Chapter II: Preface

To sea-side naturalists it must be a matter of great surprise that of the inhabitants of our coast towns and villages, and of the pleasure-seekers that swarm on various parts of the coast during the holiday season, so few take a real interest in the natural history of the shore. The tide flows and ebbs and the restless waves incessantly roll on the beach without arousing a thought as to the nature and cause of their movements. The beach itself teems with peculiar forms of life that are scarcely noticed except when they disturb the peace of the resting visitor. The charming vegetation of the tranquil rock-pool receives but a passing glance, and the little world of busy creatures that people it are scarcely observed; while the wonderful forms of life that inhabit the sheltered nooks of the rugged rocks between the tide-marks are almost entirely unknown except to the comparatively few students of Nature. So general is this apparent lack of interest in the things of the shore that he who delights in the study of littoral life and scenes but seldom meets with a kindred spirit while following his pursuits, even though the crowded beach of a popular resort be situated in the immediate neighbourhood of his hunting ground. The sea-side cottager is too accustomed to the shore to suppose that he has anything to learn concerning it, and this familiarity leads, if not to contempt, most certainly to a disinclination to observe closely; and the visitor from town often considers himself to be too much in need of his hard-earned rest to undertake anything that may seem to require energy of either mind or body.

Let both, however, cast aside any predisposition to look upon the naturalist’s employment as arduous and toilsome, and make up their minds to look enquiringly into the living world around them, and they will soon find that they are led onward from the study of one object to another, the employment becoming more and more fascinating as they proceed.

Our aim in writing the following pages is to encourage the observation of the nature and life of the sea shore; to give such assistance to the beginner as will show him where the most interesting objects are to be found, and how he should set to work to obtain them. Practical hints are also furnished to enable the reader to successfully establish and maintain a salt-water aquarium for the observation of marine life at home, and to preserve various marine objects for the purpose of forming a study-collection of the common objects of the shore.

To have given a detailed description of all such objects would have been impossible in a work of this size, but a large number have been described and figured, and the broad principles of the classification of marine animals and plants have been given such prominence that, it is hoped, even the younger readers will find but little difficulty in determining the approximate positions, in the scale of life, of the various living things that come within their reach.

Of the many illustrations, which must necessarily greatly assist the reader in understanding the structure of the selected types and in the identification of the different species, a large number have been prepared especially for this work.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEA SHORE 1

II. THE SEA-SIDE NATURALIST 21

III. SEA ANGLING 34

IV. THE MARINE AQUARIUM 51

V. THE PRESERVATION OF MARINE OBJECTS 71

VI. EXAMINATION OF MARINE OBJECTS--DISSECTION 91

VII. THE PROTOZOA OF THE SEA SHORE 102

VIII. BRITISH SPONGES 115

IX. THE COELENTERATES--JELLY-FISHES, ANEMONES, AND
THEIR ALLIES 127

X. STARFISHES, SEA URCHINS, ETC. 157

XI. MARINE WORMS 172

XII. MARINE MOLLUSCS 190

XIII. MARINE ARTHROPODS 256

XIV. MARINE VERTEBRATES 306

XV. SEA WEEDS 343

XVI. THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE SEA-SIDE 391

INDEX 425

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES

_Drawn by_ MR. ROBERT LILLIE _and reproduced by_
MESSRS. ANDRÉ & SLEIGH, LTD., _Bushey_.

PLATE I--_A ROCK-POOL_ _Frontispiece_

PLATE II--_SEA ANEMONES_ _To face p. 142_

1, 2, 3. _Actinia mesembryanthemum._
4. _Caryophyllia Smithii._
5. _Tealia crassicornis._
6. _Sagartia bellis._
7. _Balanophyllia regia._
8. _Actinoloba dianthus._

PLATE III--_SEA ANEMONES_ _To face p. 150_

1. _Sagartia troglodytes._
2. ” _venusta._
3. _Actinia glauca._
4. ” _chiococca._
5. _Bunodes Ballii._
6. ” _gemmacea._
7. _Anthea cereus._
8. _Sagartia rosea._

PLATE IV--_ECHINODERMS_ _To face p. 168_

1. _Asterias rubens._
2. _Goniaster equestris._
3. _Ophiothrix fragilis._
4. _Echinocardium cordatum._
5. _Echinus miliaris._
6. ” _esculentus._

