Chapter LVI: Appendix: III (2)

It is easy to understand that beef, pork, mutton, veal and even poultry were the food of the poor, when a workman could earn the price of a sheep in less than four days or buy nearly two fat geese for his day's wages. A day laborer will work from forty to fifty days now to earn the price of an ox on the hoof, and it was about the same at the close of the Thirteenth Century. When a fat hog costs less than a dollar, a man's wages, at eight cents a day, are not too low. When a gallon of good ale can be obtained for two cents, no workman is likely to go dry. When a gallon of red wine can be obtained for a day's wages, it is hard to see any difference between a workman of the olden time and the present in this regard. Two yards of cloth made a coat for a gentleman and cost only a little over two shillings. The making of it brought the price of it up to two shilling and six pence. These prices are taken from the Preciosum of Bishop Fleetwood, who took them from the accounts kept by the bursars of convents. Fleetwood's book is accepted very generally as an excellent authority in the history of economics.

{481}

Cobbett, in his History of the Protestant Reformation, has made an exhaustive study of just this question of the material and economic condition of the people of England before and since the reformation. He says:

"These things prove, beyond all dispute, that England was, in
Catholic times, a real wealthy country; that wealth was generally
diffused; that every part of the country abounded in men of solid
property; and that, of course, there were always great resources at
hand in cases of emergency." ... "In short, everything shows that
England was then a country abounding in men of real wealth."

Fortesque, the Lord High Chancellor of England under Henry VI., king a century after the Thirteenth, has this to say with regard to the legal and economic conditions in England in his time. Some people may think the picture he gives an exaggeration, but it was written by a great lawyer with the definite idea of giving a picture of the times, and, under ordinary circumstances, we would say that there could be no better authority.

"The King of England cannot alter the laws, or make new ones,
without the express consent of the whole kingdom in Parliament
assembled. Every inhabitant is at his liberty fully to use and enjoy
whatever his farm produceth, the fruits of the earth, the increase
of his flock and the like--all the improvements he makes, whether by
his own proper industry or of those he retains in his service, are
his own, to use and enjoy, without the let, interruption or denial
of any. If he be in any wise injured or oppressed, he shall have his
amends and satisfactions against the party offending. Hence it is
that the inhabitants are rich in gold, silver, and in all the
necessaries and conveniences of life. They drink no water unless at
certain times, upon a religious score, and by way of doing penance.
They are fed in great abundance, with all sorts of flesh and fish,
of which they have plenty everywhere; they are clothed throughout in
good woollens, their bedding and other furniture in the house are of
wool, and that in great store. They are also well provided with all
sorts of household goods and necessary implements for husbandry.
Every one, according to his rank, hath all things which conduce to
make mind and life easy and happy."

INTEREST AND LOANS.

A number of commercial friends have been interested in the wonderful story of business organizations traced in the chapter on Great Beginnings of Modern Commerce. They have all been sure, however, that it is quite idle to talk of great commercial possibilities at a time when ecclesiastical regulations forbade the taking of interest. This would seem to make it quite impossible that great commercial transactions could be carried on, yet somehow these people succeeded in accomplishing them. A number of writers on economics in recent years have suggested that possibly one solution of the danger to government and popular rights from the accumulation of large fortunes might be avoided by a return to the system of prohibition of interest taking. There is {482} much more in that proposition than might possibly be thought by those who are unfamiliar with it from serious consideration. They did succeed in getting on without it in the Thirteenth Century, and at the same time they solved the other problem of providing loans, not alone for business people, but for all those who might need them. We are solving the "loan shark" evil at the present time in nearly the same way that they solved it seven centuries ago. Abbot Gasquet, in his "Parish Life in England Before the Reformation," describes the methods of the early days as follows:

"The parish wardens had their duties towards the poorer members of
the district. In more than one instance they were guardians of the
common chest, out of which temporary loans could be obtained by
needy parishioners, to tide over persons in difficulties. These
loans were secured by pledges and the additional security of other
parishioners. No interest was charged for the use of the money, and
in case the pledge had to be sold, everything over and above the sum
lent was returned to the borrower."

THE EIGHTEENTH LOWEST OF CENTURIES.

There is no doubt that the nineteenth century, and especially the latter half of it, saw some very satisfactory progress over immediately preceding times. With the recognition of this fact, that the last century so far surpassed its predecessor there has been a tendency to assume, because evolution occupies men's minds, that the eighteenth must have quite as far surpassed the seventeenth, and the seventeenth the sixteenth, and so on, so that of course we are far ahead in everything of the despised Middle Ages. In recent years, indeed, we have dropped the attitude of blaming the earlier ages, for one of complacent pity that they were not born soon enough, and, therefore, could not enjoy our advantages. Unfortunately for any such conclusion as this, the term of comparison nearest to us, the eighteenth century is without doubt the lowest hundred years in human accomplishment, at least during the past seven centuries.

