Chapter XXVI: Part II: of the work. The synonyms, subcastes and titles have been (6)

_Yadu, Yadava_.--A well-known clan of Rajputs.

_Yadubansi_.--(Of the Yadu race.) A subcaste of Ahir.

_Yadu-Bhatti._--Clan of Rajputs. Synonym for Yadu.

_Yajur-Vedi._--A subcaste of Brahmans who follow the Yajur-Veda. They are also known as Madhyandan and Apastambha.

_Yarande_.--(One who presses the _erandi_ or castor-oil seed.) Subcaste of Teli.

_Yati_.--(For Jati). A Jain ascetic.

_Yelama_.--Synonym of Velama.

_Yogi_.--Synonym of Jogi.

_Yojna_.--Subcaste of Komti.

SUBJECT INDEX

This Index contains references to general ethnological and other subjects referred to in the articles, either those on main castes and tribes in Part II., or those on religions and sects in Part I. These latter are usually distinguished by the letters R. for religion or S. for sect. Very occasionally a reference is made to one of the minor articles in the Glossary. The reference numbers are to the paragraphs of the articles. In the few cases where no reference number is given the subject is either treated generally in the article referred to, or the article itself is so short that further indication is unnecessary.

Abhiras, the--Ahir, 2

Aboriginal tribes, position of, in Hindu society--Bhuiya, 3

Acrobatic performances--Nat, 4, 5

Address, methods of--Bairagi 11, Brahman, 18, Gond, 72, Gosain, 5, Lodhi, 10, Muhammadan R., 32

Admission of outsiders--Arya Samaj R., 3, Bhaina, 6, Bhamta, 3, Bhil, 11, Dahait, 3, Dhanwar, 11, Gond, 70, Injhwar, 4, Jhadi Telenga, 3, Kaikari, 4, Kanjar, 8, Khond, 9, Mahli, 2, Mehtar, 5, Panka, 5, Turi, 6, Vellala,

Adoption--Bhamta, 3

Agricultural rites--Gond' 48, Kohli, 4, Kurmi, 32, Oraon, 21, 22

Agricultural superstitions--Kurmi, 33

Akali sect, the--Sikh R., 6

Akti or Akshit tritiya festival--Chitari, 6, Chitrakathi

Alcohol, prohibition of--Kalar 6

Ambagarhia Deo, worship of--Koshti, 3

Amulets--Bhil, 9, Sunar, 12

Ancestors, reincarnation of--Chamar, 7, Dhakar, 2, Gond, 37, 39, Khond, 5. Oraon, 10

Ancestors, worship of--Badhak, 9, Gond, 38, 42, Gowari, 5, Koshti, 4, Oraon, 14, Sansia, 3, Sundi, Thug, 17, Turi, 4

Angad Guru--Sikh R., 2

Animal hospitals--Jain R., 14

Animal sacrifices, in Greece--Kasai, 17 sacrifice of buffalo--Mahar, 2

Animals, kindness to--Bishnoi, 3, Dohor

Animals, veneration for--Bhil, 8, Gowari, 5, Jain R., 14, Kasai, Oraon, 20

Animism--Kasai, 4

Anniversaries of the dead--Kurmi, 28

Appearance and mode of life--Baiga, 7, 8, Beria, 1, Bhil, 12, Bhishti, Bhuiya, 14, Chamar, 1, Khatri, 1, Kirar, 4, Kohli, 5, Kol, 16, Korku, 10, Korwa, 2, Oraon, 23, Panwar Rajput, 13, Velama, 1

Arjun Guru--Sikh R., 2

Arts, origin of the--Mochi, 3

Arya Samaj R., prospects of--Arya Samaj R., 6

Assassination, methods of--Thug, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Astronomical beliefs and stories--Bhatra, 4, Dhuri, 3, Dumal, 4, Jadua Brahman, Joshi, 1-16, Mahar, 11, Turi, 4

Baigas, a branch of the Bhuiyas--Bhuiya, 6

Balak Das--Satnami S., 4

Banda, worship of--Kharia, 8

Banjari Devi, worship of--Banjara, 10

Bankrupt, going (or Diwala Nikalna)--Bhat, 16

Barber. See article Nai

Barber-surgeon--Nai, 6

Bathing--Gond, 64, Kurmi, 39

Beard, the--Nai, 11

Beggars or religious mendicants. See articles Bairagi, Fakir, Gosain, etc.

