Chapter 12: is on abolition in the South before 1828. The work is helpful (2)

Le Grand, signature on land grant, 45.

Legras, _Col._ P., at Vincennes, 18.

Limestone beds at Alton, 204.

Lincoln, Abraham, in Black Hawk War, 207.

Linctot, 38 n., 39 n.

Live-stock, 27, 83, 169. _See also_ Cattle.

Log canoes, 93.

Log houses, cost of, 168.

Long Prairie, 74.

Louis XVIII. of France, mention, 209.

Louisiana, emigration to, 86;
province of, 91.

_Louisiana Gazette_, report of steamboat speed, 162.

Luzerne, _Chevalier_, 30, 36.

Lyon, Matthew, on price of lands, 88.

M

McCarty, Richard, 19, 20, 26, 27;
killed, 29.

McDowell, William, 196.

McIlvaine, _Miss_ Caroline M., 5.

McKendree College, opened by Methodists in 1828, 174.

McLean, John, 145.

McMaster, John Bach, 5.

Madison, _Governor of Kentucky_, 197.

Madison, James, mention, 209.

Madison, John, 196.

Madison county, population 1820, 1824, 1825, 132, 188.

Magistrates, 59 _et seq._, 67.

Mail routes 1825-1830, 158, 159.

Malaria, 91, 95.

Manufactures, 128, 129.

Maple sugar, 129.

Marietta, O., 71.

Marriage, mixed, 51;
without priest, 12.

Mary of the Incarnation, _Mother_, 11.

Maryland, settlers from, 91.

Mason and Dixon’s line, 179.

Massachusetts, emigration to Illinois, 189.

Mechanics’ lien, 149.

Menard, Pierre, leg. coun., 113, 208;
Lt.-Gov., 145.

Menominee Indians, 134.

Methodist Episcopal Church, 174;
mention, 191.

Meurin, _Father_, mention, 12.

Michigan, legislature meets in summer, 152.

Michilimackinac, British at, 32, 39, 46, 47, 69.

Miliet, _Mr._, elected magistrate, 61.

Military bounty lands, 57.

Military organization, etc. _See under_ Illinois.

Military Tract, land in, sold for taxes, 140.

Mills, 83, 167.

Miro, Estevan, _Governor of Louisiana and Florida_, proclamation of, 63,
71.

Mississippi river, navigation of, 21;
settlement on hindered, 88.

Missouri, population, 82, 181;
slavery in, 179, 180.

Missouri Compromise, 178.

Mitchigamia Indians, 12, 52.

Money, scarcity, 21, 22.

Monroe, _President_ James, letter to Jefferson, 97;
mention, 209.

Montgomery, _Lieut.-Col._ John, 15 _et seq._

Morals. _See_ Public morals.

Morgan, ——, member of trading company, 10.

Morgan, George, agent of Indiana Company, 56;
land frauds, 56, 57.

Morgan county, anti-slavery society, 183;
freehold rights to housekeepers, 147;
separated from Madison, 188.

Morrison, William, landholdings of, 74, 100, 101.

Mount Carmel, Bank of, 199;
donation of land for church and schools, 142;
founding of, 196, 198;
incorporation, 200.

Murray, Edward, 23.

Murray, William, mention, 10.

N

Negroes, 12, 64;
punishment of, 179.
_See also_ Slavery.

New Design, founded. 91, 92, 95;
mention, 83.

New England, immigrants from, 146.

New Jersey Land Company, 11.

New Madrid (L’Anse a la Graisse), 63 _et seq._

New Orleans, flour market, 193;
mention, 26.

New Orleans boats, 93, 94.

Newspapers:—
_Illinois Herald_, 132;
_Illinois Intelligencer_, 132, 140;
_Kentucky Gazette_, 189;
_Louisiana Gazette_, 162;
_Shawnee Chief_, 132;
_Western Intelligencer_, 132.

Non-resident landholders, 140, 145.

North Carolina, route from, to Indiana, 156.

Northwest Territory, bounties in, 84;
congressional delegate seated, 76;
divided, 76, 84, 85;
enters second degree, 75;
first sale of public land in, 75;
judges, 62;
laws, 83, 84;
magistrates, 61;
mention, 58;
taxation, 83.

O

Ogee’s (Dixon’s) ferry, 152.

Oglesby, _Rev._ Joshua, rep., 113.

Ohio, emigration to, 76, 190;
population, 91, 181;
public land sale, 144.

Ohio Company, 71.

Ohio river, boundary of Illinois, 10;
settlers, 88;
settlers northwest of, 18, 19.

Ordinance of 1784, 46.

Ordinance of 1787, 40;
amendments to, 115, 116;
anti-slavery article, 176 _et seq._;
college township reserved by, 101;
effect on Illinois country, 54, 55;
violation of, 87.

Ottawa Indians, 135.

Ouia, town, 30.

Ouia (Wea) Indians, 29.

Ouisconsin (Wisconsin) Territory, Galena claimed by, 150.

P

Paget, M., mill built by, 193.

Palestine, sale of public lands at, 137.

Parker, Joseph, of Kaskaskia, 53, 54.

Peck, _Rev._ John M., Baptist minister, 124, 125, 192.

Peltry, debts paid in, 21, 43, 60.

Peoria, Indian agent at, 134;
mention, 79.

Peoria Indians, 12.

Philips, Joseph, territorial secretary, 113.

Piankashaw Indians, 81.

Pierre, Eugenio, 38.

Pike county, separated from Madison, 188.

Pioneer clergy, 191 _et seq._

Pirogues, 93, 94, 160.

Plums, at Smith’s Prairie, 129.

Pollock, Oliver, 40.

Polypotamia, mention, 46.

Pope, Nathaniel, and the northern boundary, 115, 116;
delegate in Congress, 113.

Population, 1788, 70;
1785-1799, 82;
1801, 88;
1790-1810, 91;
1818, 116;
1812, 113;
1820-1840, 187, 188;
French, 1766-1777, 12.

Post routes. _See_ Mail routes.

Post Vincennes, court regulations for, 59, 135.
_See also_ Vincennes.

Potatoes, price, 97, 164.

Potawatomie Indians, 134.

Prairie du Chien, inhabitants, 1801, 88.

Prairie du Rocher, bounty lands, 57;
inhabitants, 1766-1777, 12;
1801, 88.

Prairies, 83, 86, 97, 109, 131, 156;
fertility of, 165 _et seq._;
settlement, 130, 131.

Preëmption rights, 72, 75, 77, 78, 100, 102, 111, 113, 139, 144, 152;
in various states, 102 _et seq._

Presbyterians, at Galena, 175;
Cumberland Presbyterians, 143.

Prices of commodities, 49, 59, 97, 130, 131, 164;
of land, _see under_ Land.

Priests, French, emigrate from Illinois, 68.

Pro-slavery agitation. _See under_ Slavery.

Provisions, scarcity of, 21-23, 25, 28.

Public lands, donated for schools and internal improvements, 142;
price of in various states, 103, 104, 105;
proceeds of sales applied to roads and schools, 116;
receipts from sale of, 143;
sales in Illinois, 77, 81, 105, 106, 137, 143;
sales in other states, 103, 104, 144;
tax regulations of, up to 1818, 130.

Public morals, 28, 29.

Publications. _See_ Books, Newspapers.

