esq., M.D., Yolgrave, Bakewell.

Nathaniel Bates, esq., Milbourne Hall,
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William Beamont, esq., Warrington.

William Beamont, junior, esq., Trin. Coll. Camb.

Matthew Bell, esq., M.P., Wolsington,
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The Rev. Meyrick Beebee, Simonburn.

George Bell, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

John Lee Bell, esq., Brampton.

Robert Bell, esq., Nook, Irthington.

Mr. Robert Bell, Dean-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Thomas Bell, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

James Beman, esq., Cheltenham.

William Bennett, esq., Newport, Salop.

John Brodribb Bergne, esq., F.S.A., Treasurer of the Numismatic
Society, London.

The Rev. John Besly, D.C.L., Vicar of Long Benton, Northumberland, and
Rector of Aston-sub-edge, Gloucestershire.

The Rev. Frederick Betham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Charles William Bigge, esq., Linden, Northumberland.

Matthew R. Bigge, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._

The Rev. John Frederic Bigge, Stamfordham, Northumberland.

The Rev. H. J. Bigge, Rockingham, North Hants.

John Cass Birkinshaw, esq., Whickham, Durham.

William Bolam, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Whitburn.

James Bogle, esq., Glasgow. _Quarto._

William Henry Brockett, esq., Gateshead.

Stamp Brooksbank, esq., The Hermitage, Hexham.

E. J. J. Browell, esq., East Boldon.

Mrs. Bruce, senior, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Two copies._

Mrs. Bruce, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._

Miss Williamina Bennett Brace,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._

George Barclay Bruce, esq., M. Inst. C.E., Alston.

Mr. Gainsford Bruce, University, Glasgow. _Quarto._

Mr. Thomas Bruce, Leghorn.

John Buchanan, esq., Western Bank of Scotland, Glasgow.

James Buckman, esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Cirencester.

Thomas Burnet, esq., Summerhill-terrace. _Quarto._

Robert Busby, esq., Alnwick.

Richard Cail, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Duncan Campbell, esq., Lesmahago, Lanarkshire.

Ralph Carr, esq., Dunston-hill, Durham. _Quarto._

John Lowry Carrick, esq., Sandysike, Cumberland.

William Chaffers, jun., esq., F.S.A., London.

Edward Charlton, esq., M.D., one of the Secretaries of the Society of
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William Henry Charlton, esq., Hesleyside.

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William Chartres, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

The Rev. Henry Christopherson, Bowdon, near Manchester.

Miss Anne Clayton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

John Clayton, esq., Town-clerk of _Six copies,
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Matthew Clayton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._

Miss Clayton, Chesters, Northumberland.

Nathaniel Clayton, esq., Chesters, Northumberland. _Quarto and octavo._

The Rev. Richard Clayton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

William Clayton Clayton, Esq., Lincoln’s Inn,
London. _Quarto._

Mr. Thomas L. Colbeck, Denton, Northumberland.

The Rev. John Collinson, Rector of Boldon, Durham.

Ralph Compton, esq., Church-court, Old Jewry, London.

John Coppin, esq., North Shields.

Capt. Gustavus Hamilton Coulson, R.N., Newbrough, Northumberland.

John Blenkinsop Coulson, esq., Ochtertyre, Crieff.

John Ross Coulthart, esq., Croft House,
Ashton-under-Lyne.

Robert Cowen, esq., Carlisle.

George Cowen, esq., Dalston, Carlisle.

Joseph Crawhall, esq., Stagshaw.

William Crighton, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

James Crosby, esq., Church Court, Old Jewry,
London.

William Daggett, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. John Daglish, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

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The Rev. William Nicholas Darnell, Rector of Stanhope, Durham.

Matthew Dawes, esq., F.G.S., Westbrooke, Bolton.

James Dearden, esq., F.S.A., The Manor, Rochdale.

Robert Richardson Dees, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

William Dickson, esq., F.S.A., Clerk of the Peace for Northumberland,
Alnwick.