This is true for every form of human endeavor and every phase of human existence. Prof. Goodyear, of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Science, the well-known author of a series of books on art and history, in one of the chapters of his Handbook on Renaissance and Modern Art (New York, The McMillan Co.), in describing the Greek revival of the latter part of the eighteenth century says: "According to our accounts so far throughout this whole book, either of architecture, painting, or sculpture, it will appear that the earlier nineteenth century represents the foot of a hill, whose gradual descent began about 1530." As a matter of fact, in every department of artistic expression the taste of the eighteenth century was almost the worst possible. The monuments that we have from that time, in the shape of churches and municipal buildings, are few, but such as they are, they are the least {483} worthy of imitation, and the art ideas they represent are most to be deprecated of any in the whole history of modern art.

Perhaps the most awful arraignment of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century that was ever made is that of Mr. Cram, in the Ruined Abbeys of Great Britain, from which I have already quoted. He calls attention to the fact that, during this century, some of the most beautiful sculptured work that ever came from the hand of man was torn out of the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey, York, to serve no better purpose than to make lime. His description of the sculpture of the Abbey will give some idea of its beauty and render all the more poignant the loss that was thus inflicted on art. He says:

"Most wonderful of all amongst a horde of smaller statues, a
mutilated fragment of a statue of Our Lady and the Holy Child, so
consummate in its faultless art that it deserves a place with the
masterpieces of sculpture of every age and race. Here in this dim
and scanty undercraft is an epitome of the English art of four
centuries, precious and beautiful beyond the power of words to
describe.

"York Abbey was a national monument, the aesthetic and historic
value of which was beyond computation. It is with feelings of horror
and unutterable dismay that, as we stand beside the few existing
fragments, realizing the irreparable loss they make so clear, we
call into mind Henry's sacrilege in the sixteenth century, and his
silly palace doomed to instant destruction, and the crass ignorance
and stolidity of the eighteenth century with its grants of building
material, and the mercenary savagery of the nineteenth century when,
from smoking lime kilns rose into the air the vanishing ghosts of
the noblest creations that owed their existence to man.

"Nothing is sadder to realize than the failure of appreciation for
art of the early nineteenth and the eighteenth century. Men had
lost, apparently, all proper realization of the value of artistic
effort and achievement. It was an era of travel and commerce and,
unfortunately, of industrial development. As a consequence, in many
parts of Europe, and especially of England, art remains of
inestimable value suffered at the hands of utilitarians who found
them of use in their enterprises. We are accustomed to rail against
the barbarians and the Turks for their failure to appreciate the
remains of Latin and Greek art and for their wanton destruction of
them, but what shall we say of modern Englishmen, who quite as
ruthlessly destroyed objects of art of equal value at least with
Roman and Greek, while the great body of the nation made no
complaint, and no protest was heard anywhere in the kingdom."

What is so true of the arts is, as might be reasonably expected, quite as true of other phases of intellectual development. Education, for instance, is at the lowest ebb that it has reached since the foundation of the Universities at the end of the twelfth century. In Germany, there was only one university, that of Goettingen, in which there was a professorship of Greek. When Winckelmann introduced the study of Greek into his school at Seehausen, no school-books for this language were available, and he was obliged to write out texts for his students. What was the case in Germany was also true, to a great {484} degree, of the rest of Europe. Leading French critics ridiculed the Greek authors. Homer was considered a ballad singer and compared to the street singers of Paris. Voltaire thought that the AEneid of Virgil was superior to all that the Greek writers had ever done. No edition of Plato had been published in Europe since the end of the sixteenth century. Other Greek authors were almost as much neglected, and of true scholarship there was very little. When Cardinal Newman, in his Idea of a University, wants to find the lowest possible term of comparison for the intellectual life of the university, he takes the English universities of the middle of the eighteenth century.

With this neglect of education, and above all of the influence that Greek has always had in chastening and perfecting taste, it is not surprising that literature was in every country of Europe at a very low ebb. It was not so feeble as art, but the two are interdependent, much more than is usually thought. Only France has anything to show in literature that has had an enduring influence in the subsequent centuries. When we compare the French literature of the eighteenth with that of the seventeenth century, however, it is easy to see how much of a descent there has been from Corneille, Racine, Moliere, Boileau, La Fontaine, Bossuet, Bourdaloue, and Fenelon to Voltaire, Marivaux, Lesage, Diderot, and Bernardin de St. Pierre. This same decadence of literature can be noted even more strikingly in England, in Spain, and in Italy. The seventeenth, especially the first half of it, saw the origin of some of the greatest works of modern literature. The eighteenth century produced practically nothing that was to live and be a vital force in aftertimes.

What is true in art, letters and education is, above all, true in what men did for liberty and for their fellow-men. Hospital organization and the care of the ailing was at its lowest ebb during the eighteenth century. Jacobson, the German historian of the hospitals, says: [Footnote 36]

[Footnote 36: Beitraege zur Geschichte des Krankencomforts.
Deutsche Krankenpflege Zeitung, 1898, in 4 parts.]