PLATE V--_MOLLUSCS_ _To face p. 222_

1. _Solen ensis._
2. _Trivia europæa._
3. _Trochus umbilicatus._
4. ” _magnus._
5. _Littorina littorea._
6. ” _rudis._
7. _Haminea_ (_Bulla_) _hydatis_.
8. _Tellina._
9. _Capulus_ (_Pileopsis_) _hungaricus_.
10. _Chrysodomus_ (_Fusus_) _antiquus_.
11. _Buccinum undatum._
12, 13. _Scalaria communis._
14. _Pecten opercularis._
15. " _varius._
16. " _maximus._

PLATE VI--_CRUSTACEA._ _To face p. 290_

1. _Gonoplax angulata._
2. _Xantho florida._
3. _Portunus puber._
4. _Polybius Henslowii._
5. _Porcellana platycheles._

PLATE VII--_SEAWEEDS_ _To face p. 354_

1. _Fucus nodosus._
2. _Nitophyllum laceratum._
3. _Codium tomentosum._
4. _Padina pavonia._
5. _Porphyra laciniata_ (_vulgaris_).

PLATE VIII--_SEAWEEDS_ _To face p. 384_

1. _Chorda filum._
2. _Fucus vesiculosus._
3. ” _canaliculatus._
4. _Delesseria (_Maugeria_) sanguinea_.
5. _Rhodymenia palmata._
6. _Chondrus crispus._
7. _Ulva lactuca._

OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. CHALK CLIFF 3

2. WHITECLIFF (CHALK), DORSET 4

3. PENLEE POINT, CORNWALL 5

4. BALANUS SHELLS 6

5. A CLUSTER OF MUSSELS 7

6. BREAKERS 8

7. ILLUSTRATING THE TIDE-PRODUCING INFLUENCE OF THE MOON 10

8. ILLUSTRATING THE TIDES 11

9. SPRING TIDES AT FULL MOON 12

10. SPRING TIDES AT NEW MOON 12

11. NEAP TIDES 13

12. CHART SHOWING THE RELATIVE TIMES OF HIGH TIDE ON DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE BRITISH COAST 16

