Chapter 12: is on abolition in the South before 1828. The work is helpful (1)

in learning the conditions from which southern emigrants moved.

BLANCHARD, RUFUS. _Discovery and Conquest of the Northwest, with the History of Chicago. Wheaton: R. Blanchard & Co., 1879. Chicago: Cushing_, 1880. 768 pp. 8vo.

A well-written and valuable book for discovery and conquest, but of little value for a study of mere immigration before 1831. What it has of immigration is almost exclusively confined to immigration to the region of the present Chicago.

——_History of Illinois, to accompany an historical Map of the State. Chicago: National School Furnishing Company_, 1883. 128 pp.

The text is a disconnected symposium, and has in some cases been superseded by later research. The map is the most valuable part of the work. It is 27-½x42-½ inches in size, mounted on heavy cloth, and shows, with dates, Indian trails, routes of exploring and military expeditions, early stage and mail routes, historic sites, dates of settlement of the principal towns.

BONHAM, JERIAH. _Fifty Years’ Recollections with Observations and Reflections on historical Events, giving Sketches of eminent Citizens—their Lives and public Services. Peoria: J. W. Franks & Sons_, 1883. 536 pp.

The “fifty years” seem to have begun shortly after 1830. The biographical sketches, however, give several facts in regard to the origin and immigration of such early leaders as Coles, Edwards, Reynolds, Carlin, and others.

BOYD, CARL EVANS. _County of Illinois, The. Am. Hist. Rev._, IV., 623-35. July, 1899.

A scholarly history of Virginia’s ephemeral County of Illinois, although in error as to the dates of its beginning and ending, respectively.

BRACKENRIDGE, HENRY MARIE, Esq. _History of the late War between the United States and Great Britain. Containing a minute Account of the various military and naval Operations. Baltimore: Cushing, 1817. 4th ed. Baltimore: Cushing & Jewett_, 1818. xxiv.+348 pp. _6th ed. Philadelphia: James Kay_, 1839. 298 pp.

Valuable. Several times translated. Impartial. Gives a short account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812.

BROWN, CHARLES R. _The Old Northwest Territory: its Missions, Forts, and trading Posts. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Brown, Moore & Quale_, 1875. 32 pp.

The work consists of an historical and chronological map (14-½ x 15 inches), and notes upon the 94 sites located upon it. Eleven of the sites are in Illinois. Valuable and suggestive, although deficient in citation of authorities.

BROWN, HENRY. _The History of Illinois from its first Discovery and Settlement to the present Time. New York: J. Winchester_, 1844. vi.+492 pp.

The author confesses to having written in haste and to having borrowed stories from other states simply to amuse his readers. Worthless except to furnish a few topics which one may wish to verify. Criticism: _Draper MSS_., Z No. 2.

BROWN, SAMUEL R. _The Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant’s Directory, (1817) containing a geographical Description of the western States and Territories, viz., the States of Ky., Ind., La., O., Tenn., and Miss., and the Territories of Ill., Mo., Ala., Mich., and N. Western, with an Appendix containing Sketches of some of the western Counties of N. Y., Pa. and Va.; a description of the Gt. Northern Lakes; Indian Annuities, and Directions to Emigrants. Auburn, N. Y.: H. C. Southwick_, 1817. 360 pp.

Pages 17-35 give an inaccurate description of Illinois’ population and resources.

BROWN, WILLIAM HUBBARD. _An historical Sketch of the early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery, read at the annual Meeting of the Chicago Historical Society, Dec. 5, 1864._

_Chicago: Fergus Printing Co._, 1876. 31 pp. _Fergus hist. Series_, No. 4. 8vo. 25 cents.

Especially valuable for the great struggle over slavery in Illinois in 1822-24. First printed in 1865, under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society.

BUCKLEY, JAMES MONROE. _A History of Methodists in the United States._ (Volume V. of _American Church History_.) _New York: The Christian Literature Co._, 1896. xix.+714 pp.

Tells of the founding of Lebanon Seminary, later McKendree College, at Lebanon, Ill., in 1828.

_Chicago City Directory, for the Year 1855-56, and Northern Illinois Gazetteer. Chicago: Robert Fergus_, 1855. 150+xxxii.+208+128 pp.

Of slight value for our purpose, although the historical introductions to the directories of the various cities and towns have a few usable statements.

_Chicago daily Democratic Press. Railroads, History and Commerce of Chicago, three Articles. 2d ed. Chicago: Democratic Press Job and Book Steam Print_, 1854. 80 pp.

Of considerable interest, although many statements are of too late a date to be used.

_Chicago Magazine. Chicago, Ill._

I., 103-16 (1857), gives an account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812, largely taken from the Kinzie narrative.

_Chicago Sunday Tribune, Nov._ 28, 1897.

New light thrown on Old Fort Dearborn. An account of the finding of important records in the archives of the U. S. government. The archives contained the original order for building a fort where Fort Dearborn later stood (order of 1803), and sketches of Fort Dearborn as early as January, 1808. The sketches are reproduced.

CLARKE, S. C. _Prairie State, The._ (_Atlantic Monthly_, VII., 579-595, _May_, 1861.)

Well written and treats a large number of subjects.

COPELAND, LOUIS ALBERT, B. L. _The Cornish in southwest Wisconsin._ Pages 301-334 of _Wis. Hist. Coll._, XIV. _Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printer_, 1898.

Gives several facts concerning the early history of the Galena region. Most of the Cornish, however, came after 1830.

DANA, E. _Geographical Sketches on the Western Country: designed for Emigrants and Settlers: being the Result of extensive Researches and Remarks. To which is added a Summary of all the most interesting Matters on the Subject, including a particular Description of the unsold public Lands, ... also, a List of the principal Roads. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds & Co._, 1819. 312 pp.

Pages 133-156 are devoted to Illinois. A suggestion of the fraudulent count in the census of 1818 is given.

——_A Description of the bounty Lands in the State of Illinois: also, the principal Roads and Routes, by Land and Water, through the Territory of the United States. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds & Co._, 1819. 12mo. 108 pp.

Gives very few references to settlement and few descriptions of historic sites.

DAVIDSON, ALEXANDER, _and_ STUVÉ, BERNARD. _A complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873; embracing the physical Features of the Country; its early Explorations, aboriginal Inhabitants; French and British Occupation; Conquest by Virginia; territorial Condition and the subsequent civil, military and political Events of the State. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Journal Co._, 1874. 944 pp.

Crude, but no specialist in Illinois history should be without it. Not minute in treatment of immigration.

_Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, History of. Decatur, Ill.: Compiled and published by Wiggins & Co., Cleveland, O._, 1871. 51 pp.

A symposium without historical merit. Almost exclusively of a later period than 1830, but tells of the first settlement of the county in 1820.

DRAKE, SAMUEL ADAMS. _The Making of the Ohio Valley States, 1660-1837. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons_, 1894. 16mo. 269 pp.

A very few pages are devoted to Illinois, and naturally the larger events alone are noted.

DREW, BENJAMIN. _The Refugee; or, The Narratives of fugitive Slaves in Canada. Related by themselves, with an Account of the History and Condition of the colored Population of Upper Canada. Boston: John P. Jewett & Co._, 1856. 12mo. 387 pp.

A few of the refugees whose escapes are narrated passed through Illinois on the Underground Railroad.

EAMES, CHARLES M. _Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville. Jacksonville, Ill.: Daily Journal Steam Job Printing Office_, 1885. 336 pp. In Library of Chicago Historical Society.