Q

Quebec, Bishop of, pastoral letter, 1767, 12.

R

Randolphs, The, mention, 209.

Randolph county, formed, 75 n., 83;
slaves in, 180.

Rangers, volunteer for guard service, 108, 109.

Regulators of the Valley, 147.

Religious denominations, 172 _et seq._

Reynolds, _Gov._ John, 145, 196.

Richland Creek, settlement, 78.

River craft, 93, 94, 126, 129.

Rivière du Chemin, fight at, 37.

Roads, 86, 116, 153 _et seq._;
Illinois settlements to Galena, 151;
repairs, 158;
Shawneetown to Birkbeck’s settlement, 157;
to Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Louis, 101, 102, 157;
Vandalia to Springfield, 157.
_See also under_ Illinois; _also_ Toll roads.

Rock river, 152.

Rock Spring Seminary (Shurtleff College) founded by Baptists in 1827, 174.

Rogers, _Capt._ ——, defense of, 28, 29.

Roosevelt, Theodore, “Winning of the West,” 9.

Rush, Benjamin, mention, 195.

S

St. Clair, _Gov._ Arthur, 10, 64;
at Kaskaskia, 69;
establishes counties, 83;
president of Congress, 54.

St. Clair, James, 74.

St. Clair, John Murray, 10, 193.

St. Clair, William, 74.

St. Clair county, divided, 83;
formed, 75 n., 82.

St. Josephs, expedition against, 37, 38.

St. Louis, attacked by British, 33;
population of, 1817, 132;
Treaty of, 1804, 81.

St. Marie, Joseph, goods confiscated by Spanish, 63.

St. Philips, inhabitants of, 12.

St. Pierre, _Father_, leaves Cahokia, 68.

Ste. Geneviève, garrisoned by Spanish, 74.

Saline creek salt works, slave labor at, 117.

Saline river reservation, sale of, 142.

Saline spring in Gallatin county, 170, 171.

Salt, discovered at Carlyle, 1823, 171;
legislation concerning, 101;
prices of, 170 _et seq._;
works, New York, 153.

Sangamon county, emigration to, 1810-1825, 188;
housekeepers as freeholders, 147;
separated from Madison, 188.

Sauk Indians, 33, 81.

Schools, academic, funds given for, 199;
common, established, 173;
early, 173;
land granted for, 116, 141, 142;
teachers, 173, 174.

Scotch-Irish opposed to slavery, 92.

Selkirk, _Lord_, colony, 172.

Seminaries, location of, 174.

Servitude, indentured, 117, 176, 177, 179.

_Shawnee Chief_, 132.

Shawneetown, description, 1817, 125-7;
land-office at, 103;
road to Kaskaskia, 101, 102, 157;
sale of public lands, 105, 137.

Shipping, 93, 94, 125, 129.

Shippingport, Falls of Ohio, mention, 162.

Short, Jacob, rep., 113.

Shurtleff College (Rock Springs Seminary) founded by Baptists in 1827,
174.

Sickness. _See under_ Health.

Sioux Indians, 31, 32.

Skiffs, 93, 94.

Slave code, enacted in 1819, 179.

Slavery, 64, 65, 176 _et seq._;
abolition recommended by Coles, 185;
anti-slavery article of Ordinance of 1787, 55, 177, 180;
“Black Laws” of Illinois, 176, 186;
children of slaves, 177;
constitutional provisions, 178;
decrease of, 187;
effect on settlement, 177;
freeing of slaves, 64, 65, 177, 179;
French slaveholders, 55, 176, 177;
importation of slaves authorized, 87;
increase, 180, 181;
indentured servitude, 117, 176 _et seq._;
legalization, 176;
number of slaves, 1820, 1840, 187;
Ordinance of 1787, 55, 176, 177, 180;
whipping of slaves, 179.

Slave-trade, abolition of, 178.

Smith’s Prairie, fruit at, 129.

Soulard, _Mr._, 152.

Southern influence in Illinois, 145, 180.

Spain claims the Illinois country, 38;
offers free land to Illinois settlers, 55, 71;
refuses to allow navigation of Mississippi, 21.

Spanish, aggression upon United States, 73;
trouble Illinois settlers, 21, 24.

Sprigg, _Judge_ William, 111.

Springfield, called Calhoun when founded, 196;
first store, 206;
land-office at, 144;
sales of public land, 137, 143;
terminus of mail route, 158.

Squatters in Illinois, 50, 58, 72, 99, 148.

State Historical Society of Wisconsin. _See under_ Wisconsin.

Steamboats, first on Ohio and Mississippi, 123;
speed and rates of, 160, 162, 163.

Stephenson, Benjamin, delegate in Congress, 113.

Stuart, _Judge_ Alexander, 111, 113.

Stuart, John T., mention, 207.

Suffrage, qualifications, 77, 78, 112-14, 117, 147, 148.

Sugar, maple, 129.

Supreme Court, U. S., decision of, 11.

T

Talbott, Benjamin, leg. coun., 113.

Tallmadge, James, opposes admission of Illinois, 118, 179.

Tamarois, Indians, 110.

Tardiveau, Bartholomew, 51, 52, 55, 69.

Tavern-keepers (housekeepers) given freehold privileges, 147.

Tavern-sites, land ceded for, 75, 79.

Taxation, in N.-W. terr., 83;
of land, 130, 133;
of live-stock, 83.

Taylor, Zachary, mention, 207.

Tazewell, L. W., mention, 209.

Tea, price of, 130.

Teachers, salaries of, 174.

Tennessee, lands sold for taxes, 189.

Tennessee wagon, 155.

Thomas, _Judge_ Jesse B., signs petition for retention of slavery in
Illinois, 111, 178;
territorial judge, 113, 145.

Timber, want of, 131.

Todd, _Col._ John, _Jr._, 15, 16 _et seq._

Toll roads, 157.

Tomahawk rights, 51.

Trading firms: Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, 10;
British Michilimackinac Company, 49.

Trammell, Philip, rep., 113.

Transportation,
cost:
_via_ canals, 141;
_via_ rivers, 124, 125, 126, 160;
improvement in facilities, 157;
land, 93, 126, 154-7, 161;
water, 83, 92 _et seq._, 114, 126, 129.
_See also_ River craft, Wagons.

Treaties.—Fort Wayne, 1803, 79;
Greenville, 1795, 79;
St. Louis, 1804, 81;
Spain-U. S., commercial treaty, 73;
Vincennes, 1803, 79;
1805, 81.

Trottier, F., 36.

Turbine wheel, 167.

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 5.

Turnpike, 93.

U

United States Supreme Court decision, 11.

V

Vandalia, mention, 188, 189;
land-office at, 207;
public lands sold, 137.

Vegetables, 168.

Vehicles, 152, 155, 156;
emigrant wagons, 159, 164;
Tennessee wagon, 155.

Vermilion saline, 142.

Vincennes, accept inducements of Morgan, 63;
attack on, 32, 73;
court, 17, 59;
description of, 13;
levy of troops at, 54;
treaty, 1803, 79;
treaty, 1805, 81.
_See also_ Post Vincennes.

Virginia, Augusta county, 15;
Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, 42-44;
cedes Western lands to the United States, 45, 46;
emigration from, to Illinois, 91, 92, 190, 201;
legislation for protection of Illinois county, 9;
military bounty lands, 46;
money, 21, 23, 24.