"It is a remarkable fact that attention to the well-being of the
sick, improvements in hospitals and institutions generally and to
details of nursing care, had a period of complete and lasting
stagnation after the middle of the seventeenth century, or from the
close of the Thirty Years' War. Neither officials nor physicians
took any interest in the elevation of nursing or improving the
conditions of hospitals. During the first two-thirds of the
eighteenth century, nothing was done to bring either construction or
nursing to a better state. Solely among the religious orders did
nursing remain an interest, and some remnants of technique survive.
The result was that, in this period, the general level of nursing
fell far below that of earlier periods. The hospitals of cities were
like prisons, with bare, undecorated walls and little dark rooms,
small windows where no sun could enter, and dismal wards where fifty
or one hundred patients were crowded together, deprived of all
comforts and even of necessaries. In the municipal and state
institutions of this period, the beautiful gardens, roomy halls, and
{485} springs of water of the old cloister hospital of the Middle
Ages were not heard of, still less the comforts of their friendly
interiors."

As might be expected, with the hospitals so badly organized, the art of nursing was in a decay that is almost unutterable. Miss Nutting, of Johns Hopkins Hospital, the Superintendent of Nurses, and Miss Dock, the Secretary of the International Council of Nurses, have in their History of Nursing a chapter on the Dark Period of Nursing, in which the decadence of the eighteenth century, in what regards the training of nurses for the intelligent care of the sick, is brought out very clearly. They say: [Footnote 37]

[Footnote 37: A History of Nursing, by M. Adelaide Nutting and
Lavinia L. Dock, in two volumes, illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons,
New York, 1907.]

"It is commonly agreed that the darkest known period in the history
of nursing was that from the latter part of the seventeenth up to
the middle of the nineteenth century. During the time, the condition
of the nursing art, the well-being of the patient, and the status of
the nurse, all sank to an indescribable level of degradation."

Taine, in his History of the Old Regime of France, has told the awful story of the attitude of the so-called better classes toward the poor. While conditions were at their worst in France, every country in Europe saw something of the same thing. In certain parts of Germany conditions were, if possible, worse. It is no wonder that the French Revolution came at the end of the eighteenth century, and that a series of further revolutions during the nineteenth century were required to win back some of the rights which men had gained for themselves in earlier centuries and then lost, sinking into a state of decadence out of which we are only emerging, though in most countries we have not reached quite the level of human liberty and, above all, of Christian democracy that our forefathers had secured seven centuries ago.

With these considerations in mind, it is easier to understand how men in the later nineteenth century and beginning twentieth century are prone to think of their periods as representing an acme in the course of progress. There is no doubt that we are far above the eighteenth century. That, however, was a deep valley in human accomplishment, indeed, a veritable slough of despond, out of which we climbed; and, looking back, are prone to think how fortunate we are in having ascended so high, though beyond our vision on the other side of the valley the hills rise much higher into the clouds of human aspiration and artistic excellence than anything that we have attained as yet. Indeed, whenever we try to do serious work at the present time, we confessedly go back from four to seven centuries for the models that we must follow. With Renaissance art and Gothic architecture and the literature before the end of the sixteenth century cut out of our purview, we would have nothing to look to for models. This phase of history needs to be recalled by all those who would approach with equanimity the consideration of The Thirteenth as the Greatest of Centuries.

{486}

INDEX.

A.

Abbey schools, 26; of St. Victor, 150 Aberration of light, 44 Abingdon, Edmund of, 327 Adam of St. Victor, 204 Age of Students, 25-63 Albertus Magnus, 46 Alchemies, 93 Alfonso the Wise, 2 Aliens' rights, 358 Allbutt, Prof., 83 Amiens, 105 Andrew II, Golden Bull, 369 Angel Choir, 13, 108 Angelo on Dante, 305 Anselm, 80 Antipodes, 50, 392 Ants in Dante, 314 Appreciation of art, 146 Aquinas, 38; and Albertus, 271; appreciation of, 283; capacity for work, 286; education, 270; on Existence of God, 276; on liberty and society, 279; at Paris, 272; as a poet, 287; and Pope Leo XIII, 374; on Resurrection, 278; tributes to, 281

Arbitration, 382 Arena Padua, 144 Arezzo, 23 Arnaud, Daniel, 189 Arnaud de Marveil, 189 Arnold, Matthew, and Francis, 256 Art and the Friars, 139 Artemus Ward, 52 Arts and Crafts, 124 Arthur Legends, 10, 173 Arundel, Countess of, 320 Asbestos, 398 Ascoli, Cope, 14, 134 Assisi, 144 Assizes of Clarendon, 351; of Jerusalem, 365 Avignon, 24

B.

