Chapter 12: is on abolition in the South before 1828. The work is helpful (3)

264 “Indian Aff.,” II., 167; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of
Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 692-3; No. 96a, Plate CXXIV. See also No. 48 on
the same plate, and No. 77, Plate CXXV. See map of Indian cessions.

265 “Territorial Records of Ill.,” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No.
III., 3, 6, 7).

266 “Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No.
III., 10-19). Of the thirty-eight laws selected by the Governor and
judges in the Northwest Territory, three were from the codes of
southern states; of the fifteen so selected in Indiana Territory,
thirteen were from southern codes—“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pamphlets,” No.
I., 16; contained in Vol. 2 of “Publications.” Illinois was thus
most southern of the three.

267 “Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No.
III., 23, 26-7).

268 “Statutes at Large,” II., 741-2.

269 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70.

270 Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards.” 296, 306.

271 “Territorial Records of Ill.” (“Pub. of Ill. Hist. Lib.,” No. III.,
62, 86).

(For each of the following officials, their Nativity and County are
listed.)

Legislative Council.

Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph.
Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair.
Sam’l Judy, Swiss or Md., Madison.
Thos. Ferguson, Johnson.
Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin.

House of Reps.

Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph.
Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair.
Jacob Short, St. Clair.
Rev. Wm. Jones, N. C., Madison.
Philip Trammell, Gallatin.
Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin.
John Grammar, Johnson.

Territorial Judges.

Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland.
Alexander Stuart, Virginia.
William Sprigg, Maryland.

Territorial Secretaries.

Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky.
Joseph Philips, Tennessee.

Delegates in Congress and Term.

Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14.
Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov. 14, 1814-16.
Nathan’l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1816-18.

Governor.

Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809-1818.

Officers other than members are added to the above in order to
emphasize the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New
England was not yet a factor in Illinois politics.

272 “Territorial Records of Illinois” (“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,”
No. III., 62-170).

273 “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 72-82; _Ibid._, 1815-16, p. 44.

274 “Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,” pp. 57-64.

275 “Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 1677, 1738; “H. J.,” 15th
Cong., 1st Sess., 151, 174; Benton, “Abridgment of Debates in
Cong.,” VI., 173; “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XI., 494-501.

276 “Statutes at Large,” III., 428; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18. pp.
42-5; Dana, “Sketches of Western Country,” 1819, 153; “Niles’
Register,” XIV., 359 (July 18, 1818); Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason
Peck,” 99.

277 Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 442, 445. Of the
members of the Constitutional Convention of Illinois whose nativity
has been learned, ten were natives of the South, two were natives of
Illinois born of southern parents, two were Irishmen from the South,
and five were natives of the North. New England was represented by
one man, John Messinger, a son-in-law of Matthew Lyon.

278 “Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 305-11; “Statutes at
Large,” III., 536.

279 “Niles’ Register,” XIII., 1817, 224.

280 Kingdom, “America and the British Colonies,” 1816, 17.

281 Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25, 29.

282 Wright, “Letters from the West, or, A Caution to Emigrants,” 1818,
1.

283 Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 1818-19, 5.

284 “Am. Mag. and Review,” III., 1818, 152; I., 1817, 473.

285 Goodrich, “Recollections of a Life Time,” II., 78 ff.; Birkbeck,
“Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 25; “Va. Patriot,” Sept. 7, 21,
1816; Varney, “A Brief Hist. of Me.,” 239; Abbott, “Hist. of Me.,”
424; Williamson, “Hist. of Me.,” II., 664-6; Sanborn, “Hist. of N.
H.,” 265; Whiton, “Hist. of N. H.,” 188; Barstow, “Hist. of N. H.,”
392; Thompson, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 1833, 222; same, 1853,
Pt. I., 20; Hoskins, “Hist. of the State of Vt.,” 232; Wilbur,
“Early Hist. of Vt.,” III., 162-3; Heaton, “Story of Vt.,” 136;
Beckley, “Hist. of Vt.,” 171-2; “Gov. and Council-Vt.,” VI., 429-31.

286 “Va. Patriot,” Sept. 11, 1816.

