Chapter XXI: Part VI (2)

16. _Obv._ Inscription same as last.

_Rev._ Reversed goats’ heads, bearing a shield.

17. _Obv._ Inscription same as last.

_Rev._ COS. ITER. TR. POT.

18. _Obv._ Inscription same as last.

_Rev._ GENIVM—(figure)—P.R.

19. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. DOMITIANVS AVG. P.M.

_Rev._ TR. POT. II. COS. VIIII. DES. X. P.P.

20. 21. _Obv._ Same as last.

_Rev._ IMP. XXI. COS. XVI. CENS.P. P.P.

22. 23. _Obv._ CAESAR AVG. DOMITIANVS.

_Rev._ COS. IIII. Pegasus.

24. _Obv._ CAES. DOMIT. AVG. GERM. P.M. T.R.P.

_Rev._ IMP. XIIII. COS. XIII. CENS. P. P. P.

25. _Rev._ IMP. XXII. COS. XVI. CENS.P. P. P.

26. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. DOMITIANVS AVG. P. M

_Rev._ TR. POT. II. COS. VIIII. DES. XII.

27. _Obv._ CAES. AVG. DOMIT. COS. III.

_Rev._ PRINCEPS IVVENTVT.

28. _Obv._ IMP. NERVA. CAES. AVG. P.M. TR.P. COS. III. P.R.

_Rev._ FORTVNA P.R.

29. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA. TRAIAN. AVG. GERM.

_Rev._ PONT. MAX. TR. POT. COS. II.

30.31. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG.

_Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R.

32. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P. M. TR.P.

_Rev._ COS. V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC.

33. 34. 35. _Rev._ COS. V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC.

36. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P. COS. V. P.P.

_Rev._ S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI.

37. _Obv._ Same as last.

_Rev._ S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI.

_Exergue._ FORT.RED.

38. Same as before.

_Exergue._ PAX.

39. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P.

_Rev._ COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R.

40. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC.

_Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R.

41. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG. GERM.

42. 43. _Obv._ IMP. CAES. NERVA TRAIAN. AVG. GERM.

_Rev._ P.M. TR. P. COS. II. P.P.

44. Same as 40. with _Exergue_. TRO—VIO.

45. _Obv._ IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M. TR.P.

_Rev._ COS.V. P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC.

46. The same as last.

47. Same as last. Seated figure, the right hand extended, holding a Victory.

48. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG.

_Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. III.

49. _Obv._ Same as last.

_Exergue._ FEL. P.R. (doubtful.)

_Rev._ P.M. TR.P. COS. III.

50. _Obv._ IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG.

_Rev._ P.M.TR.P. COS. III.

PIE—TAS, in the field.

51. _Obv._ Same as last.

_Rev._ P.M.TR.P. COS. III.

CONSULAR AND OTHERS.

This coin symbolizes the peace concluded between the Roman general Scaurus and the Arabian monarch Aretas.

MINERALS AND METALS.

In nearly all the stations of the line, the ashes of mineral fuel have been found; in some, a store of unconsumed coal has been met with, which, though intended to give warmth to the primeval occupants of the isthmus, has been burnt in the grates of the modern English. In several places the source whence the mineral was procured can be pointed out; but the most extensive workings that I have heard of, are in the neighbourhood of Grindon Lough, near Sewingshields. Not long ago, a shaft was sunk, with the view of procuring the coal which was supposed to be below the surface; the projector soon found, that though coal had been there, it was all removed. The ancient workings stretched beneath the bed of the lake.

[Sidenote: MINING OPERATIONS.]

In Allendale and Alston Moor, numerous masses of ancient scoriæ have been found, which must have resulted from the reduction of lead from its ore. In the station of Corchester, portions of lead pipe have been found; it is an inch and a half in diameter, and has been formed by bending round a flat strip of the metal, and soldering the joint.

Iron has been produced in large quantities. In the neighbourhood of HABITANCUM masses of iron slag have been found. It is heavier than what proceeds from modern furnaces, in consequence, probably, of the imperfect reduction of the ore. In the neighbourhood of Lanchester, the process seems to have been carried on very extensively. On the division of the common, two large heaps were removed, the one containing about four hundred cart loads of dross, the other six hundred. It was used in the construction of some new roads which were then formed, a purpose for which it was admirably adapted. In the neighbourhood of one of these heaps of scoriæ, the iron tongs represented in Plate XVII. fig. 8, so much resembling those at present used by blacksmiths, were ploughed up. During the operation of bringing this common into cultivation, the method adopted by the Romans of producing [Sidenote: BLAST FURNACE.] the blast necessary to smelt the metal was made apparent. Two tunnels had been formed in the side of a hill; they were wide at one extremity, but tapered off to a narrow bore at the other, where they met in a point. The mouths of the channels opened towards the west, from which quarter a prevalent wind blows in this valley, and sometimes with great violence. The blast received by them would, when the wind was high, be poured with considerable force and effect upon the smelting furnaces at the extremity of the tunnels.