Vote, August 2, 1824, 183;
chart of, 184.

W

Wabash Land Company, 10 _et seq._, 88.

Wabash Navigation Company, 200.

Wabash river, boundary line, 90, 154;
expedition on, 41;
landholders on, 10, 87, 88.

Wages, 96, 169.

Wagons, first, Galena to Chicago, 152.
_See also_ Vehicles.

War of 1812, 106 _et seq._; mention, 118.

Water supply, 86.

Wayne county, separated from Illinois, 86.

Wea. _See_ Ouia.

West, The, Commerce of, 96.

_Western Christian Monitor_, mention, 197.

Western frontier. _See_ Frontier; _also_ Wilderness.

_Western Intelligencer_, 132.

Western Territory, Ordinance for government of, 46.

Westward movement, 190.

Wharton, ——, member of trading firm, 10.

Wheat, price of, 164.

Wheeling, _Va._, Committee of Workingmen, 144.

Wild animals, 14.

Wilderness, description of, 86;
mention, 95.
_See also_ Frontier.

Wilderness Road, 93.

Wilkins, John, _British Commandant in Illinois_, 10.

Wilkinson, _Gen._ James, 204.

Williams, _Maj._, 39.

Wilson, Alexander, rep., 113.

Winnebago Indians, 135, 151.

Winnebago war, 135, 146, 207.

Winston, Richard, 17, 18;
sheriff at Kaskaskia, 26, 41, 61.

Wirt, William, mention, 209.

Wisconsin, southern boundary, 150.

Wisconsin, State Historical Society of, 11.

Wolves, 14;
bounty for, 84, 148.

Wood, scarcity of retards settlement, 165.

Wyllys, _Maj._, 69.

Y

Yorkshire, _England_, emigrants from, reach Jacksonville, 189.

Z

Zewapetas, 63.

FOOTNOTES

1 “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,”
Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 52.

Erroneous statements concerning the time of the formation of the
County of Illinois have been made by Winsor, “Westward Movement,”
122; Poole, in Winsor, “Narrative and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 729;
Thwaites, “How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest,” 64; Boyd, in
“Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 623; Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”
IV., 286; Pirtle, “Clark’s Campaign in the Ill.,” 5; Moore, “The
Northwest Under Three Flags,” 220; Wallace, “Hist, of Ill. and La.
Under French Rule,” 402; Butler, “Hist. of Ky.,” 1836 ed., 64; and
others. Roosevelt’s indefinite statement that the county was formed
“in the fall of 1778”—“Winning of the West,” II., 168—is technically
correct. Kate Mason Rowland truthfully says—“George Mason,” I., 307,
308—that a committee was ordered to prepare a bill for the formation
of the county, on November 19, 1778, and that such a bill was
presented on November 30. Butterfield says—“George Rogers Clark’s
Conquest of the Ill.,” 681-6—that the Act was passed between the
10th of November and the 12th of December, 1778. It is true that the
bill in its final amended form passed both houses on December 9, was
signed by the Speaker of the Senate on December 17, and
subsequently, if at all, by the Speaker of the House of Delegates.
On the 12th of December, Governor Patrick Henry issued three
important sets of instructions in accordance with the provisions of
the Act creating the County of Illinois. As the signing of the bill
by the Speakers was mandatory after its passage, it is easy to
understand the issuance of these instructions previous to the
signing. It is almost impossible to conceive that Governor Henry,
who showed marked interest in the Western frontier, should first
have begun to issue orders at least six weeks after the county was
formed, as is implied by the date commonly given for its formation.
For the legislative history of the act, see “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va.,
Oct. Sess., 1778, 65, 72, 79-80, 91, 96, 106-7; “Jour. of Senate,”
Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70-1.

2 “Jour. H. of Del.” Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 72; “Hening’s Statutes,”
IX., 553.

3 “Public Lands,” II., 204, 206-9.

4 The Illinois and Wabash Land companies, which had several members in
common, united in 1780. After a long series of memorials to
Congress, the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1823, decided
that “a title to land, under grant to private individuals, made by
Indian tribes or nations, northwest of the river Ohio, in 1773 and
1775, can not be recognized in the courts of the United States”—8
“Wheaton,” 543-605. In general see: “Pub. Lands,” I., 24, 27, 72,
74, 160, 189, 301; II., 108-20, 138, 253; “Sen. Jour.,” 1793-99,
317, 326; _Ibid._, “2d Cong.,” 165; “Va. Calendar State Papers,” I.,
314; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 676-7, 681; IV., 23; “An Account of the
Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1-55, Phil’a,
1796; “Memorial of the Ill. and Wabash Land Company,” 1-26, Phil’a,
1797; “Memorial of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,” 1802,
1-20; “An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land
Company,” 1-74, Phil’a, 1803; “Memorial of the United Ill. and
Wabash Land Companies,” 1-48, Baltimore, 1816. For a map of the
claims, see “Map of the State of Ky. with the Adjoining
Territories,” 1794, pub. by H. D. Symonds; also a copy of the same
published by Smith, Reid and Wayland, in 1795; and “States of
America,” by J. Russell, London, C. Dilly and G. G. & J. Robinson,
1799. The last map gives the claims of the Ill., Wabash, and N. J.
companies, respectively, the others, the claims of the last two
only. All references here given are to material to be found in the
libraries of the Chicago Historical Society and of the State Hist.
Soc. of Wis.

5 Mother Mary of the Incarnation, of Quebec, in 1668. In “Glimpses of
the Monastery.” “Scenes from the Hist. of the Ursulines of Quebec,”
1639-1839, “by a Member of the Community,” 90. Charlevoix, “Histoire
de la Nouvelle-France,” III., 322, expressed a similar opinion in
1721, and Collot, “Journey in N. A.,” I., 232-3, shows that the
Illinois French of 1796-7 were a case in point.

6 Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55. See pp. 42, 44,
45, 47, 48, for the settlement in detail.

7 Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 36-8.

8 “Mandements des Evêques de Quebec,” II., 1741-1806, 205-6.

9 Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” I., 141, reprint of Croghan’s
Jour.

10 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 165; “Ind. Hist Soc. Pub.,” II.,
513-4.

11 “Public Lands,” I., 10.

12 Two of the many maps illustrating this are in “Pub. Lands,” II.,
facing 183, 195. A number of maps in Hopkins’, “The Home Lots of the
Early Settlers of the Providence Plantations,” especially the one
following page 17, show that the same form of holdings existed in
Providence, R. I. For reasons for this form, see the note by Emma
Helen Blair, in Thwaites’, “Jesuit Relations,” IV., 268-9. Stiles,
“Ancient Windsor,” I., 149, has a map showing such holdings in
Windsor, Conn., 1633-1650.

13 Monroe, “Writings,” I., 117; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 483-92;
Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” map facing 41; Collot, “A
Journey in N. A.,” I., 239-42, describes the roads in Illinois in
1796, and plate 28 of the accompanying atlas gives an excellent map,
_q. v._ in pocket.

14 “Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 99.

15 Harmar to Sec. of War from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair
Papers,” II., 30-1.

16 Collot, “A Journey in N. A.,” I., 233.

17 At the November session of 1738, Virginia had formed the County of
Augusta, which technically included the Illinois country—“Hening’s
Statutes,” V., 78-80. For a map, see Waddell, “Annals of Augusta
Co., Va.,” frontispiece.