Dixon Dixon, esq., Unthank, Northumberland. _Quarto._

J. P. Dodd, esq., LL.D., North Shields.

Mrs. Dodd, Greenwood Manse, Wigton.

The Rev. Isaac Dodgson, Incumbent of Lanercost.

James Menteith Douglas, esq., Stonebyers,
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The Rev. G. J. Duncan, North Shields, Northumberland.

Alfred John Dunkin, esq., Dartford, Kent.

Samuel Edgar, esq., M.D., Berwick.

Robert Elliot, esq., M.D., Carlisle.

Miss Ellis, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Nathaniel Ellison, esq., Commissioner of the Court of Bankruptcy,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. John Ellison, Manchester.

Dennis Embleton, esq., M.D., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

John Errington, esq., High Warden. _Two copies._

The Very Rev. Monsignor Charles Eyre, Haggerston
Castle.

Joseph Walter King Eyton, esq., F.S.A., Lond. and
Scot. _Quarto._

Frederick William Fairholt, esq., F.S.A.,
Brompton, London.

John Brunton Falconar, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Thomas Faulkner, esq., Chelsea.

R. M. Fawcett, esq., Cambridge.

The Rev. John Fell, M.A., Huntingdon.

John Fenwick, esq., Campville, North Shields.
(_deceased_)

John Fenwick, esq., one of the Secretaries of the
Literary and Philosophical Society,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._

John Clerevaulx Fenwick, esq.,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Miss Fergus, Hereford-street, Park-lane, London.

William Ferguson, esq., Hill-street, Glasgow.

Robert Ferguson, esq., Shadwell Lodge, Carlisle.

Mr. John Forrest, Ellison-terrace,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

William Finley, esq., Durham.

William John Forster, esq., Tynemouth. _Quarto._

Messrs. Finlay and Charlton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Hugh Watson Friend, esq., Harbut Lodge, Alston.

J. H. Fryer, esq., Whitley House.

John Gainsford, esq., Brighton.

Mrs. Gainsford, Cheltenham.

Joseph Garnett, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. Garrett, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Benjamin Gilpin, esq.

Robert Mortimer Glover, esq., M.D., F.R.S.E.,
Newcastle.

William Glover, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

T. H. Graham, esq., Edmond Castle.

John Graham, esq., M.D., Brampton.

Richard Grainger, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Thomas Gray, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Benjamin Green, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

John Grey, esq., Dilston, Northumberland. _Three copies._

Henry Guy, esq., Gateshead.

M. E. Hadfield, esq., Sheffield.

Charles Hall, esq., Ansty, Blandford, Dorset.

Mr. William Hall, Milton Station, Cumberland.

Mr. George Hardcastle, Sunderland. _Quarto._

Mr. Anthony Harrison, Hexham.

Thomas Emerson Headlam, esq., M.P.

Thomas Hedley, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Ions Hewison, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

S. Heywood, esq., Walshaw-hall, Bury, Lancashire.

William Hill, esq., Edinburgh.

John Hodgson Hinde, esq., Acton House,
Northumberland. _Quarto._

Robert Hodgson, esq., Salkeld Hall, near Penrith.

Joseph Hope, esq., Carlisle.

John Houseman, esq., M.D., M.R.C.S. L. and E.,
Newcastle.

Richard Hoyle, esq., Denton Hall, Northumberland.

The Rev. J. Hudson, Incumbent of Hexham.

The Rev. Abraham Hume, LL.D., Liverpool.

Henry Hunt, esq., Birtley, Durham.

Mr. W. S. Irving, B.A., Blencow Grammar School, Cumberland.
Robert Ingham, esq., Westoe, Durham.

Henry Ingledew, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Thomas Ions, esq., Mus. Bac., Oxon.,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Henry Jackson, esq., Sheffield. _Quarto._

J. M. Jessop, esq., King’s College, London. _Quarto._

George Johnson, esq., Willington, Northumberland. _Quarto._

John Johnson, esq., Killingworth, Northumberland.

Robert Johnson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._

William Kell, esq., Town Clerk of Gateshead. _Quarto and octavo._

Miss Kemp, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Rev. John Kenrick, York.

