Chapter XXIII

Maritime Discoveries of the Phœnicians.--Expedition of Hanno.
--Circumnavigation of Africa under the Pharaoh Necho.--Colæus of
Samos.--Pytheas of Massilia.--Expedition of Nearchus.
--Circumnavigation of Hindostan under the Ptolemies.--Voyages of
Discovery of the Romans.--Consequences of the Fall of the Roman
Empire.--Amalfi.--Pisa.--Venice.--Genoa.--Resumption of Maritime
Intercourse between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.--Discovery
of the Mariner's Compass.--Marco Polo 443