Chapter VII: Part 7

To watch over the peaceful development of the country, to keep an eye on anything that affects it, and to suggest the policy to be followed, is the business of the Residents appointed by the Colonial Powers; they are merely the advisers of the native chiefs, to whom must be left the direct jurisdiction over these territories according to the degree of civilization prevailing in each. It should be the prime duty of the European officials under all circumstances to prevent a return to the former state of affairs, i.e. mutual hostility between the pagans and Mohammedans—which would immediately degenerate again into slave- raiding—to make skilful use of existing divisions, but wherever possible to bridge them over. But this is all the more difficult since the pagan natives, remembering the former slave-raids, regard as an enemy any one of a different colour to themselves. Only a many years’ acquaintance with the peculiarities of the country can supply a key to a political system which is full of pitfalls. Though one cannot suppose that the Europeans responsible for the administration will possess the same intimate knowledge of native languages and customs as was displayed by Barth and Nachtigal, nevertheless the mastery of at least one of the locally spoken idioms, whether Arabic, Kanuri, Hausa, or Fulani, is absolutely necessary if their efforts are to be really useful. If anywhere, this holds good of the Central Sudan, where so many threads of North African tribal life are interwoven, and where all conditions and events are under the fixed control of the particularly well-organized sect of the Senussi,[458] which, though they hardly reach so far, are the moving spirit of the Pan-Islamic movement in North-East Africa, and whose activity was already noticed by Nachtigal.[459] It is this last circumstance especially that prescribes rules for the other colonizing factor which brings the native into touch with European culture, i.e. for the missionaries, rules which must differ from those which hold good for the rest of Africa. In spite of unmistakable religious tolerance, at least on the part of the Kanuri, the dominant race, it must not be forgotten that Islam, to which the country owes its ancient pre-eminence in the Sudan, has lost no ground to speak of, but on the contrary is engaged in steadily advancing. Only the very greatest patience on the part of Christian missionaries, careful conduct and a systematic advance from an assured base on the coast, can enable them to conquer this country. The slightest precipitancy would not only for ever put in question the results of missionary labour, but would have a most fatal effect on the whole political state of the country. This is especially true to-day of places where lack of suitable international arrangements has given the European Powers no opportunity of showing the great development of authority lately established in these distant regions.[460]

The chief industry of Bornu is agriculture, for which the necessary conditions exist to a degree they scarcely do elsewhere in tropical countries. The unstinted praise which Barth assigns to the Southern Musgu country as ‘the most fruitful and most richly watered tract in the world’,[461] holds equally true of many other districts of the Sultanate. No district is really bad, for even the ‘firki’ regions which, owing to the quickness with which they dry up, are to-day almost useless,[462] could certainly be made productive by the employment of a more highly developed system of husbandry. There are wide tracts in the lowlands of Bornu that present a field for agriculture of unparalleled extent. What an abundance of all the necessaries of life are to-day wrung from the soil by means of the primitive hoe, and what might not be produced by the mere introduction of the plough! It cannot be doubted that the intelligent and industrious natives, who exhibit such an exemplary system of horticulture with the most primitive implements, and who have long been aware of the value of artificial manuring, would soon grasp the advantages of the plough.[463] A suitable draught animal, the humped ox, is everywhere available, and that it is suited to use with the plough has been sufficiently proved by experiments undertaken in the Southern Kameruns.[464]

Pretty well every agricultural product of the Sudan is produced in Bornu in abundance, and certainly far cheaper than almost anywhere else in Central Africa, a circumstance to which Barth drew especial attention.[465] Of greater significance is the fact that the plant which at the present day has the greatest importance in world-commerce, i.e. cotton, has for ages been cultivated in Bornu. The good cotton produced in the country, which is manufactured in large quantities by the natives of the Sudan, proves as a matter of fact to be far superior to the cheap cotton goods imported from Europe.[466] And yet it is all produced by the primitive means of a native loom. Barth repeatedly emphasizes the fact that far from all of the soil of Bornu suited to the production of cotton is thus utilized.[467] What possibilities, therefore, are disclosed for this branch of agriculture by the utilization of all cotton soils after the introduction of better quality seed, and, above all, of a more intensive method of cultivation. Bornu, with its regular climate, is in a far more favourable position than many other cotton centres—such, for example, as the Southern States of North America, with their weather conditions which are never to be depended upon—and doubtless has a future before it so far as this product is concerned.[468]

Although the other vegetable products of Bornu cannot compete in importance with cotton, still the cultivation of many valuable agricultural products, which to-day play an important part in the export statistics of other African countries, could likewise experience an important increase. To this category belong especially ground-nuts and sesame.

Stock-raising has always received the same attention in Bornu as agriculture. The principal branch of this is cattle-breeding. One gets an idea of the enormous wealth of Bornu in cattle when one reads the descriptions of the Musgu country. Kund estimates that in these districts, where village joins village, a single place of some 100 farms possesses from 200 to 250 head of cattle.[469] Even if one takes into consideration that all districts are not suited for stock-raising, especially those where large stretches of forest make cattle-keeping difficult, still one may assume that Bornu is one of the richest countries in cattle of the whole of the Dark Continent. Flocks of sheep and goats are in places by no means inconsiderable, but they are generally met with in districts of Bornu less favoured by nature.[470]

From the proximity of the Sahara it is only natural that camel- and horse-breeding should have been undertaken in Bornu from early times. Although the prospects of camel-breeding have proved to be poor owing to reasons already mentioned, horse-breeding still flourishes, encouraged as it is by the possibility of always importing fresh stock from the North to reinvigorate the breed.[471] Nevertheless, it appears that this branch of industry has not attained the development since Denham and Barth’s times that one might have expected from the descriptions of these travellers. At a review Barth saw 10,000 horses at one spot—this, indeed, comprised the entire mounted force of the country—but it is doubtful whether at the present day this number could be again assembled, though one must also take into consideration that the occasion for such an assembly has disappeared for ever.

The existence of such a high development of agriculture, including the important occupations of cotton-growing and stock-raising, is bound to entail among a numerous population many forms of industry. It is not necessary to recapitulate here the industrial productions of the country; they have already been mentioned in the description of the various tribes. This much is certain, that everything which the industries of Bornu have accomplished—not only in the production of textile and leather goods—shows that the task of the European merchant here of creating wants and finding markets for native manufactures has already to a great extent been fulfilled. In this connexion it is to be remembered that Bornu was perhaps the first of the Mohammedan countries of Central Africa to enter into commercial relations with foreign nations, and thus came early into touch with Western products.[472]

A further proof of the commercial spirit of the population of Bornu is the comparatively highly developed form of currency which Barth found already in existence. Besides the very common system of barter, purchases for cash were at that time usual everywhere. The oldest medium for reckoning was a fixed weight of copper, the ‘Rottl’, a term which has remained even to-day as the unit of computation even after the introduction of other and commoner forms of currency. To these forms of currency belong the cotton-strips called ‘gabaga’, four of which go to one ‘Rottl’. At that time and until quite lately the Maria Theresa dollar,[473] a medium of reckoning which is very widely distributed in the Mohammedan world, was also current as well as that peculiar substitute for coin, the cowry-shell; in Barth’s and Nachtigal’s time the exchange was 3,000 to 4,000 cowries to the dollar and 32 to the ‘Rottl’.[474] Although the rate of exchange was fixed, still important fluctuations took place and always made cash transactions somewhat complicated.[475] It is only quite recently that European currency has been officially introduced and made available by the Colonial Powers, but naturally it is only able to supersede very gradually the medium of reckoning hitherto customary.