Miss Lamb, Kylesike Hill, Brampton.

Richard Lambert, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Messrs. M. and M. W. Lambert, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Richard Holland Law, esq., Brunswick-square,
London.

Robert Leadbitter, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._

John Leathead, esq., Gallowgate.

Thomas Carr Lietch, esq., Town Clerk of North
Shields.

Charles J. Lamb, esq., Ryton, Durham.

William Hylton Longstaffe, esq., Gateshead. _Quarto._

M. A. Lower, esq., Lewes.

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John Mackinlay, esq., Comptroller of Customs,
Whitehaven.

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Mr. Luke Mackey, 67, King-street, South Shields.

The Rev. W. H. Massie, Rector of St.
Mary-on-the-Hill, Chester.

Joseph Mayer, esq., F.S.A., Liverpool.

Michael Meredith, esq., Finsbury, London.

Samuel Mitchell, esq., The Mount, near Sheffield.

John Moore, esq., West Coker, Yeovil, Somerset.

George Gill Mounsey, esq., Castletown, Carlisle.

J. B. Musgrave, esq., London.

The Rev. G. M. Nelson, Bodicot Grange, Banbury.

Joseph Nelson, esq., Waterloo, Oldham.

The Rev. Robert Nelson, Edinburgh.

George Nelson, esq., Fernhill, Pendleton,
Manchester.

Charles H. Newmarch, esq., Cirencester.

The Rev. William Nichol, Jedburgh. _Quarto._

M. O'Connor, esq., 4, Berners street, Oxford-street, London.

Messrs. Ogle and Son, Glasgow.

Mr. George A. Oliver, Rye-hill,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mrs. W. H. Ord, Riding, Gateshead.

Robert Ormston, esq., Saville-row, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

The Rev. Lewis Paige, M.A., Newcastle.

Mr. Joseph Parker, Brampton.

George Paton, esq., A.R.A., London.

Hugh Lee Pattinson, esq., Scots House, near
Boldon.

William Pattinson, esq., Wigton.

Mrs. Peart, North Shields.

George Hare Philipson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Robert Plummer, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

The Rev. James Pringle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. Edward Pruddah, Hexham.

Mr. William Pruddah, Hexham.

Henry Glasford Potter, esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., etc., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Jonathan Priestman, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

William Ramsay, esq., M,A., F.S.S., F.P.S., Professor of Humanity in
the University of Glasgow; Corresponding Member of the
Archæological Society of Athens.

Thomas Ramshaw, esq., Brampton.

Robert Rawlinson, esq., Superintending Inspector
of the General Board of Health, Gwydyr House,
Whitehall. _Quarto._

The Rev. Wm. Rees, M.A., Carlisle.

Mr. C. F. Reid, Grey-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. Christian Bruce Reid, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. Edw. Richardson, Summerhill Grove, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Thos. Riddell, esq., Felton Park. _Quarto._

Mr. George Bouchier Richardson,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Jonathan Richardson, esq., Benwell House.

Thomas Richardson, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

George Rippon, esq., North Shields.

Thomas Robertson, esq., Alnwick.

Mr. Thomas Robinson, Collingwood-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. Robert Robinson, Pilgrim street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

William Robson, esq., Paradise,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. Robert Stephen Salmon, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Richard Burdon Sanderson, jun., esq., West Jesmond, Newcastle.

Mr. William Sang, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

John Sang, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Master John Fenwick Schofield, 11, Ellison-place, Newcastle.

Miss Agnes Percy Schofield, 11, Ellison-place, Newcastle.

The Rev. T. H. Scott, Canon of Durham, Rector of Whitfield.

Mr. Hudson Scott, Carlisle.

J. S. Donaldson Selby, esq., Cheswick House, Northumberland.

George Selby, esq., Belle Vue, Alnwick.

Isaac Sheffield, esq., London.

John Sheffield, esq., Carlisle.

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Thomas Stephens, esq., North Shields.

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George Waugh Stable, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._

John George Stoker, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Robert Stokoe, esq., Hexham.

