Chapter XVI: The Flowering Plants of the Sea-Side (2)

A variety of the Common Milk Wort (_Polygala vulgaris_)--order _Polygalaceæ_--is moderately common on sandy shores. The ordinary form of the species, which is so common on heaths, is a small plant with a woody stem, small ovate leaves crowded below, and opposite lanceolate leaves above. The flowers are irregular with five persistent sepals, two larger than the others; three to five petals, the lowest keeled, and all united to the tube formed by the eight stamens, which are divided above into two bundles; and the fruit is a flat capsule with two one-seeded cells. The flowers are very variable in colour, being white, pink, lilac, or blue; and the seeds are downy. The sea-side variety (_oxyptera_) has smaller flowers than the normal form, and the wings of the calyx are narrower.

One species of Pansy (_Viola Curtisii_) is occasionally to be met with on sandy shores, and may be at once recognised as one of the _Violaceæ_ by its irregular spurred corolla, its five persistent sepals, and the three-parted, one-celled ovary. The flowers are variable in colour and size, the prevailing tints being blue and yellow, and the diameter of the corolla occasionally reaching to one inch. It has a creeping woody rootstock, and a rough angular stem; and the petals are generally but little longer than the sepals.

The Shrubby Mignonette (_Reseda suffruticulosa_), of the order _Resedaceæ_, is a common sea-side plant that grows to a height of one or two feet on sandy shores, bearing spikes of white flowers in July and August. The order is characterised by alternate exstipulate leaves, persistent calyx with four or five sepals, corolla of from four to seven petals, many stamens, and a three-lobed, one-celled ovary. The sea-side species is very much like the wild mignonette so common in chalky districts, but differs in having all its leaves pinnate, waved, and glaucous, with linear segments; and in having five _equal_ sepals and petals. In a variety of the species, however, the sepals and petals are six in number.

The Crucifers are fairly well represented by coast plants, there being several maritime species of the order. The _Cruciferæ_ are named from the nature of the corolla, the limbs of the four petals of which are arranged so as to resemble the Maltese cross. The flowers have also four sepals, six stamens, two of which are shorter than the other four, and the fruit takes the form of a two-celled pod or pouch which opens by the separation of its two valves from the central partition.

Our first example is the Wild Cabbage (_Brassica oleracea_), which, although so unlike the cabbage of our gardens, is really the parent of all the cultivated varieties, including the cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, &c. It is a biennial plant, with fleshy lobed wavy leaves that are covered with bluish bloom, and a fleshy cylindrical root. It grows erect to a height of one or two feet, bearing yellow flowers during the summer months. An allied species (_B. monensis_), with a prostrate stem and deeply-divided leaves, occurs locally on the sandy shores of the Isle of Man.

Two species of Stock (_Matthiola_) are to be found on the coast, both being characterised by purple flowers. The Great Sea Stock (_M. sinuata_) is a rare plant growing on the shores of Wales and Cornwall, and may be known by its herbaceous stem and narrow downy leaves; and the other species--the Hoary Shrubby Stock (_M. incana_)--is also a rare plant, found principally on the cliffs of the Isle of Wight, and is the parent of the Brompton Stocks of our gardens. The latter has a branched woody stem and narrow leaves. Both species grow to a height of about eighteen inches, and the latter flowers in May and June, while the former is in bloom during the hottest summer months.

The Hare’s-ear Treacle Mustard (_Erysimum orientale_) is a rare crucifer, frequenting the cliffs of the southern and eastern counties. It grows to a height of one to two feet, and bears its white flowers about midsummer. It has glaucous leaves, and the fruit-pods are quadrangular in form.

The Common Scurvy Grass (_Cochlearia officinalis_) is abundant on many shores, and its fleshy leaves, once highly valued as an antiscorbutic, are still used for salad by the cottagers near the sea. It generally grows to a height of six or seven inches, and displays its white flowers during late spring and early summer. The root-leaves are cordate in form, and the upper ones are sessile and angled, half embracing the stem. The fruit is a rounded pouch. A variety (_danica_) with stalked, deltoid leaves and an oval veiny pod, is _plentiful_ in some places.

On some coasts we find the Sweet Alyssum (_Koniga maritima_)--a naturalised plant with procumbent stem, narrow lanceolate, acute leaves, and white flowers. It may be recognised by its compressed, pointed pouch with one-seeded cells. This species flowers towards the end of the summer.

The Sea Radish (_Raphanus maritimus_) is a much larger plant, growing three or four feet in height. In common with the Wild Radish of our corn-fields, it has a tapering pod divided into one-seeded joints, but it may be distinguished from the latter by its superior height and the deeply-divided radical leaves. Its flowers are always yellow, while in the field species they may be either yellow or white; and the style is also shorter, being about the same length as the last joint of the pod.

On sandy shores the Sea Rocket (_Cakile maritima_) is commonly seen, and is readily distinguished by its zigzag branches, deeply-lobed, smooth, fleshy leaves of a glaucous colour, and its succulent pod, which is divided into two one-seeded cells by a horizontal partition. It grows from one to two feet high, and bears pretty lilac flowers about midsummer.

Our last example of the crucifers is the Sea Kale (_Crambe maritima_), a hardy perennial, commonly seen growing among the sand and shingle of the shore, which is the parent of the sea kale now so commonly cultivated in our market gardens. It may be readily recognised by the fine glaucous bloom of its stem, and its broad wavy toothed leaves of a glaucous grey colour. It grows to a height of about eighteen inches, and bears white flowers in June. The fruit is a two-jointed pouch, the upper being rounded and one-seeded, while the lower is stalk-like and barren. This plant is particularly common in the south-west of England, where the leaves are sometimes blanched for food by burying them in the sand.

One of the most striking plants of the coast is the Yellow Horned Poppy (_Glaucium luteum_) of the order _Papaveraceæ_, which contains the well-known poppies of corn-fields. The general characteristics of the order are two deciduous sepals, four petals, many stamens inserted below the ovary, and the ovary one-celled with membranous divisions. The plants of this species usually contain a milky juice, have alternate leaves without stipules, and the flowers, which are regular, generally nod when in bud. The Horned Poppy is a very conspicuous plant, usually growing quite alone on some inaccessible portion of the cliff, or among the pebbles or shingle not far from high-water mark. Its stem is glaucous and branched, and the large waved and deeply-cut leaves, which clasp the stem, are also of a glaucous hue. The flowers are rendered conspicuous by their large yellow petals, which, however, last only for a day, and are succeeded by the hornlike seed-pods that sometimes reach a foot in length.

We will conclude our list of sea-side flowers by a brief mention of the Lesser Meadow Rue (_Thalictrum minus_), a variety of which (_maritimum_) grows on sandy shores. The Meadow Rue belongs to the _Ranunculaceæ_, as may be seen from the fruit of several distinct carpels, each containing a single seed, the corolla of distinct petals, and the numerous stamens inserted below the carpels. The normal form of the Lesser Meadow Rue, which grows freely in some chalky pastures and thickets, has leaves three or four times pinnate, and lax panicles of drooping flowers without any petals. The sea-side variety differs from this in having the stem leafless at the base, and the panicles leafless and broad. The flowers are greenish white, and bloom in July and August.

To assist the reader in the identification of sea-side flowers we append a list of the orders to which they belong, together with the principal distinguishing characteristics of each.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS
WHICH CONTAIN OUR PRINCIPAL
SEA-SIDE FLOWERING PLANTS

I. MONOCOTYLEDONS

A. GLUMIFERÆ

FLOWERS WITHOUT A PERIANTH, ENCLOSED IN GLUMES

=1. Gramineæ=--Grassy plants with hollow stems enclosed in split
sheaths. Flowers generally bisexual with (usually) three
stamens.

=2. Cyperaceæ=--Grassy plants with solid stems and entire sheaths.
Flowers arranged in spikelets, unisexual or bisexual, with
from one to three stamens.

B. PETALOIDÆ

PERIANTH PETALOID

=3. Juncaceæ=--Rushes, with narrow leaves and small brown flowers.
Perianth 6-partite, with scarious segments. Stamens
usually 6; ovary superior; fruit a 3-valved capsule.

=4. Naiadaceæ=--Aquatic herbs with inconspicuous, unisexual or
bisexual flowers. Perianth absent or scale-like. Stamens
as many as the segments of the perianth. Fruit of from one
to four carpels--superior.

=5. Alismaceæ=--Aquatic plants with radical net-veined leaves, and
(generally) conspicuous, white, bisexual flowers. Perianth
6-partite. Stamens 6. Fruit of many carpels--superior.

=6. Liliaceæ=--Herbs with narrow leaves and showy, bisexual
flowers. Perianth 6-partite. Stamens 6. Ovary superior,
3-celled. Fruit a berry or capsule.

II. DICOTYLEDONS

A. CALYX, OR COROLLA, OR BOTH ABSENT

=7. Euphorbiaceæ=--Herbs with entire leaves and (generally) a milky
juice. Flowers small, unisexual, diœcious (male and
female flowers on separate plants), sometimes enclosed in
calyx-like bracts. Perianth 3- or 4-partite or absent.
Stamens one or more. Ovary inferior. Fruit separating
into carpels elastically.

=8. Eleagnaceæ=--Shrub with silvery scales, alternate, entire
leaves, and small, unisexual flowers--the staminate
flowers in catkins. Sepals of male flowers 3 or 4. Stamens
4 to 8. Ovary superior. Fruit indehiscent (not splitting).

=9. Polygonaceæ=--Herbs with sheathing stipules, alternate leaves,
and small (generally) bisexual flowers. Stamens 5 to 8.
Ovary superior. Fruit indehiscent.

=10. Chenopodiaceæ=--Herbs with jointed stems and small unisexual or
bisexual flowers. Stamens usually 5, sometimes 1 or 2,
opposite the sepals. Ovary superior. Fruit indehiscent.

B. PLANTS WITH BOTH CALYX AND COROLLA

_a._ COROLLA MONOPETALOUS

1. _Ovary Superior and Stamens generally on the Corolla_

=11. Plantaginaceæ=--Herbs with radical entire leaves, and spikes
of small, green flowers. Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla 4-lobed,
scarious. Stamens 4. Ovary 2- to 4-celled. Fruit
many-seeded.

=12. Plumbaginaceæ=--Herbs with radical or alternate leaves, and
(generally) regular, blue flowers. Calyx tubular,
scarious. Corolla of 5 petals, united below. Stamens 5,
opposite the petals, attached below the ovary. Ovary
1-celled and 1-seeded.

=13. Primulaceæ=--Herbs with (generally) radical leaves and
conspicuous, regular flowers. Calyx 4- to 7-cleft. Corolla
4- to 7-cleft. Stamens 4 to 7, generally opposite the
petals. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a capsule with many seeds.

=14. Solanaceæ=--Herbs with alternate leaves and axillary clusters
of regular flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-cleft.
Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a berry.

=15. Convolvulaceæ=--Climbing herbs with alternate leaves and showy,
regular flowers. Sepals 5. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens
4 or 5. Ovary 2- to 4-celled. Fruit a capsule.

=16. Gentianaceæ=--Herbs with opposite entire leaves and solitary
regular flowers. Calyx 4- to 10-lobed. Corolla 4- to
10-lobed. Stamens 4 to 10, alternate with the lobes of the
corolla. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Fruit a capsule.

2. _Ovary Inferior and Stamens on the Corolla_

=17. Compositæ=--Herbs with flowers (generally yellow or white)
collected into compact heads. Calyx absent or represented
by a pappus. Corolla tubular or ligulate. Stamens 4 or 5.

_b._ COROLLA POLYPETALOUS

1. _Stamens Perigynous_ (_around the Ovary_), _or Epigynous_
(_upon the Ovary_)

=18. Umbelliferæ=--Herbs with (generally) compound leaves, and
small, white, umbelled flowers. Sepals (if present) 5.
Petals 5. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior. Fruit of two
adhering carpels.

=19. Illecebraceæ=--Small herbs with sessile, entire leaves, and
small flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5 or absent.
Stamens 1 to 5. Ovary superior.

=20. Tamariscaceæ=--Shrub with small, scale-like leaves, and lateral
spikes of small regular flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4
or 5. Stamens 4 or more.

=21. Leguminosæ=--Herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipuled, pinnate
or ternate leaves, sometimes tendrilled, and irregular
flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla of 5 petals,
papilionaceous (butterfly-like). Stamens usually 10. Ovary
superior. Fruit a pod.

2. _Stamens Hypogynous_ (_attached below the Ovary_)

=22. Geraniaceæ=--Herbs with stipuled, lobed leaves, and showy
regular flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5 or 10.
Fruit of 5 carpels surrounding a long beak.

=23. Malvaceæ=--Herbs with alternate, stipuled leaves, and axillary,
red, or purple flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, twisted in the
bud. Stamens numerous, united into a tube. Ovary of many
cells.

=24. Caryophyllaceæ=--Herbs with (generally) jointed stems, opposite
leaves, and regular white or red flowers. Sepals 4 or 5.
Petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Fruit a 1-celled capsule
opening at the top with teeth.

=25. Polygalaceæ=--Herbs with alternate, simple leaves (without
stipules), and irregular flowers. Sepals 5, the inner
petal-like. Petals 3 to 5, unequal. Stamens 8, in two
clusters. Fruit a 2-celled capsule.

=26. Violaceæ=--Herbs with alternate, stipuled leaves and irregular
flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, unequal, the lower one
spurred. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-partite, but 1-celled.

=27. Resedaceæ=--Herbs or shrubs with alternate, exstipulate leaves,
and spikes of irregular, green flowers. Sepals 4 or 5.
Petals 4 to 7, unequal. Stamens more than 10. Ovary
3-lobed, and 1-celled.

=28. Cruciferæ=--Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and
regular flowers. Sepals 4. Petals 4, cruciate. Stamens
6--4 longer and 2 shorter. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Fruit a
siliqua or a silicula.

=29. Papaveraceæ=--Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, a milky
juice, and regular, showy flowers. Sepals 2, deciduous.
Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Ovary 1-celled with membranous
partitions.

=30. Ranunculaceæ=--Herbs with (generally) alternate leaves and
regular flowers. Sepals generally 5, distinct. Petals 5 or
more. Stamens numerous. Fruit of many, distinct carpels.

INDEX

Acalephæ, 134

Acanthias, 319

Acarina, 304

Aclis, 246

Acmæa, 240

Acorn Barnacles, 263

Actinia, 142

Actinoloba, 143

Actora, 300

Adamsia, 154

Adeorbis, 243

Ægirus, 235

Æolidæ, 235

Æpophilus, 297

Aëpus, 303

Agonus, 335

Aiptasia, 144

Alaria, 385

Alcyonium, 155

Algæ, 344, 347

-- reproduction, 351

Alismaceæ, 401, 423

Allseed, 413

Alopecurus, 397

Ambulacrum, 163

Ammodytes, 326

Ammophila, 396

Amœba, 102

Amphibia, 307

Amphipoda, 267, 304

Anarrhichas, 334

Anatinidæ, 204, 255

Anemones, 127, 138

Angiosperms, 346, 348

Angler Fish, 336

Angling, 34

Anguilla, 324

Anguillidæ, 323

Angular Crab, 289

Annelida, 177

Anomia, 222

Anomura, 279

Antedon, 160

Anthea, 149

Anurida, 299

Apetalæ, 402

Aphaniptera, 305

Aphrodita, 179

Apium, 412

Aporrhais, 245

Aquarium, 51

-- aeration of, 61, 63

-- cement for, 54, 57

-- construction of, 53

-- fountain, 64

-- temporary, 52

-- weeds for, 61

Arachnoidea, 257, 293, 304

Araneidæ, 304

Arca, 216

Arcadæ, 216, 255

Arctopsis, 289

Arenicola, 178

Armeria, 408

Artemisia, 410

Arthropoda, 255

-- classification, 304

Asiphonida, 198, 216, 255

Asparagus, 402

Asperococcus, 383

Astarte, 212

Aster, 410

Asteroidea, 171

Atherina, 332

Atherinidæ, 332

Atriplex, 406

Aurelia, 135

Aviculidæ, 219, 255

Badderlocks, 385

Baits, 39

Balanophyllia, 152

Balanus, 6, 263

Banded Cockle, 216

Barley Grasses, 395

Barnacles, 261

Bass, 338

Beach Fleas, 263

Beadlet, 142

Beard Grass, 397

Beet, 405

Bembidiidæ, 301

Bembidium, 302

Beroe, 137

Bittersweet, 409

Bledius, 304

Blennies, 332

Blenniidæ, 332

Blennius, 334

Blue Shark, 320

Bonnet Limpet, 240

Bopyrus, 267

Boring Pill-ball, 268

Boring Sponge, 124

Bottle-brush, 132

Brachelytra, 303

Brachiopods, 224

Brachyura, 271, 279, 285, 304

Branchiopoda, 265, 304

Brassica, 418

Bread-crumb Sponge, 123

Bristle-tails, 298

Brittle Starfish, 157, 159, 161

Broad-clawed Crab, 280

Brome Grasses, 395

Bromus, 395

Bryopsis, 354

Bryozoa, 188

Buccinidæ, 248, 255

Buccinum, 248

Bugs, 297

Bulla, 236

Bull-heads, 335

Bull Huss, 320

Bunodes, 150

Butter Gunnel, 334

Byssus, 43, 195

Cabinets, 89

Cæcum, 245

Cakile, 420

Calamary, 252

Calcarea, 119

Calcareous Sponges, 119

Callianassa, 277

Calliblepharis, 367

Callionymus, 335

Callithamnion, 61, 358

Callophyllis, 365

Calpurna, 248

Calyptræa, 241

Calyptræidæ, 240, 255

Canary Grass, 396

Cancer, 292

Carangidæ, 338

Caranx, 338

Carapace, 272

Carchariidæ, 320

Carcharius, 320

Carcinus, 291

Cardiadæ, 214, 255

Cardium, 214

Carex, 398

Carrageen Moss, 61, 364

Caryophyllaceæ, 415, 425

Caryophyllia, 151

Catometopa, 286, 289

Cave-dweller, 147

Cell for live objects, 95

Cement for aquarium, 57

Centaury, 409

Centipedes, 305

Cephalophora, 191, 225, 255

Cephalopoda, 191, 250, 255

Ceramiaceæ, 358, 389

Ceramium, 61, 362

Cerati-solen, 207

Cerithiadæ, 245, 255

Cerithium, 245

Cetacea, 340

Chætopoda, 177

Chalina, 122

Chalk, 109

Chambered Mussel, 219

Channelled Wrack, 387

Charales, 343, 348

Chenopodiaceæ, 405, 424

Chenopodium, 405

Chilognatha, 305

Chilopoda, 305

Chironomus, 301

Chiton, 237

Chitonidæ, 237, 255

Chlorophyll, 74

Chlorospermeæ, 350, 389

Chondria, 374

Chondrus, 61, 364

Chorda, 385

Chordaria, 381

Chordariaceæ, 380, 390

Chrysaora, 136

Chylocladia, 364

Cillenium, 303

Circe, 212

Cirripedia, 261, 304

Cladophora, 352

Cladostephus, 380

Cliffs, 2

Cliona, 124

Cloak Anemone, 154

Club-mosses, 345

Club Rush, 399

Clupea, 322

Clupeidæ, 322

Coast--general characters of, 1

Cochlearia, 419

Cockles, 214

Cod, 327

Codium, 353

Cœlenterates, 127

Cœlopa, 300

Coleoptera, 301, 305

Columella, 226

Common sponges, 119

Compositæ, 410, 425

Cone Shells, 248

Conidæ, 248, 255

Coniferæ, 347, 348

Confervaceæ, 352, 389

Convolvulaceæ, 409, 425

Convolvulus, 409

Copepoda, 264, 304

Corallina, 61, 369

Corallinaceæ, 369, 390

Corallines--preserving 87

Corals, 151

Corbula, 206

Cord Grass, 398

Cordylecladia, 366

Cornish Sucker, 330

Corrosive sublimate, 75

Corystes, 286

Cottidæ, 335

Cottus, 335

Cowries, 247

Crab-pots, 26

Crabs--as bait, 44

-- preserving, 81

Crambe, 420

Crangon, 278

Crenella, 219

Crinoidea, 171

Crithmum, 411

Cruciferæ, 417, 426

Crustacea, 257, 304

Crustaceans--preserving, 80

Cryptogams, 343, 347

Cryptonemiaceæ, 363, 389

Ctenophora, 137

Cup Coral, 151

Cup-and-saucer Limpet, 240

Cutleria, 382

Cuttlefishes, 191, 251, 253

Cycadeæ, 347, 348

Cyclometopa, 286, 291

Cyclostomata, 307, 308

Cydippe, 137

Cynodon, 396

Cyperaceæ, 398, 423

Cypræa, 248

Cypræidæ, 247, 255

Cyprina, 212

Cyprinidæ, 212, 255

Cystoclonium, 365

Cystoseira, 387

Cythere, 266

Cytheria, 211

Cyttidæ 338

Dactylopteridæ, 335

Dahlia Wartlet, 143

Daisy Anemone, 146

Danica, 419

Dasya, 376

Daucus, 411

Dead Men's Fingers, 155

Decapoda (Decapods), 251, 255, 269, 271, 279, 304

Delesseria, 366, 368

Delphinidæ, 340

Demospongia, 119

Dendronotus, 235

Dentaliadæ, 238, 255

Desmarestia, 385

Devon Cup-coral, 151

Dibranchiata, 251, 255

Dicotyledons, 347, 403, 424

Dictyosiphon, 383

Dictyotaceæ, 382, 390

Dillisk, 365

Diotis, 410

Diptera, 299, 305

Dissecting microscope, 91

Dissecting trough, 98

Dissection, 91

Dog-fishes, 318

Dog Whelks, 248

Dog Winkles, 248

Dog's-tooth Grass, 396

Dolichopodidæ, 300

Dolphin, 340

Donax, 208

Doridæ, 235

Doto, 235

Dragonet, 335

Dredge, 26

Dreissina, 219

Dromia, 282

Dulse, 61, 365

Dumontia, 363

Dyschirius, 304

Ear-shell, 242

Echinocyamus, 168

Echinoderms, 157

Echinoidea, 171

Echinus, 168

Ectocarpaceæ, 378, 390

Ectocarpus, 378

Edible Cockle, 214

Edible Crab, 292

Edible Mussel, 217

Edriophthalmata, 266, 304

Eel, 323

Elachista, 381

Elasmobranchii, 318

Eleagnaceæ, 403, 424

Eleocharis, 399

Elymus, 395

Elysia, 235

Emarginula, 242

Enteromorpha, 61, 355

Entomostraca, 266, 304

Equisetales, 345, 348

Erato, 248

Erodium, 414

Eryngium, 412

Eryngo, 412

Erysimum, 418

Erythræa, 409

Establishment of port, 17

Eulima, 246

Euphorbia, 403

Euphorbiaceæ, 403, 424

Euplexoptera, 305

Exogenæ, 402

Father Lasher, 335

Feather Starfish, 159, 160

Ferns, 345

Fescue Grass, 396

Festuca, 396

Filicales, 345, 348

Fishes, 307

-- classification, 318

-- colour of, 313

-- distribution, 317

-- fins of, 311

-- gills, 312

-- preserving, 85

-- scales of, 309

-- skeleton, 314

-- tails, 315

Fishing, 34

Fishing Frog, 336

Fissurella, 241

Fissurellidæ, 241, 255

Five-fingered Starfish, 157

Flat-fishes, 324

Floating Crab, 289

Flounders, 325

Flowering Plants--classification, 423

Flowers--fertilisation, 393

-- preserving, 86

-- structure, 346

Flustra, 188

Flying Gurnards, 335

Foraminifera, 106

Formaldehyde, 73

Fox-tail Grass, 398

Fragacea, 142

Fucaceæ, 386, 390

Fucus, 386

Fungi, 344, 347

Furbelows, 384

Furcellaria, 364

Fusus, 249

Gadiadæ, 327

Gadus, 327

Galeomma, 214

Gamopetalæ, 403

Gaper shell, 205

Gasteropoda, 232, 255

Gastrochæna, 203

Gastrochænidæ, 203, 255

Gastrosteidæ, 331

Gastrosteus, 331

Gebia, 276

Gelidiaceæ, 390

Gelidium, 367

Gem Pimplet, 150

Gentianaceæ, 409, 425

Geodephaga, 301

Gephyrea, 176

Geraniaceæ, 414, 425

Gibb's Crab, 289

Gigartina, 364

Glass-wort, 407

Glaucium, 420

Globigerina, 109

Globular Beroe, 137

Gloisiphonia, 364

Glumiferæ, 423

Glycerine, 73

Goadby's fluid, 73

Gobies, 334

Gobiidæ, 334

Gobioesocidæ, 330

Gobius, 334

Golden Samphire, 411

Gonoplax, 290

Goosefoot, 405

Gracilaria, 366

Gramineæ, 392, 423

Grantia, 120

Grass-wracks, 400

Green Laver, 61

Green Pea-urchin, 168

Grey Mullet, 332

Griffithsia, 61, 360

Ground bait, 49

Gurnards, 335

Gymnosperms, 346, 348

Haddock, 327

Hake, 328

Halecium, 131

Halibut, 326

Halichondria, 123

Halidrys, 388

Haliotidæ, 242, 255

Haliotis, 242

Halurus, 361

Hapalidiaceæ, 390

Hare's Ear, 418

Heart Cockle, 212

Heart Urchin, 168

Helminthocladiæ, 389

Henslow's Crab, 293

Henware, 385

Hepaticæ, 344, 348

Hermit Crab, 44, 154, 280, 232

Herring, 322

Herring-bone Polype, 131

Hexactinellida, 119

Himanthalia, 387

Hippoglossus, 326

Hippophaë, 403

Hog-louse, 268

Holostomata, 236, 255

Holothuroidea, 169

Homarus, 274

Honckenya, 416

Honeyware, 385

Hook-nose, 335

Hooks--fishing, 37

Hordeum, 395

Horned Poppy, 420

Horse Limpet, 240

Horse Mackerel, 338

Horse Mussels, 218

Horsetails, 345

Hydrozoa, 130

Hymenoptera, 305

Hypnæa, 365

Ianthina, 242

Illecebraceæ, 412, 425

Inachus, 289

Infusoria, 104, 112

Insecta (Insects), 257, 294, 305

Inula, 411

Iridæa, 364

Irish Moss, 61, 364

Isocardia, 212

Isopoda, 267, 304

Isotoma, 299

Jania, 370

Jelly-fishes, 127, 134

John Dory, 338

Juncaceæ, 400, 423

Juncus, 400

Keyhole Limpet, 241

Knappia, 397

Knot-grasses, 404

Knotted Wrack, 386

Koniga, 419

Labial palpi, 197

Labridæ, 329

Lactuca, 410

Lacuna, 244

Lady Crab, 292

Lamellibranchiata (Lamellibranchs), 191, 192, 255

Laminaria, 384

Laminariaceæ, 384, 390

Lampreys, 308

Lathyrus, 413

Laurencia, 370

Laurenciaceæ, 370, 390

Lavatera, 415

Laver, 61, 354

Leathesia, 381

Leda, 217

Leguminosæ, 413, 425

Lemon Sole, 326

Lenses, 91

Lepadogaster, 330

Lepidoptera, 305

Lepturus, 395

Lesser Rue, 422

Leucosolenia, 121

Ligia, 268

Liliaceæ, 402, 423

Limnoria, 268

Limpets, 43, 238

Ling, 328

Lithodes, 282

Litosiphon, 383

Little Lettuce, 410

Littorina, 243

Littorinidæ, 244, 255

Liverworts, 344

Lobster pots, 26

Lobsters, 274
preserving, 81

Loligo, 252

Lomentaria, 371

Long-armed Crab, 286

Lophius, 336

Lucinidæ, 213, 255

Lugworm, 39, 178

Lutraria, 209

Lycopodiales, 345, 348

Machilis, 298

Mackerel, 337

Macrura, 271, 279, 304

Mactra, 209

Mactridæ, 209, 255

Maia, 289

Malacostraca, 266, 304

Malvaceæ, 415, 425

Mammals, 307, 339

Mantis Shrimps, 270

Marginella, 248

Marine aquarium, 51

Marsipobranchii, 308

Mat-grass, 396

Matricaria, 411

Matthiola, 418

Maugeria, 366

Meadow Grasses, 395

Meadow Rue, 421

Medusæ, 134

Medusoids, 133

Melanospermeæ, 350, 376, 290

Melobesia, 370

Merluccius, 328

Mesembryanthemum, 142

Mesenteries, 139

Mesogloia, 381

Methylated spirit, 72

Michaelmas Daisy, 410

Micralymma, 303

Milkwort, 416

Millepedes, 305

Modiola, 218

Molluscs, 190

-- bivalve, 192

-- classification, 255

Molva, 328

Monera, 110

Monocotyledons, 347, 391, 423

Montagu's Sucker, 331

Morone, 338

Moss Polyps, 188

Mosses, 344

Motella, 328

Mud-burrower, 277

Mugil, 332

Mugilidæ, 332

Mullidæ, 338

Mullus, 338

Murex, 249

Muricidæ, 249, 255

Murlins, 385

Musci, 344, 348

Muscineæ, 343, 344, 348

Museum, 88

Mussels, 42, 217

Mustelus, 320

Mya, 205

Myacidæ, 205, 255

Myrionema, 381

Myriopoda, 257, 305

Myriotrichia, 379

Mytilidæ, 217, 255

Mytilus, 217

Naiadaceæ, 400, 423

Nassa, 249

Natica, 246

Naticidæ, 246, 255

Nautilidæ, 255

Needle-fish, 329

Nephrops, 275

Nereis, 284

Nerophis, 329

Nesæa, 268

Nets, Collecting, 23

Neuroptera, 305

Nitophyllum, 367

Noctiluca, 114

Norway Lobster, 275

Notched Limpets, 242

Nucleobranchiata, 232, 255

Nucula, 217

Nudibranchiata, 233, 255

Nummulites, 108

Nummulitic limestone, 110

Nurse Dog, 320

Nut Crabs, 286

Obione, 405

Octopoda, 251, 255

Octopus, 251

Odonthalia, 375

Odostomia, 246

Oleasters, 403

Oligochæta, 177

Omar, 242

Oniscoda, 268

Opelet, 149

Operculum, 83, 227

Ophidiidæ, 326

Ophiuroidea, 171

Opisthobranchiata, 232, 255

Opossum Shrimps, 270

Oraches, 406

Orange-disked Anemone, 148

Orthoptera, 305

Osmerus, 321

Ostracoda, 265, 304

Ostrea, 221

Ostreidæ, 221, 255

Outdoor work, 21

Ovulum, 248

Oxyptera, 416

Oxyrhyncha, 286

Oxystomata, 286

Oysters, 221

Padina, 382

Pagurus, 282, 285

Pallial line, 193

Pansy, 417

Papaveraceæ, 420, 426

Parasitic Anemone, 153

Patella, 239

Patellidæ, 255

Paternoster, 48

Pea Crabs, 289

Pea Urchin, 168

Peachia, 145

Pearl Oysters, 219

Pecten, 222

Pectunculus, 216

Pennant's Crab, 286

Pepper Dulse, 370

Pericardium, 196

Peristome, 226

Periwinkle, 62, 243

Petaloidæ, 423

Phalaris, 396

Phanerogams, 343, 346, 348

Phasianella, 243

Pheasant Shell, 243

Phleum, 397

Phocæna, 340

Pholadidæ, 199, 255

Pholadidea, 201

Pholas, 200

Phosphorescence, 18, 111

Phyllirhoidæ, 286

Phyllophora, 365

Piddocks, 200

Pilchard, 322

Pileopsis, 241

Pilota, 361

Pimplet, 150

Pinna, 221

Pinna Pea-crab, 290

Pinnotheres, 290

Pipe-fishes, 328

Plaice, 325

Plantaginaceæ, 408, 424

Plantago, 408

Plants, classification, 343, 347

Plate-gilled Molluscs, 191

Pleuronectes, 326

Pleuronectidæ, 324

Plocamium, 61, 366

Plumbaginaceæ, 408, 424

Poa, 396

Podded Sea-oak, 388

Podophthalmata, 266, 269, 304

Pogge, 335

Pollack, 327

Polybius, 293

Polycarpon, 413

Polychæta, 177

Polygala, 416

Polygalaceæ, 416, 426

Polygonaceæ, 404, 424

Polygonum, 404

Polypetalæ, 403

Polypogon, 397

Polysiphonia, 372

Polystomata, 115

Polyzoa, 188

Porcelain Crab, 280

Porcellana, 280

Porifera, 115

Porphyra, 355

Porpoise, 339

Portland Spurge, 403

Portunus, 292

Prawn, 44, 278

Preservation of marine objects, 71

Preservatives, 72

Prickly Cockle, 215

Prickly Salt-wort, 407

Primulaceæ, 424

Prosobranchiata, 232, 236

Protophyta, 343, 347

Protoplasm, 102

Protoplasta, 104, 110

Protozoa, 102

-- classification, 104

Psammobia, 208

Pteropoda, 230, 255

Pulmonifera, 255

Punctaria, 383

Puncturella, 241

Purple Spurge, 403

Purple-tipped Urchin, 168

Purpura, 249

Pycnogonum, 293

Pyramidellidæ, 246, 255

Radiata, 140

Radiolaria, 104, 110

Ragworm, 40, 179

Raiidæ, 318

Ranunculaceæ, 422, 426

Raphanus, 420

Rays, 318

Red Mullets, 338

Red-specked Pimplet, 150

Reptilia, 307

Reseda, 417

Resedaceæ, 417, 426

Rhizocarpeæ, 345, 348

Rhizopods, 104

Rhizostoma, 136

Rhodomela, 372

Rhodomelaceæ, 372, 390

Rhodophyllis, 61

Rhodospermeæ, 350, 355, 389

Rhodymenia, 61, 365, 367

Rhodymeniaceæ, 365, 389

Rhombus, 326

Rhynchota, 297, 305

Rissoa, 244

Rock-fishes, 46

Rocklings, 328

Rock-pools, 6, 31

Rosy Anemone, 149

Rosy Feather Star, 160

Rotifers, 189

Rushes, 400

Rytiphlæa, 375

Sabella, 184

Saddle Oyster, 222

Sagartia, 146

Sagina, 416

Salicornia, 407

Salmo, 321

Salmon, 321

Salmon Dace, 339

Salmonidæ, 321

Salsola, 407

Salt-wort, 407

Sand Eels, 326

Sandhoppers, 268

-- preserving, 81

Sand Smelts, 332

Sandworm, 178

Saxicava, 203

Scalaria, 244

Scallops, 222

Scentless Mayweed, 411

Schizopoda, 304

Schizymenia, 61, 364

Scirpus, 399

Scomber, 337

Scomberidæ, 337

Scorpionidæ, 304

Scorpion Spider-crab, 289

Scurvy Grass, 419

Scylliidæ, 319

Scyllium, 319

Sea angling, 34

-- Aster, 410

-- Buckthorn, 403

-- Bullheads, 335

-- Bream, 338

-- Campion, 415

-- Carrot, 411

-- Cat, 334

-- Cat's-tail Grass, 397

-- Cucumbers, 169

-- Devil, 336

-- Eggs, 165

-- -- preserving, 79

-- Girdles, 384

-- Grass, 61, 353, 400

-- Hard-grass, 395

-- Holly, 412

-- Kale, 420

-- Lavender, 409

-- Lemons, 233

-- Lettuce, 61

-- Loach, 328

-- Lyme-grass, 395

-- Mallow, 415

-- Mat, 188

-- Meadow Grass, 396

-- Mouse, 179

-- Pearl-wort, 416

-- Perch, 338

-- Pill-ball, 268

-- Pink, 408

-- Purslane, 406, 416

-- Radish, 420

-- Reed, 396

-- Rocket, 420

-- Rushes, 400

-- Salt, 17, 59

-- Saltness of, 17

-- Samphire, 411

-- Sand-wort, 415

-- Sedge, 398

-- Slater, 268

-- Slugs, 233

-- Snails, 331

-- Spurge, 403

-- Squirts, 188

-- Stock, 418

-- Stork's-bill, 414

-- Urchins, 157, 165

-- -- preserving, 79

-- -- shell of, 166

-- teeth, 167

-- water, artificial, 59

-- composition, 59

-- weeds, 343

-- -- classification, 389

-- -- preserving, 86

-- Wormwood, 410

Seaside Arrow Grass, 401

-- Bindweed, 409

-- Cottonweed, 410

-- Feverfew, 411

-- Grasses, 392

-- Knot Grass, 404

-- Plantain, 408

-- plants, 391

-- classification, 423

Section cutting, 96

Sedges, 398

Selaginellales, 345, 348

Sepia, 253

Sepiadæ, 253, 255

Sepiola, 252

Serpula, 185

Serranidæ, 338

Serrated Pill-ball, 268

Serrated Wrack, 386

Sertularia, 128

Sessile-eyed crustaceans, 266

Shanny, 333

Sharks, 318

Shells, preserving, 83

Shore Crab, 261, 291

-- Spider, 293

Shrimps, 278

-- preserving, 81

Shrubby Mignonette, 417

Silene, 415

Silicia, 122

Siphonaceæ, 358, 389

Siphonida, 198, 255

Siphonostomata, 236, 247, 255

Six-rayed Sponges, 119

Skates, 318

Slender-beaked Crab, 289

Sloke, 61, 355

Smelt, 321

Smooth Hound, 320

Snoods, 37

Solanaceæ, 409, 424

Solanum, 409

Soldier Crab, 280

Sole, 326

Solea, 326

Solecurtus, 207

Solenidæ, 255

Sparidæ, 338

Spartina, 397

Sparus, 338

Spergularia, 415

Sphacelaria, 279

Sphærococcoideæ, 366, 390

Sphærococcus, 366

Sphæroma, 268

Spicules, 118

Spider Crabs, 288

Spike Rush, 399

Spiny-finned fishes, 329

Spirorbis, 187

Sponges, 115

Spongiocarpeæ, 390

Spoon Worms, 176

Sporochnaceæ, 385, 390

Sporochnus, 385

Spotted Dogfish, 320

Spotted Hog-louse, 268

Spout Shell, 245

Sprats, 323

Spring-tails, 299

Spurges, 403

Spyridia, 363

Spyridiaceæ, 368, 389

Squamariæ, 390

Squid, 252

Squirt Worms, 176

Stalk-eyed crustaceans, 266, 269

Starfishes, 157

-- preserving, 79

Stargazers, 336

Statice, 408

Stenorhynchus, 289

Sticklebacks, 331

Stilophora, 383

Sting Bull, 337

Sting Fish, 335

Stock, 418

Stomopoda, 269, 304

Stone Crab, 280

Strawberry Beadlet, 142

Sucker Fishes, 330

Sweet Alyssum, 419

Swimming Crab, 293

Sycon, 121

Syngnathidæ, 328

Syngnathus, 329

Tamariscaceæ, 413, 425

Tamarisk, 413

Tangles, 384

Tapes, 211

Tealia, 143

Tectibranchiata, 238, 255

Tectibranchs, 236

Teleostomi, 318, 320

Tellina, 208

Tellinidæ, 207, 255

Terebella, 181

Terebratulina, 225

Teredo, 201

Tetrabranchiata, 255

Thalictrum, 421

Thallophytes, 343, 344, 347

Trichoptera, 305

Thornback Crab, 289

Thracia, 204

Thrift, 408

Thuiaria, 132

Thysanoptera, 298, 305

Tides, 9

Tooth shells, 238

Top shells, 243

Trachinidæ, 336

Trachinus, 337

Treacle Mustard, 418

Tree Mallow, 415

Trefoil, 413

Trifolium, 413

Triglochin, 401

Triopa, 235

Tritonia, 235

Tritoniadæ, 235

Trivia, 248

Trochus, 243

Trumpet Anemone, 141

Tubularia, 132

Tunicates, 188

Turbellaria, 175

Turbinidæ, 243, 255

Turbot, 326

Turkey-feather Laver, 382

Turret shells, 245

Turritella, 244

Turritellidæ, 244, 255

Twin-bladder Wrack, 387

Two-spotted Sucker, 331

Ulva, 61, 354

Ulvaceæ, 389, 354

Umbelliferæ, 411, 425

Umbilicus, 226

Umbo, 193

Vascular cryptogams, 345

Velutina, 247

Velvet Crab, 292

Veneridæ, 210, 255

Venus, 210

Vermes, 172

Vertebrates, 306

Vetch, 413

Vicia, 413

Viola, 417

Violaceæ, 417, 426

Violet Fiddler, 292

Water Ferns, 345

Weavers, 336

Wedge shells, 208

Whales, 340

Wheel animals, 189

Whelks, 248

Whirl Worms, 175

Whistle Fish, 328

Whitebait, 323

White Salmon, 339

Whiting, 327

Wild Cabbage, 418

Wild Celery, 412

Wing shells, 219

Wolf Fish, 334

Woody Nightshade, 409

Worms, 172

-- parasitic, 174

Worm Pipe-fish, 329

Wrangeliaceæ, 389

Wrasses, 329

Xantho, 292

Xylophaga, 201

Yellow Poppy, 420

Zeus, 338

Zoantharia, 138

Zoarces, 333

Zonaria, 382

Zostera, 353, 400

_Printed in England at_ THE BALLANTYNE PRESS
SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & CO. LTD.
_Colchester, London & Eton_

Transcriber's Note

Minor inconsistencies in the punctuation of tables or captions are silently corrected.

Hyphenation is variable. Those compound words which are hyphenated only on line breaks are rendered using modern usage.

The word 'movable' appears only once as 'moveable' (165), which is retained.

The index entry for 'Œpophilus' is considered to be an error. All instances of the word appear in the text as 'Æpophilus'. This has been corrected and moved to the appropriate alphabetic position.

The following corrections were made to obvious printer's errors,

devel[e/o]ped (336); co[n/m]posed (364);

The following list contains punctuation corrections made:

p. 65 one of them[.] Added.

p. 255 [Class] =LAMELLIBRANCHIATA= Added to match other
entries.

p. 257 their tendencies[,/.] Corrected.

p. 292 low-water[-]mark Unhyphenated elsewhere.

p. 340 [(]_Cetacea_) Added.

p. 390 in firm gelatine[,/.] Corrected.

p. 403 by its stipuled leaves[.] Added.

p. 434 Rhodospermeæ, 350, 355, 38[9] Added.