According to Rohlfs, the reason of the high development of trade in Bornu is the ‘absolute freedom of trade and industry’ and the freedom of all goods from tolls.[476] Nachtigal, however, mentions a kind of river- toll on the Logone, and similar arrangements of a more local nature may even still be found.[477]

How these trade relations—which naturally depend on the interchange of goods by the Sudan peoples among themselves—will shape in the future it is not yet possible to foresee. But this much is certain, that the chief objects of export and the lines which they take will have quite changed within a few years. Both certainly depend on the same causes.

In Barth’s time slaves were still the chief export of Bornu,[478] and even when Rohlfs visited the country things had altered little, as is proved by the figures previously quoted. Nachtigal says, not much later, that the exports of Bornu are confined ‘almost entirely to slaves, ostrich feathers, and ivory’. This traveller was the first to notice a distinct falling off in the most important ‘article’—a natural result of the restrictions that had begun to be enforced on the slave-trade.[479] But it is only in quite recent years that the export of slaves across the Great Desert to the shores of the Mediterranean has ceased. Ivory as well as living merchandise has now ceased to be an important article of export, owing to the war of extermination waged for many years against the elephant. Moreover, the quantity of ostrich feathers produced in Bornu was not important enough to influence trade. But it was these three chief Bornu products alone that made remunerative the caravan trade across the Desert, inseparable as this trade was from so much risk and expense.[480] The efforts of individual Tripoli merchants to maintain trade along the old routes in spite of quite altered conditions—by importing the goods hitherto customary and exporting the excellent Bornu leather—cannot be considered to have much vitality, especially as the condition of the Sahara has become more and more insecure.[481] The restless robber tribes of the Desert, Tuareg and others, who were formerly dependent on the caravan trade, on which they levied voluntary or involuntary tolls, have pushed southwards, seeking new sources of subsistence, and have thus not only rendered conditions in the northern parts of Bornu increasingly precarious, but have also made trade along the old routes almost entirely impossible.[482] This circumstance has contributed materially to assist—partially at any rate—the development of the natural artery of commerce for the Central Sudan, the Niger-Benue route advocated long ago by Barth and Rohlfs.[483] Thus the apprehensions of the Arab merchants, who have been intriguing for the last sixty years against European competition, have been realized.[484] As a matter of fact the Niger-Benue route is the only natural one by which the products of the Central Sudan, especially ground-nuts, shea-butter, sesame, and gum-arabic, articles of extremely low intrinsic value, can be conveyed to the coast. Only when it was possible to bring these products to the coast in considerable quantities, and when cotton—and that, too, in large quantities—was added to them, was the existing natural water-way made use of, so far as this was possible. But there is no doubt that the importance of the Niger- Benue route, in consideration of the poverty of natural means of communication between the Central Sudan and the coast, has always been overrated. Any one who has once made the wearisome canoe journey up the Benue, lasting at least four weeks in the dry weather, when progress is often only possible by digging artificial canals, will not estimate too highly the value of this water-way. It is not till July that the water of this river, which rises very rapidly and increases many feet in depth, reaches such a height that large steamers can reach German Adamawa; but by October the water begins to fall with the same rapidity, and steamers which have not got away at the right time have to stick where they are and await the next rainy season before they can return. All merchandise that cannot be shipped on steamers during the rains must either be entrusted to the very costly and insecure canoe transport or be stored to await a more favourable opportunity for shipment. It may be imagined what an unfavourable influence these periodic possibilities of shipment have, for example, on the sale of cotton, an article which is subject to such considerable fluctuations both in supply and demand. Canoe transport would be quite out of the question for the utilization of other agricultural products, especially of course for a trade in cattle. This means of transport is so dear even for the importation of the European goods in vogue in the Sudan, that the Hamburg firm of Pagenstecher, trading in German Bornu, has had to withdraw the ‘factories’ which it had pushed forward to Dikoa and Kusseri, as they could not show a profit.[485] As regards German Bornu the water-ways, which for the greater part lie in British territory, have also the disadvantage that though navigation on the rivers is free in accordance with international agreements, still there is an inevitable control by the British of German trade, which under the circumstances is not at all convenient.

But the German colony of the Kameruns is in a fortunate position, for by far the shortest ideal line of connexion between the sea and Bornu, which may be regarded as the focus-point of the Sudan, runs through their territory; this line is the one from the Bight of Biafra to Lake Chad. It is the urgent duty of the German Empire to make use of this fortunate circumstance.

Barth, Rohlfs, and Nachtigal with one accord perceived many years ago the high value of the Chad countries, and any one who has personal knowledge of them will gladly join in Nachtigal’s dictum that ‘there may be many tropical countries in which, thanks to mighty rivers and the alternation of mountain and valley, Nature may seem more stupendous and more opulent, beauty more sublime, vegetation more luxuriant, and the soil more fruitful, but there is scarcely any country in Central Africa which, if the efforts of mankind corresponded to the powers of the soil, offers a more beneficent prospect of rapid development’.[486]

Nevertheless, this development cannot proceed at the rate which this rich and fortunate country deserves. The fault lies with the insufficiency of its natural trade routes. Nothing but a railway can change this; it alone could render possible a full utilization of the rich cotton soil and of the other resources of the country. The conditions are very favourable, for the technical difficulties of railway building from the Bight of Biafra to Lake Chad are not too great, and the line—whose first stage from Bonaberi to the Manenguba Hills will be ready in 1910—is nowhere intended to be a trunk line, since everywhere it will pass through districts capable of development. The railway will be the first thing to disclose, as they deserve, the high value of the Chad countries; without it they have lain hitherto like the dead and useless stock on a merchant’s shelves.

[Footnote 448: Bauer, p. 137.]

[Footnote 449: Barth, ii. 417.]

[Footnote 450: Barth, iii. 112 (German edition).]

[Footnote 451: Rohlfs, i. 316; Nachtigal, i. 701.]

[Footnote 452: Passarge, p. 526.]

[Footnote 453: Cf. Barth, ii. 151, iii. 273; Rohlfs, ii. 2; Nachtigal, i. 715, 722; Passarge, p. 527.]

[Footnote 454: Cf. Stieber, _loc. cit._, p. 84.]

[Footnote 455: As regards the density of population in the hill country, it is worthy of note that Zimmermann estimates the population of he Mandara Highlands at 250,000. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._, p. 464.]

[Footnote 456: Nachtigal, ii. 441.]

[Footnote 457: This figure indeed differs widely from the official estimate given for the total population for the whole of the Kameruns, viz. 1,300,000. Passarge very rightly doubts the correctness of the official statement, and estimates that there are at least 2,700,000 inhabitants in the Kameruns (_Kamerun im Jahre 1907-1908, Koloniale Rundschau_, 1909, p. 517). But even this figure appears to me much too low. [The official figure for the British Province of Bornu on April 1, 1911, was 674,230.]]