Of great interest because of its details concerning early methods of travel and concerning the beginnings in Morgan county. Deals with pioneer and slavery history.

EDWARDS, NINIAN WIRT. _History of Illinois, from 1778 to 1833; and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. State Journal Co._, 1870. 549 + iii. pp.

Written by the son of Gov. Ninian Edwards. Not in good form, but has much authentic material.

_Family Magazine: or, Monthly Abstract of general Knowledge. New York, Boston, Cincinnati._

Volumes IV. (1837) and V. (1839) have short articles on Illinois, which are too light to be taken seriously.

FARMER, SILAS. _The History of Detroit and Michigan, or the Metropolis illustrated. A chronological Cyclopedia of the Past end Present, including a full Record of territorial Days in Michigan and the Annals of Wayne County. Detroit: Silas Farmer & Co._, 1884. Revised and enlarged, 1890. 2 vols.

Valuable for information concerning Clark, Hamilton, Vigo, and La Balme.

FLAGLER, Major D. W. _A History of the Rock Island Arsenal from its establishment in 1863 to December, 1876: and of the Island of Rock Island, the Site of the Arsenal, from 1804 to 1863. Washington: Government Printing Office_, 1877. 483 pp. 13 plates, 2 pictures.

The first chapter of the book refers to the first white settlement in the region of Rock Island, about 1828.

FORD, GOV. THOMAS. _A History of Illinois, from its Commencement __ as a State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a full Account of the Black Hawk War, the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormonism, the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, and other important and interesting Events. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co._, 1854. 447 pp.

As the title indicates, the book is chiefly valuable for a period later than 1830. It is also largely political. The first one hundred and ten pages will be found useful and deal to some extent with the social life when the state was young. Criticism: _Draper MSS._, Z 13.

GERHARD, FRED. _Illinois as it is; its History, Geography, Statistics, Constitution, Laws, Government, Finances, Climate, Soil, Plants, Animals, State of Health, Prairies, Agriculture, Cattle-breeding, Orcharding, Cultivation of the Grape, Timber-growing, Market-prices, Lands and Land-prices ... etc. Philadelphia: Charles Desilver_, 1857. 451 pp.

Pages 13-137 are devoted to the history of Illinois. The author is conspicuously accurate and treats a large number of topics. A valuable secondary work.

_Glimpses of the Monastery. Scenes from the History of the Ursulines of Quebec during two hundred Years, 1639-1839. By a Member of the Community. Second edition, completed by Reminiscences of the last fifty Years, 1839-1889. Quebec: L. J. Domers & Frère_, 1897. ix.+418+184 pp.

Pages 84-93 of the first pagination give a suggestive discussion of the capability of the Indian for civilization.

GREEN, THOMAS MARSHALL. _Historic Families of Kentucky. (First Series.) Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co._, 1889. 304 pp.

Gives a few facts concerning John Todd and John Todd Stuart, who were active in Illinois. The latter was a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln and had much early influence upon Lincoln. The volume deals with McDowells, Logans, and Allens. Well written and valuable.

HAIGHT, WALTER C., _B. L. The Ordinance of 1787._ (pp. 343-402 of _Pub. of the Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass’n._ II.), 1896, 1897.

A discussion of the binding effect of the Ordinance of 1787. The question has a close connection with slavery in Illinois.

HALL, B. F. _The early History of the North Western States, __ embracing New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin, with their land Laws, etc., and an Appendix containing the Constitutions of those States. Buffalo: Geo. H. Derby & Co., 1849._ Duodecimo. 477 pp.

Statements made in this book must be carefully verified. The rise of conflicting land titles is fairly well treated.

HARRIS, N. DWIGHT, Ph. D. _The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the slavery Agitation in that State 1719-1864. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1904._ 276 pp.

An erudite work, compiled from many sources previously unused.

HAYES, A. A., Jr. _The Metropolis of the Prairies. (Harper’s New Monthly Mag._, LXI., 711-730, Oct. 1880).

A readable popular article. Chiefly concerned with events later than 1830.

HEATON, JOHN L. _The Story of Vermont. Boston: D. Lothrop Co., 1889._ 319 pp.

Has an interesting chapter of twenty pages on The Great West. More reliable than so popular a book usually is.

HENDERSON, JOHN G. _Early History of the __“__Sangamon Country,__”__ being Notes on the first Settlements in the Territory now comprised within the Limits of Morgan, Scott and Cass Counties. Davenport, Iowa: Day, Egbert & Fidlar, 1873._ 33 pp.

Of great interest for a study of early troubles with the Indians. Treats of East _vs._ South in Illinois and of Regulators. Deals almost exclusively with the period before 1830. Compiled largely from interviews with old settlers, hence not wholly reliable.

HINSDALE, BURKE AARON. _The Old Northwest with a View of the thirteen Colonies as constituted by the royal Charters. New York: Townsend MacCoun, 1888._ 8vo. 440 pp. _2d ed., rev. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1899._ $2.50.

In general only the boldest outlines of immigration to Illinois are sketched. The slavery struggle in Illinois (1822-24) is treated with comparative fullness. Criticism: _Boston Herald, July 2, 1888_.

HOSKINS, NATHAN. _A History of the State of Vermont, from its Discovery and Settlement to the Close of the Year 1830. Vergennes: J. Shedd, 1831._ 12 mo. 316 pp.

Tells of the unusually cold summer of 1816.

HOWE, HENRY. _Historical Collections of the great West: containing Narratives of the most important and interesting Events in western History—remarkable individual Adventures—Sketches of frontier Life—Descriptions of natural Curiosities: to which is appended historical and descriptive Sketches of Oregon, New Mexico, Texas, Minnesota, Utah and California. Cincinnati: Henry Howe, 1853._ 8vo. 440 pp.

Compiled from a large number of sources, largely secondary.

HUBBARD, GEORGE D. _A Case of geographic Influence upon human Affairs._ Pages 145-157 of _Bulletin of the American Geographical Society_, XXXVI., No. 3, _March_, 1904. _Pub. by the Society, New York._

A scientific discussion of the effect of glaciation upon the character of the people of different portions of Illinois.

HULBERT, ARCHER BUTLER. _Red-Men’s Roads. The Indian Thoroughfares of the central West. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. Heer & Co., 1900._ 37 pp.

The book has many maps and is a help toward an understanding of the ways by which early settlers reached Illinois.

HYNES, Rev. THOMAS W. _History of a Century. An Address delivered at Greenville, Bond Co., Ill., on July 4, 1876._

A newspaper clipping, bound, without the name of the paper from which it was taken, in _Illinois Local History Pamphlets_, V., in Library of the Wisconsin State Historical Society. It contains a valuable historical letter from Mrs. Almira Morse, a resident as early as 1820.

_Illinois. Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Chicago and New York: Munsell Pub. Co., 1900._ 608 pp.

Edited by Newton Bateman, LL. D., and Paul Selby, A. M. Much more reliable than many books of the same literary type.

_International Monthly. Burlington, Vt._, IV., 794-820. See Turner, Frederick Jackson.

JAMES, EDMUND JANES, and LOVELESS, MILO J. _A Bibliography of Newspapers published in Illinois prior to 1860. Springfield, Ill., Phillips Bros., State Printers, 1899._ 94 pp.

A very valuable work. An appendix gives a list of the Illinois and Missouri papers (1808-1897) in the St. Louis Mercantile Library, while a second appendix enumerates the county histories of Illinois and tells where they may be found.

