Chapter XII: Part 12

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated ‘Kouka in the Kingdom of Bornou, 4 April 1823, Thermr 104 in the Hut’.

. . . Old Chips sometimes causes me to laugh, which does my heart good, he has such a knack of rallying from Death’s door almost that his illness seems to have no danger in it. Drink Grog he will whenever he can get it, tho’ it kills him. He told me the other evening that he had made up his mind not to learn ‘Harribik’. ‘I can’t make no hand on it,’ said he, ‘so I get Columbo to teach me a little Hitalian, for I tell you, B—— the Navy Board. I hope the Colonial Board will provide for me, who knows but what I may be a King’s Messenger, and the King, God Bless him, may say, Hillman or Mr. Hillman, here take this letter to Hitaly, why I must know Hitalian for that. . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

Sunday, April 6, 1823.

Oh for a glass of the Bashaw’s cold punch. We had yesterday a most suffocating day with Therm. at 104. This bids fair to be just such another. The water here is worse than at many places on the Road, altho’ here it is a little Cooler, for there we drank it about the heat of tea. I found but about three bottles of Rum on my return to Mourzouk, and Hillman, when I complained, tho’ Grogy at the time, said, ‘Why I’m not the man to say a word against another, No, No, but that are little Tyrwhitt did drink, by G—— like Winkins—for myself I can’t touch liquor now.’

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to R. Wilmot Horton, Esq., dated Tripoli, June 13, 1824.

. . . In one of Earl Bathurst’s Dispatches he suggested the propriety of Mr. Hillman’s constructing a Boat to explore the outlet of the Great Lake.

The idea was so good and so obviously beneficial for the object of the Research, that I followed up His Lordship’s suggestion by requesting the Boat may be built at Malta in that Portable way to be carried on two Camels, and taken to Pieces and put together without difficulty. The Government of Malta kindly acceded to my wishes, and Mr. Simonds, a most scientific gentleman, is now engaged in constructing one. . . .

[We hear no more of this boat, but it is interesting in view of Barth and Overweg’s famous boat. From a letter of Columbus[585] to a friend in Tripoli it appears that some of the members of the expedition did embark in boats (presumably native canoes) and navigate the waters of Chad for a short distance.]

Denham’s views are given in the following:

Extract from fragment of a letter from Denham to Lord Bathurst, dated June 18, 1824. [R. G. S.]

. . . Without two boats could be built to carry fifty men each with fire-arms they would stand but a bad chance with the Biddoomy on the Lake. Hillman says that one shipwright alone could not build a boat of any kind, and he has certainly never since our arrival here enjoyed a sufficiently good state of health for him to make the attempt had it been requisite.

The following is a description of the Sheikh’s victory over the Baghirmi invaders:

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated Kouka, April 16, 1824.

DEAR SIR,

Our minds have been greatly relieved within the last ten days by a victory obtained by the Sheikh’s people over a very large force of the Sultan of Baghermi, headed by two hundred of the principal persons in his Kingdom, including nine of his sons, seven of whom are amongst the killed and one a prisoner. . . .

The two Guns[586] for which Hillman had made Carriages and myself Cartridges with Canisters holding 16 Musket balls each, appear to have done great execution, altho’ only fired once, and have greatly alarmed the people, even in whose defence they were levelled. . . .

A fuller account of the battle is contained in the following:

Extract from letter of Denham to his brother Charles, dated Kouka, April 18, 1824. [R. G. S.]

. . . The Sheikh advanced to within 200 yards before he unmasked his little guns, supported by about fifty slaves and Arabs with fire-arms, who were formed to the right and left, while immediately in the rear he appeared himself at the head of his Kanemboo infantry with the double barrelled English gun in his hand and an ammunition belt on his shoulders dressed in a simple barracan like an Arab. He had told the Chiefs previously that it was his intention to fight on foot, that he expected all the Arabs to follow his example, and to encourage the slaves who were but young at the use of the firelock. . . . He placed his two Chiefs, Barca Gana and Ali Gana, on each flank with the Bornou and Shouaa horse, with orders if attacked, to make the best of it, but on no account to assist him. The Baghermi, who made for his Green Flag in one solid mass, were not a little alarmed at the effects of the guns at such a distance, . . . and a volley from the Arabs added to the confusion. They now fell back on the Bornou horse, who as usual gave way, and the attack of the Kanemboo with the Sheik at their head alone decided the fate of the day. . . . The little stream, called Gambalarou, near which the battle was fought . . . is said to have run red.

Again, Denham, vol. ii, p. 415, it is recorded that Hillman made a covered cart, to be used as a carriage or conveyance for the Sheikh’s wives; the wheels were hooped with iron, and it was extremely strong, though neither light nor handsome.

Extract from letter of Hillman to Consul Warrington, dated Tripoli, Feb. 11, 1825.

HOND. SIR.

After many difficulties I have got safe and sound once more in Tripoli, thank God. . . . I have taken the Liberty of sending a Lion’s Skin, which I trust you will be pleased to accept . . .

With every due respect

Your most obliged

& very humble

servt.

W. HILLMAN.

Hillman was sent home in charge of the animals and baggage, via the long sea route (vid. Nelson, p. 94).

(_d_) =Sheikh El Kanemy= [_Shehu Lamino_]

The enlightened character of this ruler is made very clear in Denham’s book and in the Correspondence. The two following extracts are only quoted to show the style in which he was addressed by the British Consul at Tripoli, and the type of articles he valued as presents. Bornu is very deficient in fruit and vegetables, and even the efforts of the British Administration have not been very successful in inducing the present native authorities to take serious steps to remedy the deficiency.[587]

Letter from Consul Warrington to Sheikh Lamino [El Kanemy].

MOST EXCELLENT AND NOBLE SIR,

May the Great God who directs the Prosperity and happiness of all Mankind reward you for the Kindness and attention which you have been pleased to show my Countrymen, and that you will continue the same and extend your Powerful Protection to any place they may wish to go is my fervent Prayer.

Your three Sons, I am most happy to say, are about to return to their most respected Parent, and I sincerely hope they may arrive safe and find you in good health.[588]

My August King and Master has been pleased to order some Presents to be sent you as a small token of that respect He feels towards you for your great liberality and kindness towards his Servants . . .

I send you by this opportunity a Saddle, Bridle, &c., as a Personal Mark of my great esteem and respect towards you.[589]

I beg you will at all times command me whenever you may send any Person or Persons down here and that you may enjoy Health, Strength, and Happiness is the ardent wish of your Sincere Friend and Servant

HANMER WARRINGTON.

Extract from letter of Major Denham to Consul Warrington, dated Kouka, April 26, 1824.

. . . The Sheikh begs you will send him by the earliest opportunity the following articles, and for which he says he shall pay me.

Seeds, both flower and vegetable.

Fifty locks of guns.

Tea.

Winter melon seeds.

A set of small Cairo coffee cups.

Two or three Glass cups with handles, holding a pint or thereabouts.

4 Turkish Coffee pots.

[Two boxes were sent to the Sheikh by Denham after his return to Tripoli; the extract printed below concerns them. The presents brought by Tyrwhitt are mentioned in Denham and included swords, pistols, gold watches, and rockets.]

Extract from a letter of Denham to the Sheikh, dated December 4, 1824, apparently from somewhere in Fezzan.

. . . Ibrahim will give you a box in which is Tea, Sugar, Coffee, the glass cups you wrote for, two Coffee Pots and some Flints, and my friend Said will give you 50 Gun Locks and a small box containing coffee cups and seeds. You will also find two Musical snuff-boxes which my sister begs you will accept for the kindness you have shewn her brother . . .

[The Sheikh sent presents to the King of England.]

Extract from letter of Denham to Mr. Wilmot Horton, dated 44 Lower Brook Street, June 1, 1825.

. . . A horse from about the 10th Parallel of North Latitude with the ‘Libida’ or cloath covering wadded with cotton, which they use in battle as a defence from the poisoned arrows; four parrots, one of which died on the journey across the desert, two ostrich skins, a large box of ‘zibet’ or musk from the civet cat, and twelve specimens of the manufactures of Soudan and the towns in the interior of the Kingdom of Bornou, to which he added one of his largest tents entirely of Bornou manufacture. These were all embarked on board the Brig _Britannia_ previous to my leaving Leghorn, with several animals and birds, with all the minerals, plants, and other articles we had collected in the country.’[590]

(_e_) =Cost of the Mission.=

Extract from letter of Consul Warrington to Earl Bathurst, dated Tripoli, September 11, 1825.

. . . In my office the sums drawn for amount to £8575 17_s._ 7_d._ The £5000 to the Bashaw[591] reduces this sum to £3790, out of which must be deducted the 2500$,[592] say £530, will leave the expenditure at £3260 17_s._ 7_d._ Say the mission existed for three years and a half, which would make £931 13_s._ 7_d._ per annum . . .

[Footnote 556: Obituary notices appear in _Georgian Era_, iii. 75, 82; _Annual Register_ for 1828, pp. 210, 495; and _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for 1828, pt. i, p. 568.]

[Footnote 557: i.e. Marshal Beresford, in command of the Portuguese armies.]

[Footnote 558: The battle of Toulouse was fought on April 10, 1814. The 8th is now The King’s (Liverpool Regt.). I have not been able to trace at what period Denham was transferred to it. Perhaps it is a clerical error of the General’s. The _Army List_ never shows him as in the 8th Regt.]

[Footnote 559: 7th Portuguese Brigade, attached to 6th British Division. Vid. Oman, _Wellington’s Army_, p. 372.]

[Footnote 560: Now 2nd Batt. Dorsetshire Regt. Denham’s diary during the Waterloo campaign and afterwards in Paris is in the R. G. S.]

[Footnote 561: Now the Leicestershire Regt. His original commissions, now among the Denham papers in the possession of the Royal Geographical Society, show him as Captain in the 17th Foot and Major in the Army.]

[Footnote 562: For an interesting account of the duties of this post and for the evidence given by Mr. Reffell, Denham’s predecessor, vid. _Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the state of Sierra Leone_, 2 parts, 1827. A few sentences are printed on p. 14 of H. C. Lukach, _Bibliography of Sierra Leone_, Oxford, 1910.]

[Footnote 563: In the four-volume edition of Denham, vol. iv, p. 256, it is mentioned that Clapperton’s grandmother was a daughter of Col. Campbell of Glenlyon, the officer in command of the troops who committed the massacre of Glencoe.]

[Footnote 564: Thus Nelson, but, according to M‘Diarmid, Clapperton wrote to Mr. Scott, a banker of Annan, who applied to General Dirom [i.e. Lt.-Gen. Alexander Dirom, vid. _Dict. Nat. Biog._], whose wife applied to her cousin, Capt. Briggs of the _Clorinde_.]

[Footnote 565: Thus Nelson, but I have been unable to trace it either at the Admiralty or the Record Office, in spite of the kind assistance of the Admiralty Librarian, W. G. Perrin, Esq. Cf. Appendix XX.]

[Footnote 566: For details of his death vid. p. 277 of the account of his expedition. His grave has never been identified, but a brass memorial tablet has been put up in the Sokoto Provincial Office by Major Alder Burdon, C.M.G., first British Resident of Sokoto Province.]

[Footnote 567: There is a very fine portrait of him in the quarto edition of the account of his expedition to Sokoto. From this and frequent references in the Tripoli correspondence, it is obvious that he was an exceptionally handsome and powerful officer. Cf. Appendix XVII.]

[Footnote 568: p. 176: ‘At no time am I possessed of a sweet and passive temper.’]

[Footnote 569: Sir John Barrow, who edited Clapperton’s journal of his second expedition, remarks on p. xviii that Clapperton was evidently a man of no education. This is too severe. His letters are not ill- expressed, though occasionally somewhat incoherent.]

[Footnote 570: i.e. Lamino.]

[Footnote 571: Denham came to the conclusion that the Bashaw of Tripoli was wilfully delaying the Mission. He therefore returned from Mourzouk to Tripoli and embarked for Europe, in order to get the Home Government to expedite matters. He was overtaken, however, at Marseilles, by an urgent message from the Bashaw, returned to Tripoli, and was soon able to get matters settled to his satisfaction. His action was both prompt and successful, but it would have been more tactful to have informed his companions of his plans.]

[Footnote 572: When Mr. Hanns Vischer was in Tripoli in 1906, he was presented by the heir of Col. Warrington with a book on Geometry, bearing on the fly-leaf the inscription, ‘Walter Oudney, M.D., Surgeon R.N. and H.B.M.’s Col. at Bornou’. The book is by Leslie, published by Constable in 1817. Mr. Vischer presented the book to the Bornu Provincial Library.]

[Footnote 573: In a letter to Warrington, dated Kuka, March 31, 1823, Clapperton says: ‘He has been at the Royal Military College and Greenwhich Observatory, I never was.’]

[Footnote 574: The Arab merchant who was head of the ‘Kaffila’ or caravan in whose company the travellers journeyed from Tripoli to Bornu.]

[Footnote 575: Vid. note on p. 345.]

[Footnote 576: He appears to have assumed the additional surname of Horton about this time.]

[Footnote 577: Mr. Greig was Acting Chief Secretary to the Government of Malta. He retired in 1846, and died in 1873.]

[Footnote 578: Now the 2nd Batt. South Staffordshire Regt.]

[Footnote 579: This was also his dying request (vid. Denham, vol. ii, p. 26), and it was granted by Earl Bathurst.]

[Footnote 580: I do not know what became of little Walter Bornow. I fear he must have died young, as he does not appear among the numerous Warringtons in the Tripoli Consular Correspondence in the ’fifties.]

[Footnote 581: Head Marabout of the Bashaw of Tripoli.]

[Footnote 582: He arrived in Kuka on Dec. 23, 1823—‘a robust, healthy- looking young man, with a double-barrelled gun slung at his back’ (vid. Denham, vol. i, p. 461).]

[Footnote 583: _Alias_ Adolphus Simkins, a native of St. Vincent, and a sort of dragoman to the Mission. He signs himself A. A. Simkins, but Denham, Introductory Chapter, spells it Sympkins. He accompanied Clapperton on his second expedition. There was also a Gibraltar Jew named Jacob attached to the Mission as ‘store-keeper’.]

[Footnote 584: Cf. Denham, vol. ii, pp. 23-6. Toole was only twenty-two when he died.]

[Footnote 585: The letter is in dog-Italian, which I am unfortunately unable to read.]

[Footnote 586: Vid. Denham, vol. i, p. 429. They were four-pounders, presented to the Sheikh by the Sultan of Fezzan. Denham also relates that Hillman made a large chair, ‘which pleased the Sheikh excessively’. The Sheikh sent him some ‘gabaga’ [i.e. cotton strips, used at that time as currency in Bornu], but Hillman returned them, saying: ‘No! the King of England pays me—I don’t want that: but I am much obliged to the Sheikh, nevertheless.’

John Belford, Lyon’s shipwright, made gun-carriages and a ‘coach’ for the Sultan of Mourzuk. Vid. Lyon, p. 179.]

[Footnote 587: For presents sent to Shehu Omar vid. Benton, _Notes, &c._, pp. 195 and 210.]

[Footnote 588: They had been detained in Mourzouk as hostages by the Governor of Fezzan.]

[Footnote 589: This was a present to Warrington from the Bashaw of Tripoli and was worth $1,000. It appears to have been rather a white elephant, for in one letter Warrington hints to Horton that he would like to present it to him. Presumably Horton intimated he had no use for it.]

[Footnote 590: In charge of Hillman.]

[Footnote 591: Paid to secure and retain the goodwill of the ruler of Tripoli. Without this the Mission could not have succeeded.]

[Footnote 592: Drawn but not expended. Warrington’s arithmetic is obscure.]

APPENDIX XVI

BREEDS AND VARIETIES OF CATTLE, SHEEP AND GOATS[593]

COLOURS

_Cattle._

White ox or cow bida

Coal-black balle (_Koiyam_, kolliu)

Black and white yāmi (_Shuwa_, yabbe)

Red hamra

Yellow ole

Strawberry roan boni

White belly saje

Deep red mera

Dapple grey bage

_Goats._

White bullam, ke̥ri

Coal-black tselimma

Lightish black keara

Black and white kari

White with black neck mallam

White and red bururu, tosuno

Dapple grey kurguma

_Sheep_

White bida

Coal-black billa

White with black ears batinge

White bellied kordi

Speckled ngangala

Half white and half red or black wuda

Big ears and head bellani

White with black neck balo

Chestnut ke̥ngar

White tail and stern dubulu

BREEDS

_Cattle._

Bare—Big-horned Bornu cattle, no hump; derived from Arabic Bahr =
water, because these cattle came from Chad.

Kuri—Ditto: name of tribe living in Chad.

Wadare—Small (wada = dwarf) humped, short-horned.

Jawai—Very small, short-legged, from Mandara.

Abore—Spreading horned, humped Fulani cattle.

_Sheep._

Wagare—Large Bornu sheep.

Bellani—Big-headed, big-eared.

Wuda—Short-haired Asben sheep.

Yeriram—Long-haired sheep from the North: wool is manufactured.

_Goats._

Kani Ke̥nji—Common Bornu goat.

Kani Tukshi—Long-haired goat.

Kani Musgu—Small, short-legged pagan goat.

NOTE. On p. 193 of the Appendix to Denham’s book, first edition, it is recorded that he brought home a pair of ox-horns measuring 42½ inches in length and 23¼ inches in circumference.

[Footnote 593: Cf. Note [349], and vid. ‘List of Authorities’ under Dechambre.]

APPENDIX XVII

NOTE ON PORTRAITS OF TRAVELLERS AND AUTHORS

WHO HAVE WRITTEN ABOUT BORNU

BARTH (in a frock-coat) in Petermann’s _Account of the Progress of the Expedition to Central Africa_, reproduced in Joseph Chavanne, _Die Sahara_, Wien, 1879, and in E. Schauenburg, _Reisen in Central-Afrika_, There is a later photo of Barth in Gustav von Schubert’s _Heinrich Barth_, 1897, and also one in Cust’s _Modern Languages of Africa_. The Royal Geographical Society of London have a photograph of him, full face, wearing his orders.

BEURMANN. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

CLAPPERTON. The frontispiece to the account of his second expedition is a reproduction of a very fine portrait, painted by Gildon Manton, engraved by Edward Finden. The same portrait is reproduced in the four- volume edition of Denham, in Chavanne, and in Schauenburg.

Sir H. H. Johnston in his _Pioneers in West Africa_ states that the original is now in the National Portrait Gallery. This is a mistake. The original appears to have been painted in duplicate. One is in the possession of John Murray, Esq., of 50 A Albemarle Street, whose firm published Clapperton’s book, and the other belongs to Col. J. K. Stewart-Mackenzie of Seaforth, Brahan Castle, Ross-shire. Col. Stewart- Mackenzie is the present representative of the Seaforth family, and from a note under a woodcut, on p. 7 of the _London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles-Lettres_ for 1829, it appears that the portrait was painted for Lady Seaforth, mother of Clapperton’s friend Mackenzie, vid. p. 340 of the present work. A portrait of this Mackenzie by Raeburn is also in the possession of Col. Stewart-Mackenzie.

Mr. Murray’s portrait shows Clapperton as sandy-haired and of a pallid, almost ghastly, complexion—perhaps a result of his African experiences.

This same portrait was reproduced in _Scribner’s Magazine_ for 1891, vol. ix, p. 186. A small copy of it in oils on wood, about 12 inches square, is in the possession of the Royal Geographical Society. A label on the back of it states that it was exhibited in 1905 at the Naval, Shipping, and Fisheries Exhibition, but I have not been able to trace how it came into the Society’s possession or when it was executed.

DENHAM. A portrait painted by T. Phillips and engraved by E. Finden (exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1826) appears in the four-volume edition (1831) of Denham’s book, but not in the earlier editions; this portrait shows him bare-headed and wearing a burnous. There is a print of it in the Reference Department of the National Portrait Gallery and a woodcut in _Scribner’s Magazine_, 1891, vol. ix, p. 187.

The original is in the possession of John Murray, Esq., whose firm published Denham’s book. I was allowed to see both the Denham and Clapperton portraits by the courtesy of Mr. John Murray, jun. A copy was made some years ago and is in the possession of Dr. W. H. Denham Rouse of the Perse School, Cambridge, who is a collateral descendant.

There is also a miniature of Denham, in uniform wearing the Waterloo medal and carrying a sabre presented to him by the Bashaw of Tripoli. This was painted by Newton and is reproduced on p. 7 of the _London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles-Lettres_ for 1829. The original is in the possession of Capt. H. A. Denham of 16 Hallam Street, W., as well as the Waterloo medal and the sabre. The originals of the water- colours reproduced in Denham’s book, a plated bowl used by the explorer in Africa, and a throne or curved wooden stool presented to him by the Sultan of Bornu (probably the same as or similar to the one mentioned in the account of the traveller’s first interview with the Sultan), are in the possession of Capt. L. S. Denham of Taywell, Goudhurst, Kent. Capt. Denham also informs me that the explorer brought home a Bornouese cloak, which he presented to George IV at Windsor.

KOELLE. Photo in Cust, _Modern Languages of Africa_.

MATTEUCCI. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

MASSARI. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

NACHTIGAL. There is a photo of him in a tobe and fez in his book. Another photo in European dress appears in J. Chavanne, _Die Sahara_, and another in D. Berlin’s _Erinnerungen an Gustav Nachtigal_, 1887. There is also a photo in Cust. A photo of him in evening dress is in the possession of the Royal Geographical Society of London.

NORRIS. Photo in Cust, _Modern Languages of Africa_.

OUDNEY. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

OVERWEG. There is a portrait in Petermann’s _Account, &c._ This is reproduced in Chavanne and in Schauenburg, and in von Schubert.

RICHARDSON. There is a portrait of him in a burnous with the hood drawn over his head in his book _Travels in the Desert of the Sahara_, 2 vol., London, 1848. This is reproduced in Chavanne. There is a print of it in the Royal Geographical Society’s collection, and also in the Reference Department of the National Portrait Gallery, where also is a small photo of a bust of him which was in existence in 1884. There is another portrait of him in a double-breasted frock-coat, buttoned up to the neck in Petermann’s _Account, &c._[594]

ROHLFS. There is a portrait in Chavanne and numerous ones, taken at various periods of his life, in Guenther, _Gerhard Rohlfs_. The Royal Geographical Society of London have a very faded photo of him in gown, turban, and scimitar.

SCHULTZE. Photo in Mecklenburg, _From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile_.

TOOLE. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

TYRWHITT. I have not been able to trace any portrait.

VOGEL. There is a portrait in Petermann’s _Account, &c._, reproduced in Schauenburg. There is a portrait in native dress and turban in Chavanne.

[Footnote 594: James Richardson was born in Lincolnshire in 1806, was educated for the evangelical ministry, attached himself to the English Antislavery Society and under its auspices went out to Malta, where he took part in the editing of a newspaper and also engaged in the study of the Arabic language. For account of his published works vid. Benton, _Notes, &c._, p. 150 ff.]

APPENDIX XVIII

(VID. NOTE [62])

FADEL ALLAH AND THE FRENCH

A portion of Rabeh’s force was not present at Kusseri as they were in garrison at Karnak (Logone) under Fadel Allah. The latter retreated upon Dikoa, pursued by the French [vid. Guilleux, ‘List of Authorities’]. He was routed on the River Yedseram, but escaped and rallied his forces at Mugelbu in Southern Mandara. From here he communicated in the autumn of 1900 with the British Resident at Ibi on the River Benue. From Mugelbu Fadel Allah moved back to the Kilba hills on the Yola-Bornu border, and later traversed Marghi, via Chibuk, where his camp can still be seen, then on to Marguba on the Maiduguri-Gujba road. From here he made a raid on Maiduguri and defeated the Shehu’s general, Mestrema Musa, chief eunuch, just outside the town. Mestrema Musa (Mallam Musa) is now Ajia of Borsari. Fadel Allah then continued his raid to Dikoa, which he found abandoned and burnt. Shehu Garbai fled from Dikoa to Ngala where he gave battle to F. Allah, but was defeated and fled to Kanem.

The French collected their forces and Fadel Allah had to retire hurriedly on Marguba, whence with his brother Moman Niebé in command of the advance guard with the women and baggage, he continued his retreat south-westwards; the pursuing French shelling the town of Billaraba, south of Gujba, under the mistaken impression that Fadel Allah was there, before returning to Dikoa.

Fadel Allah camped for some months in the spring of 1901 at Gwani and Bima on the River Gongola and again communicated with the British Resident of Ibi. Fadel Allah pressing for an interview with a representative of the British Government, Major McClintock was sent up by the Acting High Commissioner.

This officer met Fadel Allah at Burguma on the Maiduguri-Gujba road, and, counselling him to remain in camp pending the decision of the British Government (vid. note [67]), marched back through the Marghi district to Yola.

Fadel Allah disregarded this instruction and sent one of his lieutenants, named It, to dig up a gun which had been buried near Dikoa. The French attacked and killed It, and again Fadel Allah retired to Gujba. Here, on the Ansei swamp, the final skirmish took place on August 27, 1901. Fadel Allah was shot through the body on horseback, but was got away to Mutue, where he was buried in the swamp. The French dug him up, cut off his head and took it back to Dikoa. The name of the French commander was Dangeville. Moman Niebé surrendered and returned with the French to the French Congo.

APPENDIX XIX

HEAD-QUARTERS OF BRITISH BORNU

When Bornu was occupied in the spring of 1902 by the British force under Colonel Morland, and Shehu Abubakr Garbai invited in from Dikoa to become Head of the greater bulk of the land of his fathers, now stripped of districts apportioned by treaty to Germany and France, it was promised that the Shehu should restore and repopulate ruined Kuka if he could: in the meantime he made his temporary capital at the ancient site and large market village of Mongonu, some seventeen miles southward on the Maiduguri road.

On the appointment a few months later of a Civil Resident, this officer found it expedient to reside himself at Mongonu, leaving the eastern garrison still at Maiduguri, where Colonel Morland had placed it, with a fort. Next year, when the Shehu made his experimental move to Kuka, the Resident decided that the institution of internal caravan tolls, the paucity of the administrative staff and other considerations required his residence at the more central locality of Magumeri, where the Residency continued until the end of 1904, when Kuka became the joint capital of the British and the native administration.

At the end of 1906 it became evident that no efforts of the Shehu could attract a population or trade approaching half of its volume or importance prior to the sack of the city thirteen years previously, and that mere sentiment did not justify the retention and rebuilding of a site unhealthy and depressing, and no longer central or convenient. The Resident and the Shehu accordingly moved then down to Maiduguri, the capital of British Bornu to-day.

The government station of Maiduguri, civil and military, is built upon the sandy rise, some 1,000 feet above mean sea level, on the left bank of the little River Alo, upon which the small village of Maifoni used to stand. This is the place wrongly termed Mabani by Barth, whose map also shows the stream flowing the wrong way. The situation is healthy, commanding, and with a good water supply. Maiduguri, the large market village, is some 3½ miles away; and between this and the government station, upon the sites of the little hamlets of Kalua, is built the Shehu’s quarter, known at first as Yeriwa, but now as Shehuri. For general convenience, the absorbed hamlets of Kalua, the village of Maifoni (now moved into ‘Shehuri’), Shehuri and Maiduguri, themselves—comprising in all a population of some 10,000, together with the government station—are known as Maiduguri, likely soon to develop into a thriving commercial centre, on the highway to the Shari, Darfur, and the Nile.

APPENDIX XX (vid. p. 341)

CLAPPERTON’S PROMOTION TO LIEUTENANT

Clapperton passed for promotion to the rank of Lieutenant in 1813. He was given the acting rank of Lieutenant whilst in command of the _Confiance_ schooner on the Canadian lakes, but the Admiralty refused to confirm this. He was finally promoted in 1816 and ante-dated to 20th March, 1815. For the latter fact and for the subjoined certificate I am indebted to the kindness of W. G. Perrin, Esq., Admiralty Librarian:—

Pursuant to an Order from Sir Samuel Hood, Bart., K.B., Vice Admiral of the Blue and Commander in Chief of H.M. Ships and Vessels employed and to be employed in the East Indies and Seas adjacent, &c., dated 5th February 1813.

We have examined Mr. Hugh Clapperton, who appears by Certificate to be more than Nineteen Years of age and has been to sea more than six years in the Ships and qualities undermentioned, viz.:—

[Bty.: _Bounty._; A.: _Age._; E.: _Entry._; Q.: _Quality._;
D.: _Discharge._; T.: _Time._; C.: _Cause._]

------------+----+--------+--+-----+-----+-----+--+-------------------
| | _Place | | | | D. | | _Time._
_Ship._ |Bty.| Where |A.| E. | Q. +-----+C.+-------------------
| | Born._ | | | | T. | |_Y._|_M._|_W._|_D._
------------+----+--------+--+-----+-----+-----+--+----+----+----+----
Renommie | — |Scotland|— | 25 | Ab | 24 |— | 0 | 11 | 3 | 5
| | | |Novr.| |Octr.| | | | |
| | | |1806 | |1807 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Do. | — | — |— | 25 |Midn.| 10 |— | 0 | 8 | 5 | 0
| | | |Octr.| |June | | | | |
| | | |1807 | |1808 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Venerable | — | — |— | 11 |Midn.| 27 |— | 0 | 9 | 1 | 5
| | | |June | |Feb. | | | | |
| | | |1808 | |1809 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Passenger |None| — |— | 28 |Supy.| 14 |— | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1
to join | | | |Feb. |Midn.|March| | | | |
H.M. Ship | | | |1809 | |1810 | | | | |
Clorinde | | | | | | | | | | |
as pr | | | | | | | | | | |
certificates| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Clorinde | — | — |— | 15 |Midn.| 20 |— | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0
| | | |Mar. | |June | | | | |
| | | |1810 | |1811 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Do. | — | — |— | 21 | M. | 5 |— | 1 | 8 | 1 | 2
| | | |June |Mate |Feby.| | | | |
| | | |1811 | |1813 | | | | |
------------+----+--------+--+-----+-----+-----+--+----+----+----+----
| 6 | 2 | 3 | 6
--------------------------------------------------+----+----+----+----

He produceth Logs kept by himself in His Majesty’s Ships Renommie, Venerable, and Clorinde, and Certificates from Captains Livingstone, King, Pascoe, Edgecombe, and Briggs of his diligence and sobriety and obedience to commands. He can splice, knot, reef a sail, work a ship in sailing, shift his tides, keep a reckoning of a ship’s way, by plain sailing and Mercators, observe by the sun or star, find the variation of the compass, and is qualified to do his duty as an able Seaman and Midshipman.

Given under our hands on board H.M.S. Clorinde, Bombay Harbour, 7th February 1813.

(Sgd) THOS. BRIGGS, Captain H.M.S. Clorinde.

WM. H. WEBLEY, Captain H.M.S. Illustrious.

GEO. ELLIOT, Captain H.M.S. Hussar.

APPENDIX XXI

A BORNU PRINCE AT TRIPOLI

There is a book the full title of which is ‘Letters written during a ten years’ residence at the Court of Tripoli, published from the originals in the possession of the family of the late Richard Tully, Esq. the British Consul’. London, 1816, quarto. Third edition, 2 vols., octavo, 1819 [five coloured plates].

Vol. ii, pp. 51-5, under date of July 28, 1789, there is a short description of the visit to Tripoli of a ‘black prince of Bornu’ returning to his own country from Tripoli, who was accompanied by three wives, one of whom had learnt enough Italian to express herself in ‘Lingua Franca’.

According to Tully, the prince was very well informed and wore ‘pearls of uncommon size’ as well as ‘large gold ear-rings set with the most valuable jewels’.

The prince gave a highly coloured description of Bornu, which he declared abounded with grapes, apricots, and pomegranates, whilst the ‘enormity’ of slave-dealing was not indulged in by his countrymen, who left such things to the Christians and Pagans!

Tully further states that the people of Tripoli had such an idea of the numbers of the Bornu army, that they say when the army leaves the town a large date-tree is laid before the gate, on which each man steps as he passes, and ‘as the foot soldiers go through the gate they wear out the body of this tree’.

[For visit of a Bornu prince to Tripoli in 1853 vid. Benton, _Notes, &c._, p. 188.]

INDEX

Abana, 275.

Abba Bashir, 271.

Abba Bukar Kura, 268.

Abba Bukar, Rabeh’s lieutenant, 278.

Abba Kiari, _vid._ Shehu Kiari.

Abba Masta, _vid._ Abba Mustapha.

Abba Mustapha, 277, 303 ff.

Abba Sanda, son of Shehu Ashimi, 298.

Abbega, 232.

Abd-el-Kadir ibn Al-Haji Isa Muzi, 299.

Abdurrahman, _vid._ Shehu Abdurrahman.

Abeshr, 290.

Abore, _vid._ Fulani.

Aburraga, 276.

Abu Sikkin, 294.

acacia, 78, 86.

Adamawa, 23, 41, 44, 200, 219, 272, 291, 299.

_Adansonia digitata_, _vid._ kuka-tree.

_Aegyptischer Kurier_, 300.

Affade, 16, 115, 184.

‘African Holland’, 57.

_African Mail_, 329.

_African Society’s Journal_, 193, 332.

Afuno, 310.

agriculture, 177 ff., 210.

Ahmed, sultan or ‘mai’ of Bornu, 19, 20.

Aïr, 17, 127, 152.

Alexander, Boyd, 23, 30, 36, 144.

Alexander, Dr. David, 159.

Al Haji of Bedde, 273.

Ali Gana, 372.

Ali Ghajideni, 16, 17.

Ali, last King of Bornu, 22.

Allen, 217.

Alo, lake, 17, 310.

Alo, river, 289, 384.

Almis, 317.

Amadu Guimi, 278.

ambach, 94, 182, 187, 259.

ambatsch, _vid._ ambach.

America, 109, 110, 111, 160.

America, negro slaves in, 226.

ancestor-worship, 194.

animals, love of, 178.

Angala, _vid._ Ngala.

_Anogeissus leiocarpa_, 101.

Ansei, 61.

antelope, 122 ff.

ants, 155 ff.

ants, white, _vid._ termites.

ant-eater, 121.

ant-lion, 160.

Arabs, Djoheina, 334.

Arabs from Tripoli, 32, 197, 218.

Arabs, Shuwa, _vid._ Shuwas.

_Arachis hypogaea_, _vid._ ground-nut.

armadillo, 121.

armour, 175, 193.

Arri Fugumani, 270.

arrow-poison, 89, 100, 104, 193.

Arthur, 5.

artillery, _vid._ cannon.

Asben, 35, 300.

_Asclepias gigantea_, 83.

Audoin, 49, 53, 69.

Auta, 37.

Azhar, 4.

Babur, 194, 329, 332.

Badamuni, 44.

badger, 120.

Baedeker, 3.

Baghdad, 246.

Bagirmi, 22, 30, 34, 198, 222, 255, 259, 286-7, 297, 300, 371.

Bahia, 226.

Bahr-el-Ghazal, 49, 51, 53, 233, 308.

Ba-Ili, 58.

_Balanites aegyptiaca_, _vid._ hadjlidj.

Balbaya, 272.

Bama, 88.

banana, 77.

Banda, 286.

Bangasso, 29.

banyan, 91.

Barca Gana, 372.

bark, use of, 80.

barometrical observations, 307.

Barrow, 337, 343.

Barth, 11, 12, 13, 23, 232, 250, 378, _et passim_.

Barua, 48.

basingers, 284.

basket-work, 184.

Basset, 333, 336.

Bathurst, 356, _et passim_.

bats, 116.

Bauchi, 217, 225, 300, 301.

Bauer, 202.

_Bauhinia reticulata_, 88.

beans, 108.

Becker, 333.

Bedde, 194, 250, 259, 272, 273, 276, 290, 298, 300, 331, 332.

bee-eater, 131.

bees, 154, 191.

beeswax, 217.

beetles, 151 ff.

Béhagle, 34.

Belangawa, 258.

Belbelec, 329, 330.

Belford, 371.

Bello, 232, 259, 292, 302.

be̥nde̥ge̥, 284.

Beni Hassan, 197, 334.

benniseed, 108.

Benton, S. L., 6.

Benue, 23, 218, 230.

Bera, 266.

Berbers, 169.

Berdoa, 247.

Berebere, _vid._ Kanuri.

Beurmann, 12, 25, 225.

Bida, 229.

Biddoomy, _vid._ Budduma.

Billaraba, 382.

Bima, 382.

Birni, _vid._ Gaserregomo.

bito, 86.

black cotton soil, _vid._ firki.

boars, wild, 126.

boat, construction of, 23, 370.

Bodele, 51.

Boettger, 164.

Bohari, 265.

Bolewa, 332.

Bonavia, 366.

Bonnel de Mezières, 281, 294.

Boo Khaloom, 350, 354.

_Borassus aethiopum_, _vid._ palm, deleb.

Borku, 247, 285, 309, 333.

Bornu, ancient empire of, 3, 15.

— etymology of, 13, 295, 311, 335.

— geographical limits of, 40.

— head-quarters of, 383 ff.

— list of kings of, 239.

— list of tribes of, 325.

— population of, 206-7.

— prince at Tripoli, 387.

— _the land of lies_, 170.

Bornuski, 60.

Borroro, _vid._ Fulani.

Borsari, 311, 382.

Bosso, 332.

botany, 222; cf. Flora in List of Contents.

bowstringing, 269.

Bretonnet, 35.

bricks, burnt, 18, 176.

Briggs, 340, 387.

Budduma, 186, 187, 226, 370.

Budugar, 99.

buffalo, 123.

bugs, 120, 162.

buildings, 175, 184, 190, 193, 198.

Bulala, 16, 247, 335.

bul-bul, 138.

Bulu, 186.

Bunu, 275.

Burdon, 225, 239, 322, 342.

Burguma, 383.

Burgu Manda, 255 ff., 259.

Burra tribe, 329.

bush-babies, 116.

bush-fowl, 139.

Bussugua, 311, 331.

bustard, 140.

Buttabel, 364.

butterflies, 151, 153 ff., 228, 234 ff.

cactus, 89.

calabash, 112.

Calatrava, 280.

calendar, 322.

_Calotropis procera_, 83.

camel, 74, 166, 213.

Cameroons, _vid._ Kameruns.

_Candelabria euphorbia_, 103.

cannon, 177, 180, 278, 284, 288, 371, 383.

canoes, 185, 187.

— harvesting in, 58.

caoutchouc, 91, 217.

_Capparis sodata_, 85, 161.

— _tomentosa_, 90.

Carbou, 327, 333.

cart, 372.

cat, wild, 120.

caterpillars, 158.

cattle, _vid._ oxen.

— breeding, 212, 226, 231.

— disease, 166, 200, 226.

_Ceiba_, 77, 97.

centipedes, 162.

Chad Game Reserve, 125.

— Lake, 46 ff.; absence of trees, 93; called Lake Waterloo, 339;
connexion with the Nile, 149, 164, 308; saltness of, 53.

— Lake islanders, _vid._ Buddumas.

chair, construction of, 371.

Challamel, 91, 177.

Chaillé-Long, 29.

_Chamaerops_, 84.

chameleon, 146.

cheetah, 118.

Chibuk, 225, 382.

Chudeau, 127, 145.

Chungary, 342.

civet-cat, 120, 167.

Clapperton, 11, 21, 339 seq., 379; his nickname, 341; promotion of,
341, 385; relations with Denham, 343 ff.; travelling name, 345.

_Clorinde_ frigate, 340, 386.

clouds, 71.

coach, construction of, 371.

Cobb, 307.

Cointet, 36.

Columbus, 365, 369, 370.

_Confiance_ schooner, 385.

consul at Bornu, 346, 368.

Constantinople, 227, 246.

Coppolani, 209.

cotton, 111, 211.

Courami, 226.

cowries, 215.

crabs, 163.

crane, 142.

cress, 108.

crickets, 162.

crocodile, 145, 187.

crocodile-bird, 141.

crow, 137.

Crown Agents, 366.

crown-bird, 142.

Crosbie, 3.

_Crucifera thebaica_, _vid._ palm, dum.

cuckoo, 130.

Dabo, 302.

‘dadawa’, 102.

Dala Gumami, 247.

Damagaram, 227, 259, 261.

Damerghu, 300.

Dangeville, 383.

darter, 144.

Darfur, 232, 285, 297, 309, 327.

date, _vid._ palm, date.

dates in the calendar, 322.

Dass, 301.

dassie, 126.

Daura, 259, 300.

Decorse, 226, 327.

Demombynes, 226, 327.

‘dendal’, 177.

Denham, 11, 21, 47, 55, 222, 337 ff., 379; relations with Clapperton,
343 ff.; travelling name, 345.

— present representatives of, 6, 380.

Depont, 209.

‘dervishes’, 29.

dew, 72.

D’Huart, 50, 223.

Dikoa, 31, 36, 37, 197, 219, 253, 289, 312, 382.

Dikwa, _vid._ Dikoa.

Dinkas, 284, 297.

Dirom, 340.

Dissa, 66.

dog, 167.

— flying, 116.

— wild, 119.

dollar, 215.

Dominik, 57, 117, 119, 124, 185.

donkeys, 166.

Dorugu, 232.

Douglas, 338.

dove, 138.

dragon-flies, 160.

‘dubbo-dubbo’, 225.

Duchi, 278.

duck, 143; Muscovy duck, 167.

‘Duck’s-bill’, 5.

Dudgeon, 177.

duiker, 123.

Dujarric, 227, 279.

dukhn, 105.

Dunama Dibbalami, 15.

Dungass, 261.

Durman, _vid._ Shehu Abdurrahman.

durrha, 106.

dysentery, 73.

eagle, 133.

Edriss Aloma, 17, 111, 310.

education in Bornu, 172-3.

Egga, 229.

Egypt, 18, 246.

El Amin el Kanemy, _vid._ Lamino.

elephant, 124-5.

Ellis, Dr. Martin, 307.

_Encyclopaedia of Islam_, 4, 280, 284.

ethel, 85.

eunuchs, 227, 274.

eye-disease, 75.

execution, forms of, 269, 271.

Fadel Allah, 36 ff., 228, 279, 382 ff.

Fadr el Allah, _vid._ Fadel Allah.

Fahrenheit, how to reduce centigrade to, 63.

Fake, 260, 301.

faki, 287.

Fantrassou, 308.

fenek, 119.

ferns, 104.

Ferryman, 285, 286.

Fertit, 286.

festivals, 320 ff.

fetishism, 209.

Fezzan, 199, 267.

figs, 99, 104.

Fika, 225, 273, 291, 298, 332.

Fillani, _vid._ Fulani.

finches, 135, 137.

fire-arms, 17, 32, 260, 284.

fire-flies, 153.

‘firki’, 46, 59, 60, 95, 129, 160, 210.

fish, 149.

fishing, 178-9, 185, 192.

Fittri, 16, 247.

fleas, 160.

flies, 158 ff.

fly-catcher, 138.

flying-dog, 116.

Fort Archambault, 35.

Fort Lamy, 229.

Foureau, 35.

‘fowo’, 94.

francolin, 139.

Freydenberg, 47, 48, 51.

frogs, 148-9.

fruit, 82.

Fulani, 4, 19, 28, 199 ff., 208, 329, 330.

— vocabulary, reference to, 226, 229.

‘gabaga’, 215.

Gadabuni, 44, 98, 145.

‘gadager’, 93.

Gagiduna, 300.

Galadima, 262, 263, 312.

galago, 116.

Gambalarou, 372.

Gambaru, 247, 248.

game reserve, 125.

Gamerghu, 183, 331.

Garbai, _vid._ Shehu Garbai.

Gaserregomo (Birni), 16, 18, 20, 61, 248, 251 ff.

Gashagar, 279.

Gaskeru, 330.

Gaurang, 231, 294.

‘gawo’, 87.

gazelle, 123, 352.

geckoes, 146.

Geidam, 195, 258, 305, 312.

Gentil, 34, 37.

geology, 222, 226, 227, 229.

Gerra, 285.

Gessi, 29, 283.

Ghadames, 300.

Ghasr Eggomo, _vid._ Gaserregomo.

giraffe, 122.

girgam, 231.

Girouard, 159.

Glencoe, 340.

goats, 166, 213, 231, 377.

Gober, 259.

Goma, 60.

Gombe, 291, 299.

Gongola, River, 41, 217, 382.

Goni Mukhtar, 251.

goose, 143.

Gorko, 260.

gourd, 112.

grass, prickly, 92.

Greig, 360 ff., 366.

Gribingi, 78.

Groom, 301.

ground-nut, 108, 212.

ground-pig, 121.

Guilleux, 228.

guinea-fowl, 139, 167.

guinea-worm, 75, 165.

Gujba, 37, 45, 139, 195, 313, 329, 383.

Gulfei, 182, 184, 268, 287, 290.

gum-arabic, 87, 217, 226, 229.

Gummel, 261.

Gumsigine, 270.

gun-men, _vid._ Rabeh’s gun-men; cf. also fire-arms.

gun-powder, 180.

Gusumalla, 313, 331.

gutta-percha, _vid._ caoutchouc.

Gwani, 382.

Hadeija, 261, 264, 265.

— River, 61.

Hadjer el Hamis, 45, 311.

— Teous, 45, 311.

‘hadjlidj’, 86, 88.

hair-dressing, 174, 198, 200.

Haj Beshir, 268 ff.

Haji Mahomet, 303.

Hamet Ismael, 246.

hammer-head, 142.

Hanafi, 208.

hare, 121, 147.

harmattan, 69, 233.

Harris, 303.

hartebeeste, 123.

Hartmann, 333.