[Footnote 458: [The Senussi have proved a fruitful source of inspiration to alarmist writers, both in England and on the Continent. The influence of the Senussi in Bornu is nil, nor is it likely to spread there. The majority of the Kanuri belong to the Tojani or Tijani sect of Islam. The Tojani and the Senussi are about as likely to co-operate as a Puseyite and a Plymouth Brother, or rather as a Kensit preacher and a Broad Churchman. The following remarks, taken from Professor Margoliouth’s monograph on ‘Mohammedanism’, recently published, bear on the point. On p. 184 he says: ‘Senussi’s idea was to unite Moslems against European influence, from which he failed to dissociate that of the Turks. In the heart of Africa he proposed to found an Islamic state, whither all Moslems who wished to be quit of these pernicious influences could resort for refuge. . . . His doctrine savoured strongly of Wahhabism in respect of its puritanism, e.g. prohibition of tobacco and music. . . . So far as they have interfered in disputes between tribes and governments, it appears to have been with a view to conciliation.’ Again on p. 221 he says: ‘The Tijanis of North Africa used to be mentioned as an exceptional case of an order which has favoured the power of France.’ Cf. p. 333 of the present work.

In this connexion M. Landeroin remarks, _Doc. sc._, ii. 528: ‘It is pretty generally supposed that the tribes between the Niger and the Chad have all been Islamized, whereas in reality Islam has not penetrated very far into the heart of the population. Its propagation was favoured by the Arab merchants, and above all, by the Fulani . . . but the attachment of the natives for this religion seems never to have been more than outward, . . . and its practice seems to be decreasing more and more since the occupation of the country by France and England. Since Fulani, Arabs, and Tuaregs have had to yield to the Christians, and it no longer appears politic to flatter the masters of the country by adopting their religious beliefs, the mass of the population is quietly returning to their ancient and simple fetish practices, only retaining certain external appearances of Islam.’

If this means that Mohammedanism in Nigeria is only skin-deep, it is perfectly true. On the other hand, it is equally true that, at any rate, nominal adhesion to Islam is spreading among the pagans. For a detailed account of Islamic sects vid. Depont and Coppolani, _Les Confréries religieuses musulmanes_, Algiers, 1897; but I think they are wrong in showing on their map a Senussi ‘zauwia’ at Kuka. The Sarikin Mussulmi of Sokoto is, I believe, Kaderiya. In jurisprudence Bornu follows the Hanafi school, cf. Denham, Appendix V, and foot-note thereto by A. Salame, official Arabic translator to the Foreign Office; and Benton, _Notes, &c._, p. 200; Sokoto follows the Maliki school.]]

[Footnote 459: Nachtigal, i. 192; ii. 50.]

[Footnote 460: As early as 1903 two American missionaries made a temporary stay in the Central Sudan (British Adamawa), but had to retire owing to total lack of means.]

[Footnote 461: Barth, iii. 236.]

[Footnote 462: [On the contrary, large crops of ‘masakwa’ or dry weather corn are grown on the ‘firki’ soil. This soil is generally known as ‘black cotton soil’, apparently on the ‘lucus a non lucendo’ principle: it is not black but grey, and cotton is never grown on it.]]

[Footnote 463: [The Catholic Fathers at Tshendam in Muri Province are trying to teach the natives the use of the plough, and some men and oxen have been sent from British Bornu to learn. Men who have had practical experience of farming in the Tropics have grave doubts of the success of ploughing. Land in the Tropics must be frequently allowed to lie fallow, and the labour expended in stumping the land would more than outweigh the labour saved by the use of the plough. Only experience can show whether this opinion is correct.]]

[Footnote 464: Dominik, p. 219.]

[Footnote 465: Barth, ii. 313. Provisions were accordingly one quarter cheaper in Kukawa than in Timbuctoo, one-third cheaper than in Kano, and half the price of those in Katsena and Sokoto. Cf. also Nachtigal, i. 692 ff.]

[Footnote 466: Cf. also Nachtigal, i. 648.]

[Footnote 467: Barth, iii. 282.]

[Footnote 468: [With the present means of transport the export of cotton from Bornu is totally out of the question. Even if railway transport were provided, it is extremely doubtful if the export, at the present price of cotton, would pay.]]

[Footnote 469: Kund, _loc. cit._, p. 28.]

[Footnote 470: [Experiments are being made in sending cattle and sheep from Bornu to Lagos via the railway at Kano.]]

[Footnote 471: Cf. Rohlfs, i. 343.]

[Footnote 472: Nachtigal mentions among the European products imported into Bornu, via Tripoli and Murzuk, textile fabrics, paper, perfumery, and especially cutlery from England, Solingen, and Steiermark. Nachtigal, i. 697 ff.; cf. also Dominik, p. 163 ff.]

[Footnote 473: It is essential that the coin has the date 1780 to be accepted as currency. Such dollars were specially minted at Trieste until recently for use in the Sudan. [The importation of these dollars into British territory is now forbidden, but they are still imported into French and German country. Their intrinsic value is about 1_s._ 6_d._, but their exchange value in Bornu is at present 3_s._, though of course it fluctuates. The value of any particular dollar depends on its condition, which is decided by whether or not the brooch on the Queen’s shoulder is visible. This of course gives the native a much valued opportunity for haggling. The date on them (1780) is always the same, doubtless for convenience of minting, but I have twice seen genuine Austrian dollars in circulation, one was a Maria Theresa coin of different design and date, and the other was a Francis I. The native word for a dollar—‘gurus’ or ‘grush’—is said to be a corruption of ‘groschen’, vid. Decorse, _Rabah et les Arabes du Chari_, p. 56. Carbou, _L’Arabe parlé au Ouaday_, p. 132, states that dollars have been coined by the French Mint for the African trade.]]

[Footnote 474: [Thirty-two cowries to the ‘rottl’ or ‘rattal’ still holds good.]]

[Footnote 475: Barth, ii. 310; Nachtigal, ii. 690.]

[Footnote 476: Rohlfs, i. 347. The dollar which the recognized broker obtains for every horse and camel sold by auction does not seem to be regarded by Rohlfs as a tax.]

[Footnote 477: Nachtigal, ii. 541.]

[Footnote 478: Barth, ii. 339.]

[Footnote 479: Nachtigal, i. 700 ff.]

[Footnote 480: Rohlfs, i. 351.]

[Footnote 481: [The following trade figures of produce purchased by the Niger Company’s station at Nafada on the Gongola have been kindly supplied by their agent there, Mr. C. W. Allen. The bulk of the produce comes from Bornu, though some comes from Bauchi Province. As will be seen, the figure for ostrich feathers is enormous. The war in Tripoli has diverted the feather trade to Nafada. Few of the feathers come from British Bornu, mostly from French country across the Shari. European ostrich farms are now being started there by private enterprise.

1912.

Ostrich Feathers 15,772½ lb.

Red, undyed skins 52,020 Pcs.

T

Gum-arabic 56 11 2 2

Gutta-percha 8 1 2 8½

Beeswax 2 1 26

Cow-hides 1,638 Pcs.

Native Silk 1 5

]]

[Footnote 482: [The Kano railway and the Tripoli War have put the last nail in the coffin of the caravan trade. Arabs are already beginning to leave Tripoli and settle in Kano.]]

[Footnote 483: Barth, iii. 220, and Rohlfs, i. 351.]

[Footnote 484: Barth, ii. 344.]