JOHNSON, ERIC and PETERSON, C. F. _Svenskarne i Illinois. Chicago: W. Williamson, 1880._ 471 pp.

Chiefly valuable for a later period. The salient points of early Illinois history are canvassed.

KINGDOM, WILLIAM, Jr. _America and the British Colonies, an abstract of all the most useful Information relative to the United States of America, and the British Colonies of Canada, the Cape of Good Hope, New South Wales, and Van Diemen’s Island. London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1820._ 16mo. 359 pp.

Pages 61-73 describe Illinois and give some judicious advice to emigrants. Conservative, but not cynical. Entire pages are reprinted from other authors, notably Fearon, without the use of quotation marks.

KINGSTON, Hon. JOHN T. _Early Western Days._ (In _Wis. Hist. Coll._, VII., 297-344). _Madison, Wis.: E. B. Bolens, 1876._

Gives a short account of the slavery struggle in Illinois in 1822-24.

—— _Slavery in Illinois. Necedah, Wis.: Necedah Republican._ 6 pp. Reprinted, without date, in pamphlet form. In Library of State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

A very short sketch of slavery in Illinois from its introduction in 1719-20.

KIRKLAND, JOSEPH. _The Story of Chicago. Chicago: Dibble Pub. Co., 1892._ 470 pp.

The book makes large reference to authorities and is in consequence valuable for reference.

KÖRNER, GUSTAV. _Das deutsche Element in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika, 1818-1848. Cincinnati: A. E. Wilde & Co., 1880._ 16mo. 461 pp.

The 12th chapter (pp. 244-81) treats of German settlement in Illinois. Tells of the first German and Swiss settlements in the state. Naturally this chapter and the work as a whole is largely concerned with a period later than 1830.

LAW, Judge JOHN. _Address delivered before the Vincennes Historical and Antiquarian Society, February 22, 1839. Louisville, __ Ky.: Prentice & Weissinger_, 1839. 48 pp. Enlarged and reprinted as _The colonial History of Vincennes. Vincennes: Harvey, Mason & Co_., 1858. 156 pp.

Of great value on account of its description of Clark’s campaign, and its notes on Mermet, Gibault, Hamilton, Tecumseh, La Balme, and on the public lands.

LAWRENCE, JOHN. _The History of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. Dayton, Ohio: W. J. Shuey_, 1868. 2 vols. I., vi.+416; II., vii.+431 pp.

The book contains many facts concerning early emigration and settlement. Its bearing on early Illinois history is, however, slight.

LEATON, Rev. JAMES. _History of Methodism in Illinois, from 1793 to 1832. Cincinnati: Walden & Stowe_, 1883. 410 pp.

Very interesting notes on Peter Cartwright, Jesse Walker, and other pioneers.

LEE, FRANCIS BAGLEY. _New Jersey as a Colony and as a State. New York: The Publishing Soc. of New Jersey_, 1902. 4 vols. I., 422; II., 456; III., 400; IV., 402 pp.

The work is superbly printed and illustrated and contains a vast amount of information, but is totally lacking in bibliography or references, except a few indications in the index to the illustrations.

LÖHER, FRANZ. _Geschichte und Zustände der Deutschen in Amerika. Cincinnati: Eggers & Wulkop_, 1847. v.+544 pp.

The chapters of especial interest to us are “Ausströmen der Yankees,” pp. 237-41; “Einwanderung von 1815 bis 1830,” pp. 253-58; “Die Wohnsitze” (Illinois and Missouri), pp. 337-40. The author cites many authorities, and his book is of very great value in the study of the assimilation of an expatriated people.

LOTHROP, J. S. _J. S. Lothrop’s Champaign County (Ill.) Directory for 1870-1, with History of the same, and of each Township therein. Chicago: J. S. Lothrop_, 1871.

Tells a great many things—several of which are false—concerning the early period of Illinois history.

LUSK, D. W. _Eighty Years of Illinois Politics and Politicians, Anecdotes and Incidents. A succinct History of the State, 1809-1889. 3d ed. Revised and enlarged. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker_, 1889. 609+109 pp.

The 609 pages are political. The 109 pages have a great interest, dealing as they do with the beginnings of Illinois. Secondary sources are largely quoted. Not exact enough for critical work, yet very suggestive.

M’AFEE, ROBERT B. _History of the late War in the Western Country, comprising a full Account of all the Transactions in that Quarter, from the Commencement of Hostilities at Tippecanoe, to the Termination of the Contest at New Orleans on the Return of Peace. Lexington, Ky.: Worsley & Smith, 1816._ 8vo. 534 pp.

Very rare. In the Chicago Historical Society Library. A valuable book. Describes the attack on Fort Dearborn in 1812.

MACKENZIE, E. _An historical, topographical, and descriptive View of the United States of America, and of Upper and Lower Canada ... the present State of Mexico and South America, and also of the native Tribes of the New World. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Mackenzie & Dent, 1819._ viii. + 432 pp.

The four pages devoted to Illinois are interesting and fairly reliable, though scarcely up to date. The author mentions eighteen works used in compiling his book.

MCLAUGHLIN, ANDREW C. _Lewis Cass. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1891._ 363 pp. $1.25.

Describes the expedition of General Cass to northern Illinois during the Sauk outbreak of 1827. Criticism: _Nation_, LIII., 204.

MARIETTA, O. _Report of the Commissioners of the National Centennial Celebration of the Early Settlement of the Territory North West of the Ohio River, ... held at Marietta, O., July 15-19, inclusive, 1888. Columbus, O.: The Westbote Company, State Printers, 1889._ 292 pp.

Contains many speeches of varying historical accuracy and importance.

MASON, EDWARD GAY. _Chapters from Illinois History. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone, 1901._ 322 pp.

Scholarly and accurate, and rich in citation of sources. Tells of Old Fort Chartres, John Todd’s Record-Book, the march of the Spaniards across Illinois, and the Chicago massacre.

—— _March of the Spaniards across Illinois._ (In his _Chapters of Illinois History, Chicago, 1901_; also in _Mag. of Am. Hist._ N. Y., XV., 457-469, 1886.)

Refers to a number of sources. The march is that of 1781 against St. Joseph.

MATHER, IRWIN F. _The Making of Illinois. Chicago: A. Flanagan, 1900._ 292 pp.

The work is strong in the number of subjects which it treats. The Illinois of our period is well covered. The bibliography cites many valuable sources, but no references are given in the body of the work. The date of the founding of the village of Kaskaskia is given as 1695—a confusion of the mission on the Illinois River with the later village of the same name.

MAYO, A. D. _Western Emigration and Western Character._ (_Christian Examiner_, N. Y., LXXXII., 265-82, 1867.)

The subject is well treated, but the value of the article for our purpose is not so great as it would have been if confined to the early period.

MEIGS, WILLIAM M. _The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1904._ 535 pp.

The work throws much light upon the policy of the United States in regard to the sale of public lands, and the attitude of the West towards that policy.

MELISH, JOHN. _A geographical Description of the United States, with the contiguous British and Spanish Possessions. Philadelphia: John Melish, 1816._ 182 pp.

A trifle over one page is devoted to Illinois. Of interest only as showing what was presented to the East at the time concerning Illinois. Melish was a professional map and gazetteer maker. His work typifies that of the geographers of the time, who described the world with marvelous audacity.

—— _A geographical Description of the United States, with the contiguous Countries, including Mexico and the West Indies. Philadelphia: John Melish, 1822._ v.+491 pp.