Bacon, 41 Barbarossa, 1 Barbizon School, 145 Basil Valentine, 94 Bateson, Miss, 328 Beau Dieu, 13 Beautiful God, 105 Beauty and usefulness, 113 Beauvoisis, Statutes of, 365 Bell-making, 133 Beowulf, 180 Berrengaria, Queen, 320 Bernardo del Carpio, 170 Bernart de Ventadorn, 183 Bernard of Cluny, or Morlaix, 205 Bertrand de Born, 191 Bestiarium, 164 Bible study, 234, 252 Blanche of Castile, 289, 320; as a mother, 326; as a ruler, 326 Blessed work, 125 Boileau, Stephen, 365 Boniface VII and American Revolution, 374 Books, beautiful, 150; bequests, 155; collecting, 154, 157; great stone, 115 Booklovers, 155 Book-learning, 129 Book of Arts, Deeds, Words, 5 Borgo Allegri, 141 Botany, 149 Bracton, 361 Bracton's digest, 15, 82 Bremen, 420 Brook farm, 264

C.

Cahors, 34 Calendar, 43 Calvi, College of, 26 Capital, English, created, 357 Canon law, codified, 370 Canticle of Sun, 258 Carlyle, Minnesong, 183; Nibelungen, 178 Case histories, 84 Casimir the Great, 369 Caspian not a gulf, 406 Castles and armories, 120 Catalogues of libraries, 151 Cathedral Symbolism, 118 Cavalcanti, 10 Celano, 197 Chalices, 113 Charity organizations, 27, 345 Chartres, glass, 14; windows, 111 Chauliac, 92 Chemistry, 46; not forbidden, 93 Chester cycle, 240, 242 Chrestien de Troyes, 175 Chronicles, 224 Cid, El, 9 Cimabue, 2, 12, 140 Cino da Pistoia, 10 Circulating libraries, 149 Clare, St., and St. Francis, 322 Clare, St., 320; character, 321; happiness, 322; life, 320 Clarendon assizes, 351; constitutions, 351 Clerics at the universities, 71 Cloisters, Lateran, 121; St. Paul's, Rome, 121 Coal, 397 Code of Hammurabi, 3 Coeducation, 330 Colleges, Origin of, 29 Cologne, 420 Common Law, 361 Commentaries on Law, 371 Common pleas, 35 Comparative university attendance, 61 Compayre, 67 Complaints of books, 158 Composition of matter, 38 Condorcet, 34 Conrad of Kirchberg, 188 Conservation of energy, 39 Cope of Ascoli, 115 Corrections, Optical, 131

{487}

Cost of books, 156
Crusades and democracy, 389;
Greene, on, 389;
Storrs on, 388;
Stubbs on, 298
Curtain lectures, 331

D.

Dante da Maiano, 10
Dante and children, 313;
and Milton, 315;
and Virgil, 316;
education, 300;
in America, 311;
in England, 305;
in Germany, 309;
in Italy, 304;
not alone, 300;
power of observation, 313;
present estimation, 317;
sonnets, 302;
troubadour, 303;
universality, 301

Dante-Gesellschaft, 310 Dean Church's Dante, 306 Decay of Philosophy, 282 Declaration of Independence, Swiss, 377 Degrees, 36 De Maistre, 66 Democracy and the Crusades, 388; guilds, 378 Denifle, 35 De Roo on pre-Columbian America, 400 Dialectics, 33 Dies Irae, Admirers of, 199; supreme, 197 Dietmar von Eist, 186 Digest of common law, 361 Discipline at universities, 73; and democracy, 76 Disease segregation, 343 Dissection not forbidden, 91 Dominicans and art, 139; and books, 156 St. Dominic, 266; and St. Francis, 267 Donatus, Deposition for ignorance of, 30 Drama and St. Francis, 238 Durandus, 117, 234

E.

Education, classes, 7; masses, 8; popular, 129; of women, four periods, 331 Edward I, 2, 361 Edward VI and charity, 340; education, 386 El Cid, 169; battle scene, 170; daughters' innocence, 172; marriage, 171; single author, 169 Emulation of workers, 125 Encyclopedia, 231 Enforcement of law, 366 English democracy, 378 Enterprise, commercial, 421 Epic poetry, 167 Equality of women, 324, 389 Erysipelas segregated, 344 Evelyn's diary, 131 Evolution and man, 3 Experiment, 44 Explosives, 42 Exultet, 207

F.

Fehmic Courts, 368 Felix of Valois, 347 Feminine education, 330; four periods, 331 reasons for decline, 333 Ferguson, 97 Francis, St., great disciples, 263; in drama, 239; influence still, 266; life, 259; literary man, 255; modern interest in, 261; Ruskin on, 260; second order, 265; third order, 265; troubadour, 255 Franciscans and Art, 139; explorers, 394 Fraternal insurance, 382 Fraternity, initiations, 425 Frederick II, 2 Freedom, development of, 375 Free cities, 377; schools, 385 Freemen's rights, 358 Friars, 267; Green's tribute to, 268; explorers, 409 Froude, 97; on Reynard, 211 Furniture, 122 Finsen anticipated, 89 Five Sisters, York, 14, 110 Founder of Hospitals, 337

G.