13. THE VASCULUM 22

14. WIRE RING FOR NET 24

15. NET FRAME WITH CURVED POINT 24

16. RHOMBOIDAL FRAME FOR NET 24

17. RHOMBOIDAL NET 25

18. SEMICIRCULAR NET 25

19. THE DREDGE 25

20. THE CRAB-POT 26

21. AN OLD BIRD-CAGE USED AS A CRAB-POT 27

22. A YOUNG NATURALIST AT WORK 32

23. A GOOD HUNTING-GROUND ON THE CORNISH COAST 33

24. ROUND BEND HOOK WITH FLATTENED END 37

25. LIMERICK HOOK, EYED 37

26. METHOD OF ATTACHING SNOOD TO FLATTENED HOOK 38

27. METHOD OF ATTACHING SNOOD TO EYED HOOK 38

28. THE LUGWORM 39

29. THE RAGWORM 40

30. DIGGING FOR BAIT 41

31. METHOD OF OPENING A MUSSEL 42

32. FISHING FROM THE ROCKS 46

33. THE PATERNOSTER 48

34. SECTION OF AN AQUARIUM CONSTRUCTED WITH A MIXTURE OF
CEMENT AND SAND 54

35. CEMENT AQUARIUM WITH A GLASS PLATE IN FRONT 55

36. AQUARIUM OF WOOD WITH GLASS FRONT 56

37. HEXAGONAL AQUARIUM CONSTRUCTED OF ANGLE ZINC, WITH
GLASS SIDES 57

38. METHOD OF AERATING THE WATER OF AN AQUARIUM 65

39. AQUARIUM FITTED WITH APPARATUS FOR PERIODIC
OUTFLOW 67

40. JARS FOR PRESERVING ANATOMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS 76

41. SHOWING THE DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE MAKING OF A SMALL
SPECIMEN TUBE 77

42. SMALL SPECIMEN TUBE MOUNTED ON A CARD 78

43. SMALL CRAB MOUNTED ON A CARD 82

44. SPRING FOR HOLDING TOGETHER SMALL BIVALVE SHELLS 84

45. THE TRIPLET MAGNIFIER 92

46. A SMALL DISSECTING TROUGH 93

47. CELL FOR SMALL LIVING OBJECTS 95

48. SHEET OF CORK ON THIN SHEET LEAD 99

49. WEIGHTED CORK FOR DISSECTING TROUGH 99

50. THE AMOEBA, HIGHLY MAGNIFIED 102

51. " " SHOWING CHANGES OF FORM 103

52. " " FEEDING 103

53. " " DIVIDING 104

54. A GROUP OF FORAMINIFERS, MAGNIFIED 105

55. A SPIRAL FORAMINIFER SHELL 106

56. A FORAMINIFER OUT OF ITS SHELL 106

57. THE SAME FORAMINIFER (FIG. 56) AS SEEN WHEN ALIVE 107

58. SECTION OF THE SHELL OF A COMPOUND FORAMINIFER 107

59. SECTION OF A NUMMULITE SHELL 108

60. _Globigerina bulloides_, AS SEEN WHEN ALIVE, MAGNIFIED 108

61. SECTION OF A PIECE OF NUMMULITIC LIMESTONE 109

62. A GROUP OF RADIOLARIAN SHELLS, MAGNIFIED 111

63. THREE INFUSORIANS, MAGNIFIED 113

64. A PHOSPHORESCENT MARINE INFUSORIAN (_Noctiluca_),
MAGNIFIED 114

65. SECTION OF A SIMPLE SPONGE 116

66. DIAGRAMMATIC SECTION OF A PORTION OF A COMPLEX SPONGE 117

67. HORNY NETWORK OF A SPONGE, MAGNIFIED 118

68. _Grantia compressa_ 120

69. SPICULES OF _Grantia_, MAGNIFIED 120

70. _Sycon ciliatum_ 121

71. _Leucosolenia botryoides_, WITH PORTION MAGNIFIED 121

72. _Chalina oculata_ 122

73. _Halichondria panicea_ 123

74. SPICULES OF _Halichondria_, MAGNIFIED 124

75. AN OYSTER SHELL, BORED BY _Cliona_ 124

76. SPICULES OF _Cliona_ 125

77. THREAD CELLS OF A COELENTERATE, MAGNIFIED 127

78. THE SQUIRREL'S-TAIL SEA FIR (_Sertularia argentea_),
WITH A PORTION ENLARGED 128

79. _Sertularia filicula_ 129

80. " _cupressina_ 130

81. THE HERRING-BONE POLYPE (_Halecium halecinum_) 131

82. _Tubularia indivisa_ 132

83. THE BOTTLE BRUSH (_Thuiaria thuja_) 132

84. _Antennularia antennia_ 133

85. _Aurelia aurita_ 135

86. THE EARLY STAGES OF _Aurelia_ 136

87. _Rhizostoma_ 136

88. _Chrysaora_ 136

89. _Cydippe pileus_ 137

90. SECTION OF AN ANEMONE 139

91. STINGING CELLS OF ANEMONE, HIGHLY MAGNIFIED 140