Seven pages are devoted to Illinois. The description of several Illinois towns is useful. This was a second and much improved edition of the author’s similar work of 1816.

—— _Information and Advice to Emigrants to the United States: and from the Eastern to the Western States: illustrated by a Map of the United States and a Chart of the Atlantic Ocean. Philadelphia: John Melish, 1819._ 12mo. v.+144 pp.

An entire chapter of twenty six pages is devoted to Birkbeck’s settlement in Illinois. The map shows several routes in Illinois, but it must have been old. The book is a good type of its class.

MOORE, CHARLES. _The Northwest under three Flags, 1635-1796. New York: Harper & Bros., 1900._ xxiii. + 402 pp.

Many facts concerning the Illinois of the period are given. This work is of considerable historical value. References to sources, although not abundant, are helpful.

MOSES, JOHN. _Illinois, historical and statistical. Comprising the essential Facts of its Planting and Growth as a Province, County, Territory, and State. Derived from the most authentic Sources, including original Documents and Papers. Together with carefully prepared statistical Tables.... Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1889-93._ 2 vols. 1316 pp.

The author was secretary and librarian of the Chicago Historical Society. His work is perhaps the best that has appeared.

MOWRY, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS. _The territorial Growth of the United States. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1902._ 225 pp.

The chapter on the Northwest Territory tells of various cessions of land comprised in the present Illinois.

MURAT, ACHILLE. _America and the Americans. New York: William H. Graham, 1849._ Duodecimo. vii. + 260 pp.

Too late in date to be of much service, although some valuable suggestions as to the social and political development of the frontier can be obtained. The writer was an acute observer. He treats politics, slavery, society, religion, justice, etc. The book was written about 1829. Describes customs and extra legal proceedings in the West.

_Nashville, Tennessee, History of, with full Outline of the natural Advantages.... Nashville, Tenn.: Pub. House of the M. E. Church, South, 1890._ 656 pp.

Tells of passage of emigrants from North Carolina to Illinois in 1780, of French traders from Illinois to Tennessee in 1779, of Tennesseeans getting head rights from George Rogers Clark.

_North American Review, Boston._

Volume LI., 92-140 (July, 1840) has an exhaustive review of Peck’s Gazetteer of Illinois. The review is probably of much more historical interest than the Gazetteer.

PALMER, B. M. _Slavery in Illinois. (Dubuque semi-weekly Telegraph, Tues., Sept. 19, 1899.)_

Gives the bill of sale, taken from the county records of Jo Daviess County, Ill., and executed in that county in 1830, of a negro mother and child.

PATTERSON, ROBERT WILSON. _Early Society in southern Illinois. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co._, 1879. Pp. 103-131 of _Fergus historical Series_ No. 14.

A characterization, in general terms, of early Illinois society, its manners and its origin. This was a lecture read before the Chicago Historical Society, Oct. 19, 1880.

PECK, Rev. JOHN MASON, _Editor. __“__Father Clark__”__ or the Pioneer Preacher. Sketches and Incidents of Rev. John Clark, by An Old Pioneer. New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman_, 1855. 287 pp.

Gives considerable religious and Indian material for Illinois history from 1790 to 1833, but chiefly on the earlier part of that period.

—— _An historical Sketch of the early American Settlements in Illinois, from 1780-1800. Read before the Ill. State Lyceum, at its anniversary_, Aug. 16, 1832. (_Western monthly Mag._, I., 73-83. Feb. 1833.)

Popular, but of some value.

POST, Rev. T. M. [Author of pp. 93-102.] _Contributions to the ecclesiastical History of Connecticut; prepared under the Direction of the General Association, to commemorate the Completion of one hundred and fifty Years since its first annual Assembly. New Haven: Wm. L. Kingsley_, 1861. xiv. + 562 pp.

A symposium. The article by Rev. Mr. Post is on “The Mission of Congregationalism at the West.” It is suggestive on the moral effects of frontier life.

POWELL, J. W., Director. _Eighteenth annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-97. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899. Part 2. Indian land Cessions in the United States compiled by Charles C. Royce, with an Introduction by Cyrus Thomas_. 521-997 pp. and 67 plates.

Valuable. The work was used in preparing the outline maps of Indian cessions contained in this work.

REID, HARVEY. _Biographical Sketch of Enoch Long, an Illinois Pioneer. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884._ 134 pp. This is Volume II. of the _Chicago Historical Society’s Collections_.

Mr. Long visited St. Louis and resided at Alton and Galena before 1827. The book is of great interest on account of its notes on the methods of travel and the extent of Illinois settlements at that date.

REYNOLDS, JOHN. _Belleville in January, 1854._ A 12-page pamphlet, printed without place, publisher, or date. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.

Tells of the laying out of the city in the cornfield of George Blair, in 1814.

—— _A biographical Sketch._ (_Western Journal and Civilian_, XV., 100-114).

Gives glimpses of early travel and of pioneer life.

—— _The pioneer History of Illinois, containing the Discovery, in 1673, and the History of the Country to the Year 1818. Belleville, Ill.: N. A. Randall, 1852. 2d ed., with portrait, notes and index, Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1887._ 459 pp.

Contains much valuable biographical material, and describes the life of the early settlers in a clear way. Criticism: _Draper MSS._, Z 13, 14.

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. _The Winning of the West. New York: G. W. Putnam’s Sons, 1889-96._ Vols. I.-IV.. I., xiv. + 352: II., 427; III., 339: IV., 363 pp.

Valuable, although bearing marks of haste in preparation. Criticism: _Am. Hist. Rev._, II., 171.

SANBORN, EDWIN DAVID. _History of New Hampshire, from its Discovery to the Year 1830. Manchester, N. H.: John B. Clarke, 1875._ 422 pp.

Describes the unusually cold summer of 1816 and its effect upon western migration. The book is written in an extremely disconnected style, and is without index, references, or bibliography.

SERGEANT, THOMAS, Esq. _View of the land Laws of Pennsylvania. With Notices of its early History and Legislation. Philadelphia: James Kay, Jr., and Brother. Pittsburgh: John I. Kay & Co., 1838._ 13 + 203 pp.

Valuable for ascertaining the price at which Pennsylvania public lands, which competed with government lands in the West, were sold.

SHALER, NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE. _Kentucky. A pioneer Commonwealth. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1885._ viii. + 433 pp.

Useful as giving an insight into the character of a neighboring state from which many of the early settlers of Illinois came. One of the best of the American Commonwealths series.

SHEA, JOHN GILMARY. _History of the Catholic Church in the United States, 1808-1843. New York: John G. Shea, 1890._ vii. + 731 pp.

References to Illinois are very few, but are important. The volume is the third in the author’s four-volumed History of the Catholic Church in the United States.

SIEBERT, WILBUR HENRY. _The Underground Rail Road from Slavery to Freedom; with an Introduction by Albert Bushnell Hart. New York; The Macmillan Co., 1898._ viii. + iii. + 478 pp.

Has notes of great interest on the U. G. R. R. in Illinois before 1830. Criticism: _Am. Hist. Rev._, IV., 557.

SMITH, THEODORE CLARKE. _The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1897._ vii. + 351 pp. (_Harvard Hist. Studies_, VI.)

A well-written book, but only the first chapter concerns the period before 1830. This chapter is, however, well worth attention.

STEINHARD, S. _Deutschland und sein Volk. Gotha: Hugo Scheube, 1856-7._ 2 vols. I., x. + 658; II., 826 pp.