Gaddi, 2, 142 Galsang Gombeyev, 402 Geography, 50 German Guild-hall, London, 421 Gerontius' dream, 308 Gild merchant, 383 Giotto, 2, 12, 142; appreciation of, 145; immense work, 146 Giotto's tower, 122 Gladstone and Richard de Bury, 160 Glosses, Law, 371 Goethe's Reynard, 213 Goerres, 255 Gohier, Urbain, 379 Golden Bull, 369 Golden Legend, 213 Goodyear, 131 Gothic, development, 102; English, 100; French, North German, 167; Sculpture, 105-107; Spanish, 100; varieties, 12, 100, 167 Grail Legends, 174 Gratian, 81 Gray, 32 Green on Matthew Paris, 229 Greatness of an epoch, 6 Gregorian chant, 207 Grotesque in Dante, 309 Grounds of ignorance, 41 Guido de Montpelier, 338 Guido, 142 Guilds, 132; and the drama, 136; and democracy, 378; Boston, 382; London, 382; number, 381; rules, 38; list of, 245

H.

Hamburg, 420 Hamilton, 34 Hammurabi, 4 Hansa Alamanniae, 422; and Denmark, 419; geese cackle, 419; obscurity of origin, 416 Harper, 52 Hartman von Aue, 186 Hayton, 412 Healing by first intention, 85 Herodotus and Marco Polo, 396 History, so-called, 127, appendix Hollandus, 94

{488}

Homer, 3 Hospitals, earliest, 337; England, 339 Hotel Dieu, 339; endowment, 339 Human life, value, 367 Human rights, 366 Humboldt on Dante, 311-315 Humboldt, 47 Humor in mystery plays, 241 Humphreys, 162 Huysmans, 120 Hymns often heard, 195; and languages, 203; seven greatest, 199

I.

Ignorance and servitude, 127 Illuminated books, 162 Indestructibility of matter, 39 International court, 424; comity, 428; fraternity, 391 Irnerius, 18, 81 Iron work, 114

J.

Jenghis Khan, 2 Jerusalem the Golden, 205 Jessopp, Rev. Augustus, 133 Job, 3 Jocelyn of Brakelond, 226; and Boswell, 227; selection, 227 John of Carpini, 400 John of Matha, 347 John of Monte Corvino, 410-412 Joinville and the poor, 297; selection, 228 Journeymen, 135 Justinian, English, 363

K.

Kenilworth, 121 Kidney disease, 84

L.

Lafenestre, 138-144 Lamentations, 207 Lanfranc, 37, 83 Lancelot, 175 Lateran, Council of, 28 Laurie, 59, 63, 65, 76 Law, Canon, 370; French, 364; German, 368; Glosses, 371; Hungarian, 369; Polish, 369; Spanish, 15

Lea, Henry C, 60 League, Lombard, 417 Legenda Aurea, 213 Lending of books, 152 Lending of professors, 56 Leo XIII, 81 Lepers, Louis IX and, 297 Leprosy eradicated, 343 Lerida, 24 Lhasa entered, 410 Liberties and customs, 360; English, 358; Hungary and Poland, 369 Library of La Ste. Chapelle, 152; circulating, 152, 165; of Hotel Dieu, 153; of the Sorbonne, 153 Lincoln, 96 Lingard, 61 Literature for women, 334 Lodge, Sir Oliver, 40 Longfellow, 209; Dante, 311 Louis IX, 289; books, 164; charity, 296; crusades, 298; education, 291; father, 290-294; husband, 289; justice, 293, 294; law, 365; monks, 295; son, 289

Lowell on Dante, 311 Luebeck punished, 418; laws, 422 Lully, 57 Lunar rainbows, 48

M.

Mabel Rich, 327 MacCarthy, 201 Magna Charta, 1, 350; development of, 353; excerpts, 352, et seq. Malory, 175 Mandeville, 408 Manning on Dante, 308 Map or Mapes, Walter, 174-176 March on Latin Hymns, 195 Marco Millioni, 396 Maria di Novella, 331 Masterpieces, 135 Matter and form, 40; constitution of, 40 Matthew Paris, 229; Green's tribute, 229 Meaning of Cathedral, 118 Meistersingers, 10 Merchants' privileges, 359 Merrie England, 126 Metaphysical speculations, 33-37 Method of study, 53 Meyer, 49 Middle Ages, place of, 5 Middle class students, 72 Mill, 34 Millet, 145 Minnesingers, 10 Modern war correspondents anticipated, 225, 228 Mondino, 93 Money and privileges, 426 Money grabbers, 217 Monks, Idle, 414; explorers, 413 Monroe, 55 Montalembert, monks, 414; laws, 364 Montpelier, 23 Morley, Henry, 42, 157, 173, 244 Most read books. Ten, 209 Motor cars, 43 Music, Church, 206; part, 207 Mutual Aid, 379 Mystery plays, players, 247, 250; bible study, 251; influence, 252

N.