287 White, “Descendants of John Walker,” 425, 453, 461.

288 Bassett, “Anti-Slavery Leaders of N. C.” (J. H. U. Studies, XVI.,
267-71).

289 De Bow, “Industrial Resources of the U. S.,” I., 122-3. Millions of
pounds of cotton raised in the U. S.:

1808, 75.
1809, 82.
1810, 85.
1811, 80.
1812, 75.
1813, 75.
1814, 70.
1815, 100.
1816, 124.
1817, 130.
1818, 125.
1819, 167.
1820, 160.
1821, 180.
1822, 210.
In Ga. 1811, 20, 1821, 45.
In Tenn. 1811, 3., 1821, 20.

290 “Statutes at Large,” S. C., VII., 451-66; “Laws of Tenn., revision
of 1831,” I., 314-30; “Acts of 1818,” Ky., 623, 787; “Acts of 1815,”
Ky., Feb. 8, 1815.

291 J. L. Watkins, in “U. S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Statistics, Misc.
Ser., Bulletin No. 9,” p. 8.

292 “National Intelligencer,” Washington, D. C., Apr. 18, 1812.

293 “Rambler in N. A.,” I., 104-11; “Am. Register,” II., 1817, 202-3.

294 “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 81.

295 “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 156.

296 Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, from England, founded in 1817, in
Edwards County, Illinois, what was the most famous of the English
settlements in Illinois. Birkbeck was an educated man and his
writings are among the important sources for the early history of
Illinois. He was at one time Secretary of State of Illinois. George
Flower became the historian of the settlement.

297 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 56.

298 Flower, “Hist. of the Eng. Settlement in Edwards Co., Ill.,”
“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 95-99.

299 “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 71, 74.

_ 300 Ibid._, 74-81. The disparity in dates in the latter part of the
quotation suggests that “23d of October” should probably read “3d of
October.”

301 Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 258; William Tell Harris, “Remarks
Made During a Tour through the U. S. of America in the Years 1817,
1818, 1819.”

302 Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

303 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 260. In Fearon’s work 2_s._ 3_d._
is equal to 50 cents, p. 5.

304 Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 2.

305 Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika,”
1818-19, I., 34.

306 Warden, “Acct. of the U. S. of N. A.,” 1819, III., 62.

307 “State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

308 “State Papers,” 14th Cong., 2d Sess., II., folio. Another volume
with the same number is a quarto.

_ 309 Ibid._, 14th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

310 Ross, “Early Pioneers and Pioneer Events,” 65.

311 Kingston, “Early Western Days,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” VII.,
313.

312 Shaw, “Personal Narrative,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 225.

313 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 1817, 258; Brown, “Western Gazetteer; or,
Emigrant’s Directory,” 1817, 20.

314 Birkbeck, “Journey from Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 137.

315 Burnham in “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. VIII., 181.

316 Harding, “Tour through the Western Country,” 8. This passage is
practically plagiarized in Ogden, “Letters from the West,” and in
Thwaites, “Early Western Travels,” XIX., 56.

317 Palmer, “U. S. and Canada,” 1818, 417; “Statutes at Large,” II.,
584; “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall
Hubbard,” 38.

318 “State Papers,” 13th Cong., 3d Sess.

_ 319 Ibid._, 13th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

320 “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 178; Birkbeck, “Journey from
Va. to Ill.,” 1817, 128.

321 James and Loveless, “Newspapers in Ill. Prior to 1860,” “Pub. of the
Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” No. I., 41, 42, 64, 73, 74; Palmer, “U. S.
and Canada,” 1818, 416.

322 Burnham, “An Early Ill. Newspaper,” “Pub. of the Ill. State Hist.
Lib.,” No. VIII., 182.

323 Col. Daniel M. Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc.
Coll.,” II., 326-7, _cf._ “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 76, 87.

324 “Indian Aff.,” II., 196-7; “18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of
Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 696-9, Plate CXXV.; Dana, “Sketches of Western
Country,” 1819, 147. See map of Indian cessions.

325 “State Papers,” No. 64, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., IV.