18 “Hening’s Statutes,” IX., 117, 552-5; V., 489, 491.

19 Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 209-18.

20 “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 312-14.

Col. John Todd, jr., was born March 27, 1750, in Pennsylvania. He
was well educated by his uncle in Virginia, in which state young
Todd practised law for some years. In 1775, he was one of the
representatives chosen at the call of the proprietors of
Transylvania to form an ultra-constitutional government for that new
settlement. In 1777, he was one of the first two burgesses from the
county of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of the Blue Licks,
August 19, 1782. For biographical sketches see John Mason Brown,
“Oration at the Centennial of the Battle of the Blue Licks,” 27-31;
“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 285-8; Green, “Historic Families of
Ky.,” 211; White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 56; “Filson Club
Pub.” VI., 27-8; Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,” 174. Morehead’s
facts were from R. Wickliffe, Todd’s son-in-law, but this fact loses
its significance from the circumstance that Todd’s only living child
was of posthumous birth.

21 Henry, “Life of Patrick Henry,” III., 216-18.

_ 22 Ibid._, 237.

23 “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 43, original MS. in French.

24 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 295.

25 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 294-6, 418; “Mich. Pioneer Coll.,”
IX., 498.

A Mr. Winston, probably Richard, was in Illinois in 1770, and was
regarded as an authority on the prices of cattle, as is shown by the
court records. In 1773, upon the occasion of the purchase of land
from the Kaskaskia Indians, by the Illinois Land Company, Richard
Winston was at Kaskaskia, and interpreted in French to the
illiterate Indian interpreter of His Majesty what the company
desired to say to the Indians—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 435;
“An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land
Companies,” 1796, 14. Richard Winston was one of the original
Indiana Company—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” VI., 18, 35.

26 “Hening’s Statutes,” X., 26, 32, 43, 161.

27 “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 301; “Pub. Lands,” I., 16.

28 Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 302;
Todd to Judges at Kaskaskia, July 31, 1779—_Ibid._, 304; McCarty to
Todd, from Cahokia, July 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX.,
72, original MS.; McCarty to Montgomery, from Cahokia, Sept. 19,
1779,—_Ibid._, XLIX., 71, original MS.

Richard McCarty had been a resident of Cahokia under British rule
and had warned the British against American encroachments. He was
licensed to trade by the county government upon the recommendation
of the court of the District of Cahokia, June 5, 1779—“Mich. Pioneer
Coll.,” IX., 368, 383; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 296-7-8.

29 Capt. John Williams to G. R. Clark, from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia,
Sept. 25, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 73, original MS.

30 Todd to Col. Will Fleming, senator from Botetourt, from Kaskaskia,
Aug. 18, 1779—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXIII, 103, original MS.

31 Todd to Gov. of Va., from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—“Chicago Hist.
Soc. Coll.,” IV., 319.

32 Capt. John Williams to Col. Wm. Preston, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia,
Sept. 20, 1779—“Draper Coll., Preston Papers.” V., 9, original MS.

Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Oct. 5,
1779—_Ibid._, “Clark MSS.,” XLIX., 78, original MS.

33 Shelby to Clark, from Vincennes, Oct. 10, 1779—_Ibid._, XLIX., 79,
original MS.; Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Nov.
15, 1779—_Ibid._, XLIX., 85, original MS.

34 Montgomery to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Feb. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll.
Clark MSS.,” L., 9, original MS.; Clark to Todd, from Louisville,
March, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 338-9; John McArthur
from Ste. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 22, 1883—“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,”
VIII., 27.

I have been unable to determine just when Col. Todd left Illinois,
whether he resigned as county-lieutenant, and whether he again
returned. Boyd in his article in the “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., says
that he left in 1780, resigned in the same year, and apparently did
not return. Mason, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 287, says
that he seems to have left in 1779, seems not to have resigned, and
not to have returned. Wickliffe, in Morehead, “Settlement of Ky.,”
174, implies that he did not resign, and says that he several times
revisited the county. No one of these writers gives any authority
for his statement and I have found none. It is certain that Todd was
at the Falls of Ohio on December 23, 1779; that he then wrote to the
governor of Virginia expressing his intention of resigning; that the
governor, Jefferson, strongly opposed his resigning—“Chicago Hist.
Soc. Coll.,” IV., 359; that he left some peltry in the joint care of
his subordinates, Montgomery and Winston, in November, 1779; that
goods were said to be consigned to him as county-lieutenant of
Illinois in November, 1780; that he wrote “I still receive
complaints from the Illinois,” on April 15, 1781; that on April 29,
1781, Winston was referred to as “Deputy County-Lieutenant for the
Illinois County;” and that Thimothé Demunbrunt signed as “Lt. Comd.
par interim, &c.” in February and again in March, 1782—“Chicago
Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16, 335, 343, 359; “Draper’s Notes, Trip
1860,” III., 40-4.

35 Edward Murray to ——, from Kaskaskia, Apr. 19, 1780—“Draper Coll.,
Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 52, original MS. John Dodge had been an Indian
trader between Detroit and Pittsburg. He was captured by the
British, but escaped on Oct. 9, 1778, after thirty-three months
detention. Washington recommended him to Congress as a man who would
be useful because of his knowledge of the country—“Draper’s Notes,
Trip 1860,” VI., 153-5.

36 Unsigned and unaddressed, from “Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780”—“Draper
Coll., Clark MSS.,” I., 5, original MS.

37 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7.

38 Clark to Todd from Louisville, Mar., 1780—“Cal. of Va. State
Papers,” I., 338-9; _see also_ pp. 358, 360.

Unsigned and unaddressed official letter, from Williamsburg, Jan.
28, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 5, original MS.

39 Dodge to Gov. of Va., from Ft. Jefferson, Aug. 1, 1780—“Cal. of Va.
State Papers,” I., 368.

40 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Richmond, June 2, 1780—“Cal. of Va.
State Papers,” I., 358; Address from the people of Cahokia to G. R.
Clark, April 11, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 27, original
MS. in French.

41 Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Aug. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark
MSS.,” L., 54, original MS. in French.

42 “Hening’s Statutes,” X., 303, 388-9.

43 Extract from McCarty’s journal, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14,
1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66; McCarty to Col. Slaughter,
Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1, 2; incomplete in
“Cal. of Va. State Papers.” I., 465; Montgomery to McCarty, between
Aug. 27 and Aug. 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 66, 68;
_Ibid._, L., 70, original MS.

44 McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State
Papers,” L., 380.

45 Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Cal. of Va. State
Papers,” I., 380-2.

46 Winston to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark
MSS.,” L., 71, original MS.; “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” II.,
136-40; Helm to Slaughter, from Fort Jefferson, Oct. 29, 1780—“Cal.
of Va. State Papers,” I., 383; Williams to Clark, from Camp
Jefferson, Oct. 28, 1780—_Ibid._, I., 383.

47 Montgomery to Jefferson, from New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1781—“Cal. of Va.
State Papers,” I., 424-5.

48 “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” VIII., 78.

49 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Jan. 24, 1781—“Cal. of
Va. State Papers,” I., 460.

50 “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” II., 158.