Names, Medieval, 331 Nations, 76 Neale, 206 Needlework, 14 Nerve suture, 86 Newman's tribute to Dante, 306 New York Times Building, 123 Nibelungen, 177 Noah and wife, 242 Nolasco, Peter, 348 Notebook, The elegant, 54 Novgorod founded, 421 Numbers of students, 63, et seq Nurses' habits, 345

O.

Odoric, 409 One thing a day, 54 Optics, 44

{489}

Optical corrections, 131 Opus Majus, 45 Organized charity, 381 Osler, 108, 323 Oxford, 22

P.

Padua, 23 Pagel, 90; on Vincent of Beauvais, 233 Palencia, 24 Pange Lingua, 199 Papal Court and academy, 31 Parliament, First English, 14 Parzifal, 188 Peace Burgs, 420 Pennell, Elizabeth Robbins, 98 Peregrinus, 37-44 Perugia, 23 Petroleum, 397 Peyrols, 192 Philobiblon, 157 Philosophic writers, 222 Phosphorescence in Dante, 315 Physical geography, 47 Place of women, 319 Plain Chant, 207 Plumptre's Dante, 310 Polo, Marco, 396 Poor students, 72 Poor, Washing feet of, 297 Popes and Laws, 370 Pope Alexander IV, 31; Boniface VIII, 2; Gregory IX, 2, 30; Honorius IV, 2, 30; Innocent III, 2, 30, 337 Population of England, 61 Potamian, Brother, 37 Piacenza, 23 Practical knowledge, 41 Preparatory schools, 26 Pre-renaissance, 5, 254 Professors' publications, 79 Progress of liberty, 386

Q.

Queen Berengaria, 320 Queen Blanche of Castile, 320

R.

Ransom of prisoners, 347 Raymond of Pennafort, 348 Real Estate Law, 362 Redemption of captives, 348 Red-light therapy, 89 Religious order for erysipelas, 345; for slaves, 347 Reinach, 103, 116, 128 Representative government, 372, 386 Renaissance, 5 Reynard the Fox, 210; original, 212 Rheims, 105, 107 Rhenish cities, 420 Rhymed Latin, 104 Rhyme, origin, 199 Richard Coeur de Lion, 1 Richard de Bury, 157; as a churchman, 161; chaplains, 160; charity, 161; place in history, 159

Rich, Mabel, 327; and her sons, 327 Robinson, Fr. Paschal, 257, 261 Rod in school, 185 Roland, 181 Romance of Rose, 215; charge of dullness, 216; poor happy, 219; misers miserable, 218; satire on money grabbers, 217 Rossetti on Dante, 317 Rubruquis, 403; on customs, 408; on languages, 405, 407 Rucellai Madonna, 141 Rudolph of Hapsburg, 2, appendix Ruskin, 6, 123, 260, 309 Rusticiano, 399

S.

Sadness absent in Gothic art, 147 Saintsbury, 34, 36, 175, 180, 197, 223, 226 Saladin, 1 Salamanca, 24 Salamander, asbestos, 398 Salicet, 83 Salimbene, Friar, 403 Salisbury, 129 Saturday, half-holiday, 379 Schaff, 198, 205 Scholasticism and style, 223 Sculpture, Amiens, 13, 105; Rheims, 105 St. Denis, 13 Settlement work, 325; Seneca, 53 Siena, 23 Sigbart, 47 Simon de Montfort, 361 Social unrest, 124 Sorbonne, Robert, 53 Sordello, 10 St. Bonaventure, 2, 203; Clare, 2, 320; Dominic, 267; Edmund, 72, 327; Elizabeth, 320, 325; Ferdinand, 15; Hugh, 2, 96; Thomas, 203

St. Gall, 69 St. John, Lateran, 121 St. Mary's Abbey, 121 St. Paul's, Rome, 121 St. Victor, Adam and Hugh of, 204 Stabat Mater, 200; translations, 201 Stained Glass, 14; Lincoln, 109; York, 110 Stevenson, R. M., 99 Storrs on Crusades, 388 Stubbs on Crusades, 298 Students, Support of, 65 Studies, 33 Studium generale, 21 Symbolism, 117 Systematizing thought, 80

T.

Tarragona, 101 Tartars, Book of, 402 Tasso and Nibelungen, 179 Taste, Popular, 112 Tate, 52 Taxation and representation, 336; no, without representation, 374 "The Three Eights," 379 Thibet, 410 Thomas, St., See Aquinas Thule, 51 Toledo, 101 Toulouse, 24 Towns and cathedrals, 9 Trade facilities, 415 Travel, medieval, 394 Troubadours, 190 Trouveres, 10 Turner, 35, 145 Training intellect

{490}

U.

Ungreek, only thing, 99
Universitas, 21
University, Bologna, 19, 58;
foundation, 18;
Orleans, 19;
Oxford, 58;
Paris, 18, 58;
Salernum, 20;
roughness, 73

V.