[Footnote 485: According to a written communication from the head of the firm of Pagenstecher to the writer (July 24, 1909).]

[Footnote 486: Nachtigal, ii. 387; cf. also Barth, iii. 162 ff. (German edition); Rohlfs, i. 351, and Reclus, p. 658.]

IX

LIST OF AUTHORITIES

ALIS, HARRY [pseudonym of J. H. Percher]. _A la conquête du Tchad._ Paris, 1891.

—— _Nos Africains._ Paris, 1894.

AMBRONN, L. Bericht über die astronomisch-geodätischen Beobachtungen der Expedition zur Festlegung der Grenze Yola-Tschadsee. _Mitt. aus den deutsch. Schutzgeb._, Bd. xviii, 1905.

AUDOIN, M. Notice hydrographique sur le lac Tchad, in _La Géographie_, vol. xii (1905), p. 305 ff.

BARTH, DR. HEINRICH. Briefliche Mitteilungen des Herrn v. Beurmann an Dr. Heinr. Barth in _Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdkunde_, Bd. xv (1863), p. 274 ff.

—— Die Bestätigung der Todesnachricht des Herrn M. von Beurmann, _idem_, p. 538 ff.

—— _Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Central-Afrika in den Jahren 1849-55._ 5 Bde. Gotha, 1857-8. [English edition, _Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa_, 5 vols. There is also an abridged edition in one volume in the Minerva Library.]

BAUER, FRITZ. _Die deutsche Niger-Benue-Tsadsee-Expedition, 1902-3._ Berlin, 1904.

CHEVALIER, AUG. De l’Oubangui au lac Tchad à travers le bassin du Chari. _La Géographie_, ix (1904), p. 343 ff.

CHUDEAU, R. D’Alger à Tombouctou par l’Alhaggar, l’Aïr et le Tchad, _La Géographie_, vol. xv (1907), p. 261 ff.; and L’Aïr et la région de Zinder, _idem_, p. 321 ff.

DENHAM. _Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa_, by Major Denham, F.R.S., Captain Clapperton, R.N., and the late Doctor Oudney. 2 vols. London, 1826. [This is the second edition. The first edition was in one volume, quarto (1826), and contained vocabularies of Bornu, Begharmi, Mandara, and Timbuctoo languages, and appendices on Zoology, Botany, Geology, and Meteorology omitted in subsequent editions.]

DESTENAVE. Exploration des Iles du Tchad. _La Géographie_, vii (1903), p. 420.

—— Reconnaissance géographique de la région du Tchad. _Idem_, p. 157.

DOMINIK, H. Bericht über die Gebiete zwischen dem oberen Benuë und dem Tsardsee, in _Deutsch. Kolonialbl._, xiv. Jahrg.

—— _Vom Atlantik zum Tschadsee._ Berlin, 1908.

D’HUART. Le Tchad et ses habitants. _La Géographie_, ix (1904), p. 161.

EHRENBERG, PROF. Briefliche Mitteilungen des Herrn von Beurmann an Prof. Ehrenberg, in _Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdkunde_, Bd. xv (1863), p. 287 ff.

FOUREAU, F. _D’Alger au Congo par le Tchad._ Paris, 1902.

—— _Documents scientifiques de la Mission Saharienne._ 2 vols. Paris, 1903-4.

FREYDENBERG. Explorations dans le bassin du Tchad, in _La Géographie_, Bd. xv (1907), p. 161 ff.

GENTIL, E. _La Chute de l’empire de Rabah._ Paris, 1902.

HASSERT, DR. KURT. _Deutschlands Kolonien._ Leipzig, 1909.

IBN BATUTA (1353). In _Collection d’ouvrages orientaux publiée par la Société Asiatique_, vol. iv. Paris, 1858, p. 441 ff.

IBN CHALDUN (1381-2). _Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères, traduite par de Slane_, vol. ii. Alger, 1854.

LENFANT, E. A. De l’Atlantique au Tchad par la Bénoué, in _La Géographie_, ix (1904), p. 321 ff.

—— _La Grande Route du Tchad._ Paris, 1905.

LEO AFRICANUS (1528). Description de l’Afrique, escrite par Jean Leo African. Nouvelle édition annotée par Ch. Schefer, vol. iii. In _Recueil de voyages et de documents_, Paris, 1898, p. 308 ff. [English edition translated and collected by John Pory, 1600.]

LUGARD, SIR F. D. Northern Nigeria. Memorandum on the taxation of natives in Northern Nigeria. In _Colonial Reports_, London, 1907.

MARQUARDSEN, H. _Der Niger-Benuë._ Berlin, 1909.

—— Die geographische Erforschung des Tschadsee-Gebietes bis zum Jahre 1905, in _Mitteil. aus den deutsch. Schutzgeb._, Bd. xviii, p. 318 ff.

MASSARI. Bericht in _Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana_, 6, 1881, vol. xviii, p. 811 ff.

MÖCKLER-FERRYMAN, A. F. _British Nigeria._ London, 1902.

MOISEL, M. Begleitworte zu der Karte 3, ‘Der deutsche Logone und seine Nachbargebiete’ in _Mitteil. aus den deutsch. Schutzgeb._, Bd. xviii, p. 179 ff. _Idem_, Schipper, Bemerkungen, &c.

MONTEIL, P. L. _De Saint-Louis à Tripoli par le lac Tchad._ Paris, 1894.

NACHTIGAL, DR. GUSTAV. _Saharâ und Sudân_, Bd. i, ii, und iii. Berlin, 1879, 1881, 1889. [There is a French translation by J. Gourdault.]

OPPENHEIM, MAX FREIHERR V. _Rabeh und das Tschadseegebiet._ Berlin, 1902.

PASSARGE, DR. SIEGFRIED. _Adamaua._ Berlin, 1895.

POLKO, ELISE. _Erinnerungen an einen Verschollenen. Aufzeichnungen und Briefe von und über Eduard Vogel._ Leipzig, 1863. [The authoress was Vogel’s sister.]

PUTTKAMER, V. Bericht über seine Reise in das Tschadsee-Gebiet, in _Deutsch. Kolonialbl._, xv. Jahrg.

RECLUS, ÉLISÉE. _Nouvelle Géographie Universelle_, vol. xii. Paris, 1887.

REICHENBACH, E. STROMER VON. _Die Geologie der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika._ München, 1896.

ROHLFS, GERHARD. _Quer durch Afrika._ 2 vols. Leipzig, 1874.

SCHWEINFURTH, DR. G. Bericht über die von M. v. Beurmann 1862 aus dem mittleren Sudân eingesandten Pflanzenproben; in _Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdkunde_, Bd. xv (1863), p. 293 ff.

STIEBER. Bericht über seine Reise in das Gebiet der Musgus. _Kolonialbl._, xvi. Jahrg., p. 81 ff.

TILHO, JEAN. Exploration du lac Tchad, in _La Géographie_, vol. xii (1905), p. 195 ff.

VOGEL, EDUARD. Briefe und Berichte, in _Petermann’s Mitteilungen_, 1855-7. Gotha.

ZIMMERMANN. Bericht über eine Bereisung des Mandara-Gebirges, &c., in _Deutsch. Kolonialbl._, xvii. Jahrg. (1906).