_ 326 Ibid._, No. 118, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., VI.

_ 327 Ibid._, No. 96, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; “Ex. Doc.,” No. 140,
20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV.

328 “Senate Doc.,” No. 47, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

_ 329 Ibid._, No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.

330 “Senate Doc.,” No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; see also _ibid._,
No. 27.

331 “State Papers,” No. 24, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., II.; “18th An. Rept.
of the Bureau of Ethnology,” Pt. 2, 722-5, Plate CXXV.

_ 332 Ibid._, Pt. 2, 736-7, 738-9, 750-1, Plates CXXIV. and CXXV.

333 Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 96.

334 McLaughlin, “Lewis Cass,” 125; Young, “Life of Gen. Lewis Cass,” 93.

335 “State Papers,” Senate, No. 87, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

_ 336 Ibid._, No. 57, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., V.

337 “Statutes at Large,” III., 566-7.

338 Donaldson, “Public Domain,” 200 ff.

339 “State Papers,” No. 35, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

340 “Pub. Lands,” III., 533. It is interesting to note that for the five
years ending in 1822, the Pulteney estate of 380,000 acres of land
in Steuben and Alleghany counties, New York, had sold an average of
10,000 acres per year, at an average price of $3.37 per
acre—“Columbian Sentinel,” Boston, Oct. 2, 1822.

341 “Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 30, 1821.

342 “Pub. Lands,” IV.. 145; “ Repts. and S. Doc.,” No. 25, 18th Cong.,
2d Sess., II.

343 “Pub. Lands,” IV., 871; “S. Doc.,” No. 17, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

344 “H. J.,” Ill., 1826-27, p. 54.

345 “Repts. of Com.,” No. 125, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

346 “Senate Doc.,” No. 58, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. For the long and
futile effort made in Congress to secure a law graduating the price
of public lands, see Meigs, “Life of Thomas Hart Benton,” ch. xi.,
with the foot references thereto.

347 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 246, 254.

348 “Statutes at Large,” IV., 420-1.

349 “Pub. Lands,” VI., 240.

350 “Statutes at Large,” III., 786; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 58, 17th
Cong., 1st Sess., I.; “Pub. Lands,” III., 406, 412-3, 421, 462-3;
VI., 23-5; “S. Doc.,” No. 10, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

351 “Illinois Intelligencer,” Vandalia, Ill., Apr. 24, 1821.

352 “Niles’ Register,” XXV., 117.

353 “Washington (D. C.) Republican,” Sept. 27, 1823.

354 “Illinois Intelligencer,” Oct. 3, 1829.

355 “Senate Jour.,” Ill., 1830-31, 8-51. The message was delivered on
Dec. 7, 1830, and Edwards’ successor was inaugurated the following
day.

356 “State Papers,” No. 17, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

357 “Statutes at Large,” III., 659-60; “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 59.

358 “Pub. Lands,” IV., 437-8; “Repts. of Com.,” No. 147, 19th Cong., 1st
Sess., II.; _ibid._, No. 53, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; “S. Doc.,”
No. 49, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.

_ 359 Ibid._, No. 46, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.; “State Papers,” No. 81,
19th Cong., 2d Sess., V.

360 “Pub. Lands,” VI., 27; “Statutes at Large,” IV., 234.

361 “S. Doc.,” No. 11, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

362 “Pub. Lands,” IV., 888, 921; V., 33, 35, 620; “Statutes at Large,”
IV., 305.

363 “Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, 39-45; 1824-25, 72.

_ 364 Ibid._, 1820-21, 153-4.

365 The total receipts from sales of 1829 is erroneously given as
$256,124.54 in the original.

366 “Pub. Lands,” VI., 158-9.

_ 367 Ibid._, VI., 219; “H. Ex. Doc.,” No. 19, 21st Cong., 2d Sess., I.

368 “Rept. of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Va., on
Forming a Settlement in the State of Ill.,” Oct. 4, 1830, 1-12.

369 “Information for Emigrants,” London, 1848, 33, first pagination. The
hogs were sold in 1829.

370 Senators from Illinois:

Ninian Edwards, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 4, 1824
Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1829
John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 20, 1824-Mar. 3, 1825
and Dec. 7, 1829-Oct. 14, 1830
Elias K. Kane, New York, Dec. 5, 1825-Dec. 11, 1835
David J. Baker, Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1830-Jan. 4, 1831

Representatives from Illinois:

John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1819
Daniel P. Cook, Kentucky, Dec. 6, 1819-Mar. 3, 1827
Joseph Duncan, Kentucky, Dec. 3, 1827-Nov. 1834

Governors of Illinois:

1809-1818: Ninian Edwards, Maryland
1818-1822: Shadrach Bond, Maryland
1822-1826: Edward Coles, Virginia
1826-1830: Ninian Edwards, Maryland
1830-1834: John Reynolds, Pennsylvania

The governors from 1834-1842 were from Kentucky, 1842-1861 from the
North, 1861-1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846-1853,
Illinois had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New
Hampshire, this being the only instance of an Illinois governor from
New England.

371 Sulte, “Histoire des Canadiens-Français,” VIII., 53.

372 “Annals of Cong.,” 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 436, 704; “H. J.,” 15th
Cong., 2d Sess., 100, 136-7, 273, 308; “S. J.,” 15th Cong., 2d
Sess., 239, 240, 278-85, 322; 16th Cong., 1st Sess., 107, 201-2,
245; “Annals of Cong.,” 16th Cong., 1st Sess., I., 450-2, 482-5;
II., 1331-3; “S. J.,” 21st Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 48, 51.

373 “S. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 401; “H. J.,” 18th Cong., 1st Sess.,
428; “Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 786, 2471.

374 “Cong. Debates,” 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV., 90.

375 “Ohio Republican,” April 19, 1823.

376 Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 22. A letter from
the son of Mr. Eames, now deceased, says that search has failed to
recover the constitution of the Regulators of the Valley. Regulators
were also useful in preventing speculators from entering the claims
of squatters, even when the squatter was too poor to enter his own
claim—Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21. For
another instance, see Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S.,” 233-6;
also, Reynolds, “My Own Times,” 1879, 113.

377 “Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 45-6; 1822-23, p. 109; Henderson,
“Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 21.

378 “Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, p. 86 ff.; 1824-25, p. 116.

379 “Miners’ Journal,” Galena, Dec. 22, 1829; “Revised Laws of Ill.,”
1829, 57; “H. J.,” (Ill.), 1828-29, p. 57.

380 “Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 149-51.

_ 381 Ibid._, 1824-25, pp. 121-8; “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, 149.

382 “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1829, p. 100; McMaster, “Rights of Man in
Am.,” 97.

383 “Laws of Ill.,” 1822-23, pp. 229-30.

384 “H. J.,” Ill., 1828-29, p. 8.

385 Tenney, “Early Times in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” I., 97;
“Niles’ Register,” XXXVII., 53; “State Papers,” No. 35, 20th Cong.,
2d Sess., II.

386 “Repts. of Com.,” No. 177, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; Meeker,
“Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc.
Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

387 “State Papers,” No. 66, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.

388 “Statutes at Large,” IV., 334.

389 “Galena Advertiser,” Sept. 14, 1829.

390 Bonner, “Life and Adventures of Beckwourth,” 20, 21. Written from
Beckwourth’s dictation.

391 Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 48.

392 Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist.
Soc. Coll.,” VI., 276-9.

393 Blaney, “Excursion through the U. S. and Canada,” 159.

394 “Niles’ Register,” XXVIII., 168; Dana, “Sketches of Western
Country,” 1819, 154; “Laws of Ill. Ter.,” 1817-18, pp. 57-64.

395 Henderson, “Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,” 13.

396 Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” Il., 61-2.

397 “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156; Strickland,
“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 200-1; Faux, “Memorable Days in
Am.,” 310.

398 “Reminiscences of Levi Coffin,” 89-99.

_ 399 Ibid._, 76.

_ 400 Ibid._, 94-5; Mrs. Delilah Mullin-Evans, in “Trans. of the McLean
Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc.,” II., 17; Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten
Staaten,” I., 37-8.

401 Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West,” pages unnumbered;
“Niles’ Register,” XXII., 320.

402 “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” MS. in Ill. State Hist.
Lib.

403 Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 120.

404 Melish, “Information and Advice to Emigrants,” 1819, 108.

405 Woods, “Residence in Ill.,” 140.

406 “Laws of Ill.,” 1820-21, pp. 94-6.

407 Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 54.

408 Hamilton, “Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall
Hubbard,” 136.

409 Tillson, “Reminiscences,” 81; Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter
Cartwright,” 250.

410 “State Papers,” No. 77, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., III.

411 “S. Doc.,” No. 28, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.

412 Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist.
Soc. Coll.,” VI., 278-9.

413 Reid, “Sketch of Enoch Long,” Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll., II., 67-8.
See also Owen, in “Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,”
Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, 42.

414 Chetlain, “Recollections of Seventy Years,” 10.

415 Hulme, in Cobbett. “Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 279, 302.

416 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 113; Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to
Ill.,” 133-4.

417 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 260, repeated in Kingdom, “Am. and the
British Colonies,” 63. In the works of Fearon and Kingdom 4_s._
6_d._ are equal to $1.00.

418 Cobbett, “A Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 337.

419 Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 4.

420 Woods, “Residence in Illinois,” 33, 74, 111, 131, 133, 143-4.

421 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315.

422 Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 2.

423 “Niles’ Register,” XXV., 95.

424 “Cincinnati Emporium,” Feb. 3, 1825.

425 “Cincinnati Gazette,” Apr. 1, 1825.

426 “Niles’ Register,” XXXI., 58.

_ 427 Ibid._, XXXI., 38.

428 “Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer,” July 27, 1830.

429 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVIII., 97.

_ 430 Ibid._, XLIV., 36.

431 “Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer,” July 27, 1830.

432 Fearon, “Sketches of Am.,” 217, 260. Reprinted in Kingdom, “Am. and
the British Colonies,” 55, 62.

433 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 165; “The Intelligencer” Petersburg, Va.,
Mar. 11, 1825; “Charleston (S. C.) Mercury,” May 25, 1825;
“Nashville (Tenn.) Republican,” Apr. 16, 1825.

434 “Niles’ Register,” XXXI., 52.

435 “Miners’ Journal,” Galena, Oct. 4, 1829.

_ 436 Ibid._, Nov. 3, 1829; Dec. 15, 1829; Aug. 14, 1830.

437 “Twelfth Census of the U. S., Occupations,” p. xxx.

438 Duden, “Nordamerika,” 61.

439 Hecke, “Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten,” II., 134-5.

440 The following describes a ditch and bank fence: “I very much admire
Mr. Birkbeck’s mode of _fencing_. He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at
top, sloping to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth
that comes out of the ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is
turfed towards the ditch. Then a long pole is put up from the bottom
of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this is crossed by a short
pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along between the
forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked altogether
very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he
intends to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would
make the fence far more effectual as well as handsomer.”—Hulme, in
Cobbett, “Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 282.

441 Ernst in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156;
“Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877 (in “Ill. Local
Hist.,” III., in Wis. Hist. Soc. Lib.)

442 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 213.

443 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 244.

444 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 273.

445 Ernst, in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 155.

446 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 254.

447 Chapman, Lyde Grove, in “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in
MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.

448 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 37; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 127.

449 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 2, 67, 245, 386; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I.,
129; Loomis, “Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv., pages
unnumbered.

450 “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in MSS. in Ill. State
Hist. Lib.

451 “Niles’ Register,” XXX., 287; “Ill. Intelligencer,” May 18, 1826.

452 “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 129.

_ 453 Ibid._, I., 128-9

454 Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 1817, 261, reprinted in Kingdom, “Am.
and the British Colonies,” 63; Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.” 22,
32-3, 51-2, 69, 78, 85; Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 24-5, shows that a
honey-locust hedge could be made (1819) for less than 12 cents per
rod.

455 Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to Ill.,” 36; Duden, “Nordamerika,” 319.

456 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315.

457 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 35-6.

458 Mackenzie, “View of the U. S.,” 1819, 298.

459 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 112.

_ 460 Ibid._, XXV., 272.

461 Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv,
pages unnumbered.

462 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1828-29, 63.

463 “State Papers,” No. 55, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.; “Niles’
Register,” XXVIII., 161.

464 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 226.

465 Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II.,
328-9.

466 Owen, “Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829,” in “Deutsch-Amerikanische
Geschichtsblatter,” Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, S. 42.

467 Meeker, “Early Hist. of the Lead Region,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc.
Coll.,” VI., 280.

468 “Pub. Lands,” IV, 800.

469 “Narrative of Morgan L. Martin,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” XL,
398.

470 Chetlain, “Recollections of Seventy Years,” 6; Mrs. Adile Gratiot,
in “Early Ill. Towns,” Lib. of Chicago Hist. Soc.

471 Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II.,
329.

472 “Ex. Doc.,” No. 277, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VII.

473 “Shattuck Memorials,” 233-4.

474 “Niles’ Register,” XXXIV., 344.

475 “Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877.

476 Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 123.

477 Peck, “ ‘Father Clark’; or, The Pioneer Preacher,” 240.

478 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 59.

479 Babcock, “Memoir of John Mason Peck,” 229.

480 “Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc,” II., 19.

481 “Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877.

482 Peck, in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 259.

_ 483 Ibid._, 272-3.

484 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 386-7.

485 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 254.

486 Babcock, “Memoir of John M. Peck,” 96-7.

487 Reynolds, “Illinois—My Own Times,” 128.

_ 488 Ibid._, 116-7.

489 Babcock, “Memoir of John M. Peck,” 94-5.

_ 490 Ibid._, 183, _et seq._, 203, 209.

In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck,
in Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 253-75, and the above
mentioned works.

491 Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 116-9, note 3, p. 118.

492 “Public Laws” (Ill.). 1865, 105.

493 The question of the binding effect of the Ordinance received much
attention, especially from state courts, but early petitions show
that the discussion was not early important. In general, see Haight,
“Ordinance of 1787,” in “Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass’n Pub.,” II., 343-402;
Cooley, “Michigan,” 137-9; Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,”
67-71.

494 “Pub. Lands,” I., 68-9; “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 447-52, 452-5.

495 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 455-61; “Annals of Cong.,” 6th Cong.,
735.

496 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 461-70; “A. S. P. Misc.,” I., 387;
“Annals of Cong.,” 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; _ibid._, 9th Cong.,
1st Sess., 466-8.

497 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 476-83, 498-506.

_ 498 Ibid._, II., 494-7; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 450; “Annals of Cong.,”
9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293, 466-8.

499 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 507-10; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 467,
477; “Annals of Cong.,” 9th Cong., 2d Sess., 375, 482.

500 “Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,” II., 515-21; “A. S. P., Misc.,” I., 484;
“Annals of Cong.,” 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 23, _et seq._, 816.

501 Harris, “Negro Servitude in Ill.,” 11, note 3.

502 Poore, “Charters and Constitutions,” Pt. I., 445-6.

503 “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 457-62.

504 “Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 5, 7,
24-5; Melish, “Geog. Desc. of the U. S.,” 1822, 359.

505 “Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3, 7.

506 J. Q. Adams, “Memoirs,” V., 9.

507 “Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Apr. 24, 1821.

508 “Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” 3.

509 The vote for governor given by W. H. Brown, “Early Movement in
Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,” (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No.
4, p. 15), differs from that by Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,”
58, and Bonham, “Fifty Years Recollections,” 22, while neither gives
Coles a plurality of 46 votes, as Harris in “Negro Servitude in
Ill.,” 31, says the official returns show him to have received. For
the purposes of this work the differences are so slight as to be
negligible.

510 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 25-7; “Senate Journal” (Ill.),
1822-23, pp. 29-30.

511 “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 43-6; “House Journal” (Ill.),
1822-23, pp. 68, 134, 147-8.

512 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 44, 45.

513 Davidson and Stuvé, “Hist. of Ill.,” 320.

514 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 272.

_ 515 Ibid._, 1822-23, P. 276; “Senate Journal” (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 252.

516 Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” _passim._

517 “Edwardsville Spectator,” Jan. 27, 1824; Nov. 29, 1823.

518 Eames, “Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,” 12.

519 “House Journal” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote
(Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows:

For. Against.
Alexander, 75, 51
Bond, 63, 240
Clark, 31, 116
Crawford, 134, 262
Edgar, 3, 234
Edwards, 189, 391
Fayette, 125, 121
Franklin, 170, 113
Fulton, 5, 60
Gallatin, 597, 133
Greene, 164, 379
Hamilton, 173, 85
Jackson, 180, 93
Jefferson, 99, 43
Johnson, 74, 74
Lawrence, 158, 261
Madison, 351, 563
Marion, 45, 52
Montgomery, 74, 90
Monroe, 141, 196
Morgan, 42, 432
Pike, 19, 165
Pope, 273, 124
Randolph, 357, 284
Sangamon, 153, 722
St. Clair, 408, 506
Union, 213, 240
Washington, 112, 173
Wayne, 189, 111
White, 355, 326

Totals, 4972, 6640

The vote as here given is from Moses, “Illinois,” I., 324. It is
also given in Harris, “Negro Servitude in Illinois,” 48. It differs
to a slight degree from that given by William H. Brown in his
“Historical Sketch of the Early Movement in Illinois for the
Legalization of Slavery,” read at the annual meeting of the Chicago
Hist. Soc., Dec. 5, 1864 (“Fergus Hist. Ser.,” No. 4), and in
Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 191. Brown was one of the
leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is
probable that the vote appended to his address was prepared by some
one else. The work of Moses is of later date and his figures
correspond to the official report in respect to the majority against
the convention, as the others do not.

520 Brown, “Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,”
in “Fergus Hist. Series,” No. 4, pp. 16-17.

521 “Niles’ Register,” XXV., 39; “The Columbian Star” (Washington, D.
C.), Feb. 21, 1824.

522 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 13; on kidnapping see Harris, “Negro
Servitude in Ill.,” 53 ff.

_ 523 Ibid._, 1824-25, pp. 26, 27, 151.

_ 524 Ibid._, 1826-27, pp. 9-10.

525 “Revised Laws of Ill.,” 1833, 180-1.

526 “Laws of Ill.,” 1824-25, p. 50.

527 “Revised Laws of Ill.” 1833, 463-65.

528 “Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,” p. 7.

_ 529 Ibid._, 3; “H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

530 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1826, 11.

531 “Edwardsville (Ill.) Spectator,” Oct. 5, 1824.

532 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 208.

_ 533 Ibid._, XXIX., 422.

534 Shaler, “Kentucky,” 176-85.

535 “Nashville (Tenn.) Republican,” Apr. 16, 1825.

536 “Niles’ Register,” XXX., 449.

537 “Galena Advertiser,” July 20, Aug. 10, Sept. 21, 1829.

538 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVI., 222.

539 “Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Oct. 31, 1829.

540 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVI., 271.

541 “Illinois Intelligencer” (Vandalia), Nov. 27, 1830.

542 “Niles’ Register,” XXXVII., 195.

543 “Galena Advertiser,” July 20, 1829; “Niles’ Register,” XXXVII., 230.

544 “Niles’ Register,” XXVIII., 161.

545 “State Papers,” No. 69, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.

546 Thomas S. Hinde, writing over the signature of “Theophilus
Arminius,” in “Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The identity
of the writer is shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume.

Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are
Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright”; Cartwright, “Fifty
Years as a Presiding Elder,” and the obituary notice in “Minutes of
the Annual Conferences of the M. E. Church,” 1873, 115-7. See also
Moses, “Illinois,” I., 348, 379, 395, 506, 1166.

For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and
founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see “Memoir of John
Mason Peck, D. D.,” edited by Rufus Babcock.

547 “Pub. Lands,” I., 69-70; II., 203-4; “Early Chicago and Illinois,”
in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 145, 159, 167, 169-70, 178-9,
209; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,” 110, 116-8, 180, 215; John
Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785, in “Draper’s Notes,
Trip 1860,” VI., 214-5; Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23,
1786, “Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,” LIII., 56; Petition from
Kaskaskia, Sept. 14, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II.,
124-7; Offer of John Edgar, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 3, 1789, “Draper
Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 127-8; Hamtramck’s reply to the
Kaskaskia petition of Sept. 14, 1789, from Vincennes, Oct. 14, 1789,
“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II., 128-30; Edgar to Hamtramck, from
Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789, ibid., II., 132-6; “DraperColl., Kenton
MSS.,” Edgar Papers.

548 Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,” 170-2; W. A. Burt Jones, in
“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” IV., 230-70; Jones to Hamtramck, from
Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789, “Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,” II.,
136-41.

549 “Methodist Magazine,” XI., 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde recall
the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the
Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted
to use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt
was early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a
foot-note: “A gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who
was educated in Paris, visited a western state many years ago
[written in 1827], and lost all his money by gambling, (playing at
cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his return, he was thus
addressed: ‘Well, doctor, you have been to see the new country.’
‘Yes,’ replied the doctor, biting his lips, ‘it is a new country, it
is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever
saw.’ ”—See above reference, p. 155.

On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: “Articles of
Association for the City of Mount Carmel”; Bangs, “Hist. of the M.
E. Church,” IV., appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 308-14; “Minutes of
Conferences” Annual, M. E., I., 347, 474, 516; “American Pioneer,”
I., 327; II., 363-8; “Laws of Ill., 1824-25,” 72-5; Simpson,
“Cyclopedia of Methodism,” 97-S; “Methodist Magazine,” VIII., 17,
49, 86. Less reliable data is given in “Hist. of Edwards, Lawrence,
and Wabash Counties, Ill.,” 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, 239. Mount
Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The “Hinde
MSS.” in the “Draper Coll.” are large in volume, but have slight
historic value, being chiefly musings of the author’s later years.

550 Bay, “Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Mo.,” 78-91; “Pub.
Lands,” II., index under Easton, Rufus; Easton, “Descendants of
Joseph Easton, Hartford, Conn.,” I, 37, 65; Moses, “Illinois,” I.,
272; “Laws of Ill., 1820-21,” 39-45; _ibid._, 1822-23, 147.

551 For information concerning Iles, see: “Reminiscences of Elijah
Iles,” in “Hist. of Sangamon County, Ill.,” 580-3; Power, “Hist. of
the Early Settlers of Sangamon Co., Ill.,” 397-400 (practically a
short autobiography of Iles, written in 1876); Moses, “Illinois,”
I., 344; II., 1174. Concerning Enos, see: Stiles, “Ancient Windsor,”
(Conn.), II., 245, 246; “Executive Journal,” Senate, 1815-29, pp.
325, 328, 551, 553, 555; _ibid._, 1829-37, pp. 50, 391; “Edwards
Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III., 205, 391. Concerning
Cox, see: Moses, “Illinois,” II., 1168; “Executive Journal,” Senate,
1815-29, pp. 216-7, 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; Washburne, “Sketch of
Edward Coles,” 128-30; “Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc.
Coll.,” III., 76, 211, 336-7; Gue, “Hist. of Iowa,” I., 205, 211;
Fairall, “Manual of Iowa Politics,” 107; “Hist. of Jackson County,”
Iowa, 360-403. On Springfield, see: Peck, “Gazetteer of Illinois,”
1834, 337.

552 Moses, “Illinois,” I., 287, 289-90; Reynolds, “Pioneer Hist. of
Ill.,” 291-4, 323-7.

553 Washburne, “Sketch of Edward Coles,” 16 _et seq._, 54-7. Washburne,
the writer, came to Galena, Illinois, when it still had many
frontier characteristics, and for seventeen years represented his
district in Congress.

554 Moses, “Illinois,” L., 242-3, 336, 340-1, 351; Washburne, “Sketch of
Edward Coles,” 54-7; and for a general view of Edwards, see: N. W.
Edwards, “Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,” and “The
Edwards Papers,” in “Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,” III.

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