Vehmgerichte, 368 Vercelli, 23 Vicenza, 23 Vienna Cathedral, 168 Vigilance committees, 368 Vigils, holidays, 379 Villehardouin, 224; and Xenophon, 225 Vincent of Beauvais, 231; and historical writers, 231; methods, 232; style, 233 Virchow and evolution, 3; on hospitals, 338; on Pope Innocent, 342 Vocation for women, 322 Vogelweide, 185 Voragine, Jacobus de, 213

W.

Wandering students, 57 Wanderjahre, 135 Water cure, 427 Wernher, 187 Whewell, 45 Widows, Magna Charta, 354 William of Rubruk, 403 William of Salicet, 83 William of St. Gregory, 192 Wolfram von Eschenbach, 187 Women, in hospitals, 328; in literature, 335; occupations, 329; position, 334 Working students, 60 Wounds of neck, 86

X.

Xenophon, and Villehardouin, 225

Y.

Yeats, 113
Yule, Colonel, 401;
on Odoric, 411;
on Rubruquis, 407

Z.

Zimmern, Miss, on Hansa, 415;
on medieval initiations, 425

[End text; advertisements]

Books by Dr. Walsh --------------------------- Dear Dr. Walsh:

I beg to thank you for your interesting letter enclosing syllabus of Advent Lectures and circular of your latest work. The highest value attaches to historical research on the lines you so ably indicate, especially at the present time, when the enemies of Holy Church are making renewed efforts to show her antagonism to science and human progress generally. I shall have much pleasure in perusing your work entitled "The Thirteenth Greatest of Centuries."

Wishing you every blessing, I am, Yours sincerely in Xt., Rome, January 18th, 1908. R. Card. MERRY DEL VAL.

----------------------

_Fordham University Press Series_

MAKERS OF MODERN MEDICINE

A series of Biographies of the men to whom we owe the important
advances in the development of modern medicine. By James J. Walsh,
M. D., Ph. D., LL.D., Dean and Professor of the History of Medicine
at Fordham University School of Medicine, N. Y. Third Edition, 1914,
442 pp. Price, $3.00 net.

_The London Lancet_ said: "The list is well chosen, and we have to express gratitude for so convenient and agreeable a collection of biographies, for which we might otherwise have to search through many scattered books. The sketches are pleasantly written, interesting, and well adapted to convey the thoughtful members of our profession just the amount of historical knowledge that they would wish to obtain. We hope that the book will find many readers."

_The New York Times_: "The book is intended primarily for students of medicine, but laymen will find it not a little interesting."

_Il Morgagni_ (Italy): "Professor Walsh narrates important lives in modern medicine with an easy style that makes his book delightful reading. It certainly will give the young physician an excellent idea of who made our modern medicine."

_The Church Standard_ (Protestant Episcopal): "There is perhaps no profession in which the lives of its leaders would make more fascinating reading than that of medicine, and Dr. Walsh by his clever style and sympathetic treatment by no means mars the interest which we might thus expect."

_The New York Medical Journal_: "We welcome works of this kind; they are evidence of the growth of culture within the medical profession, which betokens that the time has come when our teachers have the leisure to look backward to what has been accomplished."

_Science_: "The sketches are extremely entertaining and useful. Perhaps the most striking thing is that everyone of the men described was of the Catholic faith, and the dominant idea is that great scientific work is not incompatible with devout adherence to the tenets of the Catholic religion."

MAKERS OF ELECTRICITY

By Brother Potamian, F. S. C, Sc. D. (London), Professor of Physics
in Manhattan College, and James J. Walsh, M. D., Ph. D., Litt. D.,
Dean and Professor of the History of Medicine and of Nervous
Diseases at Fordham University School of Medicine, New York. Fordham
University Press, 110 West 74th Street. Illustrated Price, $2.50
net. Postage, 15 Cents Extra.

_The Scientific American_: "One will find in this book very good sketches of the lives of the great pioneers in Electricity, with a clear presentation of how it was that these men came to make their fundamental experiments, and how we now reach conclusions in Science that would have been impossible until their work of revealing was done. The biographies are those of Peregrinus, Columbus, Norman and Gilbert, Franklin and some contemporaries, Galvini, Volta, Coulomb, Oersted, Ampere, Ohm, Faraday, Clerk Maxwell, and Kelvin."

_The Boston Globe_: "The book is of surpassing interest."

_The New York Sun_: "The researches of Brother Potamian among the pioneers in antiquity and the Middle Ages are perhaps more interesting than Dr. Walsh's admirable summaries of the accomplishment of the heroes of modern science. The book testifies to the excellence of Catholic scholarship."

_The Evening Post_: "It is a matter of importance that the work and lives of men like Gilbert, Franklin, Galvini, Volta, Ampere and others should be made known to the students of Electricity, and this office has been well fulfilled by the present authors. The book is no mere compilation, but brings out many interesting and obscure facts, especially about the earlier men."