Pages 28-46 of volume II. are on the Germans in the United States and contain a few important facts, including statistics, for our period. The Vandalia (Ill.) settlement of 1820 is mentioned.

STEVENS, ABEL, LL. D. _History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States of America. New York: Phillips & Hunt, 1884._ 4 vols. I., 423; II., 511; III., 510; IV., 522 pp.

The fourth volume of this history has interesting notes on Benjamin Young and Jesse Walker, respectively. These men came to Illinois as pioneer ministers; the former in 1804, the latter in 1806.

STRONG, MOSES M., A. M. _History of the Territory of Wisconsin, from 1836 to 1848. Preceded by an Account of some Events __ during the Period in which it was under the Dominion of Kings, States or other Territories, previous to the Year 1836. Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printers_, 1885. 16mo. 637 pp.

A valuable book. Its chief interest for us is its sketches of early settlement in the Galena lead region.

SULTE, BENJAMIN. _Histoire des Canadiens-Français, 1608-1880. Montreal: Wilson & Cie._, 1882-4. 8 vols. 8vo. About 160 pp. per vol. _Montreal: Granger Frères._ 40 parts, paper, $10; 4 vols, cloth.

Gives only slight attention to the French of Illinois. A popular work, but quite useful for a study of social institutions.

SUMMERS, THOMAS O. _Biographical Sketches of eminent itinerant Ministers distinguished, for the most Part, as Pioneers of Methodism within the Bounds of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Nashville, Tenn.: Southern Methodist Publishing House_, 1859. 374 pp.

Pages 48-56 give a character sketch of Jesse Walker and an idea of the character of the men to whom he preached in Illinois in 1807.

SWAYNE, WAGER. _The Ordinance of 1787; and the War of 1861. An Address delivered before the N. Y. Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. New York: C. G. Burgoyne_, [c. 1893]. 90 pp.

Contains interesting notes on George Rogers Clark and on slavery in Illinois.

THOMSON, JOHN LEWIS. _Historical Sketches of the late War between the United States and Great Britain. Philadelphia: Thos. Desilver_, 1816. 359 pp. _5th ed._, 1818.

Contains one of the earliest accounts of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. The account is short, but tolerably correct. The work was reprinted in 1887 [Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.], with a short account of the war with Mexico added. 656 pp.

THOMPSON, ZADOCK. _History of the State of Vermont, from its earliest Settlement to the Close of the Year 1832. Burlington: Edward Smith_, 1833. 12mo. 252 pp. _Reprinted with natural Hist. of Vt. and Gazetteer of Vt. Burlington: Zadock Thompson_, 1853. 8vo. 224+224+200+63 pp.

Describes the cold season of 1816-17.

THWAITES, REUBEN GOLD. _Early Lead-mining in Illinois and Wisconsin._ Pages 191-196 of _Am. Hist. Ass’n. Rep’t._, 1893. _Washington: Government Printing Office_, 1894.

Contains several interesting statements concerning the early history of the Galena region.

TUCKER, GEORGE. _Progress of the United States in Population and Wealth in fifty Years, as exhibited by the decennial Census. Boston: Little & Brown, 1843._ 12mo. 211 pp.

The fifty years were 1790-1840. Very useful for material concerning the relative growth of different sections of the country.

TURNER, FREDERICK JACKSON. _Middle West, The._ _International Monthly_, IV., 794-820 (1901).

The article has a few suggestions that are of value for our period.

—— _The Significance of the Frontier in American History._ Pages 199-227 of _Rep’t. of Am. Hist. Ass’n., 1893_.

Contains a valuable characterization of the French as colonizers.

VARNEY, GEORGE JONES. _A brief History of Maine. Portland, Me.: McLellan, Mosher & Co., 1888._ 336 pp.

Tells of the intense cold of 1816-17 and of the great Western exodus. A “Young People’s History.” Popular. Without references.

WALKER, EDWIN SAWYER. _History of the Springfield (Illinois) Baptist Association. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker, 1881._ 140 pp.

Tells of the organization of the United Baptist Church, of Springfield, on July 17, 1830, with eight members.

WALLACE, JOSEPH. _The History of Illinois and Louisiana under the French Rule, embracing a general View of the French Dominion in North America, with some Account of the English Occupation of Illinois. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1893._ vi. + 433 pp.

Contains a great deal of material. Usually, though not always, correct.

WARDEN, DAVID BAILLIE. _A statistical, political and historical Account of the U. S. of N. A.; from the period of their first Colonization to the present Day. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co., 1819._ 3 vols. 16mo. I., lxiv. + 552; II., 571; III., 588 pp.

Pages 43-65 of Volume III. deal with Illinois exclusively. At the close of the chapter the author gives a bibliography for Illinois—five titles and two maps. A useful book.

WENTWORTH, Hon. JOHN. _Early Chicago. Two Lectures delivered April 11, 1875, and May 7, 1876, respectively._ 48 and 56 pp. Nos. 8 and 7 of _Fergus historical Series. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876._

The critical supplemental notes are of especial interest.

WEST, MARY ALLEN. _A MS. Letter in the Illinois State Historical Library._

Tells the story of the coming of James Moore and his party from Virginia in 1781.

_Western monthly Magazine. Conducted by James Hall. Cincinnati_, I., 73-83. _See_ Peck, Rev. John Mason.

WHITE, EMMA SIGGINS. _Genealogy of the Descendants of John Walker of Wigton, Scotland, with Records and some fragmentary Notes pertaining to the History of Virginia, 1600-1902. Tiernan-Dart Printing Co., 1902._ xxx. + 722 pp.

Valuable. Has original letters from Western emigrants. Suggests the great influx of people into Illinois in the third decade of the 19th century. Gives a good idea of the westward drift of population in the United States.

WHITON, JOHN MILTON. _Sketches of the History of New-Hampshire, from its Settlement in 1623 to 1833. Concord: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1834._ 222 pp.

Describes the great cold of 1816 and the great emigration to the West. An unimportant work, confessedly popular, and without references.

WILBUR, LA FAYETTE. _Early History of Vermont. Jericho, Vt.: Roscoe Printing House, 1899-1903._ 4 vols. I., 362; II., 419; III., 397; IV., 463 pp.

Pages 162-3 of Volume III. tell of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and quote Governor Galusha’s reference to the impending famine. No references are given.

WILLIAMS, GEORGE WASHINGTON. _History of the Negro Race in America from 1619-1880. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1882._ 2 vols. I., X. + 481; II., 611 pp. The two volumes are also issued as one.

Gives some statistics concerning slaves in Illinois and notes on Illinois slavery legislation. The author was a negro.

WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM DURKEE. _The History of the State of Maine: from its first Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820. inclusive. Hallowell: Glazier, Masters & Co._, 1832. 2 vols. I., iv. + 696; II., 729 pp.

Tells of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and of the great movement toward the West. Strong in citation of authorities. Much above the average of State histories of its time.

WILSON, HENRY. _History of the Rise and Fall of the slave Power in America. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co._, 1872-7. 3 vols. I., vii. + 670; II., 720: III., 774 pp. _Houghton._ 3 vols.

Valuable material on slavery in Illinois. A strong work.

WINSOR, JUSTIN. _The westward Movement: the Colonies and the Republic west of the Alleghanies, 1673-98; with full cartographical Illustrations from contemporary Sources. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co._, 1897. 595 pp.

Criticism: _Am. Hist. Rev._, III., 556.