METALLIC IMPLEMENTS.

Notwithstanding the tendency of iron to oxidize, several weapons made of this material, and used by the Romans, have come down to our day. Their general character and form can be better learnt from an inspection of the drawings which depict them than by verbal description. On Plate X. are shewn two spear or javelin heads, and on Plate XVII. the iron points of some arrows.

Vessels of cast-metal, fitted for domestic use, are occasionally met with. On Plate XVII. fig. 2, is a specimen of a pot or boiler, closely resembling those in modern use; it was found in cutting the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, near Haydon Bridge.

[Sidenote: METALLIC IMPLEMENTS.]

Bronze vessels are occasionally found. The utensils depicted on Plate XVI. are of this metal. Fig. 1, is a pan, evidently intended for culinary purposes. The use of the other vessel, fig. 2, so nearly resembling a modern coffee-pot, is not so apparent, though several of this form have been found in the Roman stations in the north of England. Is it a decanter—a sort of wine flagon? Both of these vessels were found on the line of the Wall, but at what point I have been unable to learn.

Near to Whitfield, were recently found three camp-kettles, of peculiar make, which are now in the Museum of Antiquities at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. They are formed of bronze, but of exceedingly thin metal; they have evidently seen much service, and are patched in several places. Owing to the thinness of the metal they would very readily feel the fire. In Italy, where during a great part of the year a fire is only lighted when indispensable, similar vessels are still in use. These three vessels vary in size, so as to allow of their being placed one within the other. The smallest of them is shewn on Plate XVII. fig. 3. The strainer, fig. 1, also of bronze, and very finely and tastefully perforated, was found with them.

The boss of a shield, having something of the appearance of the head of a snake, Plate VII. fig. 2, is also of bronze. It is preserved at Chesters.

Fibulæ or clasps, for fastening the loose robes worn by the Romans, are, as may be supposed, of ordinary occurrence. The one represented, of the full size, Plate XIV. fig. 2, was found at Carvoran. It is of bronze, and is of a form of which there are many examples. The tongue is wanting, but the spiral spring to which it was attached, and the groove which caught it, are distinctly observed. The small pair of bronze shears or scissors, which are shewn of their full size, Plate XIV. fig. 1, were also found at Carvoran.

_PLATE XV._

J. STOREY DEL ET LITH. PRINTED BY A. REID.
Samian Ware, from Wallsend and Lanchester
]

_PLATE XVI_

J STOREY DEL ET LITH PRINTED BY AND^w REID.
Bronze Vessels
]

_PLATE XVII._

J STOREY DEL ET LITH PRINTED BY AND^w REID.
Iron Pot, Bronze Vessel, Tongs, etc.
]

_PLATE XVIII_

J STOREY DEL ET LITH PRINTED BY AND^w REID.
Soles of Sandals, etc.
]

EARTHENWARE AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

[Sidenote: ROMAN POTTERY.]

Few subjects possess more interest than the pottery of the Romans. Whether we regard the shape of the vessels, the beauty of their ornaments, or the excellence of the material of which they are composed, they are worthy of our admiration. Fortunately for the present writer, so much has recently been published upon the subject, as to justify him in dismissing it with a brief notice.

Among the earthenware vessels found in the mural region are some of coarse structure, such as _amphoræ_, _mortaria_, pans for common domestic purposes, and some which have probably been intended for exposure to the fire. The amphoræ are large narrow-necked vessels, capable of containing several gallons, and formed of red clay. In general, they have been furnished with two handles, on one of which the maker’s name is not unfrequently stamped. They were used for holding wine. I am not aware of any having been found on the line of the Wall, in a state at all approaching to completeness.

The mortars are strong shallow vessels, provided with a lip for the convenience of pouring. They are formed of clay, resembling fire-brick in colour. On their inner surface, are frequently imbedded angular fragments of quartz, chert, or iron scoriæ. By this contrivance, the bruising of parched corn or other articles of food would be more easily effected.