51 Rogers to Gov. Jefferson, from Harrodsburg, Apr. 29, 1781—“Draper’s
Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 40-4; incomplete in “Cal. of Va. State
Papers,” II., 76-7. Rogers refers to Winston as “Deputy County
Lieutenant for the Illinois County.” Who was county-lieutenant?

52 Slaughter to Gov. Jefferson, from Louisville, Jan. 14, 1781—“Draper
Coll., Clark MSS.,” LI., 12, original MS.; Maj. Williams’s orders,
endorsed “pretended orders,” from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Feb. 12,
1781.

53 Clark to Gov. of Va., from “Yough,” Mar. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State
Papers,” I., 597.

54 Montgomery to Gov. of Va., from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal.
of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Montgomery to the Board of
Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, from New
Holland, Feb. 22, 1783—_Ibid._, III., 441-4.

55 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Apr. 15, 1781—“Cal. of
Va. State Papers,” II., 44-5.

56 “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LX., 17, No. 2; Maj. de Peyster to
Brig.-Gen. Powell, from Detroit, July 12, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer
Coll.,” XIX., 646.

57 “Can. Archives,” Series B., Vol. 182, 489; “Rept. on Can. Archives,”
1888, 882.

58 Montgomery to Gov. Nelson, from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—“Cal.
of Va. State Papers,” II., 313; Same to same, same date—_Ibid._,
II., 315.

59 Capt. Bailey to Col. Slaughter, from “Port Vincennes,” Aug. 6,
1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” II., 338.

60 “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., Oct. Sess., 1781, 13-39.

_ 61 Ibid._, 72, 73, 74. Boyd states in “Am. Hist. Rev.,” IV., 632, 635,
that the county ceased to exist in 1781. This is erroneous. Mr.
Boyd’s article is the most scholarly treatment of the County of
Illinois which has been published. Aside from the errors as to the
time of the beginning and the ending of the county, and doubtful
statements as to Todd’s leaving Illinois and subsequently resigning,
no errors of fact have been noted. A more complete, but unpublished,
article on the subject is by Dr. Edith Lyle.

62 Sinclair to Haldim, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 17, 1780—“Mich.
Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 546; Same to same, May 29, 1780—_Ibid._, IX.,
548-9; Same to De Peyster, Feb. 15, 1780—_Ibid._, XIX., 500-1; Same
to Lt.-Col. Bolton, June 4, 1780—_Ibid._, XIX., 529; De Peyster to
Lt.-Col. Bolton, from Detroit, June 8, 1780—_Ibid._, XIX., 531-2;
McKee to De Peyster, June 4, 1780—_Ibid._, XIX., 530-1; Bird to De
Peyster, from “a day’s march from the Ohio,” June 3, 1780—_Ibid._,
XIX., 527-9.

63 Sinclair to Bolton, from Michilimackinac, July 4, 1780—“Mich.
Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 529-30; Same to Haldimand, July 8,
1780—_Ibid._, IX., 558-9; Same to same, May 29, 1780—_Ibid._, IX.,
548-9; Same to De Peyster, July 30, 1780—_Ibid._, IX., 586; “Draper
Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVIII., No. 117, p. 6; Scharf to Lyman C.
Draper, from Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1882—_Ibid._, p. 7; Capt. John
Rogers’ account—_Ibid._, p. 3; Capt. John Murphy’s account—_Ibid._,
VIII., 66-78; See also _Ibid._, XXVI., 18.

64 “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 904; “Mag. of Am. Hist.,”
III., 366.

65 Bentley to Clark, from Vincennes, July 30, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark
MSS.,” L., 51. A copy, incomplete and not exact, is in _Ibid._,
XXVI., 85.

66 Extracts from Capt. McCarty’s Journal, at Kaskaskia—“Draper Coll.,
Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 85-6; McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14,
1780—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 380; Winston to Todd, from
Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—_Ibid._, I., 381-2; Auguste St. Jemme, son
of an inhabitant of Kaskaskia, to Lyman C. Draper—“Draper’s Notes,
Trip 1851,” I., 48-9—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 82.

67 De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780—“Mich. Pioneer
Coll.,” XIX., 581; Same to Haldimand, Nov. 16, 1780—_Ibid._, X.,
448-9; Linctot to Slaughter, “O’Post,” Jan. 11, 1781—“Cal. of Va.
State Papers,” I., 429; J. L. William to Lyman C. Draper, from Fort
Wayne, Ind., Oct. 1, 1881—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 92;
McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State
Papers” I., 465; Col. Brodhead to Washington, from Fort Pitt, Mar.
10, 1781, “Olden Time,” II., 391; Col. Levin Powell, from
Harrodsburg, Jan. 21, 1781—“Pa. Archives,” VIII., 768; De Peyster to
Haldimand, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780, Farmer, “Hist. of Detroit
and Michigan,” 257; Letter from J. M. P. Legras, from Vincennes,
Dec. 1, 1780—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” L., 77, original corrected
draft; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, 904-5; extract from
“Scot’s Magazine,” May, 1781, in “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI.,
82. Whether La Balme had any countenance from either the French
government or its representatives is an unsettled question. That
France should regain her hold in America was desired by many
Frenchmen, but on the other hand, the French government was pledged
by its treaty of alliance to make no acquisitions of territory in
America. The following references raise the question, but I know of
none which settle it: Kingsford, “Canada,” VI., 342-3; Sparks,
“Washington,” VI., 106 ff., 113; Stevens, “Facsimiles,” XVII., No.
1609; “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” II., 111-117, 125.

68 Haldimand to De Peyster, from Quebec, Jan. 6, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer
Coll.,” IX., 641.

69 This amounts to but sixteen men. De Peyster says that the party was
one of sixteen; McCarty says there were seventeen.

70 McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Cal. of Va. State
Papers,” I., 465; Sinclair to Mathews, from Michilimackinac, Feb.
23, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” IX., 629; De Peyster to Powell, from
Detroit, Jan. 8, 1781—_Ibid._, XIX., 591-2; Same to Haldimand, same
date—_Ibid._, X., 450-1; Same to McKee, from Detroit, Feb. 1,
1781—De Peyster, “Miscellanies,” p. xxvi.; Linctot to commanding
officer at the Falls of Ohio, “Opost Vincennes,” Jan. 13, 1781—“Cal.
of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Draper on date of the expedition,
“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XXVI., 88; De Peyster to Powell, from
Detroit, Mar. 17, 1781—“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,” XIX., 600; Sinclair to
Powell, from Michilimackinac Id., May 1, 1781—_Ibid._, XIX., 632;
“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 216.

71 Jay to Livingston, from Madrid, Apr. 28, 1782—“Secret Jour. of
Cong.,” IV., 64; or Wharton, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,” V.,
363-4; or Sparks, _Ibid._, VIII., 76-8; McCarty to Slaughter, from
Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” III., 1-2;
incomplete copy in “Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 465; Linctot to
commanding officer at Falls of Ohio, from Vincennes, Jan. 13,
1781—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” I., 432; Franklin to Livingston,
from Passy, Apr. 12, 1782—Sparks, “Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,”
III., 339. See also _Ibid._, VIII., 150; Sparks, “Franklin’s Works,”
IX., 206, Boston, 1856.