WITHERS, ALEXANDER SCOTT. _Chronicles of border Warfare, or A History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-western Virginia: and of the Indian Wars and Massacres, in that Section of the State. Clarksburg, Va.: Joseph Israel_, 1831. 319+iv. pp. Very rare. _Same. New ed., edited and annotated by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cincinnati: Clarke_, 1895.

A few references are to events in Illinois. Criticism: _Am. Hist. Rev._, I., 170.

YOUNG, WILLIAM T. _Life and public Services of General Lewis Cass. 2d ed. Detroit: Markham & Elwood_, 1852. 420 pp.

Tells of Gen. Cass’ expedition to Illinois during the trouble with the Sauk Indians in 1827.

INDEX.

A

Aboite river, 35.

Act creating Illinois county, 9, 15.

Act enabling Illinois to form a state government, 115.

Agricultural Society, formed, 168.

Agriculture, 130, 165. _See also_ Farming, Fruits, etc.

Albemarle county, _Va._, 153, 154.

Alton, founding of, 196, 204;
land donations for church and school, 142.

Alvord, Clarence W., 5.

American Bottom, 130, 134, 157; map, _in pocket_.

American Fur Company, 157, 158.

American House, Springfield, 207.

Anarchy in Illinois, 40 _et seq._;
ended, 69.

Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, founded, 194.

Anderson, Robert, mention, 207.

Antanya, Michael, 67.

Anti slavery agitation. _See under_ Slavery.

Anti slavery Society, Morgan Co., 183.

Arkansas Post, 63.

Arks, 125, 126;
price of, 161.
_See also_ Flat-boats.

Assenisipia, mention, 46.

Augusta county, _Va._, 15.

Austin, Moses, 196.

B

Bagargon, _Mr._, elected magistrate, 61.

Baker, David J., 145.

Baltimore, 123, 160, 161.

Bandits, 155.

Bank of Cairo, 114.

Bank of Edwardsville, 207.

Bank of Mt. Carmel, 199.

Baptists, organized, 172;
found Shurtleff college, 174;
divided on slavery, 175.

Barbour, Philip, mention, 40.

Barges, 94, 129, 160.

Barter, 130. _See also under_ Money.

Bates, Edward, 204.

Batteaux, 94.

Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, trading firm, 10.

Bears, 14, 173.

Beauchamp, William, 197, 198.

Beef, cost of, 164.

Bellefontaine, 51.

Bellevue, Iowa, terrorized by mob, 208.

Bentley, _Capt._, 26.

Biddle, Nicholas, mention, 209.

Biggs, William, leg. coun., 113.

Birds, 14.

Birkbeck, Morris, founds English settlement, 124;
method of fencing, 165.

Birkbeck’s Settlement. _See_ English Settlement, The.

Black Hawk, 81.

Black Hawk War, 146;
mention, 207.

“Black Laws,” 176, 186.

“Blue Laws,” of Mt. Carmel, 200.

Blue Point, 157.

Bond, Shadrach, delegate to Congress, 113;
governor of Illinois, 145, 208.

Books, 132.

Bosseron, _Maj._ F., 18, 24.

Bountylands. _See_ Military bounty lands.

Brady, ——, 38.

Brandy, price of, 97.

Brashears, _Capt._, mention, 26.

Brick houses, 131.

Bridges, 114.

British at Michilimackinac attempt to divert Indian trade, 69;
expeditions against Illinois settlers, 31-39, 107.

British Michilimackinac Company, 49.

Buffalo, 14.

Building, cost of, 168.

Burr, Aaron, mention, 203.

Butter, price of, 164.

C

Cahokia, attacked by British and Indians, 33;
bounty lands, 57;
commons, 72;
court, 17;
distress at, 25;
population, 12.

Cahokia Indians, 53.

Cairo, Bank of, 114;
dykes at, 114.

Calhoun, original name of Springfield, 207.

Calico, price of, 130.

Calvé, ——, trader, 33.

Canadian French settlers, 19.

Canal route ceded, 110.

Carbonneaux, Francis, 42-46.

Carlyle, eastern limit of frontier, 107;
salt discovered, 18, 23, 171.

Carolinas, The, settlers from, 91.

Carondelet, _Baron_ de, orders expulsion of Americans from Ft. Massac, 73.

Cartwright, Peter, journey to Baltimore, 1816, 123;
personal traits, 191, 192;
purchases land, 139;
reasons for moving to Illinois, 166;
representative from Sangamon Co., 191.

Cass, _Gov._ Lewis, averts Indian war, 135;
protects Galena, 150.

Catholicism, slow increase of, 175.

Cattle, allowed to run at large, 20;
raising of, 130.
_See also_ Live-stock.

Census of 1801, 88.

Cessions of land, by Indians, 44, 79-81, maps, 72, 104, 136;
by individuals, 10, 24, 71, 196;
by Virginia to United States, 45, 46;
congressional, 57, 70, 72, 79.

Charleston, _Va._, emigration from to Illinois, 190.

Chicago, in 1830, 190;
massacre at, 109;
platted, 142;
post-office, 151;
route to, 152;
valuable port, 116.

Chicago Historical Society, 5, 11.

Chicago river, Indians cede tract six miles square at, 79.

Chickasaws, allies of Spain, 73.

Chippewa Indians, 134.

Cincinnati, trip from to Illinois, 1823, 154.

Clark, George Rogers, 14, 40, 45 _et seq._;
land granted to, 46;
seizes Spanish goods, 54.

Clay, Henry, mention, 210.

Clergy, 174, 175, 196.

Climate, 95.

Clinton, De Witt, mention, 203.

Coal, in Illinois, 14, 131, 142, 165.

Cobbett, William, 160.

Coffee, price of, 130.

Coles, _Gov._ Edward, character, 210;
emancipates slaves, 209;
governor, 145, 208;
message against slavery, 183;
special envoy to Russia, 209;
urges law to prevent kidnapping, 182.

College township, reserved by Ordinance of 1787, 101, 102.

Colleges, McKendree, 174;
Shurtleff, 174.

Collot, _Gen._ [George Henry] Victor, “Journey in N. A.,” 14, etc.;
Map of the Country of the Illinois, _in pocket_.

Commerce in territorial period, 95, 96, 129.

Committee of Workingmen of Wheeling, _Va._, 144.

Commodities, prices of, 49, 59, 130, 164.

Commons, Cahokia, 72.

Congress, delegate of N. W. Territory in, 76. 77;
donates land, 142;
early Illinoisians in, 146;
memorialized:—by Galena, 150;
by Illinois, 87, 100, 101, 138;
petitioned, 53, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 86, 88.

Constitution of Illinois, provisions of, 117.

Constitutional Convention, 1824, 182, 183;
votes for and against, chart of, 184.

Cook, Daniel P., non-resident proprietor of Springfield, 205;
representative in Congress, 145.

Corn, price of, 96, 164.

Cotton, production of, in United States 122, 129;
raised in Illinois, 167, 168.

Counterfeiting, penalty for, 148.

Counties in Illinois, 1824, list of, 183.

Courts, 15, 17, 60, 62.
_See also_ under Illinois, Kaskaskia, Vincennes.

Cox, _Col._ Thomas, joint owner of Springfield, 206-208.

Crawford, William Henry, _Secretary of __ War_, announces land policy,
109.

Crockett, David, mention, 205.

Croghan, George, description of Vincennes, 13.

Cruzat, _Spanish Commandant at St. Louis_, 39.

Cumberland Presbyterians, 143.

D

Dalton, _Capt._, 34;
elected magistrate, 61.

Dartmouth College, mention, 206.

Davis, Jefferson, mention, 207.