[In addition to the above-mentioned there are various books and articles which have appeared since the publication of the German original of this monograph, or which escaped its author’s notice. For many titles I am indebted to Joucla’s _Bibliographie de l’Afrique Occidentale Française_, and to a _Bibliography of the Sudan_ printed by Dr. Karl Kumm, a copy of which was kindly sent me by the author; also to Struck’s ‘Linguistic Bibliography of Northern Nigeria’, in the _African Society’s Journal_. Items which I have not been able to examine myself are marked with an asterisk (*).—P. A. B.]

ADELUNG, J. C., and J. S. VATER. _Mithridates_. Berlin, 1812, Part III, pp. 232-5.

AL-BAKRI. Reprint of de Slane’s edition. Algiers, 1910.

ALEXANDER, BOYD. _From the Niger to the Nile._ London, 1907.

—— Article on Lake Chad in _African Society’s Journal_ for April 1908.

—— _Boyd Alexander’s Last Journey_, edited by Herbert Alexander. London, 1912.

ALEXANDER, DR. DAVID. Article on Bornu ‘dubbo-dubbo’ or Punch and Judy, in _Man_ for 1911.

_Annual Biography and Obituary._ Volume for 1829, contains short obituaries of Denham and Clapperton.

BALBI, ADR. _Atlas ethnographique._ Paris, 1826, Tab. xxxix, No. 310. Maiha.

BARRÈS, M. _Une Âme de Colonial. Lettres du Lieut.-Col. Moll avec une préface de M. Maurice Barrès._ Paris, 1912. Cf. Eschevannes. [Does not directly concern British Bornu, where, however, Col. Moll was both known and admired.]

BARTH, DR. HEINRICH. _Central African Vocabularies._ 3 vols. Gotha, 1862 (in English and German).

—— Die Ausfragen des überlebenden Dieners Dr. E. Vogel’s über den Tod seines Herrn, article in _Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, 1863, p. 248. [This includes the official report from Major Hermann, British Consul at Tripoli. Amongst other things we learn that Vogel usually wore a tobe and a turban, but that when he did don European dress it consisted of a gold-laced cap, dark braided coat and black overalls.]

—— vid. also under Beurmann, and under Schubert.

BENTON, P. A. _Kanuri Readings._ London, 1911.

—— _Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan._ London, 1912.

BERLIN, DOROTHEA. _Erinnerungen an Gustav Nachtigal._ Berlin, Gebrüder Paetel, 1887.

BEURMANN, MAURICE VON. Tod nebst Übersicht seiner Reisen (1861-3), sowie derjenigen von Overweg (1850-2) und Vogel (1853-6), article by Barth in _Petermann’s Mittheilungen_, 1864, p. 25. Map. [Beurmann visited Bauchi (Jacoba) and returned via Fika in November, 1862. He also accompanied a slave raid to Marghi and Chibuk in the same year.]

—— Briefliche Mittheilungen an Dr. H. Barth und Prof. Ehrenberg aus Kuka, 7. Sept. und 24. Dec. 1862, printed in _Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, 1863, p. 273.

*BRUEL, G. _L’Occupation du bassin du Tchad._ Moulins, 1902.

_Bulletin of the Imperial Institute_, 1908, vi. 47 and 175, and 1910, viii. 352 and 402.

BURDON, MAJOR J. A., C.M.G. _Historical Notes on Certain Emirates and Tribes_, selected and arranged by. Printed by Waterlow, 1909.

BURTON, SIR R. _Negro Wit and Wisdom._ London, 1865.

CARBOU, H. _Méthode pratique pour l’étude de l’arabe parlé au Ouadai et à l’est du Tchad._ Paris, in-8, 1911.

—— _La Région du Tchad et du Ouadai._ 2 vols, Paris, 1912. [Includes notes on the Tubu language.]

CASTELNAU, F. DE. _Renseignements sur l’Afrique Centrale et sur une nation d’hommes à queue qui s’y trouverait, d’après le rapport des nègres du Soudan, esclaves à Bahia._ Paris, 1851. [Contains information from various slaves from Bornu taken to South America, and plates of tribal marks. Also vocabularies of Hausa, Filani, Courami, and Java.]

CHEVALIER, A. _Mission Chari-Lac Tchad, 1902-4._ Paris, 1907.

CHUDEAU, R. _Missions au Sahara._ 2 vol. Paris, 1908-9. [Only the second volume concerns the Sudan. Not much about Bornu. General survey of geology, meteorology, &c.]

*—— _Les Bœufs du Nord du Tchad._ (As. Fr. Av. Sc. Clermont-Ferrand, L. xxxvii, pp. 1061-3, 1 fig.)

CLAPPERTON, H. _Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo._ London, 1829.

—— vid. Denham.

CORDENOY, H. J. DE. _Gommes, Résines d’origine exotique et Végétaux qui les produisent._ Paris, Challamel, 1900.

CORNET, CAPITAINE. _Au Tchad._ Paris, 1910. Plon Nourrit. [Deals chiefly with the Shari and with the country north of Chad.]

CUHN, E. W. _Reisen in das Innere von Africa._ Leipzig, 1790, p. 256; cf. p. 242.

CUST, R. N. _Modern Languages of Africa._ 2 vols. London, 1883.

DECHAMBRE, P. Les Moutons de l’Afrique Occidentale, article in _Revue coloniale_ for August, 1905. [The same article is also printed in the _Bulletin de la Société languedocienne de Géographie_, vol. xxviii, Montpellier, 1905.]

—— Les Bovins du Soudan, article in _Revue coloniale_ for June, 1905. [Deals chiefly with Senegal Fulani cattle and their diseases.]

*DECHAMBRE ET HEIM. _Notes sur quelques races bovines de l’Afrique Occidentale._ Paris, 1908. A. Challamel.

DECORSE, DR. J. Le tatouage, les mutilations ethniques et la parure chez les populations du Soudan, article in _L’Anthropologie_, 1905, p. 129.

*—— Élevage de l’autruche en Afrique Occidentale française, in _Agric. prat. des pays chauds_, vii, 1907, 2e semaine, pp. 121-33.

—— _Mission Chari-Lac Tchad, 1902-4 : Du Congo au Lac Tchad._ Paris, 1906.

DECORSE ET DEMOMBYNES. Budduma and Kury Vocabularies, in _Actes du XIVe Congrès des Orientalistes_. Alger, 1905.

—— _Rabah et les Arabes du Chari._ Paris, N.D.

DELEVOYE, Enseigne de Vaisseau, Second de la Mission Lenfant (1903-4). _En Afrique Centrale (Niger-Benoué-Tchad)._ Paris, 1906. [On p. 127 he mentions meeting McCarthy Morrogh at Ngornu and giving him the first dish of fried potatoes ever seen on Lake Chad!]

*DESTENAVE. Le Lac Tchad, article in _Revue générale des Sciences_, 1912, pp. 649, 661, and 717.

*DUBOIS. Bas Chari, rive sud du Tchad et Bahr el Ghazal, article in _Annales de Géographie_, xii, July 1903.

DUJARRIC, GASTON. _Vie du Sultan Rabah._ Paris, 1902.

EDRISI. _Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne._ Texte arabe et traduction par R. Dozy et M. J. de Goeje. Leyden, 1866. E. J. Brill.

_Encyclopaedia of Islam_ (now in course of publication by Luzac & Co., London). [The article on Bornu is not up to date and contains various misprints.]