Begging, mode of--Aghori, 1, Basdewa, Gopal, Jogi, 11, Waghya

Bell-metal--Kasar, 4

Betel-vine, account of--Barai, 5

Betrothal--_Passim_. See especially Banjara, 6, Gadaria, 3, Gond, Kawar, 4, Kolta, 3, Korku, 4, Kunbi, 7, Kurmi, 5, Prabhu, 1, Rajput, Turi, 3

Bhang--Kalar, 10

Bhanwar ceremony (walking round the sacred post at marriage)--Kirar, 2, Kurmi, 9

Bhats and Charans--Bhat 2

Birth ceremonies--_Passim_, See especially Ahir 10, Chamur 8, Gond 28, 29, Halba 15, Jat 11, Kawar 6, Kunbi 10, 11, Kurmi 15-17, Mehtar 8-11, Muhammadan R. 7-9, Sonjhara 4; ceremony of second birth--Korku 10

Birthdays--Muhammadan R. 12

Blacksmiths--Lohar 5

Blanket-weaving--Gadaria 7

Blood, smeared on images of gods--Lakhera 5

Blood-covenant--Kewat 2, Khairwar 5

Brahmo Samaj R., veneration of, foundation of, progress of--Brahmo Samaj Religion 2, 3, 9

Branding the body--Gond 67, Oraon 11

Bride, purchase of--Agaria 2, Audhelia 2, Banjara 6, Dahait 3, Dangi 3, Kawar 4, Khadra, Kharia 5, Khond 4, Kir 2, Kohli 2, Kol 10, Panwar Rajput 7, Pardhi 3, Rajjhar 3

Bridegroom, dress of a--Daharia 3, Khangar 3, Sansia (Uria) 2

Buddhism compared with Jainism--Jain R. 2

Buffalo, as a corn god--Kumhar 9, Mahar 2

Bullocks, veneration for--Kunbi 24

Buradeo, worship of--Bhunjia 1, Gond 38, 45, Pardhan 4

Burial--Kurmi 23

Calendar, the Hindu--Joshi 1-15

Camel, sacrifice of the--Kasai 15

Cannibalism--Aghori 2, Birhor, Gond 52

Car Festival--Jain R. 11

Carpentering and woodwork--Barhai 6

Caste customs--Badhak 8, Balahi 3, Banjara 19, Chasa 3, Kabirpanthi S. 9, Panwar Rajput 13, Satnami S. 8. See also _Admission of Outsiders._

Caste feasts--Kurmi 41, Intro. 82, 84

Caste Panchayat or committee--Alur 17, Brahman 20, Dhoba 5, Gond 73, Gowari 7, Halba 18, Kadera 3, Kawar 12, Kol 19, Oraon 27, Pardhan 6, Intro. 93

Caste rules and penalties--_Passim_. See especially Bharia 7, Brahman 20, Dhanwar 11, Dhimar 12, Dohor, Gond 73, 74, Gowari 7, Jat 13, Kamar 9, Kawar 12, Kol 18, Kurmi 44, Mahar 12, Mehtar 4, Panwar Rajput 12, Pardhi 4, Teli 11

Caste structure--Mehtar 3; origin of--Intro. 3, 4

Cattle, castration of--Chamar 15; slaughter of--Kasai 2; worship of--Banjara 13, Hatkar 2

Character. See _Moral Character_

Charans--Banjara 2, Bhat 9, 12

Children, devices for procuring--Kunbi 12, Mehtar 8, Muhammadan R. 7; superstitions about--Gond 31; traffic in--Ganda 2