92. DIAGRAMMATIC TRANSVERSE SECTION OF AN ANEMONE 140

93. LARVA OF ANEMONE 140

94. THE TRUMPET ANEMONE (_Aiptasia Couchii_), CORNWALL;
DEEP WATER 144

95. _Peachia hastata,_ S. DEVON 145

96. _Sagartia pallida,_ DEVON AND CORNWALL 146

97. _Sagartia nivea,_ DEVON AND CORNWALL 147

98. _Corynactus viridis,_ DEVON AND CORNWALL 148

99. _Bunodes thallia,_ WEST COAST 150

100. _Bunodes gemmacea,_ WITH TENTACLES RETRACTED 151

101. _Caryophyllia cyathus_ 152

102. _Sagartia parasitica_ 153

103. THE CLOAK ANEMONE (_Adamsia palliata_) ON A WHELK
SHELL, WITH HERMIT CRAB 154

104. LARVA OF THE BRITTLE STARFISH 158

105. LARVA OF THE FEATHER STAR 160

106. THE ROSY FEATHER STAR 160

107. THE COMMON BRITTLE STAR 162

108. SECTION OF THE SPINE OF A SEA URCHIN 165

109. SEA URCHIN WITH SPINES REMOVED ON ONE SIDE 166

110. APEX OF SHELL OF SEA URCHIN 166

111. SHELL OF SEA URCHIN WITH TEETH PROTRUDING 167

112. INTERIOR OF SHELL OF SEA URCHIN 167

113. MASTICATORY APPARATUS OF SEA URCHIN 167

114. SEA URCHIN DISSECTED, SHOWING THE DIGESTIVE TUBE 168

115. THE SEA CUCUMBER 170

116. A TURBELLARIAN, MAGNIFIED 175

117. _Arenicola piscatorum_ 178

118. THE SEA MOUSE 179

119. TUBE-BUILDING WORMS: _Terebella, Serpula, Sabella_ 182

120. _Terebella_ REMOVED FROM ITS TUBE 183

121. A TUBE OF _Serpula_ ATTACHED TO A SHELL 185

122. _Serpula_ REMOVED FROM ITS TUBE 186

123. THE SEA MAT (_Flustra_) 187

124. _Flustra_ IN ITS CELL, MAGNIFIED 188

125. SEA SQUIRT 189

126. LARVÆ OF MOLLUSCS 191

127. SHELL OF THE PRICKLY COCKLE (_Cardium aculeatum_)
SHOWING UMBO AND HINGE; ALSO THE INTERIOR
SHOWING THE TEETH 192

128. INTERIOR OF BIVALVE SHELL, SHOWING MUSCULAR SCARS
AND PALLIAL LINE 193

129. DIAGRAM OF THE ANATOMY OF A LAMELLIBRANCH 194

130. _Mytilus edulis_, WITH BYSSUS 195

131. A BIVALVE SHELL (_Tapes virgineana_) 196

132. _Pholas dactylus_ 199

133. " " INTERIOR OF VALVE; AND _Pholadidea_
WITH ANIMAL 201

134. THE SHIP WORM 202

135. 1. _Teredo navalis._ 2. _Teredo norvegica_ 202

136. _Gastrochæna modiolina_ 203

137. 1. _Thracia phaseolina._ 2. _Thracia pubescens_,
SHOWING PALLIALLINE 204

138. 1. _Mya truncata._ 2. INTERIOR OF SHELL.
3. _Mya arenaria._4. _Corbula nucleus_ 205

139. _Solen siliqua_ 206

140. 1. _Solen ensis._ 2. _Cerati-solen legumen._
3. _Solecurtus candidus_ 207

141. _Tellinidæ_ 208

142. 1. _Lutraria elliptica._ 2. PART OF THE HINGE OF
_Lutraria_, SHOWING THE CARTILAGE PIT. 3. _Macra
stultorum._ 4. INTERIOR OF SAME SHOWING PALLIAL
LINE 210

143. _Veneridæ_ 211

144. _Cyprinidæ_ 213

145. _Galeomma Turtoni_ 214

146. 1. _Cardium pygmæum._ 2. _Cardium fasciatum._
3. _Cardium rusticum_ 215

147. _Cardium aculeatum_ 215

148. _Pectunculus glycimeris_, WITH PORTION OF VALVE
SHOWING TEETH, AND _Arca tetragona_ 216

149. _Mytilus edulis_ 217

150. 1. _Modiola modiolus._ 2. _Modiola tulipa._
3. _Crenella discors_ 218

151. _Dreissena polymorpha_ 219

152. _Avicula_, AND _Pinna pectinata_ 220

153. 1. _Anomia ephippium._ 2. _Pecten tigris._
3. _Pecten_, ANIMAL IN SHELL 222

154. _Terebratulina._ THE UPPER FIGURE REPRESENTS THE
INTERIOR OF THE DORSAL VALVE 224

155. UNDER SIDE OF THE SHELL OF _Natica catena_, SHOWING
THE UMBILICUS; AND OUTLINE OF THE SHELL, SHOWING THE
RIGHT-HANDED SPIRAL 225

156. SECTION OF THE SHELL OF THE WHELK, SHOWING THE
COLUMELLA 226

157. DIAGRAM OF THE ANATOMY OF THE WHELK, THE SHELL BEING
REMOVED 228

158. A PORTION OF THE LINGUAL RIBBON OF THE WHELK,
MAGNIFIED; AND A SINGLE ROW OF TEETH ON A MUCH
LARGER SCALE 229

159. EGG CASES OF THE WHELK 230

160. PTEROPODS 231

161. NUDIBRANCHS 234

162. " 235

163. SHELLS OF TECTIBRANCHS 236

164. CHITON SHELLS 238

165. SHELLS OF _Dentalium_ 238

166. _Patellidæ_ 239

167. _Calyptræa sinensis_ 241

168. _Fissurellidæ_ 241

169. _Haliotis_ 242

170. _Ianthina fragilis_ 242

171. _Trochus zizyphinus_. 2. UNDER SIDE OF SHELL.
3. _Trochus magnus._ 4. _Adeorbis subcarinatus_ 244

172. _Rissoa labiosa_ AND _Lacuna pallidula_ 244

173. SECTION OF SHELL OF _Turritella_ 245

174. _Turritella communis_ AND _Cæcum trachea_ 245

175. _Cerithium reticulatum_ AND _Aporrhais pes-pelicani_ 245

176. _Aporrhais pes-pelicani_, SHOWING BOTH SHELL AND ANIMAL 246

177. 1. _Odostomia plicata._ 2. _Eulima polita._
3. _Aclis supranitida_ 246

178. _Cypræa_ (_Trivia_) _europæa_ 247

179. 1. _Ovulum patulum_. 2. _Erato lævis_ 248

180. _Mangelia septangularis_ AND _Mangelia turricula_ 248

181. 1. _Purpura lapillus._ 2. EGG CASES OF _Purpura_.
3. _Nassa reticulata_ 249

182. _Murex erinaceus_ 249

183. OCTOPUS 251

184. _Loligo vulgaris_ AND ITS PEN 252

185. _Sepiola atlantica_ 252

186. _Sepia officinalis_ AND ITS 'BONE' 253

187. EGGS OF _Sepia_ 254

188. THE NERVE-CHAIN OF AN ARTHROPOD (LOBSTER) 257

189. SECTION THROUGH THE COMPOUND EYE OF AN ARTHROPOD 260

190. FOUR STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMON SHORE
CRAB 261

191. THE BARNACLE 261

192. FOUR STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACORN BARNACLE 262

193. A CLUSTER OF ACORN SHELLS 263

194. SHELL OF ACORN BARNACLE (_Balanus_) 263

195. THE ACORN BARNACLE (_Balanus porcatus_) WITH APPENDAGES
PROTRUDED 264

196. A GROUP OF MARINE COPEPODS, MAGNIFIED 265

197. A GROUP OF OSTRACODE SHELLS 265

198. _Evadne_ 266

199. MARINE ISOPODS 267

200. MARINE AMPHIPODS 268

201. THE MANTIS SHRIMP (_Squilla Mantis_) 270

202. THE OPOSSUM SHRIMP (_Mysis chamæleon_) 271

203. PARTS OF LOBSTER'S SHELL, SEPARATED, AND VIEWED FROM
ABOVE 272

204. A SEGMENT OF THE ABDOMEN OF A LOBSTER 272

205. APPENDAGES OF A LOBSTER 273

206. LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE LOBSTER 274

207. THE SPINY LOBSTER (_Palinurus vulgaris_) 275

208. THE NORWAY LOBSTER (_Nephrops norvegicus_) 276

209. 1. THE MUD-BORER (_Gebia stellata_). 2. THE
MUD-BORROWER (_Callianassa subterranea_) 277