Hausa, etymology of, 313.

Hausas, 3-5, 194-5, 321; Kanuri name for, 310.

_Hausa Stories and Riddles_, 303.

Hausa vocabulary, reference to, 226, 229.

hawk, 133.

hay, 192.

Hayatu, _vid._ Mallam Hayatu.

Hejira, 323.

henna, 110, 248

Hermann, 225.

heron, 142.

Hewby, 6, 38.

_Hibiscus esculentus_, 107.

Hillman, 21, 368 ff.; travelling name, 345.

Himyaritic king, 14.

hippopotamus, 127.

honey-guide, 130.

hoopoe, 144.

hornbill, 131.

horses, 166, 178, 190, 213, 227.

Horton, 359, _et passim_.

human sacrifice, 229.

Hume, 14.

huts, 175 ff., 190, 193, 198.

hydraulic contrivances, 134, 178.

hyena, 119, 120.

Hyksos, 246.

Ibi, 382-3.

ibis, 141.

Ibn Batuta, 17, 223.

— Chaldun, 15, 223.

— Said, 13, 15.

Ibrahim, King of Bornu, 22.

— son of Yakubu of Bauchi, 302-3.

ichneumon, 120.

Idris, _vid._ Edriss.

Idjege, 66.

Iman Ahmed, 17.

impaling, 269.

India, 246.

indigo, 110.

_Ipomoea_, 95.

Isga, 206.

Islam, 14, 111, 171, 186, 200, 208, 209.

Issege, 37, 44, 61, 98, 228, 319.

It, 383.

ivory, 216.

Ja’alin, 282, 284.

jackal, 118.

Jacob, 365.

Jacoba, _vid._ Bauchi.

Jamare, 287, 292, 299, 300.

Java, 226.

Jellaba, 282, 286, 297.

jigger, 109, 160.

Joalland, 35, 228.

Johnston, 169.

Joucla, 224.

Jungarie, _vid._ Chungary.

Kaba, 314, 316.

Kabela, 253, 256, 318.

Kachella, 181, 196, 205, 259, 303, 314.

— Abdullahi, 273.

— Ali Marghi, 273.

Kachellari, 263.

Kadera, 276.

Kaderiya, 209.

Kagaburi, 276, 314.

Kaiuri, 314, 326.

‘kalgo’, 88.

Kaloma, 316.

Kalua, 384.

Kameruns, 202, 220.

Kandira, Guma, 247.

Kanem, 14, 16, 17, 314, 382; etymology of, 334.

Kanembu, 174, 182, 253, 254, 256, 314, 326.

— infantry, 372.

Kano, 17, 218, 229, 232, 260, 292, 300, 302, 314.

Kanumbu (Lamino), 302.

Kanuri, characteristics of, 5, 18, 169 ff.

— commercial instincts of, 17, 180, 214.

— etymology of, 314, 335.

— military spirit of, 19, 181.

— origin of, 168 ff., 326.

— woman, 171.

— vocabulary, reference to, 222, 229.

‘karage̥’, 87.

Karaguaro, 305, 314.

Karnak (Logone), 79, 182, 184, 287, 290.

Kasa, 318.

Kasr Kumo, _vid._ Gaserregomo.

Kassim, 275.

Katagum, 20, 21, 41, 253, 261, 291, 299.

— River, 61.

‘Katakirri’, 93.

Katsena, 259, 300.

Kauwa, 125, 188.

‘kayo’, 83.

Kazaure, 300.

Kel Etti, 330.

Kerrikerri, 194, 332.

_Khaya_, 101.

Kiari, son of Shehu Bukar, 275-6; _vid._ Shehu Kiari.

‘Kige̥’, 86.

‘Kighir’, 86.

Kilba, 382.

Kindin, _vid._ Tuareg.

kingfisher, 131.

kite, 134, 186, 187, 226, 233.

Koelle’s MSS., 228.

Kofa, 41.

‘kogana’, 16, 181.

Koiyams, 252, 329 ff.

‘Kokenawa’, 16, 181.

kola, 101.

Koreishites, 333.

Kosso, 263.

Kotoko, 23, 121, 183, 185, 250.

Kubri, 259, 326.

Kufa, 247.

Kuka, foundation of, 20, 290; sacked by Bagirmi, 257; rebuilt, 259;
destruction by Rabeh, 31, 288; abandoned by Rabeh, 289; attempt to
rebuild, 383.

kuka-tree, 98.

Kukawa, _vid._ Kuka.

Kullumfardo, 264, 329, 331.

Kumm, 224, 228.

Kund, 57, 99, 117, 125, 213.

Kung, 126.

Kuno, 35.

Kuri oxen, 166.

Kuri tribe, cf. Buddumas.

‘kurna’, 82, 83.

Kusseri, 36, 39, 56, 158, 182, 184, 226, 273-4, 290.

Kusseri, battle of, in 1846, 266.

Kwalme Shuwas, 328, 334; _vid._ Shuwas.

La Chard, 193.

Lage-Matia, 57.

Lagos, 25, 84.

Laho-Matia, 57.

Lamino, 19 ff., 27, 229, 250 ff., 301 ff., 316, 331, 344, 373.

— presents to, 374 ff.

— seal of, 257.

— sons, 374.

Lamino (friend of Shehu Bukar), 275.

Lamy, 35, 36, 232.

Lander, 342.

Landeroin, 6, 186, 208, 233, 239, 250, 251, 331.

Lane, 324.

‘lapsur’, 108.

lark, 144.

Larymore, 337.

Lau, 101.

Lauture, 333.

leather-working, 179, 217.

Legari, 275.

Lenfant, 23, 59, 70.

Leo Africanus, 17, 181.

_Léon Blot_, 34.

leopard, 116, 118.

lepidoptera, 234 ff.

leprosy, 75.

Liberated Africans, 339.

lilies, 96.

Liman, 275.

— Bergoma, 261.

lion, 117.

lip-disks, 189.

Lippert, 280, 300.

‘litham’, 195.

Livingstone, 232.

lizard, 146.

locusts, 132, 161.

Logone, River, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 216, 274.

— town, _vid._ Karnak.

Loko, 159.

‘loranthus’, 89.

lotus, 96.

‘lowan’, 330.

Lugard, 37, 223, 229.

Lukach, 339.

Lumburem, 278.

lynx, 118.

Lyon, 229, 371.

Maberly, 366.

Machena, 261.

Mackenzie, 340, 379.

Maclean, 363.

Macleod, 5, 36, 250, 311.

Madagali, 65.

Maduari, 23, 72.

‘magalia’, 83.

Magira, 171, 304.

Magiram, 171.

Maguié, 252.

Magumeri, 315, 384.

Magumis, 326, 332.

Mahdi, 29, 281, 285.

Maher, 338.

Mahmud, son of Rabeh, 36; _vid._ Niebe.

mahogany, 101.

Mai Ahmed (Amadu), 251.

— Ali, 251, 267.

— Arri ben Haj Umar, 329.

— Dunama, 251, 253, 255.

— Ibram, 257, 265.

Maiduguri, 20, 38, 195, 384; etymology of, 315.

Maifoni, 20, 38, 384; etymology of, 316; connexion with Marghi, 316.

Maina Gumsumi, 326.

maize, 107, 185.

Makari, 183.

malaria, 73, 158.

Malawa, 261.

Malematari, 206.

Maliki sect, 209, 333.

Malla Kerim, 30, 274-5, 298.

Mallam Ali (Zaki), 252-3.

— Hayatu, 287, 290, 292-3, 297, 299, 300.

Mallam Kashim, 239.

— Mustapha, 301.

— Shetima Kinguimi, 262.

— Zakaria, 324.

mallow, 107.

Malta, 21, 359 ff., 366.

manatee, 128.

Mandara country, 31, 41, 44, 45, 56, 58, 61, 104, 157, 182, 193, 290,
298, 304.

— King of, and Rabeh, 298, 300.

— tribe, 183, 185.

— vocabulary, reference to, 222.

Manga, 127, 194, 263, 331.

manure, 191.

Mao, 25, 247, 308.

marabou, 142.

marabout, 364.

Marghi, 17, 41, 192 ff., 225, 332; connexion with Maifoni and list of
kings, 316.

Margi, _vid._ Marghi.

Margoliouth, 208.

Marguba, 327, 382.

markets, 180.

Marquardsen, 47, 52, 59.

Marseilles, 345.

Masa, 183, 331.

‘massakwa’, 106, 210, 317.

Massari, 26, 229.

Massawa, 63.

Masseña, _vid._ Massenya.

Massenya, 260, 287, 294.

Matteucci, 26, 230, 334.

‘mbarma’, 318.

Mbulu, 60.

McCarthy-Morrogh, 38, 227.

McClintock, 37, 38, 239, 309, 312, 313, 383.

McIntosh, 26, 289.

McLeay, 307.

M‘Diarmid, 229, 340.

Mecca, 18, 227, 246, 252.

Mecklenburg, 7, 230.

Mele Gumsumi, 316.

Melra, 365.

Mendif, 45.

Merrick, 310, 313, 332.

Mestrema, 274-5, 382.

meteorology, 63 ff., 222, 226, 305.

Meynier, 35.

mice, 147.

Michell, 322.

millepede, 162.

millet, 105, 310.

mimosa, 78.

Minarem, 267.

Minargué, 267.

Mineral Survey, 227.

Miria, 252.

Misau, 273, 291, 299.

missionaries, 209, 210, 211.

Mobbers, 332.

Mochore, 191.

Mohammedanism, _vid._ Islam.

Mohammedan sects, 208, 209.

Mohammed Beshir al-Ghati, 282.

— Sherif, 290.

— Tar, 278.

Moharrem, 323-4.

Moiser, 307.

‘mokaddem’, 330.

Moll, 225, 227, 230.

molluscs, 163-4.

Moman Machena, 37.

Mongonu, 195, 197, 318, 327, 384.

mongoose, 120.

monitor, 145.

monkeys, 114 ff.

Monteil, 25, 28, 170, 178, 223.

months, 323.

Mora, 186.

Morland, 38, 383.

mosquito, 74, 158.

moths, 157, 234 ff.

Mourzouk, _vid._ Murzuk.

Mubi, 37.

Mugelbu, 382.

mules, 166.

Mulgue, 276.

Munio, 43, 55, 94, 119, 194, 259, 261, 293.

Muri, 211.

Murmur, 21, 337.

Murray, 379.

Murzuk, 203, 214, 355, 369.

Musgu country, 41, 57, 58, 99, 110, 160, 181, 205-6, 210, 269, 272.

— tribe, 183, 188 ff.

Musgum, 191.

music, 173.

Mustapha Mutube, 269.

Mutube, 61.

Mutue, 383.

Nachtigal, 12, 13, 25, 64, 350, _et passim_.

Nachtigal’s cook, 25.

Nafada, 140, 217.

natron, 44, 54, 55, 86, 180.

Nelson, 230, 336 ff.

Ngadda, 60.

Ngala, 21, 22, 256, 278, 365, 382.

‘ngalio’, 175, 188.

‘ngaljam’, 57, 58.

Ngamagué, 278.

Ngellewa, 298.

Ngigmi, 48.

Ngizim, 194, 250, 272.

Ngornu, 84, 111, 188, 227, 253, 256.

— battle of, 20, 47.

Ngua, 60.

Nguéléroma, 239, 251, 253, 258.

Ngunse, 318, 331.

Ngurkum, 274.

Nguru, 252, 261, 263, 265, 318.

Ngurutua, 23.

Niebe, 36, 382, 383.

Niger Co., 26, 140, 217, 289.

— water, 367.

night-jar, 132.

Nile, _vid._ Chad.

Njime, 247, 335.

‘Nokena’, 15, 16.

‘nonon giwa’, 91.

Norris, 231; cf. Pott.

Nupe, 330.

Nyamnyam, 286.

Omar, _vid._ Shehu Omar.

Omar Sanda, _vid._ Shehu Omar Sanda.

onions, 107.

orchids, 77.

— ground, 104.

oriole, 138, 144.

‘oschar’, 83.

ostrich, 139-40, 167, 226.

— eggs, 175.

— feathers, 140, 216, 217.

Oswald, 159,

Othman dan Fodio, 251, 281, 287, 292.

otter, 121.

Oudney, 21, 336 ff.; relations with Denham, 343 ff.; travelling name,
345.

Overweg, 12, 23, 332, 370.

owl, 135.

oxen, 165, 178, 199, 211, 376.

ox-pecker, 137.

Pagenstecher, 219-20.

palm, date, 85.

— deleb, 98, 133.

— dum, 84.

— raphia, 77.

Palmer, 231, 239, 329.

Pan-islam, 209.

parrots, 129.

‘Parsees, African’, 194.

Passarge, 111, 194, 204, 207.

Pavel, 38.

paw-paw, 77, 97, 109.

Pearce, 368.

pelican, 143.

_Pennisetum dichotomum_, 92.

— _penicillaria_, 105.

pepper, 109.

Perrin, 342, 385.

Perron, 232.

Petermann, 24.

Phrygian cap, 199.

piassava, 77.

pigeon, 138, 167.

_Pistia stratiotes_, 96, 100.

plough, 211.

plover, 140-1.

pomegranate, 109.

porcupine, 121.

potatoes, 107, 227.

Pott, 231.

presents to Shehu, 373.

Prins, 34.

pumpkin, 108.

Puss, 192.

_Quarterly Review_, 231.

Rabah, 280; _vid._ Rabeh.

Rabeh, 26, 29 ff., 169, 181, 186, 205, 277 ff., 331.

Rabeh’s death, 36.

— gown, 33, 174.

— gun-men, 31, 32, 278, 279.

— mark, 32, 293.

railway, 212, 213, 218, 221.

rain, 72; rainfall, 307.

Ramadan, 325.

‘raphia’, 77.

rats, 121.

‘rattal’, 214, 215.

razzias, _vid._ slave-raids.

Reffell, 339.

_rehaina_, 91.

Resener, 300.

Residents, position of, 207.

‘retam’, 85, 86, 167.

rhinoceros, 57, 126.

rhyolite, 45.

rice, 106.

Richardson, 22, 381.

Robinson, 313.

rock-partridge, 139.

Rohlfs, 12, 25, 47, 111, 127, 143, 155, 161, 170, 173, 199, 203, 216,
218, 228, 381.

roller, 132.

Royal Military College, 339, 350.

‘rottl’, _vid._ ‘rattal’.

Rouse, 380.

Sachau, 280.

‘Sahara Mission’, 35.

salamander, 149.

Salamé, 209.

salt, 81, 86, 180, 194.

_Salvadora persica_, 85.

Samory, 281.

Sandaram, 330.

sand-grouse, 139.

sandstone, 45.

sappers, 24.

Sara, 260.

‘Sarikin Mussulmi’, 209.

Saus, _vid._ Sos.

Schultze, 7.

scorpion, 162.

Seaforth, 340, 379.

seeds, 373.

Sef, 14, 247; Sefua, 14, 22, 246 ff., 335; cf. Tubbas.

Seibu Aisami, 247.

Seledeba, 44.

Selleri, 265.

Senegal, 19.

Senussi, 30, 208, 333.

Senussiya, 285.

serval, 118.

sesame, 108, 212.

Seyorum, 52.

Shari, 30, 32, 33, 48, 55, 57, 58, 59.

shea-butter, 80, 102.

sheep, 166, 213, 231, 377.