Various vessels of common earthenware, such as would be required in every household for holding water, grain, and kindred substances, are discovered, occasionally nearly perfect. At Nether Hall some very fine ones are preserved, which were found in the neighbouring station; one is twelve inches in diameter, and nearly six deep. Another, of globular form, is ten inches in diameter, and nine in depth.

Besides these, fragments of thick vessels are frequently met with, which are of a porous nature, and hence well adapted to withstand the sudden application of heat. In these, when placed upon the fire, we may readily conceive that food was baked or stewed.

Other vessels, for the most part of smaller size, more elegant shape, and composed of finer materials, are of common occurrence. Some are nearly black, others grey or slate-coloured: these are quite plain and unembossed. A species of yellow earthen-ware is found, tinted with a brown pigment, by the partial removal of which, a sort of pattern is given to it. All these are of British manufacture. Many of the potteries in which they were fabricated, have been clearly ascertained. The slate-coloured and grey kinds owe their peculiar hue to the action of what has been called, the smother kiln. During the process of baking the vessels, the vent of the furnace has been closed, so as to fill the kiln with smoke. The unconsumed carbon not only communicated its own hue to the objects exposed to it, but prevented the iron, which usually forms the colouring matter of clay, from being converted into the peroxide, which is of a brick-red colour.[147]

[Sidenote: SAMIAN WARE.]

The finest species of earthenware found in Roman camps, is that called Samian. It is of a bright coral-red colour. It can at once be detected by its glaze, which has not yet, in modern times, been successfully imitated. Some vessels are quite plain, but others are very tastefully embossed. Plates IX. and XV. furnish specimens of the more ornamental kind. The large fragment, engraved Plate XV. fig. 1, was found in sinking the shaft of the famous Wallsend pit. No potteries for the manufacture of this species of ware, have been found in Britain; and as the maker’s marks, and the patterns of the embossed varieties correspond with those found on the continent, it is conceived to be of foreign origin. Gaul and Spain have been pointed out as the countries from which the specimens exhumed in Britain were probably procured. The vast quantity of fragments of Samian ware mingled with the rubbish of some of the stations is truly remarkable; and not less worthy of observation is the fact, that not only has the clay of which the broken vessels are composed, undergone no deterioration by being buried for centuries in the damp earth, but even the glaze is, to all appearance, uninjured. That even the plainer kinds of Samian ware have been accounted valuable by their owners, is evident from the circumstance, that marks and names, by which they might be identified, have in numerous instances been scratched upon them. In Plate VII. figs. 9 and 11, are two examples of this kind, found at CILURNUM, and still preserved there. In some cases where a vessel has been fractured, it has been joined by clasps of lead. Fig. 1, Plate VII., is an example of this, also found at CILURNUM. The process of boring the holes to receive the lead must have been one of some labour, and would not have been undertaken unless the vessel had been accounted valuable.

An imitation of the Samian ware seems to have been made in Britain during the continuance of the Roman period. It is not equal to the original in colour, texture, or design. Fig. 2, Plate IX. differs in appearance from true Samian—it may be an imitation.

The lamp shewn on Plate XIV. fig. 4, is of red earthenware, covered with a black pigment; it proves the vast amount of skill and taste which the Romans lavished even upon articles of minor importance.

[Sidenote: MINOR ANTIQUITIES.]

Mill-stones are among the most frequent of the discoveries made in our Roman stations. Some, found at CILURNUM, are shewn in Plate XIII. fig. 4. They closely resemble the querns which were used in Scotland and the rural districts of Northumberland, within a recent period. Many of the stones consist of the mill-stone grit, basalt, or granite of the district; others are formed of a species of lava which is not procured in any locality nearer than Rhine Prussia. The advantage of these foreign stones is, that, though hard, they are porous, and, as they wear away, still present a continuity of sharp edges to the action of the grain.

The process of grinding the corn by hand-mills must have been a most tedious one. Probably a large proportion of the grain consumed by the soldiers of the Barrier was simply boiled, after being slightly bruised in mortars.

[Sidenote: CONCLUSION.]

Here a period must be put to this account of the Roman Wall and its antiquities. Many topics worthy of fuller discussion have been but cursorily treated, and some omitted altogether; but it is impossible, in a work of this extent, to do full justice to a subject of such magnitude; we content ourselves with imitating the moderation of Hadrian, who, instead of grasping at universal empire, sought only a dominion which he might reasonably hope to maintain.