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R. W. Swan, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

George Tate, esq., F.G.S., Alnwick.

John Taylor, esq., M.A., Edinburgh.

Mr. John Thompson, Bloomfield-terrace, Gateshead.

Thomas Thorp, esq., Alnwick, Northumberland.

John Thurnam, esq., M.D., London.

Mr. Charles Thurnam, Carlisle.

Arthur Trollope, esq., Lincoln.

Charles Tucker, esq., F.S.A., one of Honorary Secretaries of the
Archæological Institute, 26, Suffolk-street, London.

W. B. D. D. Turnbull, esq., Sec. Society of Antiquaries, Scotland.

Mr. Robert Turner, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

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Ralph Walters, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Robert Walters, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

James Wardell, esq., Leeds.

Charles Warne, esq., Milbourne St. Andrews, Blandford, Dorset.

Mr. Christopher Watson, Marsh House, Easton, Cumberland.

Joseph Watson, esq., Gresham-place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Albert Way, esq., M.A., F.S.A., one of the Hon. Secretaries of the
Archæological Institute, 26, Suffolk-street, Pall-Mall-East.

Captain James Dent Weatherley, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Thomas Weddell, esq., F.R.A.S., Addiscombe.

Robert M. Weeks, esq., Ryton, Durham.

Matthew Wheatley, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. Richard Cuthbertson Whinfield, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Mr. G. H. Whinfield, Pilgrim-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Alfred White, esq., Curator and Registrar of the British Archæological
Association, Tyndale-place, Islington.

Robert White, esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

The Rev. Robt. Hopper Williamson, Rector of
Hurworth. _Quarto._

John Williamson, esq., Glasgow.

Mr. John Heron Wilson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Daniel Wilson, esq., Hon. Sec. Soc. of Antiquaries, Scotland.

Mr. David Hamilton Wilson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. _Quarto._

Charles Winn, esq., Nostell, Wakefield. _Quarto._

William Woodman, esq., Town-clerk, Morpeth.

M. Wright, esq., Trinity House, London.

Thomas Wright, esq., M.A., F.S.A., Corresponding Member of the National
Institute of France, etc. 24, Sydney-street, Brompton.

Edgar Garston, K.S., Liverpool.

Mrs. Grey, Dilston House, Northumberland.

George Patten, esq., A.R.A., London.

Mr. William Richardson, 71, Percy-street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

CONTENTS
AND
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

_Page._

1. FRONTISPIECE—PONS ÆLII restored.

The site of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the PONS ÆLII of
the Romans, is here shewn. The ground on which it
stands, rising abruptly from the bed of the river
Tyne, to the height of about an hundred feet, is
cut into three very remarkable tongues of land by
four ravines, permeated by as many streams, which
all disembogue in the Tyne. The easternmost and
largest of these tongues of land is that formed by
the Ouseburn and Pandon-dean; the smallest by
Pandon-dean and the Lort-burn; and the
westernmost, wheron stands the castle, and
formerly the Roman station, by the Lort-burn and
Skinner-burn. Extensive suburbs probably occupied
all these eminences.

2. TITLE—Modern Buildings on the site of PONS ÆLII.

The Norman keep of the Castle of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the Church of St. Nicholas;
and the court-house for the county of
Northumberland, built upon the site of the
south-east corner of the station of PONS ÆLII.

3. Plan of the course of the Roman Wall _facing_ 1

PART I.—AN EPITOME OF THE HISTORY OF ROMAN 1
OCCUPATION IN BRITAIN.

4. Initial letter—altar from Corbridge 1

5. Coin of Claudius—DE BRITANNIS 4

6. Coin of Vespasian—ROMA RESURGES 6

7. Coin of Hadrian—ADVENTUS BRITANNIÆ 11

8. Coin of Hadrian—BRITANNIA 12

9. Coin of Severus—VICTORIÆ BRITTANICÆ 19

10. Coin of Carausius—reverse, a galley 22

11. Coin of Carausius—reverse, a lion 22

12. Coin of Magnentius—reverse, Christian monogram 24

13. Base of column—Housesteads 24