ESCHERICH, K. _Die Termiten oder weissen Ameisen_, Leipzig, 1909. [Many illustrations.]

ESCHEVANNES, C. D’. _Henry Moll, d’après sa correspondance._ Imprimerie de l’Union Typographique. Domois-Dijon. [1911?] [Col. Moll was killed in action at Dridjelé in Wadai on Nov. 9, 1910. He had previously been stationed in Zinder, 1901, was on the Anglo-French Niger-Chad Boundary Commission, 1903-4, and from 1909-10 was in charge of the Territoire Militaire du Tchad. Cf. Barrès.]

FALCONER, J. W. _Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria._ London, 1910. [The author was head of the Government Mineral Survey Party, and is now Lecturer on Geography in Glasgow University.]

—— _On Horseback through Nigeria._ London, 1911.

*FRANCO, DE. _Étude sur l’élevage du cheval en Afrique Occidentale française._ Melun, imp. administrative, 1905.

*FREIMARK, H. _Das Sexualleben der Afrikaner._ Berlin, 1911.

GADEN. _Notice sur la résidence de Zinder._ In-8, Paris, Lavauzelle, 1903. 2 francs. [Zinder is the capital of Damagaram, formerly subject to Bornu. M. Gaden’s brochure describes the district historically, geographically, &c., and is illustrated.]

—— Les États musulmans de l’Afrique Centrale et leurs rapports avec la Mecque et Constantinople, article in _Questions diplomatiques et coloniales_ for October, 1907. [Deals chiefly with the manufacture and export of eunuchs.]

GARDE, G. _Description géologique des régions situées entre le Niger et le Tchad._ Paris, 1911. 8 francs 50 centimes. [The author was the geologist attached to the Anglo-French Boundary Commission in 1907.]

GUENTHER, KONRAD. _Gerhard Rohlfs. Lebensbild eines Afrikaforschers._ Freiburg i. Br., 1912. E. Fehsenfeld. [Includes numerous photos of Rohlfs, his wife, his house, family tomb, &c.]

GUILLEUX (SERGENT). _Journal de route d’un caporal de tirailleurs._ (Mission Foureau-Lamy.) Belfort, 1905. Schmidt. [The author took part in the defeat of Rabeh at Kusseri and the pursuit of Fadel Allah to Issege, but went on leave before the final defeat and death of Fadel Allah at Gujba. The author, or possibly a journalistic friend, writes in a very flamboyant style. The key-note of the book may perhaps be described as patriotism—with a touch of pornography; ‘Charge, Chester, charge,’ on one page, and ‘Woman in our hours of ease’ on the next.]

HELD, T. V. _Märchen und Sagen der afrikanischen Neger._ Jena, 1904, p. 171.

HERTSLET, SIR E. _The Map of Africa by Treaty._ London, 1910.

HOEFFER, F. _Afrique Centrale: Soudan, Bornou, &c._ In-8, 1848. F. Didot. [This forms vol. v of _L’Univers Pittoresque_, and is a mere _réchauffé_ of Denham and Clapperton.]

*JOALLAND. De Zinder au Tchad et à la conquête du Kanem, article in _B. S. Bretonne G. Lorient_, 1901, xix, 160-80.

JOUCLA, EDMOND. _Bibliographie de l’Afrique Occidentale française._ Paris, 1912.

KNOX, ALEXANDER. _The Climate of Africa._ London, 1912.

KOELLE, REV. S. W. _African Native Literature in Kanuri._ London, 1854.

—— _Kanuri Grammar._ London, 1854.

—— _Polyglotta Africana._ London, 1854. [Dr. Karl Kumm informs me that many of Koelle’s unpublished manuscripts are now in his possession.]

KOENIG, M. Vocabulaires appartenant à divers contrées ou tribus de l’Afrique, recueillis dans la Nubie supérieure, printed in _Rec. de Voyages et de Mémoires_ pub. by the Soc. de Géogr., T. 4, Paris, 1839 (Arthus-Bertrand), pp. 129-97. Idiomes de Dar-Four et de Barnou, pp. 181-9.

KUMM, DR. KARL. _From Hausaland to Egypt._ London, 1910. [The page of Kanuri sayings is composed of a few phrases from Koelle which were confirmed by the author’s informants. The list of Bornu tribes is very incorrect. The best thing about the book is the very fine series of plates of butterflies.]

*LACOIN. Région de l’Oubanghi, du Chari et du Tchad, article in the _Bulletin de la Société géologique de France_, 4th series, iii. 484.

LACROIX. Résultats minéralogiques et géologiques des récentes explorations dans l’Afrique Occidentale française et la région du Tchad, article in the _Revue coloniale_, nouvelle série, No. 25, pp. 207-13. Paris, 1900.

LAME, CAPT., ET LIEUT. J. FERRANDI. Fort Lamy, chef-lieu du territoire du Tchad, article in _Renseignements Col. Afrique française_ (1912), 101-11.

LANDEROIN. Vid. Tilho.

LOUVET. _Sur le mode de production de la gomme arabique dans les forêts de gommiers._ In-8. 1876.

LUGARD, SIR F. D. Annual Reports on Northern Nigeria. 1901-6.

LUGARD, LADY. _A Tropical Dependency._ London, 1905.

LYON, CAPT. G. F., R.N. _Travels in Northern Africa._ London, 1821. [Contains fine coloured plates. On p. 122 there is a short Kanuri vocabulary and account of Bornu, obtained from traders. The following fact I have not seen mentioned elsewhere: ‘Until a few years ago, when the country became much improved under the mild government of a very religious Moslem [i.e. Lamino], it was the custom to throw into the stream [i.e. the Wobe] at the time of its rise a virgin richly dressed, and of superior beauty. The greatest people of the country considered themselves honoured if the preference was given to one of their daughters, and the learned men augured a good or bad year from the ease or difficulty with which their victim was drowned.’ The book also contains Fulani, Hausa, and Tubu vocabularies.]

M‘DIARMID, JOHN. _Sketches from Nature._ Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd; London, Simpkin & Marshall, 1830. [M‘Diarmid was editor of the _Dumfries Herald_. pp. 322-36 give a short account of Clapperton, quotations from which are included in Nelson, q.v.]

MACLEOD, OLIVE. _Chiefs and Cities of Central Africa._ London, 1912.

_Magazin der merkwürdigen neuen Reisebeschreibungen._ Berlin, 1790-1811. 8vo. Vol. v, p. 330. Bornu Vokabeln.

*MARQUARDSEN. _Oberflächengestaltung und Hydrographie des Sahara- Sudanischen abflusslosen Gebietes._ Inaug. Diss. Göttingen, 1909.

MASSARI, A. La traversée de l’Afrique de la mer Rouge au golfe de Guinée, article in _Bull. de la Soc. belge de géogr._, 1883, p. 845. [Massari was a naval officer and Matteucci a doctor. Their expedition was partly financed by Prince Borghese. They started from Suakin on the Red Sea, passed through Wadai, Kuka (where they remarked on the gaiety and looseness of morals of the inhabitants), Kano, Bida, and Egga, where they stayed at the English factory, and so down the Niger and home. They landed at Liverpool on August 5, 1881, seventeen months after disembarking at Suakin. Dr. Matteucci was attacked by fever in the train between Liverpool and London, and died the following day. I have not been able to discover the date of Massari’s death, but as he lectured to the Belgian Geographical Society two years after his return to Europe, he evidently did not die so soon as is implied in note [38] of the present work.]