Still, we may reckon on some advantage from the brief communion we have held with the Mighty among the Ancients. We can hardly tarry, even for an hour, in association with the palmy days of the Great Empire, without learning, on the one hand, to emulate the virtues that adorned her prosperity, and on the other, to shun the vices that were punished by her downfall. The sceptre which Rome relinquished, we have taken up. Great is our Honour—great our Responsibility—

... Heavenly wisdom on this ball
Creates, gives birth to, guides, consummates all.
States thrive or wither (as moons wax and wane)
E'en as His will and His decrees ordain;
While Honour, Virtue, Piety, bear sway,
They flourish; and as those decline, decay.

-----

Footnote 137:

This small altar was found at Benwell, and is now in the possession of
the Society of Antiquaries, London—it is drawn to twice the usual
scale.

Footnote 138:

On the ides the undefiled priest in the temple of the great Jove
offers in the flames the entrails of a wether.

Footnote 139:

Archæologia Æliana, i. 306.

Footnote 140:

Smith’s Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.

Footnote 141:

Decurion, a commander of a troop of ten men.

Footnote 142:

This and the two subsequent cuts are drawn to twice the usual scale.

Footnote 143:

For further information on this interesting subject the reader is
referred to two admirable papers by Mr. C. Roach Smith, and Mr. Thomas
Wright, in the second volume of the Journal of the British
Archæological Association.

Footnote 144:

Vows in Trouble, by John Horsley, A.M. London: Printed for Richard
Ford, at the Angel, in the Poultry, near Stocks market. And sold by R.
Akenhead, Bookseller, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1729.—At the time
Horsley published this book, he was engaged in the preparation of the
_Britannia Romana_.

Footnote 145:

Smith’s Collectanea Antiqua i. 21.

Footnote 146:

The first cohort of the Vangiones were in Britain in the time of
Hadrian, from whom some of them, in 132, had a discharge from the
army, with the privilege to marry. They were from Belgic Gaul, and
were a long time quartered at Risingham, at which station eight of
their tribunes have left their names on inscriptions.

_Hist. Nor._ II. iii. 183.

Footnote 147:

See Remains of Roman Art in Cirencester, 78.

-----

------------------------------------------------------------------------

INDEX.

ABALLABA, 297. ÆSICA, Great Chesters, 254. Agricola lands in Britain, 7. ALIONIS, 347. Altars, form of, 395. AMBOGLANNA, Birdoswald, 278. Amphoræ, 445. Ancient Britons, description of, 16. Apollo, altar to, 411. Aqueduct at Great Chesters, 257. Arthur, King, traditions respecting, 205. Arthur’s Well, 264. Astures, a people from Spain, 141.

Battle of Heaven-field, 167. Bede, on the building of the Wall, 379. Belatucadrus, altar to, 401. Belted Will, 285. Benwell, CONDERCUM, 137. Bewcastle, 344. Binchester, 344. Birdoswald, AMBOGLANNA, 278. Black-carts farm, Wall on, 196. Black-dike, 211. Blake-chesters, 321. Blast furnace, 443. Blea-tarn, 297. Bloody-gap, 244. Bogle-hole, traditions of, 245. BORCOVICUS, Housesteads, 214. BORCOVICUS, etymology of, 228. Borcum or Barcombe, quarry on, 231. Border strife, 296. Borders, state of, in middle ages, 209. Bradley, 232. Brampton, 349. Bridge at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 130. Bridge over North Tyne, 170. Britain, first notice of, 2. BREMENIUM, High-Rochester, 325. BREMETENRACUM, 350. Broaching of the stones, 85. Brunton, the Wall at, 169. Bueth’s castle, 345. Burgh-upon-Sands, 304. Burnswark, 356. Busy-gap, 207. Byker-hill, 118.