Choti or scalp-lock--Nai 9

Circumcision--Muhammadan R. 13

Civil marriage act--Brahmo Samaj Religion 6

Clothes. See _Dress_

Cocoanut, legends about--Kabirpanthi S. 5

Conception, miraculous, of children--Dhanwar 1

Coppersmiths--Tamera

Counting, official counter or Medha Gantia--Bhatra 4, Parja 7, Intro. 60

Courtesans, education of--Kasbi 4

Couvade, practice of--Oraon 9, Sonjhara 4, Verukala, Intro. 60

Cow-killing, penalty for--Tiyar

Cradle songs--Chitari 5

Criminal practices--Badhak 17, Banjara 21, Beldar 6, Beria 2, Bharota 1, Chamar 16, Kanjar 5, Pardhan 6, Pasi 7. See also _Theft_

Crows, beliefs about--Kunbi 15

Cultivating status--Jat 5, Kunbi 4, Kurmi 45, Intro. 21

Cultivation--Gond 79; patch cultivation 80

Dacoity--Badhak 2, 3, 4, Korwa 10, Mang Garori, Mina 3, Pardhi 12, Pindari 4, 5, 6, Ramosi 2, Sansia 4, 5

Daily life--Maratha 8

Dancing--Gond 76, Gondhali, Kashi 3, 8, Kharia 12, Kol 17, Korwa 8, Majhwar 7, Oraon 25, 26, Parja 4

Dasahra festival--Kumhar 10, Mahar 2, Sunar 4

Dauwa or wet-nurse--Ahir 7

Dayanand Saraswati--Arya Samaj R. 1, 2

Days--Joshi 9, 16; omens from--Kawar 10, Parja 7

Dead, beliefs about the--Kurmi 29

Death ceremonies--_Passim_. See especially Bedar 3, Binjhwar 6, Bishnoi 8, Brahman 14, Chamar 7, Dhakar 3, Gond 32-38, Gosain 10, Gujar 6, Gurao 6, Halba 12, Kabirpanthi S. 7, Katia 4, Kawar 7, 8, Kharia 9, Khatri 4, Khojah, Khond 6, Kirar 3, Kol 14, Koli 6, Korku 9, Kunbi 14, Kunjra, Kurmi 20, 21, 22, 26, Lingayat, Mahar 6, Muhammadan R. 14, Panwar Rajput 11, Parsi R. 16, 17, Rajput 6, Sonjhara 5, Intro. 89

Dehendra Nath Tagore--Brahmo Samaj Religion 4

Deo Brahman, ceremony of--Bedar 2

Demeter, the goddess--Kumhar 7

Deshmukh and Deshpandia, offices of--Kunbi, 2

Devi, the goddess--Kumhar, 11

Dhar and Ujjain--Panwar Rajput, 3

Dharam Das, legend of--Kabirpanthi S., 4

Dharna, sitting--Aghori, 2, Bhat, 14, Maratha, 14

Dhatura--Kalar, 10

Digging earth for oven at wedding--Kirar, 2

Diseases--Mehtar, 13 magical cure for--Koshti, 6

Disguises--Badhak, 5, Bhamta, 1, Jadua Brahman, Thug, 7

Divorce--Binjhwar, 5, Chamar, 6, Dewar, 3, Dhanwar, 6, Dhimar, 4, Gadba, 2, Gond, 25, Halba, 10, Katia, 3, Kohli, 2, Koli, 4, Korku, 10, Koshti, 3, Kunbi, 8, Mahar, 5, Mina, 4, Muhammadan R., 6, Panwar Rajput, 8, Savar, 4, Taonla

Diwali Festival, the--Ahir, 15, Bania, 15

Dog--Banjara, 20; associated with the god Khandoba--Maratha, 7

Domestic animals, taboos about--Dhangar, 4, Mang, 7, Naoda, Sonjhara, 6

Doms, the--Kanjar, 4

Donkey, the--Dhobi, 7

Dravidian tribes, their origin and immigration--Kol, 4, 5, Intro., 37, 39

Dress--Banjara, 18, