Chapter XLV: Part III: The Progress of Maritime Discovery (4)

Cabot, John and Sebastian, their discoveries, 459
Cachalot, or sperm-whale, its organisation, 102-104
-- its food, 104
Ca'ing whale, the, 115
Calamary, 272
Caledonia, New, discovery of, 490
California, discovery of, 472
Callao, colour of the sea near, 20
Calling crabs, 250, 251
Calms, or doldrums, causes of, 67
Calycophoridæ, 352
Canada acquired by France, 461
Canary Islands probably known to the Phœnicians, 444
Cano, Sebastian el, first performs the circumnavigation of
the globe, 469
Cape de Verd Islands, depth of the sea near the, 7
Capelins, 162
Capri, 'azure cave' at, 18, 49
Carcinas mænas, metamorphosis of, 258
Caribbean Sea, crystalline clearness of the, 21
Carinaria, 287
Carrigeen (Chondrus crispus), 399
Carteret, his maritime discoveries, 483
Cartier, Jacques, voyages of, 461
Caryophyllia, 370
Cat-fish, or sea-wolf, 415
Catalonians, their maritime discoveries, 452
Caves, marine, 45
-- Fingal's Cave, 45-48
-- azure cave of Capri, 18, 49
-- the Antro di Nettuno, 49
-- the Cave of Hunga, 49-51
-- cave of the Skerries, 51
-- the Souffleur, or Blower, 52
-- the Buffadero, 53
Caviar, 217
Cellulariæ, 319
Cephalopods, their organisation, 271
-- their locomotion, 274
-- their food, 277
-- their enemies, 277
-- their great size in some cases, 379
-- the Norwegian kraken, 279
-- the argonaut, 280
-- the nautilus, 281
-- the cephalopods of the primitive ocean, 282
Cessart, De, his breakwater at Cherbourg, 90
Cetaceans, general remarks on the organisation of the, 95
-- food of whales, 98
-- their enemies, 99
-- large Greenland whale, 101
-- the rorqual, or fin-back, 101
-- the antarctic smooth-back, 102
-- sperm-whale, 102
-- the narwhal, or unicorn-fish, 106
-- the dolphin, 107
-- the porpoise, 108
-- the grampus, 108
-- history of the whale-fishery, 109
-- the ca'ing whale, 115
Cetochilus australis, banks of the, in the Pacific, 21
Ceylon, or Taprobane, discovery of, 447
Chætodon rostratus, 203
Chancellor's discovery of the White Sea, 474
-- his death, 475
Charybdis, vortex of, 41
Chelura tenebrans, 247
Chelyosoma, 323
Chepstow, high tides at, 38
Cherbourg, breakwater of, 90
Chili, upheaving of the coast of, 10
Chincha Islands, statistics of the guano trade of the, 169
Chiton squamosa, 285
Chlorospermeæ, or green sea-weeds, 391
Chondrus crispus, or carrigeen, 399
Circumnavigation of the globe first performed by Sebastian el Cano, 469
Clavellina producta, 322
Climate, influence of the Gulf Stream on that of the west European
coasts, 51
-- variety of climates in similar latitudes, 52
-- Peruvian cold stream, 53
-- Japanese stream, 54
-- influence of forests on climates, 78
-- power of man over climate, 78
Climbing fishes, 193
Clio borealis, 298
Clouds, formation of, 71, 72
Coast-line of the sea, length of, 4
Coasts, different formation of, 5
-- destructive power of the sea on all, 29
Cockle, the, 303, 306
Cocoa-nut crab of the East Indies, 254
Cod, the, 415
-- curing the cod, 216
-- cod-liver oil, 216
Cœlenterata, 345, 357
Colæus of Samos, his maritime discoveries, 446
Colour of the sea, 17
-- the azure cave at Capri, 18
-- changes produced by algæ and sea-worms, 19
Columbus, his discovery of America, 457
Compass, mariner's, invention of the, 451
Composition of sea-water, 12
Cone-shell, orange, 288
Conger-eels, 222
Congo, discovery of, 456
Constructions, marine, 80-91
Cook, Captain, his voyages and discoveries, 485
-- his first voyage, 486
-- discovery of the Society Islands, 486
-- of the east coast of New Holland, 486
-- his second voyage, and discoveries, 492
-- his third voyage, 491
-- his death, 462
Cook's Strait, discovery of, 486
Conochilus volvox, 268
Coral, spotted, of the Indian Ocean, 21
Coral, 366
-- deep sea, 367
-- fishing of the Mediterranean, 367
Coral-reefs, 374
-- barrier-reef of Australia, 374
-- how they become habitable for man, 375, 376
Coralline zone, 413
Cordova, his discoveries, 491
Cormorants, 154, 155
Cortereal, Gaspar, his maritime discoveries, 460
Cortereal, John Vaez, his discoveries, 458
Cortereal, Miguel, 461
Cortes, his conquest of Mexico, 461
Coryniadæ, 358
Crabs, 246
-- legs of crabs, 251
-- larvæ of crabs, 258
Cross-fish, the common, 334
Crustacea, by what are they distinguished from the insects and
spiders? 243
-- their respiratory organs, 244
Ctenophora, 358
Cuba discovered, 459
-- circumnavigated for the first time, 461
Curlew, the, 143
Currents, ocean, 54
-- causes of, 54, 55
-- the equatorial stream, 56
-- the Gulf Stream, 57
-- influence of the Gulf Stream, 60
-- the cold Peruvian stream, 62
-- the Japanese stream, 63
-- beneficial influence of the ocean currents, 64
Cushion star-fishes, 335
Cuttle-fish, 275
-- ova of the, 278
Cuvier's classification of fishes, 188
Cyclobranchiata, 285
Cyclones, causes of, 68
Cymospiras, 266

Dampier, his maritime discoveries, 483
Darien, Gulf of, discovered, 461
Darwin's theory of the formation of lagoon islands, 375
Davis, John, his maritime discoveries, 476
Depth of the sea, 6
-- of the Atlantic, according to Maury, 7
-- American mode of sounding in deep water, 6
-- telegraphic plateau between Newfoundland and Ireland, 7
-- measurement of depth by the rapidity of tide-wave, 8
Dew, formation of, 68
Diatomaceæ, 402
-- their importance in reference to the existence of animal life in
high latitudes, 403
Diaz, Bartholomew, his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, 476
Diazona violacea, 324
Diodons, 178
Diogenes hermit-crab, 254
Diphyes, 352
Discovery, maritime, progress of, 441. _See_ Maritime Discovery
Diu, Portuguese settlement of, 462
Divers, 150
Docks of London and Liverpool, 91
Dogfish, 200
Dolphins, 107
Donax, 301
Dory, 242
Dragon-weever, 204
Drake, Sir Francis, his discoveries, 473
Duck family, 146
Dugong, 117
-- skeleton of the, 118
-- female dugong of Ceylon, 119
Dunes, formation of, 5
Dunwich, destruction of the coast at, 30
d'Urville, Dumont, his discoveries, 509
Dusky Bay, discovery of, 487
Dutch, their attempts to discover a North-West passage to
India, 474, 476

Earth-rind, the giant book of the, 432
-- formation of a solid earth-crust by cooling, 432
Echinus, or sea-urchin, 337
-- mammillated, 338
-- edible, 338
-- dental apparatus of sea-urchins, 339
Eddystone lighthouse, the, 81
-- Winstanley's structure, 81
-- Rudyerd's, 82
-- Smeaton's, 83
Edward's Island, Prince, discovery of, 491
-- Land, 415
Eel, the common, 225
-- conger, 228
-- the murry, or muræna, 229
Eendragt's Land, discovery of, 480
Eider-duck, 146
Electric eel, 202
Endeavour Strait, discovery of, 486
Enderby Land, discovery of, 509
English navigation, retrospective view of, 459
-- attempts to discover the North-West passage, 474
Enteromorphæ, 391
Eolis coronata, 284
Eozoon canadense, 381 _note_
Equatorial ocean-current, 57
Equinoctial line crossed for the first time, 456
Erebus, Mount, discovery of, 509
Escharæ, 317
Espiritu Santo, discovery of the Archipelago of, 480, 490
Esquimaux in his kayak, 120
Euripus, phenomenon produced by the tides of the, 44
Europe, length of coast-line of, 4
Euryale, warted, 333
Evaporation, movement of the waters through, 65
Extent of the ocean, 1

Falkland Islands, sea-weeds at, 396
Fan-bearer, 402, 403
Feather-star, the rosy, 330
Fernandez, Juan, his discoveries, 473
Fierasfer, 340
File-fish, 232
Fin-crab, spotted, 252
Fin-fish, or northern rorqual, 101
Fingal's Cave, 45-48
-- -- popular belief as to its workmanship, 48
-- -- Sir W. Scott's description of it, 48
Fire, sea of, 434
Fish, consumption of, in London, 237 _note_
Fish River, Great, course of, traced, 507
Fishes, general remarks on, 186
-- their locomotive organs, 187
-- Cuvier's classification of fishes, 188 _note_
-- fins, 188
-- air-bladder, 189
-- skin of, 190
-- beauty of tropical, 191
-- gills of, 191
-- circulation of the blood of, 191, 192
-- climbing, 193
-- parental affection of, 194
-- organs of sense, 196
-- offensive weapons of, 198
-- numerous enemies of, 207
-- luminous, 422
Flamingoes, 142
Flat-fishes, 235
Florence, its commercial grandeur, 450
Flounder, 238
Flying-fishes, 156, 205, 224
Flying-gurnard, 206
Foraminifera, 378
-- their immense numbers, 378
-- simplicity of their structure, 380
-- various forms of Foraminifera, 381
Forbes, Professor Edward, on the four zones of marine life on the
British coasts, 408
Forests, influence of, on the formation and retention of atmospherical
precipitations, 76
-- formation of, 77
-- influence of, on climates, 78
Franklin, Sir John, his arctic voyages, 501
-- his last voyage, 508
Fresnel, his improvements in marine illumination, 90
Frigate-bird, 155
Frobisher, Martin, his maritime discoveries, 475
Frog-fish, 193, 194
Fuci, 392
-- fucus banks, or floating meadows, of the Atlantic 397
Fulmar, the, 195

Gades, Phœnician town of, 444
Gaëta, maritime trade of, 451
Gama, Vasco de, doubles the Cape of Good Hope, 462
Gannet, or soland goose, 156
Gar-fish, 223
Garry, Cape, discovery of, 503
Gasteropods, 282
-- respiratory apparatus, 283
-- growth of their shells, 289
-- mode of locomotion, 289
-- their food, 294
-- organs of sense, 295
-- their enemies, 297
-- their use to man, 296
Genoa, maritime grandeur of, 450
Geographical distribution of marine life, 405
Georgia, South, discovery of, 490
Germany, its climate at the time of the Romans and at the present
time, 78
Glaciers, formation and dissolution of, 75
-- the Aar glacier, 75
-- of Greenland and Spitzbergen, 76
Glaucus, 283
Globe-fish, 232
Goa, Portuguese settlement of, 462
Goby, the black, 194
Goniaster, 335, 336
Good Hope, Cape of, discovery of, 457
-- -- first doubled, 462
Goodwin Sands, 9
Goose, sea, various kinds of, 146
Gorgonidæ, 365
Grampus, the, 108
-- -- anecdote of one, 109
Grass wrack (Zostera marina), 391
Great crab, 251
Grebes, the, 150
Greenland, depression of the coast of, 10
-- olive colour of the water of the Greenland seas, 20
-- glaciers of, 76
-- whale-fishery of, 110
-- discovery of, 457
Grijalva, his maritime discoveries, 461
Guano of the Chincha Islands, 169
-- statistics of the trade of, 170
Guillemot, black, 165, 167
Guinea, New, discovery of, 473
Gulf Stream, the, 57, 58
-- -- its influence on the climate of the west European coasts, 59
Gulls, sea, 157
Günnbjorn, his discovery of Greenland, 457
Gurnard, 414

Haddock, 215
Hag. glutinous, 231
Haiti discovered, 459
Halibut, 236
Hanno, the Carthaginian, his voyage, 444
Harp-shell, 288
Hartburn, site of the village of, 29
Hartog, his maritime discoveries, 480
Hassar, land journeys of the, 194
Hawaii, discovery of the island of, 492
Hebrides, New, discovery of the, 480, 490
Henry, Prince, of Portugal, his maritime discoveries, 453
Hermit-crabs, 254
Herrings, 208, 415
Herring-crab, 256
Herring-fishery, 208
-- history of the, 209
-- statistics of the, 210
Herring-gull, 158
Hervey's Islands, discovery of, 487
Hindustan, circumnavigation of, 447
Hippocamp, 129, 234
Hippopus, 315
Hoar-frost, causes of, 72
Hogg, James, his experiments with salmon, 219
Holland, devastations caused by storm-tides on the coast of, 35
Holland, New, discoveries of, 473
-- -- Cook's discoveries in, 486
Holothuriæ, 339
Homer, his picture of the breaking of the waves against the shore, 27
Hood's Island, discovery of, 489
Hooded seal of northern seas, 125
Huatulco, sea-cave of, 52, 53
Hudson, Henry, his maritime discoveries, 481
-- his unfortunate end, 482
Hudson's Bay, discovery of, 481
Hump-back whales, 102
Hunga, cave of, 49-51
Hyalæa, 298
Hyde, site of the village of, 29

Ianthinæ, 290
Ice-bear, 100, 134
Icebergs, formation of, 76
-- erratic blocks carried away by, 76
Iceland, salmon of, 220
-- discovery and colonisation of, 361
Ichthyosaurus, 438
Inachus Kæmpferi of Japan, 259
India, Portuguese discovery in, 462
Indian Ocean, spotted corals in the, 21
Indus, sudden rising of the spring-tide at the mouth of the, 42
Inferobranchiata, 284
Infusoria, marine, 383
Insects, marine, 261
Isinglass, 216
Isis hippuris, 369
Ivory of the walrus, 132

Jamaica discovered, 459
Japanese ocean-stream, the, 63
Java, gathering of edible birds'-nests on the south coast of, 399
Jelly-fishes, 345
-- their anatomical structure, 345
-- their size and colours, 356
-- their indirect use to man, 357
-- their phosphorescence, 420
-- the Velella, 353
-- the Portuguese man-of-war, 354
John Dory, 415

Kamtschatka, salmon of, 220
Keeling Island, subsidence of the coast at, 10
Kerguelen's Land, discovery of, 491
Kilda, St., bird-catching on, 164
King-crab, 246
Kittiwake, or tarrock, the, 158
Kraken, the Norwegian, 279

Labrador, discovery of, 459
Ladrone Islands, discovery of the, 468
Lagoon islands, 374
-- -- Darwin's theory of the formation of, 375
-- -- how they became habitable for man, 376
Lamantins of the Atlantic Ocean, 117
Laminaria, region of the great, or tangle forests, 393
Laminariæ, 393
Lampreys, 230, 231
Land-crabs, 250
Landscapes, submarine, 21
-- in the Caribbean Sea, 21
-- on the coast of Sicily, 21
La Perouse, his maritime discoveries, 493
-- -- his fate, 493
Launces, 230
Le Maire, his maritime discoveries, 480
Lepraliæ, 318
Lessonias, of the Falkland Islands, 396
Level of the ocean, does it remain unchanged, and every where the
same? 11
Licmophora, or fan-bearer, 402
Life, marine, geographical distribution of, 405
-- dependence of all created beings upon space and time, 406
-- influences which regulate the distribution of marine life, 407
-- the four bathymetrical zones of marine life on the British coasts,
according to the late Professor Edward Forbes, of Edinburgh, 408
-- first wakening of life in the bosom of the ocean, 435
Lighthouses, 80
-- the Eddystone lighthouse, 81
-- the Bellrock, or Inchcape, lighthouse, 85
-- the Skerryvore lighthouse, 85-89
-- the Pharus of Alexandria, 89
-- progress of marine illumination, 90
Lily encrinites, 340
Limacina arctica, 298
Limits of the ocean, progressive changes in the, 9
-- Goodwin Sands, 10
-- alluvial deposits, 10
-- upheaving of coasts, 10
-- subsidence, 10
-- temple of Serapis, 11
-- level of the sea everywhere the same, 11
Limnoriæ, 247
Limpet, 285, 294
Limuli, or king-crabs, 246
Ling, 215, 415
Ling-thorn, 335
Lithophytes, 373
Liverpool Docks, 91
Lizards of the sea, 173, 181
-- serpent-lizard, 435
Lobsters, 256, 257
Loggerheaded duck or goose, 148
London Docks, 91
Long-tailed duck, 148
Lophobranchii, the, 233
Louse, whale, 101
Lucernaridæ, 350
Luminous marine animals, 418
Lump-sucker, 415

Mackerel, 222
Macrocystis pyrifera, 393
-- -- Mr. Darwin's description of it at Tierra del Fuego, 393, 396
Madeira, depth of the sea near, 1
-- discovery of, 505
Maelstrom, the, 41
Magellan, Ferdinand, his discoveries, 467, 468
Magellan's Straits, discovery of, 468
-- -- harmony of animal life in the islands of, 490
Magilus antiquus, 291
Malacca Islands, discovery of the, 462
Malo, St., high tides of, 38
Mammaria scintillans, 275
Manatee, the, 116
Mantis crab, spotted, 256
Marco Polo, his travels and discoveries, 453
Maritime discovery, progress of, 441
-- discoveries of the Phœnicians, 443
-- expedition of Hanno, 444
-- circumnavigation of Africa, under Pharaoh Necho II., 444
-- Ophir, 339
-- Colæus of Samos and Pytheas of Massilia, 340
-- expedition of Nearchus, 447
-- circumnavigation of Hindostan, under the Ptolemies, 447
-- voyages of discovery of the Romans, 453
-- consequences of the fall of the Roman empire, 448
-- Amalfi, 449
-- Pisa, Venice, and Genoa, 449
-- resumption of maritime intercourse between the Mediterranean and
the Atlantic, 451
-- discovery of the compass, 451
-- Marco Polo, 453
-- other discoveries, 453
-- Prince Henry of Portugal, 454
-- discovery of Porto Santo and Madeira, 455
-- doubling of Cape Bojador, 455
-- discovery of the Azores, 456
-- the line crossed for the first time, 456
-- Benin and Congo discovered, 456
-- and the Cape of Good Hope, 457
-- discovery of America, 457
-- and of Iceland, 457
-- Greenland, 457
-- discoveries of John and Sebastian Cabot, 459
-- retrospective view of the beginnings of English navigation, 461
-- Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci, 460
-- Vincent Yañez Pinson, 460
-- Cortes, 461
-- Verazzani, 461
-- Jacques Cartier, 461
-- the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, 462
-- Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean, 466
-- Magellan, 467
-- Sebastian el Cano, the first circumnavigator of the globe, 469
-- Pizarro and Cortes, 470
-- Urdaneta, 472
-- Juan Fernandez, 473
-- Mendoza, 473
-- Drake, 473
-- Willoughby and Chancellor, 474
-- Martin Frobisher, 475
-- Davis, 476
-- Barentz, 476
-- Quiros, 480
-- Torres, 480
-- Schouten, Le Maire, and others, 480
-- Tasman, 480
-- Henry Hudson, and his unfortunate end, 481
-- Baffin, 481
-- Dampier, 483
-- Anson, Behring, Byron, Wallis, Carteret, and Bougainville, 483
-- Cook's voyages, 485-492
-- arctic discovery, 496
Marquesas de Mendoza Islands, discovery of the, 473
Mauritius, sea-cave on the, 52
Mediterranean Sea, depth of the, 8
-- -- height of the, 12
-- -- temperature of the, 14
-- -- colour of the, 18
-- -- sides of the, 43
-- -- Phœnician trade in the, 443
-- -- decline of trade in the, 33
-- -- resumption of maritime intercourse between the Mediterranean and
the Adriatic, 449
Medusidæ, 349, 350
Melanospermeæ, or olive-coloured sea-weeds, 392
Melville Island, discovery of, 500
Mendana, Alvaro, his discoveries, 473
Menezes, Don Jorge de, his discoveries, 473
Merganser, 149, 404
Mexico, discovery of the coast of, 461
-- conquest of, by Cortes, 461, 472
Microscopic life of the ocean, 378
Mines, submarine, 91
Mitre shells, 288
Mollusca, 270
-- general remarks on, 270
Monsoons, north-east, 68
-- south-west, 68
Moon, influence of the, on the tides, 446
Mother-of-pearl, 313
Mullet, grey, 415
Murex haustellum, 291
Murry, or muræna, 229
Mussels, edible, 307
-- history of, 307
-- 'bouchots,' or mussel-parks, 307
Myxine, the, 231

Naples, maritime trade of, 449
Narwhal, or unicorn-fish, 106
Nautilus, 280
-- the pearly, 281
Nearchus, voyage of, 447
Necho II., Pharaoh, of Egypt, his maritime discoveries, 444
Nelson, Horatio, pursuing a polar bear, 138
Neptune's ruffles, 318
Nereis, the, 263
Nereocystis lutkeana, the, of Norfolk Bay and Sitcha, 397
Nettuno, Antro di, 49
Newfoundland, discovery of, 459
Noctiluca miliaris, 419
Norfolk, rapid destruction of the cliffs of, 29
Norfolk Island, discovery of, 490
North Sea, depth of the, 8
-- -- colour of the, 18
North-West Passage, attempts of the Dutch and English to discover
the, 474
Norway, treaty of commerce concluded with, 459
Nova Zembla, 476, 477
-- -- sufferings of Barentz and his crew during a winter at, 478
Nudibranchiata, 284
Nummulina discoidalis, 378

Oar-weeds, 393
Ocean, the primitive, 433
Ojeda, discoveries of, 460
Oliva hispidula, 290
Onychoteuthis, arms and tentacles of an, 274
Ophir, the, of the Phœnicians, 445
Ophiuridæ, or snake-stars, 331
Orkney Islands, whirlpools among the, 42
Ormus, taken by the Portuguese, 462
Ostend, oyster-parks of, 309
Otarian seals, 126
Oyster, 307
-- account of the oyster-trade, 308
-- catchers, 143
-- oyster-dust, 310
-- pearl, 311

Pacific Ocean, depth of the, 7
-- -- height of the, 12
-- -- discovery of the, 466
-- -- Cook's voyages in, 492
Paguri, 254
Palisser Islands, discovery of the, 489
Palmas, Cape, colour of the sea near, 20
Palmyra, 445
Parrot-fishes, 372
Parry, Sir John, his arctic discoveries, 500
Patagonia, discovery of, 484
Pea-crab, 253
Pearl-oyster, 311
Pearls, 311, 312
Pectinibranchiata, 288
Pectunculus, 302
Pegasus, swimming, 207
Pelamid, 224
Pelamys bicolor, 183
Pelicans, 116, 154
Penguins, 142, 152
-- species of, 153
Pentacrinus briareus, 330
Periwinkle, 411
Peru, visited by Pizarro, 471
-- conquered by him, 472
Peruvian ocean-current, the, 62
Petrels, 160
-- stormy, 162
Philippine Islands, discovery of the, 468
Philodina roseola, 269
Phœnicians, maritime discoveries of the, 443
-- their progress in the arts and sciences, 445
Pholades, 304
Pholas dactylus, 301
-- Pliny's accounts of its phosphorescence, 431
-- striata, 302
Phosphorescence of the sea, causes of, 418
-- of various marine animals, 418
Phyllosoma, 258
Physaliæ, the, 354
Physophoridæ, 353
Pilchards, 212, 415
Pilot-fish, 225
Pinnæ of the Mediterranean, 253, 304, 305
Pinson, his discoveries, 460
Pipe-fishes, 233, 234
Pisa, maritime trade of, 449
Pizarro, sketch of him and his companions, 469
Plaice, 238
Plants, marine, 390
Plectognaths, 232
Plesiosaurus, the, 438
Pleuronectidæ, or flat-fishes, 235
Pliny, his geographical knowledge, 448
Plover, the, 144
Plymouth breakwater, in the great storm of 1824, 29
Polycystina, 382, 383
Polynesia, length of coast-line of, 4
Polyps, 345
Polyzoa, 316, 320
Porcupine-fish, 232
Porpoise, 108
Portland, destructive action of the sea at, 31
Porto Santo, discovery of, 455
Portuguese man-of-war, 354
Poulp, 272, 273
Prontzchitschew, his maritime discoveries, 483
Protozoa, 378
Pteroceras, 290
Pteropods, their organisation and mode of life, 298
-- the butterflies of the ocean, 299
Ptolemies, maritime discoveries of the, 447
Ptolemy, the geographer, his knowledge of the globe, 449
Ptygura melicerta, 267
Puffins, 165, 167
Purbeck, destruction of the cliffs at, 31
Pyrosoma atlantica, its phosphorescence, 420
Pyrosomes, 325
Pytheas of Massilia, his maritime discoveries, 446

Quantity of the waters contained within the bosom of the ocean, 8
Quiros, his maritime discoveries, 480
Quito, coast of, discovery of, 470

Racer, or rider-crab, the, 251
Rain, formation of, 72
-- inequality of, 72
-- its return to the sea, 73
Rays, 240
Razor-shell, 303-306
Ré, oyster-trade of, 311
Reculver, destruction of the coast at, 30
Red Sea, height of the, 12
-- -- red algæ of the, 20
-- -- Phœnician trade on the, 445
Reef-building corals, 374
Regent Inlet, Prince, discovery of, 500
Reptiles of the sea, 172
Rhodosperms, Florideæ, or red sea-weeds, 398
-- their habitat, 398
Richardson, Sir John, his arctic voyages, 501
Rivers, phenomena presented by the mixture of salt and fresh
water in, 16
-- quantities of water which rivers pour into the ocean, 75
Rock-goose, 149
Roggewein, his maritime discoveries, 483
Rome, ancient, maritime discoveries of, 448
Rorqual, northern, or fin-fish, 101
-- its food, 102
Ross, Sir James, on the height of waves, 28
-- -- -- his discoveries, 509
-- -- John, his arctic discoveries, 500, 503
Rotifera, the, 267
Rudyerd, Mr., his lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks, 82

Saavedra, Alvaro de, his discoveries, 473
Sabrina Land, discovery of, 509
Sagittaria, discovery of the island of, 480
Sail-fluke, 239
Salangana caves in Java, 399
Salmon, 217, 324
-- trade, 220
-- salmon-spearing, 219
-- growth of the salmon, 219
-- abundance of salmon, 220
-- introduced into Australia and New Zealand, 221
Salmon-leaps, 218
Salpæ, 325
-- their alternating generations, 327
Salts of the sea, 12
Sand-crab, American, 252
Sandhopper, 246
Sand-stars, 332
Sandwich Land, discovery of, 490
-- Islands, discovery of, 490
Sardinia, stalactite caves of the island of, 49
Sargasso Sea, the, 397
Saurians of the past seas, 172, 438
Scari, or parrot-fishes, 372
Schouten, his maritime discoveries, 480
Scissor-bill, 144
Scoopers, 143
Scoresby, his arctic voyages, 497
Scyllæa, 283
Scythe, the, 415
Sea-anemones, 361
Sea-bear, 117, 126
Sea-birds, 128, 142
-- their vast numbers, 142
Sea-cask, 142
Sea-cucumbers, 339
Sea-devil of the Pacific, 241
Sea-ear, 286, 287
Sea-elephant, 125
Sea-fox, 99
Sea-hare, 284, 295
Sea-horse, 129, 234
Sea-lemon, 284
Sea-lion, 128
Sea-mat, leaf-like, 316
Sea-mew, 157
Sea-otter, 139
-- chase of the, 139
Sea-pen, 364
-- its phosphorescence, 426
Sea-pie, the, 144
Sea-pinks, 391
Sea-scurfs, 318
Sea-snail, purple, 290
Sea-snakes, 183
Sea-squirts, 323
Sea-swallows, 157
Sea-urchin, 337
Sea-weeds, 391
-- luminous, 423
Sea-wolf, 197
Seals and walruses, 117
-- food of, 120
-- statistics of seal-fishery, 121
-- various kinds of, 123
Seine, sudden rising of the spring-tides at the mouth of the, 42
Seleucidæ, maritime discoveries of the, 42
Seleucus Nicator, his circumnavigation of Hindostan, and discovery
of Taprobane, or Ceylon, 447
Semen Deshnew, the Cossack, his maritime discoveries, 483
Sepia. _See_ Cuttle-fish
Serapis, temple of, 11
Serpents of the seas, 183
Serpulas, 266
Sertularia, 347
Shakspeare's Cliff, destructive action of the sea on, 30
Sharks, 198
-- Greenland shark, an enemy of the whale, 99
-- luminous, 330
Sheldrake, or burrow duck, 148
Sheppey, Isle of, rapid decay of the coast of the, 30
Sherringham, ravages of the sea on the coast at, 29
Shetland Islands, fury of the Atlantic waves at the, 28
Shetland, New South, discovery of, 509
Ship-worm (teredo), 302
Shore-crab, 251
Siberia, Cook's visits to the coasts of, 492
Sicily, submarine landscapes of the coast of, 21
Siphonostomata, 245
Skerries, cave in the, 51
Skerryvore lighthouse, 85
Skimmer, 169
Sledge-journey, arctic, 502
Sly, 202
Smeaton, John, his lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks, 83
Smooth-back whale, the antarctic, 102
Snake-stars, 437
Snow-goose, 146
Society Islands, discovery of the, 486
Soland goose, 156
Solasters, 334
Sole, 237
-- skin of the, 190
Solen, or razor-shell, 304
Solis, Juan de, his discoveries, 461
-- -- -- his death, 461
Solomon Islands, discovery of the, 473, 483
Souffleur, or blower, the marine cave of the, 52
Soundings, American method of taking, in deep water, 6
South Sea Islands, discovery of the, 474
Speckled diver, 145
Sperm-whale, or cachalot, 102
Spiders, marine, 260
Spitzbergen, discovery of, 477
Spondylus, royal, 314
Sponge-crab, 249
Sponges, 385
-- their remarkable growth, 385
-- habitat of the common sponge, 388
Sprat, the, 214
Springs, origin of, 73
-- mineral waters, 74
Springs of fresh water in the bottom of the sea, 17
Staffa, island of, 46
Stalactite caves of the island of Sardinia, 49
Star-fishes, 328
-- their organisation, 328
Star-gazer fish, 202
Sterlet of the Volga, 217
Stevenson, Mr. Alan, his Skerryvore lighthouse, 86
Stevenson, Mr. Robert, his lighthouse on the Bell Rock, 85
Stickleback, parental affection of the, 195
Stone-corals, 373
Storm, the great, of 1703, 82
Storm-tides, 34
-- devastations of, on flat coasts, 34, 35
Strand-birds, 143
-- migration of, 144
-- food of, 144
Strombus pes pelicani, 290
Sturgeons, 216, 217
-- caviar, 217
Sucking-fish, 203
Suffolk, rapid decay of the cliffs of, 29
Sun-fish, 232, 233
-- its luminousness, 422
Sun, his influence on the tides, 37
Sun-star fish, 334
Surgeon-fish, the, 205
Sweden, gradual upheaving of the coast of, 10
Sword-fish, an enemy of the whale, 99
-- his weapon, 201
Synchæta baltica, 269

Tahiti, discovery of, 484
Tailor-bird, the, 143
Taprobane, or Ceylon, discovery of, 447
Tartessus, Phœnician town of, 444
Tasman, Abel, his maritime discoveries, 480
Tasmania, discovery of, 481
Tectibranchiata, 284
Temperature of the sea, 13
-- at various parts of the surface of the globe, 14
Teredo navalis, 302
Thames, progress of the tide-wave in the, 43
Thornbacks, 240
Thresher, or sea-fox, an enemy of the whale, 99
Thunder-stones, 437
Tide-wave, measurement of the depth of the sea by the rapidity of the, 8
-- progress and course of the, 40, 43
Tides, the, 32
-- description of the phenomenon, 32
-- devastations of storm-floods on flat coasts, 34, 35
-- knowledge of the ancients respecting the tides, 35
-- fundamental causes of the tides revealed by Kepler and Newton, 36, 37
Tides, height of the, at various places, 38
-- vortices caused by the: the Maelstrom, Charybdis, &c., 41
-- the phenomena of the Euripus, 44
Tierra del Fuego, masses of sea-weed at, 394
-- -- -- rounded by Schouten and Le Maire, 480
Tonga, discovery of, 481
Top, agglutinating, 296
Tornadoes, causes of, 68
Tornatella fasciata, 290
Torpedo, the, 201
Torres, his maritime discoveries, 480
Torso Rock, the, 9
Tortoise-shell, 180
Tortoises, 176
Trade-winds, the, 67
Transparency of the sea at Capri, 18
-- -- -- -- in the Indian Ocean, 21
-- -- -- -- in the Caribbean, 21
Trepang, or Biche de Mer, 340
-- mode of curing, 340
-- the fishery in the Feejee Islands, 342
Tridacna, the gigantic, 314
Trigger-fish, 233
Trilobites, 436
Trunk-fish, 232
Tubiporidæ, 370
Tubulibranchiata, 292
Tunicata, 316, 321
Tunny, the, 221
-- stripe-bellied, 224
Turbot, the, 236, 237
Turn-stone bird, 144
Turtles, 173
-- catching turtles in the island of St. Thomas, 172
Tynemouth Castle, destruction of the coast near, 29
Typhoons, causes of, 68
Tyrian dye, 446

Ulvæ, 391
Unicorn-fish, or narwhal, 106
Urasters, 334
Urdaneta, first reaches Acapulco from Manilla, 472

Vancouver's discoveries, 472
Van Diemen's Land, discovery of, 480
Vanikoro, island of, 493
Velellæ, the, 353
Venice, maritime grandeur of, 450
Verazzani, voyage of, 461
Vermetus, 291
Virgularia mirabilis, 365
Vogtia pentacantha, 353

Wales, Cape Prince of, discovery of, 491
Wallis, his maritime discoveries, 483
Walrus, or morse, 117, 129, 135
-- anecdote of a fight with, 130
-- ivory of the, 132
Walton, his mussel-beds in France, 307
Water-snakes, 183
Water-spouts, causes of, 68
Waves of the ocean, 24
-- wave-motion as distinct from water motion, 25
-- height and velocity of storm-waves, 26-28
-- Homer's picture of the breaking of the waves against the shore, 26
-- Scoresby on the height of waves in the open sea, 27
-- force and height of the waves on rocky coasts, 28
-- instances of the destructive action of the tidal waves on
coast-lines, 28-31
Weddell, Captain, his voyages, 509
Weevers, 204
Wellington Channel, discovery of, 500
Wentle-trap, Chinese, 289
Whalebone, 96
Whale-fishery, history of the, 109
Whales. _See_ Cetaceans
Whelks, 292
Wilkes, Captain, on the height of waves, 28
Wilkes, his explorations, 509
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, his unfortunate arctic voyage, 474
Winds, origin of, 66
-- trade-winds, 67
-- calms, or doldrums, 67
-- monsoons, 68
-- typhoons, tornadoes, &c., 68
-- water-spouts, 68
Wing-shells, 304
Winstanley, Mr., his lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks, 81
Winter Harbour, discovery of, 500
Wolf-fish, 197
Wolstenholme Sound, elevation of the coast at, 10
Worm-shell, 291

Yorkshire, wearing away of the coast of, 29
Yucatan, first exploration of, 461

Zostera marina, 391

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Transcriber's Note

Minor typos have been corrected. Most words that sometimes have hyphenations and other times non-hyphenated were left as written. Illustrations were repositioned to not split paragraphs. An assumed missing end quotation was added on page 353.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Sea and its Living Wonders, by George Hartwig