MECKLENBURG, DUKE ADOLF FRIEDRICH ZU. _From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile._ London, 1913. 2 vols.

MERCIER, CAPT. ÉMILIEN. Le pays du Logone-Chari. La Voie de la Benoué, article in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_. Marseille, 35 (1911). [Deals with the question of transport of supplies for French Chad territories via the Benue.]

MIGEOD, F. W. H. _The Languages of West Africa._ 2 vols. London, 1911.

MOLL. Vid. Eschevannes and Barrès.

MONTEIL, C. Vid. Pierre.

NACHTIGAL, DR. G. _Trauerfeier für Gustav Nachtigal, 17. Mai 1885._ Berlin, 1885. [Reprinted from _Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, No. 7, 1885.]

*—— _Résultats d’un voyage dans le Soudan_, in-8, 1875. 1 fr. 25.

*—— Nachrichten von Dr. Nachtigal, in _Petermann’s Mitteilungen_, ann. 1871, pp. 326, 450, 67, 201; _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, ann. 1873, p. 61; ann. 1871, p. 130; ann. 1873, pp. 249 and 311; ann. 1874, p. 39; ann. 1874, x. 2, p. 109; _Globus_, ann. 1873, pp. 215 and 231; ann. 1873, pp. 119, 137, and 153; _Kölnische Zeitung_, July 20 and 28, 1873; _Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Hamburg_, ann. 1876, 1877, p. 305; _Tour du monde_, 2e semestre, 1880; _Geographical Magazine_, ann. 1875, p. 178.

NELSON, REV. THOMAS. _Biographical Memoir of the late Dr. Walter Oudney and Capt. Hugh Clapperton, both of the Royal Navy, and Major Alex. Gordon Laing, all of whom died amid their active and enterprising endeavours to explore the Interior of Africa._ By Rev. Thomas Nelson, M.W.S. [i.e. Member of the Wernerian Natural History Society]. Edinburgh, Waugh & Innes; Whittaker, Treacher & Co., London, 1830. [Nelson was a personal friend of both Oudney and Clapperton, and had letters from both put at his disposal by Dr. James Kay, R.N., Professor Jameson, and Oudney’s sister. He also had personal information from Clapperton’s sister and other friends.]

NORRIS, EDWIN. _Dialogues and a small portion of the New Testament in the English, Arabic, Hausa, and Bornu Languages._ [Translated by James Richardson, and edited by E. N.] London, 1853. Obl. 4to.

—— _Grammar of the Bornu or Kanuri Language, with Dialogues._ [Transcribed from Richardson’s MSS. Norris’s books are referred to in the preface to Koelle’s _Kanuri Grammar_.] London, 1853.

ORR, C. W. _The Making of Northern Nigeria._ London, 1911.

OUDNEY. Vid. Denham.

PAHDE, ADOLF. _Der Afrika-Forscher Eduard Vogel._ 1889, Hamburg. [A small pamphlet of 36 pages; it forms vol. lxxxii in Virchow and Holtzendorff’s _Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher Vorträge_, Neue Folge, Serie iv. The author mentions that a black marble tablet has been affixed to the wall of the house in Krefeld, No. 122 Königstrasse, where Vogel was born.]

PALMER, H. R. The Bornu Girgam, article in _Journal of the African Society_, October, 1912. [A transcription and translation of a Kanuri chronicle. Of first-rate interest. A good many misprints.]

PASSARGE, SIEGFRIED. _Die Völker des Centralen Sudan._ Berlin, 1895.

*PÉRIN, G. _Rapport sur la Mission Foureau-Lamy._

PETERMANN, AUGUSTUS. _Progress of the Expedition to Central Africa._ London, 1854. Folio.

PIERRE, C., and C. MONTEIL. _L’Élevage au Soudan._ Paris, 1905. [Deals with all kinds of cattle and stock raising, primarily as regards the Upper Niger, but applicable elsewhere. Admirable illustrations.]

POTT, A. F. Sprachen aus Afrika’s Innerem und Westen, article in _Z. D. M. G._, vol. viii (1854), pp. 413-41. [A critique of Norris’s books.]

PRICHARD, J. C. _Researches into the Physical History of Mankind._ 3rd ed. Vol. ii, pp. 127 and 113. 1837.

PRIETZE, RUDOLF. Die spezifischen Verstärkungsadverbien im Hausa und Kanuri, article in _Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin_, 1908, 3rd fasc., p. 307-17.

PRINS, P. Vers le Tchad. Une année de résidence auprès de Mohammed Abd- er-Rhaman Gaourang, Sultan de Bagirmi, Avril 1898-Mai 1899, article in _La Géographie, bulletin de la Société de Géographie_, Paris, 1900, March number.

_Quarterly Review._ Vid. Index vol. xl under Clapperton and Denham. [Vol. xxxiii contains a review of Denham’s book; and vol. xxxix of Clapperton’s second book, also two letters of Sultan Bello of Sokoto to Clapperton not printed elsewhere. On p. 112 of vol. xxxviii the _Quarterly Review_, commenting on the death of Clapperton and other explorers, remarks: ‘We trust there will now be an end to the sacrifice of valuable lives in prosecuting discoveries on this wretched continent, of which we know enough to be satisfied that it contains little at all worthy of being known.’]

*REDHOUSE. _History of Events during Expeditions against the Tribes of Bulala._ London, 1862. In-8. [This is quoted by Carbou in _La Région du Tchad et du Ouadaï_, and is included in his Bibliography, but I have been unable to trace it in the British Museum or in the Bodleian. Possibly it is really an article in some periodical.]

*REGELSPERGER. Du Niger au Tchad. La Mission Tilho, ses travaux et ses résultats, article in _Le Mois col. et marit._, 7e année, 1909. 1er vol., pp. 97-109.

REIBELL (COM.). _Le Commandant Lamy d’après sa correspondance et ses souvenirs de campagne_ (1858-1900). Paris, Hachette, 1903. [Only a few pages at the end concern events in Bornu.]

ROHLFS, G. Sprachstudien: _Peterm. Mitt._, Ergänzungs-Heft No. 25, p. 67.

—— _Peterm. Mitt._, 1867, p. 333.

—— Vid. under Guenther.

_Royal Geographical Society’s Journal_, vols. xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii _passim_.

_Royal Geographical Society’s Proceedings_, vol. ii, p. 30 (_re_ Vogel).

ST. JOHN, BAYLE. _Travels of an Arab Merchant in the Soudan._ Abridged from the French. London, 1854. [Mostly about Darfur and Wadai. The original French edition is by Nicholas Perron, Paris, 1845. The merchant’s name was Sheikh Muhammad Ibn Umar, and he was in the vicinity of Chad about A.D. 1805.]

SCHUBERT, GUSTAV VON. _Heinrich Barth, der Bahnbrecher der deutschen Afrikaforschung._ Berlin, 1897. Dietrich Reimer. [Contains portraits of Abbega and Dorugu (the latter of whom died in November, 1912, and is buried at the Nassarawa Government Schools near Kano), and facsimiles of various letters, including one from Livingstone to Barth, sending him a copy of his book.]