_The Philadelphia Record_: "It is a glance at the whole field of Electricity by men who are noted for the thoroughness of their research, and it should be made accessible to every reader capable of taking a serious interest in the wonderful phenomena of nature."

_Electrical World_: "Aside from the intrinsic interest of its matter, the book is delightful to read owing to the graceful literary style common to both authors. One not having the slightest acquaintance with electrical science will find the book of absorbing interest as treating in a human way and with literary art the life work of some of the greatest men of modern times; and, moreover, in the course of his reading he will incidentally obtain a sound knowledge of the main principles upon which almost all present-day electrical development is based. It is a shining example of how science can be popularized without the slightest twisting of facts or distortion of perspective. Electrical readers will find the book also a scholarly treatise on the evolution of electrical science, and a most refreshing change from the "Engineering English" of the typical technical writer."

EDUCATION, HOW OLD THE NEW

A Series of Lectures and Addresses on Phases of Education in the
Past Which Anticipate Most of Our Modern Advances, by James J.
Walsh, M. D., Ph. D., Litt. D., K. C. St. G. Dean and Professor of
the History of Medicine and of Nervous Diseases at Fordham
University School of Medicine. Fordham University Press, 1910. 470
pp. Price, $2.50 net. Postage, 15 Cents Extra.

Cardinal Moran (Sydney, Australia): "I have to thank you for the excellent volume Education How Old the New. The lectures are admirable, just the sort of reading we want for English readers of the present day."

_New York Sun_: "It is all bright and witty and based on deep erudition."

_The North American_ (Phila.): "Wide historical research, clear graphic statement are salient elements of this interesting and suggestive addition to the modern welter of educational literature."

_Detroit Free Press_: "Full of interesting facts and parallels drawn from them that afford much material for reflection."

_Chicago Inter-Ocean_: "Incidentally it does away with a number of popular misconceptions as to education in the Middle Ages and as to education in the Latin-American countries at a somewhat later time. The book is written in a straight unpretentious and interesting style."

_Wilkes-Barre Record_: "The volume is most interesting and shows deep research bearing the marks of the indefatigable student."

_Pittsburg Post_: "There is no bitterness of controversy and one of the first things to strike the reader is that the dean of Fordham quotes from nearly everybody worth while, Protestant or Catholic, poetry, biography, history, science or what not."

_The Wall Street News_ (N. Y.): "The book is calculated to cause a healthy reduction in the conceit which each generation enjoys at the expense of that which preceded it."

_Rochester Post Express_: "The book is well worth reading."

_The New Orleans Democrat_: "The book makes very interesting reading, but there is a succession of shocks in store in it for the complacent New Englander or Bostonian and for the orthodox or perfunctory reader of American literature."

OLD TIME MAKERS OF MEDICINE

The Story of the Medical Sciences during the Middle Ages. By James
J. Walsh, K. C. St, G., M. D., Ph. D. Dean and Professor of the
History of Medicine and of Nervous Diseases at Fordham University
School of Medicine. Fordham University Press, 1911. Price, $2.50
net. Postage, 15 cents.

What we now know of art, architecture, literature, the arts and crafts in the Middle Ages has almost won for them the name of the Bright Ages instead of the Dark Ages. There seems just one dark spot--the neglect of science. This book removes that. It tells the story of medieval medical education with higher standards than ours, of medieval surgery with anaesthesia and antisepsis, with beautiful hospitals and fine nursing, and of medieval dentistry with gold fillings and bridgework.

_The Lancet_ (London): "We have said enough to whet the appetite of all interested in the history of the early makers of medicine. We cordially commend the perusal of this fascinating volume, which shows how much was accomplished in every department of intellectual effort in what is usually regarded as the unprogressive, stagnant, dark period of the Middle Ages."

_The New York World_ said: "As in Dr. Walsh's 'Thirteenth The Greatest of Centuries' he carries amazement with his revelations of how old are many things we call new."

MODERN PROGRESS AND HISTORY:

Lectures on various academic occasions by James J. Walsh, M. D., Ph.
D., K. C. St. G., Litt, D., Sc. D. Dean and Professor of The History
of Medicine and of Functional Nervous Diseases at Fordham University
School of Medicine, Fordham University Press, 1912. Pp. 450 Twelve
illustrations. Price, $2.50 net. Postage, 15 cents.

Though delivered on various occasions, these lectures are all on the theme that our modern progress is but a repetition of previous phases of human accomplishment and that whenever men faced certain problems they solved them as well at any time in history as they do now. Educational problems are shown to have been the same in Greece and Rome as in our own time. Old time prescriptions in medicine are strangely like many that we have now. Old time dentists filled teeth with gold and tin, did fine bridgework, invented movable dentures, transplanted teeth successfully and anticipated our dental progress. Pronunciation, Old and New, shows that the Irish brogue is Shakespeare's pronunciation while The Women of Two Republics demonstrates how old are our political problems, even suffragettism. "The book is disillusioning, but marvelously illuminating."