Cæsar’s landing in Britain, 3. Carrawburgh, PROCOLITIA, 197. Cambeck-fort, PETRIANA, 288. Camp kettles, 444. Carausius, 21. Carlisle, LUGUVALLIUM, 301. Carvoran, MAGNA, 267. Castella, 67. CASTRA EXPLORATORUM, 353. Caw-gap, 246. Cemeteries, 183, 262. Centurial Stones, 429. Chapel-hill, 224. Chapel-house, 274. Chapel-houses, 147. Chesters, CILURNUM, 171. Chesterholm, VINDOLANA, 236. Chew-green, 325. Chives on Walltown crags, 264. Christian remains, none on the Wall, 421. Christianity, early introduction of into Britain, 422. CILURNUM, Chesters, 171. _Cippi_, 326. Coal wrought by the Romans, 442. Cocidius, altar to, 401. Coins found on Borcum, 231, 434. Coins found in Cambeck fort, 289. Coins found in Newcastle bridge, 131. Coins, number of Roman, relating to Britain, 37. Coins, general remarks upon, 431. Coins, number found on the Wall, 432. Coins, Roman and Saxon, not commingled, 433. Coins, spurious, 365. Concrete, hydraulic properties of Roman, 182. Constantine proclaimed emperor, 23. CONDERCUM, Benwell, 137. Corchester, CORSTOPITUM, 332. CORSTOPITUM, Corchester, 332. Cost of the Wall, 94. Cousin’s-house, 113. Crags, why the Wall built upon, 201. Cumming’s cross, 206.

_Dea Hamia_, 417. _Deæ Matres_, 417. Denton Hall, 146. Devil’s Wall in Germany, 96. Down-hill, 156. Drumburgh, 309. Dykesfield, 307.

Earthenware, 445. Ebchester, 341. Edward I. at Bradley, 233. Egyptian triple goddesses, 418. Ellenborough, 361. Emperors worshipped, 398. EPEIACUM, 342. Epona, altar to, 415.

Fibulæ, 444. Fisher’s-cross, 311. Forest, primeval, 310. Fortune, altar to, 403. Fosse of the Wall, 51.

Gelt quarry, 385. Genius, local, altar to, 399. Genius of the Wall, 353. Gildas’ account of the miseries of the Britons, 27. Glass for windows, 222. Goddess mothers, 417. Graham’s-dike, 97. Great Chesters, ÆSICA, 254. Grooves in thresholds of gates, 220.

HABITANCUM, Risingham, 329. Hadrian arrives in Britain, 11. Hadrian, death of, 391. Hadrian slabs, 383. Harlow-hill, 155. Halton-chesters, HUNNUM, 159. Haltwhistle, 252. Haltwhistle-burn-head, 254. Hare-hill, 284. Heddon-on-the-Wall, 149. Hedley, Rev. Anthony, 105. Hexham, 194, 339. Historical testimonies respecting the building of the Wall, 372. Hodgson, Rev. John, 106. Horsley, biographical notice of, 103. Horsley on Christian vows, 423. Hospital, camp, 362. Housesteads, BORCOVICUS, 214. HUNNUM, Halton-chesters, 159. Hypocausts at HUNNUM, 162. Hypocausts, their probable use, 180. Hypocausts at Chesters, 174.

Inscriptions, value of, 187. Iron wrought by the Romans, 442. Irthington, 295. Itinerary of Antonine, 328.

Jarrow, 323. Jupiter, altar to, 397.

Keep of Castle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 135. Kiln for drying corn, 223. Kirk-Andrews, 302.

Lakes of Northumberland, 229. _Lamiæ_, 418. Langley castle, 231. Lanchester, 342. Lanercost priory, 284. Lanx, the Corbridge, 334. Lead wrought by the Romans, 442. Legio XX. engaged upon the Wall, 247. Limekiln, 327. Limestone-bank, 195. _Lingones_ at Tynemouth, 108. LUGUVALLIUM, Carlisle, 301.

MAGNA, Carvoran, 267. Maiden-way, 269. Malcolm Canmore, 321. Mars, altars to, 401. Maryport, 361. Masonry of the Stations, 84. Masonry of the Wall, 78. Maximus, 319. Middleby, 354. Mile-castles, 67. Mile-castle at Cawfield, 248. Mile-stone, 239. Mill-stones, 448. Military-way, 69. Milking-gap, 234. Minerva, altar to, 402. Mithras, altar to, 404. Monument to Edward I., 306. Moresby, 366. Mortar, Roman, 86. _Mortaria_, 445. Mountain-god, 415. Mumps-hall, 275. Murus and Vallum, one design, 387. Mythology of Gothic tribes, 421.

Names of stations ascertained, 61. Naworth-castle, 284. Netherby, 352. Nether-hall, 362. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 121. Nine-nicks of Thirlwall, 265. North Shields, 321. Nymphs, 414.

Old Carlisle, 360. Old Town, 349. Ouseburn mile-castle, 119.