210. THE COMMON SHRIMP (_Crangon vulgaris_) 278

211. THE PRAWN (_Palæmon serratus_) 279

212. _Dromia vulgaris_ 282

213. THE HERMIT CRAB IN A WHELK SHELL 282

214. THE LONG-ARMED CRAB (_Corystes Cassivelaunus_) 287

215. SPIDER CRABS AT HOME 288

216. THE THORNBACK CRAB (_Maia Squinado_) 290

217. THE PEA CRAB (_Pinnotheres pisum_) 290

218. THE COMMON SHORE CRAB (_Carcinus mænas_) 291

219. THE SHORE SPIDER 294

220. THE LEG OF AN INSECT 295

221. TRACHEA OF AN INSECT, MAGNIFIED 296

222. SEA-SHORE INSECTS 298

223. MARINE BEETLES OF THE GENUS _Bembidium_ 302

224. MARINE BEETLES 303

225. TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH THE BONY FRAMEWORK OF A
TYPICAL VERTEBRATE ANIMAL 306

226. THE SEA LAMPREY 309

227. THE PILCHARD 310

228. THE SKELETON OF A FISH (PERCH) 315

229. THE INTERNAL ORGANS OF THE HERRING 316

230. THE EGG-CASE OF THE DOGFISH 319

231. THE SMOOTH HOUND 320

232. THE COMMON EEL 323

233. THE LESSER SAND EEL 326

234. THE THREE-BEARDED ROCKLING 327

235. THE SNAKE PIPE-FISH 328

236. THE RAINBOW WRASS (_Labrus julis_) 330

237. THE CORNISH SUCKER 330

238. THE FIFTEEN-SPINED STICKLEBACK AND NEST 331

239. THE SMOOTH BLENNY 333

240. THE BUTTERFISH 334

241. THE BLACK GOBY 335

242. THE FATHER LASHER 335

243. THE LESSER WEAVER 337

244. THE COMMON PORPOISE 341

245. _Callithamnion roseum_ 359

246. _Callithamnion tetricum_ 359

247. _Griffithsia corallina_ 361

248. _Halurus equisetifolius_ 361

249. _Pilota plumosa_ 361

250. _Ceramium diaphanum_ 363

251. _Plocamium_ 366

252. _Delesseria alata_ 368

253. _Delesseria hypoglossum_ 368

254. _Laurencia pinnatifida_ 371

255. _Laurencia obtusa_ 371

256. _Polysiphonia fastigiata_ 373

257. _Polysiphonia parasitica_ 374

258. _Polysiphonia Brodiæi_ 374

259. _Polysiphonia nigrescens_ 374

260. _Ectocarpus granulosus_ 378

261. _Ectocarpus siliculosus_ 378

262. _Ectocarpus Mertensii_ 378

263. _Sphacelaria cirrhosa_ 379

264. _Sphacelaria plumosa_ 379

265. _Sphacelaria radicans_ 380

266. _Cladostephus spongiosus_ 380

267. _Chordaria flagelliformis_ 380

268. _Laminaria bulbosa_ 384

269. _Laminaria saccharina_ 384

270. _Alaria esculenta_ 385

271. _Sporochnus pedunculatus_ 385

272. _Desmarestia ligulata_ 386

273. _Himanthalia lorea_ 387

274. _Cystoseira ericoides_ 388

275. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE STEM OF A MONOCOTYLEDON 391

276. LEAF OF A MONOCOTYLEDON 392

277. EXPANDED SPIKELET OF THE OAT 393

278. THE SEA LYME GRASS 395

279. _Knappia agrostidea_ 397

280. THE DOG'S-TOOTH GRASS 397

281. THE REED CANARY GRASS 397

282. MALE AND FEMALE FLOWERS OF _CAREX_, MAGNIFIED 399

283. THE SEA SEDGE 400

284. THE CURVED SEDGE 400

285. THE GREAT SEA RUSH 400

286. THE BROAD-LEAVED GRASS WRACK 401

287. THE SEA-SIDE ARROW GRASS 401

288. THE COMMON ASPARAGUS 401

289. THE SEA SPURGE 403

290. THE PURPLE SPURGE 404

291. THE SEA BUCKTHORN 404

292. _Chenopodium botryoides_ 405

293. THE FROSTED SEA ORACHE 406

294. THE PRICKLY SALT WORT 406

295. THE CREEPING GLASS WORT 407

296. THE SEA-SIDE PLANTAIN 408

297. THE SEA LAVENDER 408

298. THE DWARF CENTAURY 410

299. THE SEA SAMPHIRE 412

300. THE SEA-SIDE EVERLASTING PEA 413

301. THE SEA STORK'S-BILL 414

302. THE SEA CAMPION 416

303. THE SEA PEARL WORT 417

304. THE SHRUBBY MIGNONETTE 417

305. THE WILD CABBAGE 418

306. THE ISLE OF MAN CABBAGE 418

307. THE GREAT SEA STOCK 419

308. THE HOARY SHRUBBY STOCK 419

309. THE SCURVY GRASS 419

310. THE SEA RADISH 419

311. THE SEA ROCKET 420

312. THE SEA KALE 421

313. THE HORNED POPPY 422

THE SEA SHORE