Chapter III: Argument From Causal Relation

I. Argument from Effect to Cause 208

1. The alleged cause must be sufficient to produce the effect 210

2. No other cause must have intervened between the alleged
cause and the effect 211

3. The alleged cause must not have been prevented from
operating 212

II. Argument from Cause to Effect 213

1. The observed cause must be sufficient to produce the
alleged effect 215

2. When past experience is invoked it must show that the
alleged effect has always followed the observed cause 215

3. No force must intervene to prevent the observed cause from
operating to produce the alleged effect 216

4. The conclusion established should be verified by positive
evidence whenever possible 217

III. Argument from Effect to Effect 218

CHAPTER IV

ARGUMENT FROM ANALOGY

I. The two factors in the analogy must be alike in all
particulars which affect the conclusion 228

II. The alleged facts upon which the analogy is based must be
true 231

III. The conclusion established by the analogy should be verified
by positive evidence whenever possible 232