Deane, Silas, mention, 34.

Debtors, imprisonment of, 147.

Deer, 14.

Demoulin, Dumoulin, _or_ De Moulin, John, 74.

Demunbrunt, Demunbrun, _or_ De Munbrun, Thimothé, 22, 41.

Detroit, land office at, 80;
mention, 190;
threatened by de la Balme, 35, 36.

Dickinson College, mention, 210.

Dixon’s ferry. _See_ Ogee’s ferry.

Dodge, _Capt._ John, 22-23, 26-27, 67.

Ducharme, _trader_, 33.

Ducoigne, ——, 68.

Duncan, Joseph, 145.

E

Easton, Joseph, emigrant from England, 1633, 203.

Easton, Rufus, founder of Alton, 203;
political career, 204.

Edgar, John, career of, 174, 193, 194;
correspondence concerning anarchy in Illinois, 67;
land holdings of, 10, 101;
letter to St. Clair, 85.

Edwards, Ninian, appointed governor of Illinois Territory, 111, 113, 145;
in War of 1812, 107, 108;
message of 1828, 149;
on prices of public lands, 138;
political career of, 210;
wages offered by, 130.

Edwards county, Birkbeck’s settlement in. _See_ English Settlement.

Edwardsville, Bank of, 207;
public lands at, 105, 137.

Ellery, Abm. R., mention, 203.

Emancipation. _See under_ Slavery.

Emigration and immigration, 127, 176 _et seq_.;
causes of:—from New England, 120,
from the South, 121, 189;
cost of, 124;
food supply for emigrants, 119, 133;
increase, 180;
opposition to immigration, 91.

English Settlement, The, 124, 157, 161, 169;
cost of transportation to, 100;
ships produce to New Orleans 154.
_See also_ Birkbeck, Morris; _also_ Flower, George.

Enos, Pascal Paoli, joint proprietor of Springfield, 205, 206.

Enos, _Maj.-Gen._ Roger, 206.

Ernst, Ferdinand, mention, 167.

Extinguishment of Indian land titles, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146.

F

Falls of Ohio, 30, 64, 65, 160, 162.
_See also_ Ft. Harmar;
_also_ Shipping-port.

Farming methods 168.

Federal Government owns land, 158.

Fencing, 165 n., 169.

Ferguson, Thomas, leg. coun., 13.

Ferries, 83, 114, 152.

Fever, 95.
_See also under_ Health.

Fever river, 134;
lead mines at, 150.

Financial panic, 1819, 188-189.

Fisher, _Dr._ George, rep., 113.

Fisher, Myers, mention, 195.

Flat-boats, 94, 124, 125, 129, 154, 160.
_See also_ Arks.

Flax, 129.

Florida, Province of, 71.

Flour, price of, 49, 50, 94, 163, 164.

Flour-mills, 167;
built by John Edgar, 193.

Flower, George, 124.
_See also_ English Settlement.

Food, scarcity, 21-23, 25, 28, 30;
supply of, 133.
_See also under_ names of food products.

Fort Chartres, cannon from, 108;
inhabitants, 12.

Fort Dearborn, massacre at, 109;
mention, 190.

Fort Edwards, terminus of mail route, 151.

Fort Harmar, 64.

Fort Jefferson, 24, 25, 30.

Fort La Motte, mention, 107.

Fort Massac, 73, 79, 95, 107.

Fort Nelson, mention, 32.

Fort Russell, established, 108.

Fort Stanwix, mention, 56.

Fort Wayne, Treaty of, 79.

Fox Indians, 33, 81.

Fox river, first flour-mill on, 167.

Franklin, Benjamin, mention, 34, 195.

_Fredonian_, mention, 197.

Free masons, organized, 194

Freehold qualifications, 77, 112, 113.

Freeholders, housekeepers privileged as, 147.

Freight charges, 94, 124, 160 _et seq._

French, Augustus C., 145.

French settlers, attitude toward Americans, 47-49;
land holdings 13, 18, 99;
misled by La Balme, 34;
offered free land by Spanish, 55;
priests, emigrate from Illinois co., 68;
towns, character of, 11.

French-Swiss from Lord Selkirk’s colony reach Galena, 172.

Frontier, The, 48, 91, 100, 147, 206;
Carlyle eastern limit of, 107.

Frontiersman, analysis of character of, 191, 201, 202.

Fruit, 129, 133, 168.

Fuel, scarcity of, 131.

Fulton county separated from Madison, 188.

Fur trade, 96.
_See also_ American Fur Company.

Furs, 130.

G

Gage, _Gen._ Thomas, 10.

Galena, 150-53; lead-mining, 172.

Gallatin county, saline, 170;
slaves in, 180.

Game, 14, 51, 132.

Gamelin, Antoine, clerk of District Court, Post Vincennes, 60.

George, _Capt._ Robert, mention, 40.

Germain, _Lord_ George, mention, 32.

Gibault, _Father_ Pierre, mention, 68.

Governor and judges, 58, 62.

Grammar, John, rep., 113.

Grand Ruisseau, 52.

Granger, _Postmaster-General_ Gideon, mention, 203.

Gratiot, Charles, 39.

Great Britain, King’s proclamation, 1763, 10.

Great Western Road, 157.

Greene county, separated from Madison, 188.

Greenville, Treaty of, 79.

H

Hamilton, Alexander, 138;
mention, 91.

Hamilton, _Gen._, leads British against Vincennes, 15.

Hampden Sidney College, mention, 209.

Hamtramck, _Maj._ John F., at Kaskaskia, 53;
petitioned for troops, 65.

Hancock, John, mention, 34.

Harmar, _Gen._ Josiah, 50; advice to French, 52;
expedition from Vincennes to Kaskaskia, 51;
on emigration from Illinois, 64;
refuses request for troops, 69.

Harrison, Benjamin, 40;
receives petition for General Assembly, 85.

Health, 27, 91, 95.

Henry, Mr., elected magistrate, 61.

Henry, Patrick, 209;
instructions concerning Illinois County, 9.

Hinde, Thomas S., career in Illinois, 196, 197;
description of Peter Cartwright, 192.

Hog raising, 14, 20.

Hogs, 144.

Honey, 129, 130, 133.

Hooker, _Rev._ Thomas, founder of Hartford, _Conn._, 203.

Horse stealing, 65, 67, 69.

Hubbard, Adolphus Frederick, 210.

Hubbard, Gurdon Saltonstall, agent American Fur Company, 157.

Hubbard’s Trail, extent of, 157.

Hunting, as occupation, 132.

Huron (Ouisconsin or Wisconsin) Territory, claims Galena, 150.

I

Iles, Elijah, career of, 205, 206.

Iles, Elizabeth Crockett, mention, 205.

Illinois:—
_Country_, British in, 10 _et seq._;
climate, 14, 95;
Collot’s description of, 14;
map, _in pocket_:
conditions in 1787, 50, 51;
development, 97, 98;
enters second grade of territorial government, 85, 86;
French population, 10, 12, 13, 30;
French settlers offered free land by Spanish, 55;
game in, 14, 51;
governor and judges, 58;
Indian owners of, 10 _et __ seq._;
inhabitants of, 12, 13;
immigration to, 91, 92;
labor conditions in, 96, 97;
population in 1767, 1772, 1788, 70;
in 1790, 1800, 1810; 91, 97;
racial conflicts in, 54, 55;
rivers of, 92, 94;
roads, 13, 14, 93, 94, 131;
separation from Indiana, 85 _et seq._;
squatters in, 71.