72 Linctot to ——, from St. Louis, July 31, 1781—“Draper Coll., Clark
MSS.,” LI., 75, original MS. in French; Gratiot to Clark, from St.
Louis, Aug. 1, 1781—_Ibid._, LI., 77, original MS. in French.

73 This chapter was read, by request, before the Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts, and Letters, on February 8, 1906.

74 In Council, Jan. 29, 1782—“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” XLVI., 69,
original MS.

75 Demunbrunt to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 5, 1782—“Draper Coll.,
Clark MSS.,” L., 70; LI., 25, original MS. Demunbrunt, whose name
also appears as Demunbrun and De Munbrun, was prominent in early
Illinois history. Records signed by him as Lieutenant Commandant
_par interim_ appear in “John Todd’s Record-Book” under the dates
June 14, 1779, Feb’y, 1782, and March 22, 1782. In 1783, 1784, and
probably at other dates he made grants of land in the Illinois
country. He served under Clark. From the time Winston was appointed
to the command of the County of Illinois, until the coming of St.
Clair, Demunbrunt was “commandant of the village of Kaskaskia and
its dependencies.” He had important dealings with an embassy from
the Cherokee Indians. He was allowed land under the Virginia grants.
In his memorial to the General Assembly, he said: “Your memorialist,
little acquainted with the mode of doing business in this State,
never kept a regular account, depending altogether on the justice
and generosity of the Legislature”—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” V.,
15-18; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 315-16; “Pub. Lands,” II.,
146.

76 Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779, in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV.,
302; Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Dec. 31, 1782—“Draper Coll.,
Clark MSS.,” LII., 67, original MS.; “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”
IV., 289.

77 Letter from Capt. Dodge, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 6, 1783—“Draper Coll.,
Clark MSS.,” LX., No. 3, p. 48.

78 Dodge to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 3, 1783—_Ibid._, LII., 78.

79 Officers to Clark, from Ft. Nelson, Falls of Ohio, March 30,
1783—_Ibid._, LII., 80.

80 Montgomery to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 22,
1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 441-4.

81 Board of Commissioners to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, from Jefferson
county, Feb. 17, 1783—“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 350-1.

82 Walker Daniel to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 3,
1783—“Cal. of Va. State Papers,” III., 430-2.

83 “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 383-5.

84 “Jour. H. of Del.,” Va., May Sess., 1780, 25, 69, 70.

85 Law, “The Colonial Hist. of Vincennes,” 1858, 117-8, gives a copy of
the deed. For claims under such deeds see “Pub. Lands,” I., 294-8.

86 “Pub. Lands,” I., 301.

87 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 342-4.

_ 88 Ibid._, IV., 379-80; Thwaites, “The Boundaries of Wisconsin,” in
“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 452, gives a map of Jefferson’s
proposed states.

89 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 473, 477.

90 John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785—“Draper’s Notes,
Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5.

91 Petition to Clark, from Vincennes, Mar. 16, 1786—“Draper Coll.,
Clark MSS.,” LIII., 23.

92 Petition to Congress, from Vincennes, June 1, 1786—_Ibid._, LIII.,
31.

93 Clark to Richard H. Lee, pres. of Cong., from Louisville, received
June 8, 1786—“Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 208-9.

94 Moses Henry to Clark, from Vincennes, June 12, 1786—“Draper Coll.,
Clark MSS.,” LIII., 32.

95 Daniel Sullivan to Clark, from Vincennes, June 23, 1786—“Draper
Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 35; John Small to Clark, same place and
day—_Ibid._, LIII., 36.

96 John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786—_Ibid._, LIII.,
56.

97 Clark to people of Vincennes—_Ibid._, LIII., 52.

98 Letter from a man at Falls of Ohio to a friend in N. England, Dec.
4, 1786—“Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 321.

99 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 688-9.

100 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, May 14, 1787—“St. Clair
Papers,” II., 20-1; Maj. Wyllys to Harmar, from Fort Finney, Rapids
of Ohio, Feb. 6, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 281-2; Knox
to Harmar, June 19, 1787—_Ibid._, I., 303. See also _Ibid._, I.,
290; Sec’y of War to Harmar, Apr. 26, 1787—“St. Clair Papers,” II.,
22.

101 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Vincennes, Aug. 7, 1787—“St. Clair
Papers,” II., 27-9; Address of Am. settlers at Vincennes to Harmar,
transmitted to the War Office, Aug. 7, 1787—“Draper Coll., Harmar
Papers,” I., 337-9; Address of French at Vincennes to Harmar, July
28, 1787—_Ibid._, I., 331-3.

102 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair
Papers,” II., 30-2.

103 Harmar to the Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St.
Clair Papers,” II., 34.

104 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 3, 1787—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” I., 352.

105 Harmar to Sec’y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—“St. Clair
Papers,” II., 35.

106 “Draper’s Notes, Trip 1860,” VI., 170-3.

107 “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

108 St. Clair to the President, 1790—“St. Clair Papers” II., 175.

109 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Oct. 13, 1788—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” I., 479; extract in “St. Clair Papers,” II., 105.

110 Tardiveau to St. Clair, from Danville, June 30, 1789—“St. Clair
Papers,” II., 117-19.

111 Extract from above letter.—_Ibid._, II., 119-20, note.

112 George Morgan was much engaged in large land purchases. In 1763,
some Shawanese and other Indians carried off the property of certain
whites to the value of £85,916 10_s._, 8_d._ The offenders being
tributary to the Six Nations, the latter granted to King George
III., for the exclusive use of the sufferers, on November 3, 1768,
at Fort Stanwix, the tract of some two million five hundred thousand
acres, later known as the claim of the Indiana Company. The land lay
southeast of the Ohio, and was claimed in part by both Virginia and
Pennsylvania. For map see “States of America,” by J. Russell,
London, E. Dilly and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1799; Hutchins,
“Topographical Desc. of Va.,” etc., French ed., Paris, 1781; Winsor,
“Westward Movement,” 17. Morgan, who was a large shareholder in the
company, was for years its agent. The claim was finally denied.
Morgan was also the founder of New Madrid, in what is now Missouri,
but he was unfortunate in assuming powers denied by the Spanish
government. His experience in Illinois was likewise a failure—“Cal.
of Va. State Papers” I., 273, 297, 320; VI., 1-36 (a history of the
Indiana purchase), 261, 679, 301; “Jour. of Cong.,” III., 359, 373;
IV., 23; “Rept. on Canadian Archives,” 1888, p. 939; “Draper Coll.,
Clark MSS.,” LIII., 78; Gayerré, “Hist. of La.,” index under Morgan
refers to passages giving several quotations from sources; Kate
Mason Rowland, “George Mason,” I., 230, 324-8, 289, 308, 333, 341-4;
II., 21, 26, 239, 244, 262, 341-5, 406, 440-1. George Mason was
manager for the commonwealth when, in 1791, the final effort was
made by the Indiana Company to overthrow the Virginia settlement of
its claim. Some original sources of importance are given in this
work—“Plain Facts: being an Examination into the Rights of the
Indian Nations of America, to their respective Countries, and a
Vindication of the Grant, from the Six United Nations of Indians, to
the Proprietors of Indiana, against the decision of Virginia,
together with authentic documents, proving that the territory,
westward of the Alleghany Mountain, never belonged to Virginia,
etc., Philadelphia...: M.DCC.LXXXI.” The work gives a resumé of the
proceedings of the company to 1779, 164 pp. “View of the Title to
Indiana, a tract of country on the River Ohio,” 24 pp., printed
about 1775.

113 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 341-2, 823-5.

114 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823-5. The location of the ridge of rocks is
clearly shown in Hutchins’ “Topographical Desc. of Va.,” 1778, on a
map opposite p. 41. French edition of 1781, facing p. 16; Winsor,
“Nar. and Crit. Hist. of Am.,” VI., 700; Collot, “Atlas of America,”
1826.

115 Throughout the period covered by this work, the term squatter
denoted one who illegally settled on public land, without a title.
Later laws permitted settling before securing a title, but in the
early period, no squatting was legal.

116 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 857-9.

117 “John Todd’s Record-Book,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 308-14.

118 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, April 13, 1788—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” I., 386-7. At the time fees as above were being
charged, prices current in Vincennes were:

Corn, per bu. $ 2.00
Flour, per cwt. 7.00
Pork, per lb. .30
Beef, per lb. .15
Bordeaux wine, per bottle 2.00
Spirits, per gal. 12.00
Whisky, per gal. $ 8.00
Butter, per lb. 1.00
Eggs, per doz. 1.00
Loaf sugar, per lb. 1.00
Brown sugar, per lb. .60
Coffee, per lb. 1.45
A dunghill fowl $ 1.00
Potatoes, per bu. 2.00
Onions, per bu. 5.00
Cabbage, per head .15
Turnips, per bu. 1.00

See _Ibid._, 388-9.

Beef was probably buffalo beef, as that was then the common meat for
garrisons and settlers in the West.

119 “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I., 389-92.

120 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, May 21, 1788—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” I., 396. “Mr. Henry, of this place, who is very much
connected with the Indians, particularly his wife,” implies that
Henry’s wife was an Indian—_Ibid._, 3-4.

121 Same to same, Aug. 31, 1788—_Ibid._, I., 450.

122 Same to same, July 29, 1789—_Ibid._, II., 70-1.

123 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” II., 130-2.

124 Same to same, June 24, 1790—_Ibid._, II., 254.

125 Same to ——, Jan. 1, 1788—_Ibid._, I., 371.

126 Morgan’s proclamation, Oct. 3, 1788—_Ibid._, “Clark MSS.,” LIII.,
78, incomplete.

127 From Vincennes, Aug. 26, 1788—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” I.,
455-61.

128 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Mar. 28, 1789—_Ibid._, II.,
17-18.

129 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 11, 1789—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” II., 27-28.

130 Harmar to St. Clair, from Fort Harmar, May 8, 1789—_Ibid._, II., 51.
Harmar to Knox, same date and of similar tenor—_Ibid._, II., 53.

131 Hamtramck to Wyllys, from Vincennes, May 27, 1789—_Ibid._, II., 39.

132 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Fort Knox, Vincennes, Jan. 19,
1789—_Ibid._, II., 1.

133 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Aug. 14, 1798—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” II., 90-1.

134 Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 2,
1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 124-7.

135 Offer dated Oct. 3, 1789. Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, Nov. 2,
1789—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8.

136 Hamtramck’s reply of Oct. 14, 1789, to petition of Sept. 14,
preceding, inclosed as above—_Ibid._, II., 128-30; “Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” II., 128-130.

137 Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” II., 132-6.

138 Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” II., 136-41.

_ 139 Ibid._, II., 182; “St. Clair Papers,” II., 164.

140 Tardiveau to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Aug. 1, 1790—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” II., 302.

141 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 165.

142 Harmar to Hamtramck, Sept. 3, 1790—“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”
II., 332.

143 “Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 823.

144 Pittman, “European Settlements on the Miss.,” 55.

145 Hutchins, “Topographical Desc. of Va.” 36-8.

146 “St. Clair Papers,” II. 122-3.

147 “Secret Jour. of Cong.,” IV., 301-29.

148 “St. Clair Papers,” I., 150.

149 “Pub. Lands,” I., 20.

150 “Statutes at Large,” I., 221-2.

151 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 14, 1791—“Draper Coll.,
Harmar Papers,” II., 410.

152 “Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents,” 49-60.

153 Carondolet to Duke of Alcudia, from New Orleans, Sept. 27,
1793—“Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents.” 24, second
pagination of typewritten matter.

154 Carondolet to ——,—_Ibid._, 33, first pagination of matter in long
hand.

155 “Pub. Lands,” I., 69.

156 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 398-9.

157 John Edgar, for years the wealthiest citizen of Illinois, was born
in Ireland, came to Kaskaskia in 1784, and soon became a large
landholder by purchasing French donation-rights. Wm. Morrison, a
native of Bucks county, Pa., came from Philadelphia to Kaskaskia in
1790 and became a leading merchant and shipper. Wm. St. Clair, a son
of James St. Clair, once captain in the Irish Brigade in the service
of France, was the first clerk of the court of St. Clair county.
John Dumoulin (or De Moulin) was a Swiss. In 1790, he was a judge of
the Court of Common Pleas in the Cahokia district of St. Clair
county.

158 St. Clair county had been formed in 1790 and Randolph county in
1795. In 1796, they were the only counties lying wholly within the
present State of Illinois. A strip of the eastern part of Illinois
lay in Knox county. The line between St. Clair and Randolph was an
east-and-west line, a little south of New Design, Randolph lying to
the south—“St. Clair Papers,” II., 165, 166, 345.

159 “Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-55.

160 “Pub. Lands,” I., 68; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of Govt.
Publications,” 43; “Laws of U. S. Relating to Pub. Lands,” 420-5.

161 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong.,
735.

162 “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 537-538; Poore, “Desc. Catalogue of
Govt. Publications,” 43; “Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

163 “Statutes at Large,” II., 58-9; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 507,
699, 701.

164 According to the Act of May 10, 1800, public land was to be sold in
tracts, not smaller than one-half sections, and for a minimum price
of two dollars per acre. One-twentieth of the purchase-money should
be paid at the time of sale, the remainder of one-fourth of the
price within forty days, one-fourth in two years, one-fourth in
three years, and one-fourth in four years. On the last three
payments, interest should be paid at six per cent from the date of
sale, and on the same three payments a discount of eight per cent
per year should be granted for prepayment. Land unpaid for reverted
to the United States—“Statutes at Large,” II., 73-8.

165 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong.,
1st Sess., 1023-4; 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293-4, 466-8.

166 A western tributary of the lower part of the Kaskaskia.

167 “Pub. Lands,” I., 591.

168 “Statutes at Large,” II., 469; Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,”
821, 832, 964, 973; McMaster, “Acquisition of the ... Rights of Man
in Am.,” 111-22; “Proceedings and Debates of the Va. State Conv. of
1829-30,” _passim_; Mowry, “The Dorr War,” _passim_.

169 “Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 37, 39, 43, 54, 57, 58, 67, 102, 104,
107, 108, 113; “Pub. Lands,” I., 20; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII.,
300; “ ‘Father Clark;’ or, The Pioneer Preacher,” 181 _et seq._

170 “Indian Aff.,” I., 562; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18,
Pt. 2, 656-7, Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; see map of Indian cessions,
1795-1809.

171 “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18, Pt. 2, 656-7; Plates
CXXIV., CXXV.; “Indian Aff.,” I., 688; see map of Indian cessions.

172 “Indian Aff.,” I., 687; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,” 18,
Pt. 2, 664-5, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

173 “Statutes at Large,” II., 277-83, 343-5, 446-8, 517, 590-1.

174 “Indian Aff.,” I., 693-4; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”
18, Pt. 2, 666-7, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

175 “Indian Aff.,” I., 704-5; “An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”
18, Pt. 2, 672-3, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.

176 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 339; see map in the “Hist.
of Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Counties, Ill.,” frontispiece.

177 St. Clair to Judge Turner, from Marietta, May 2, 1795—“St. Clair
Papers,” II., 348-9.

178 Edwards, “Great West,” 271, 274-5; figures from the official census.

179 See map of Illinois country.

180 “St. Clair Papers,” I., 193; II., 345.

181 “Laws of N.-W. Ter.,” 1800, I., 47-51.

_ 182 Ibid._, 1800, I., 58-61.

_ 183 Ibid._, 1800, I., 178.

_ 184 Ibid._, 1800, I., 61-71.

_ 185 Ibid._, 1800, I., 119-21.

_ 186 Ibid._, 1800, I., 197.

187 “Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 226-7; “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1815-16;”
_Ibid._, 1816-17, 4; _Ibid._, 17-19.

188 “Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 157-61; McMaster, “Acquisition of
the Pol., Social and Industrial Rights of Man in Am.,” 64-66; 16th
Cong., 2d Sess., “Rept. of Com. No. 63.”

189 “Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,” I., 184-5.

190 “Statutes at Large,” II., 58-9; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong., 1007;
_Ibid._, 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 275.

191 “Misc.,” I., 206-7.

192 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 533-4.

193 “Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 489, 1659-60.

194 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 486-7.

195 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 483-92; original among the House files
at Washington.

196 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 476-83.

197 “Laws of Ind. Ter.,” 1807, pp. 12-13.

198 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 498-506.

199 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Session, 469.

_ 200 Ibid._, 466-8; “Misc.,” I., 450; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II.,
494-7.

201 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 505-10.

202 “H. J.,” 8th and 9th Cong., 611.

203 “Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 1976, 2067.

_ 204 Ibid._, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 971-3, 1093; “Stat. at Large,” II.,
514-16.

205 “Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 1093-4.

206 “St. Clair Papers,” II., 318.

207 Cutler, “Life of Manasseh Cutler,” II., 382.

208 “ ‘Father Clark,’ or the Pioneer Preacher,” 202; Moses, “Illinois,”
I., 228.

209 “Pub. Lands,” I., 256.

210 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 469. The land bought in
Kentucky was probably near Eddyville, which the purchaser founded.

211 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 275-7, 687; Speed, “The Wilderness
Road,” _passim_.

212 Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 129-32.

213 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew
Lyon of Kentucky.

214 Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” I., 132.

215 For vivid accounts of journeys between the East and Ohio, giving an
excellent idea of the difficulties of transit, in the period
1795-1809, see Cutler, “Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler,” 17-22,
38-41, 90-103; also, many passages in Cutler, “Life, Journals and
Corr. of Rev. Manasseh Cutler.” A similar journey made in 1790 is
described in “St. Clair Papers,” II., 164.

216 Collot, “Journey in N. A.,” I., 192-3, 239.

217 “ ‘Father Clark,’ or The Pioneer Preacher,” 193.

218 Schultz, “Travels on an Inland Voyage,” II., 38.

219 Cuming, “Sketches of a Tour,” 245; Schultz, “Travels on an Inland
Voyage,” I., 199; Moses, “Illinois,” I., 265.

220 “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew
Lyon of Kentucky.

221 “Pub. Lands,” I., 69; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 448.

222 Ethelbert Stewart, “A Few Notes for an Industrial Hist. of Ill.,” in
“Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” 120.

223 “Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,” 73, 74. Original accounts of Wm. Biggs,
high sheriff of the county of St. Clair in the N.-W. Ter.

224 Hamilton, “Writings of James Monroe,” I., 117.

225 “Statutes at Large,” II., 607.

226 “Pub. Lands,” II., 123.

227 “Statutes at Large,” II., 677; “Pub. Lands,” II., 254-5, 257-8,
210-41.

228 “Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No.
III., 109-10).

229 “Pub. Lands,” II., 157-81, 210-41.

230 “Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,”
No. III., 118-20); “Statutes at Large,” II., 175; “Annals of Cong.”
(ed. 1853), 12th Cong., III., 883, 1011, 1015.

231 “State Papers,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., III., No. 61, p. 6; Poore,
“Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 436, 438, 445; “Statutes at
Large,” III., 318.

232 “Statutes at Large,” II., 797.

233 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 156.

234 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 430; “Acts of 1811” (Ky.), 213-15; “Acts
of 1816” (Ky.), 107; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 326.

235 “Pub. Lands,” III., 2.

_ 236 Ibid._, II., 873-4.

237 “Statutes at Large,” III., 125.

238 “State Papers,” II., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., folio. Other volumes of
the same number and session are quarto.

239 “Statutes at Large,” II., 591; III., 113; “Pub. Lands,” II., 873-4.

240 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 395-7, 456.

_ 241 Ibid._, I., 430.

242 O’Callaghan, “Doc. Hist. of N. Y.,” III., 1069-83, quarto; 649-57,
folio.

243 Agnew, “Settlement and Land Titles of N.-W. Pa.,” 118-19. See also
“Jour. of H. of R.” (Pa.), 1792-1794, first page of second appendix
to record of 1st Sess. of 3d House; _ibid_., first page of second
appendix to record of 1st Sess. of 4th House; Sergeant, “View of the
Land Laws of Pa., with Notices of Its Early Hist. and Legislation,”
_passim_.

244 Littell, “Laws of Ky.,” I., 516.

_ 245 Ibid._, II., 420-2; “Acts of 1811” (Ky.), 213-15; “Acts of 1817”
(Ky.), 554; “Acts of 1819” (Ky.), 832.

246 “Acts of 1816” (Ky.), 107; “Acts of 1817” (Ky.), 326.

247 Phelan, “Hist. of Tenn.,” 303. Quoted from Jones, “The Chickasaw
Country Lately Ceded to the U. S.” (1819).

248 “Statutes at Large,” III., 307; “Pub. Lands,” II., 741; III., 1-5,
384-5.

249 Brown, “Western Gazetteer, or Emigrants’ Directory” (1817), 33.

250 White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 458-9, 461.

251 A land-office was established at Edwardsville by an act of Apr. 29,
1816.

252 “State Papers,” No. 52, 15th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. Hundredths of
acres and cents are omitted from the tables. The figures for
Shawneetown cover the periods from Jan. 1 to Sept. 30; those for the
other offices, from Jan. 1 to Aug. 31.

253 “Pub. Lands,” III., 405.

254 “Indian Aff.,” I., 761-2; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of
Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 678; Nos. 73, 74. Plate CXXIV. See map of Indian
cessions.

255 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 81-4.

256 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 301.

257 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 82.

258 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 329.

259 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” 335.

260 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 86-7.

_ 261 Ibid._, 102.

262 “Indian Aff.,” II., 99.

263 “Indian Aff.,” II., 95-6; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of
Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 680-3, No. 77, Plate CXXV., and No. 78, Plate
CXXIV. See map of Indian cessions.