Pap-castle, 366. Passage of the Eden, 300. Passage of the Irthing, 277. Peel-crag, 243. Peel-houses, 253. PETRIANA, Cambeck-fort, 288. Polytheism of the Romans, 398. Plumpton, 358. PONS ÆLII, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 121. PROCOLITIA, Carrawburgh, 197.

Quarry on Fallowfield fell, 80. Quarry on Haltwhistle fell, 80. Quarry, Roman, 292.

Rapishaw-gap, 230. Richard of Cirencester on the building of the Wall, 390. Risingham, HABITANCUM, 329. Rochester, High, BREMENIUM, 325. Roman emperors, number who visited Britain, 36. Ruts in gateway of Birdoswald, 280. Rutchester, VINDOBALA, 150.

Sacrifices, Roman, 396. Samian ware, 447. Sandals, Roman, 348. Secondary forts, 315. SEGEDUNUM, Wallsend, 105. Sepulchral inscriptions, 424. Severus lands in Britain, 15. Severus, death of, 392. Sewingshields farm-house, 200. Shields’-lawe, 322. Silvanus, altar to, 413. Speaking pipes in the Wall, 76. Stags’-horns, 269. Stanwix, 299. Stations, description of, 56. _Stationes per lineam valli_, 60. Steel-rig, 243. Stotes-houses, 117. Streets, narrowness of, 221. Syrian goddess, 412.

Tepper-moor, 196. Terraced gardens, 224. Thirlwall-castle, 270. Time occupied in building the Wall, 94. Toads represented on altars, 416. Tower of Repentance, 307. Tower-tay, 195. Traditions regarding CILURNUM, 192. Traditions, Sewingshields, 203. Transmarine Mothers, 419. Troughs of stone, 158. _Tumuli_, 351, 365. Turrets, 68. Twice-brewed-ale (inn), 233. Tynemouth, 318.

Vallum, description of, 52. Vallum, additional rampart of, 283. Vangiones, 427. Vegetation inimical to the Wall, 93. Vespasian and Titus in Britain, 5. Viteres, altars to, 395, 416, 417. Victory, figure of, 300. VINDOBALA, Rutchester, 150. VINDOLANA, Chesterholm, 236. VINDOMORA, 342.

Wallend, 273. Wall, in relation to the rivers, 100. Wallis, 349. Wall-mill, 262. Wall, probable height of, 47. Wallsend, SEGEDUNUM, 105. Walltown crags, 263. Walton, 287. Warden-hill, 194. Wardley, 324. Water-course, ancient, 161, 257. Watch-cross, 298. Whitley-castle, 346. Wreckendike, 322. Written rock on the Gelt, 81.

Zodiacal tablet, #409.#

Transcriber’s Note

On p. 178, footnote 86 appears with no anchor in the text. Judging from the context, the anchor has been placed at the end of the sentence beginning ‘The stone pillars are...’, which mentions the balusters referred to in the note.

On p. 317, based on the context, the word ‘stones’ in the phrase ‘all the trifling [stones] put together’, is most likely a misprinting of ‘stories’.

Lapses and inconsistencies in punctuation and format in tabular matter, or in the Index have been silently corrected.

The index entry 'Fosse of the Wall' is out of order, and its position has been adjusted.

Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here.

p. x. British Archæ[o]logical Association Added.

p. xx. 16. Section of Works, near eighteenth Transposed.
mile-stone [25/52]

p. xxiii. 164. Sc[lu]/ul]pture to the Deæ Matres Transposed.

p. 8 f[ri/ir]ths Transposed.

p. 16 that ascend from these marshes.[”] Removed.

p. 50 T[ih/hi]s portion Transposed.

p. 62 wh[i]ch is thus inscribed Added.

p. 65 n. 34 and in the neig[h]bourhood Added.

p. 103 n. 54 a native of No[r]thumberland Added.

The mi[l]liary which told to Hadrian’s Added.
soldiers

p. 134 suc[c]essor Added.

p. 150 so that a [a ]greater portion Line break
repetition.

p. 204 have bee[e]n widely diffused Removed.

p. 258 artific[i]al mound Added.

Wher[e]ever line break
hyphenation
error.

p. 310 circu[cu]lar Removed.

p. 362 The body of [of] the road Removed.

p. 380 n. 135 is now known in the [p/d]istrict Corrected.

p. 407 dis[c]ipline Added.

p. 423 _deserve[r]dly_ Removed.

p. 430 vi[n]cinity Removed.

p. 447 f[n/u]rnace Corrected.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Roman Wall, by Rev. John Collingwood Bruce