_Scots Magazine._ 1824. Pt. ii, p. 637. [An obituary of Oudney, consisting of an extract from a letter of Clapperton’s to Consul Warrington at Tripoli.]

SEEFRIED, VON. Untersuchungen über die Natur der Harmattantrübe, in _M. Deutsch. Schutzgeb._ 26 (1913), 9-12.

SEIDEL, A. _Geschichten und Lieder der Afrikaner._ Berlin, 1896, p. 311.

STANLEY, H. M. _Through the Dark Continent_, 1878. Vol. ii, p. 494.

STRUCK, BERNHARD. Bibliography of Northern Nigeria, in _Journal of the African Society_, 1911-12. [Very valuable.]

STRUMPELL. Adamawa Vocabularies, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, iii- iv, 1910, edited by Bernhard Struck.

TALBOT, P. A. Article on Lake Chad in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_ for September 1911.

TILHO. Délimitation franco-anglaise entre Niger et Tchad (Mission Moll), article in _La Géographie_. Paris, 1906, 13. 332-6.

—— The French Mission to Lake Chad, article in the _Royal Geographical Society’s Journal_, September 1910.

—— _Documents scientifiques de la Mission Tilho_, 1910-11. Paris. [Of first-rate interest and value. Published by the French Ministry for the Colonies. Capt. Tilho’s colleague, M. Landeroin, is responsible for the historical and ethnographical sections.]

*TRUFFERT. Région du Tchad, le Bahr el Ghazal et l’archipel Kouri, article in _Revue de Géographie_, June-July 1903.

TULLY, RICHARD. _Letters from Tripoli._ London, 1819, vid. Appendix XXI.

*VAN GENNEP, CH. MONTEIL ET G. DEMOMBYNES. _Principes d’enquêtes dans l’Afrique Occidentale. Ethnographie et linguistique._ [In preparation.]

VOGEL. Nachrichten über Vogels Schicksal von Munzinger, in _Petermann’s Mitteilungen_, ann. 1862, p. 346.

—— Vid. under Pahde.

*WAUTERS, A. J. Les Voies d’accès au Lac Tchad, article in the _Mouvement géographique_, 29. (1912), 481-6.

MAPS

For the construction of the maps the following were used in addition to the authorities mentioned above:

Sketch-map in the _Deutsches Kolonialbl._, xvii. Jahrg., p. 594.

Map 2 in the _Treaty Series_, No. 14, London, 1906.

Map of Northern Nigeria in _Colonial Reports Annual_, No. 532.

_The Surveys of British Africa_, London, 1907, pp. 34 ff.

The sheet marked ‘Chad’ in the map of the Kameruns by Moisel, 1909.

LANGUAGES

Vid. Bernhard Struck, Bibliography of Northern Nigeria, in _African Society’s Journal_, 1911-12; and Benton, _Kanuri Readings_ and _Notes on Some Languages of the Central Sudan_.

APPENDIX I

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA

OBSERVED BY ARNOLD SCHULTZE DURING THE YOLA-CHAD BOUNDARY COMMISSION OF
1903-4 IN BORNU AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRIES.[487]

FAM. DANAIDIDAE

1. _Danaida chrysippus_, L., et var. _alcippus_, Cram. This species, which is widely distributed all over Africa and Western Asia, is to be found everywhere. Caterpillars are found on all the _Asclepiadae_, especially _Calotropis procera_.

2. _D. limniace_, var. _petiverana_, D. H. In South Bornu (on the ‘kopjes’) sporadic and rare.

FAM. SATYRIDAE

3. _Melanitis leda_, B. South Bornu. Flights about evening time.

4. _Ypthima simplicia_, Butl. On the southern boundary at Uba.

FAM. NYMPHALIDAE

5. _Acraea neobule_, var. _seis_ Feisth. In South Bornu (‘kopjes’).

6. _A. caecilia_, Fbr. Dile. (South Bornu.)

7. _A. pseudegina_, Westw. (South Bornu.)

8. _A. encedon_, L. On the southern boundary at Uba.

9. _Pyrameis cardui_, L. This cosmopolitan insect is found especially in the Marghi ‘bush’ at the end of the rains feeding on elephant dung.

10. _Precis orithya_, var. _madagascariensis_, Guen. Very sporadic.

11. _P. oenone_, var. _cebrene_, Trim. As above.

12. _P. octavia_, Cram. et f. _amestris_, Dr. In South Bornu (on the granite hills).

13. _P. antilope_, Feisth. with f. _simia_, Wallengr. As above, but somewhat commoner.

14. _P. chorimene_, Guen. As above.

15. _Catacropthera cloanthe_, var. _ligata_, Rotsch. & Jord. South Bornu. On the plains and on the granite hills.

16. _Hypolimnas misippus_, L. Sporadic in South Bornu. Granite hills.

17. _H. dubius_, Pal. Rare, on southern boundary at Uba.

18. _Byblia acheloia_, Wallengr., with f. _Crameri_, Auriv. Very sporadic.

19. _Neptis agata_, Stoll. Boundary of Southern Bornu.

20. _Hamanumida daedalus_, Fabr. Everywhere.

21. _Charaxes epijasius_, Reiche. South Bornu sporadic. Caterpillars on _Burkea africana_.

22. _Ch. achaemenes_, Fields. South Bornu (‘kopjes’).

23. _Ch. etheocles_, var. _viola_, Butl. Everywhere, especially on the tamarind trees. Caterpillars on various Leguminosae.

24. _Ch. candiope_, God. Rare, on southern boundary at Uba.

25. _Ch. varanes_, Cram. Everywhere that the _cardiospermum halicacabum_, on which the caterpillars feed, grows, but always sporadic.

FAM. LYCAENIDAE

26. _Dendorix caerulea_, H. Druce, at Dile, South Bornu.

27. _D. livia_, Shy. Everywhere that there are acacias in bloom.

28. _D. antalus_, Hopffer. Idem.

29. _Jolaus menas_, H. Druce. On the southern boundary at Uba. Like No. 30, especially on the _Vitex_ when in bloom.

30. _J. ismenias_, Shy. As above.

31. _J. bicaudatus_, Auriv. At Dile (South Bornu).

32. _J. umbrosus_, Butl. Found hovering round scattered trees on ‘firki’ soil. (The caterpillars of all the Jolaus species are fond of the Loranthus.)

33. _Spindasis mozambica_, Bertoloni. Boundary of South Bornu.

34. _Cupido plinius_, Fabr. Everywhere.

35. _C. baeticus_, L. This widely-distributed species is found hovering round the ‘ambach’ of the zone of marshy vegetation of Chad.

36. _C. eleusis_, Demaison. South Bornu.

37. _C. cissus_, God. Everywhere.

38. _C. lysimon_, Hubn. Idem.

FAM. PIERIDAE

39. _Herpaenia eriphia_, var. _lacteipennis_, Butl. South Bornu.

40. _Pieris gidica_, God. Everywhere; especially in the flooded districts of Chad.

41. _P. creona_, Cram. Idem. Caterpillars on the Capparis.

42. _P. mesentina_. As above.

43. _Teracolus amatus_, var. _Calais_, Cram. In Central Bornu, especially at Dikoa on the Capparis bushes, on which the caterpillars feed, as do those of all the Teracolus species.