_County_ (1778-1783), Act creating, 9, 15;
Act renewed, 25;
Act dissolved, 31;
anarchy, 40 _et seq._;
anomalous position, 18;
bankrupt, 40;
civil organization, 15;
condition in 1780, 25, 26;
courts, 15;
extent of, 9, 10;
French inhabitants dissatisfied, 30;
hardships in early period, 21, 22;
judges, election of, 17;
military and civil authorities conflict, 25-27;
military operations, 19, 22-24, 32-39;
money scarce, 21;
Spanish claims, 38.

_Territory_, books in, 132;
boundaries, 90;
cattle raising, 130;
commerce in, 96, 129;
delegates in Congress, 113;
election of officials, 112;
enters second grade of territorial government, 112;
extent, 89;
formed, 89-90;
governor and judges, 111, 113;
immigration to, 120, 121, 124, 126, 132;
Indian troubles in, 106 _et seq._;
internal improvements proposed, 114;
internal revenue, 1814, 128;
judges for, 111;
land office authorized, 103;
land policy, 111;
laws, 111, 112, 114;
legislature, 100, 113;
legislature southern in nativity, 112 n., 113;
manufactures, 1810, 128, 129;
newspapers in, 132;
petitions for state government, 115;
physical features, 86;
population, 1810, 91;
post-roads, 131;
productions, 129 _et seq._, 133;
qualifications for representative, 113;
slavery, _see_ general alphabet;
suffrage in, 112;
taxes, 133;
transportation, 114, 129, 130.

_State_, admission proposed, 115, opposed, 118;
agriculture in 1820, 165;
“Black Laws,” 176, 186;
boundary, eastern, 90, northern, 115;
cattle raising, 130;
cessions of Indian lands, 134, 135;
coal in, 14, 142, 165;
constitution completed, 117;
cost of living in, 130;
counties, list of, 183;
debtors, 147;
election in 1822, 181;
election laws, 1826, 148;
emigration, _see_ General alphabet;
Enabling Act of 1818, 115;
food supplies, 133;
government southern in character, 145;
governors, list of, 145;
House of Representatives, mention, 185;
in Congress, 118, 146;
Indian agents, 134;
Indian land claims, 134, 135;
Indian traders, 134;
Indian wars, 146, 207;
internal revenue, 128;
judicial circuit, 173;
land, _see_ general alphabet;
laws, southern influence on, 186;
manners and customs, 128 _et seq._, 165;
manufactures, 128;
money, substitutes for, 130;
New Englanders in, 146;
newspapers, 132;
northern boundary changed, 115;
population required for admission, 116, 117;
postal facilities in, 151, 158, 159;
products of, 129, 167 _et seq._;
public lands, 136;
salt springs legislation, 101;
school tax, 148;
senators and representatives, 145;
settlement typical, 5;
slavery, _see_ general alphabet;
southern influence in, 183, 184, 186;
taxation, 1828, compared with that of Kentucky, 149, 150;
transportation, cost of, 150; facilities, 124, _see also_ general
alphabet;
treasury receipts 149;
squatter population, 148;
voting in 1820, 148.

Illinois and Michigan Canal, estimated cost of transportation by, 141;
route ceded, 110;
mention, 115.

Illinois Company, holdings of, 10, 44.

Illinois Herald, 132.

Illinois Intelligencer, 132, 140.

Illinois Land Company, 10 _et seq._

Illinois river settlements, 134.

Illinois Navigation Company, 114, 115.

Illiteracy of French inhabitants, 13.

Immigration. _See with_ Emigration.

Indentured servitude, 117, 176 _et seq._

Indian agents, 134.

Indians, 11, 12;
employed by British, 32;
land cessions, maps: 1705-1801, 72;
1809-1818, 104;
1818-1830, 136;
reservations, 134, 135;
titles to land extinguished, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146;
traders, 134;
tribes: Cahokias, 52;
Chickasaws, 73;
Chippewas, 134;
Foxes, 33, 81;
Kaskaskias, 12;
Kickapoos, 110;
Menominees, 134;
Mitchas, 52;
Mitchigamias, 12;
Ottawas, 135;
Ouias, 29;
Peorias, 12, 52;
Piankashaws, 81;
Potawatomies, 134;
Sauks, 33, 81;
Sioux, 31;
Tamarois, 110;
Winnebagoes, 135.

Indiana, population, 91, 181;
route to, from North Carolina, 156;
slavery, 185.

Indiana Territory, divided, 81, 88, 89;
formed, 84.

J

Jacksonville, 156;
English emigrants at, 189.

Jarrott’s mill, 167.

Jefferson, Thomas, mention, 203, 204.

Johnson, _Capt._ elected magistrate, 61.

Johnson, _Col._ R. M., 163.

Jones, John Rice, career of, 195, 196;
death, 196;
mention, 68;
with Clark, 54.

Jones, _Rev._ William, rep., 113.

Judges, election of, 17, 58, 111.

Judy, Samuel, leg. coun., 113.

Jurors paid, 58.

Jury, trial by, 60.

Justices of the peace, not paid, 23.

K

Kane, Elias K., 145.

Kaskaskia, bounty lands, 57;
court, 17, 19;
judicial district of, 44;
land office at, 103, 136, 137, 138, 143.

Kaskaskia Indians, 12.

Keel-boats, 125, 129;
rates, 161.

Kenton, Simon, 179.

Kentucky, emigration to Illinois, 189;
journey from, to Illinois, 1819, 155;
mention, 21, 24, 32, 33, 189;
population, 1790, 1800, 1810, 91, 93;
1820, 181.

Kentucky boats, 93, 94.

_Kentucky Gazette_, 189.

Kickapoo Indians, 110.

Kidnapping of negroes, 186.

King’s proclamation, 1763, 10.

Knox county, 75 n., 86.

Kohos (Cahokia), mention, 27.

L

La Balme, _Col._ Augustin Mottin de, career of, 33 _et seq._

Labor questions, 96, 97, 99, 130, 169.

Lafayette, _Marquis_ de, entertained by John Edgar, 193;
mention, 209.

Lake Michigan, advantages to Illinois of port on, 115, 116.

Land, Act of 1791, 72; canal, 141, 142;
cessions by Indian tribes, 72, 104, 110, 136;
cession by Virginia to U. S., 45, 46;
church and school, 141, 142;
classified for taxation, 84;
cultivation of, 166;
fertility of, 14, 165;
form of holdings, 13, 38;
French deeds to, 13;
government entry of, 130;
Kickapoo cession of, 1819, 134;
military, 100;
owned by Federal Government, 158;
prices, 57, 80, 88, 92, 103-5, 136-8, 143;
rental of, 166;
Spanish donate to French, 55;
tavern sites, 75;
taxes on, 130;
unoccupied in Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, 98.
_See also_ Public lands.

Land-claims, 10;
in Illinois, 140.

Land-companies, 10, 11.

Land-frauds, referred to Congress, 99, 100.

Land-grants, investigated, 57.

Land-holders, non-resident, mention, 140, 145.

Land-offices 80;
in Illinois, 44 _et seq._, 103.

Land-titles, insecure, 51, 71;
King’s proclamation, 1763, 10.

Laws: “Black Laws,” 176, 186;
“Blue Laws,” 200;
territorial, 111-14.

La Valiniere, Pierre Huet de, mention, 68.

Lead, output of, 1823-1827, 151.

Lead region, rush to, 1826, 172.

Le Dru, removes to St. Louis, 68;
signs petition, 66.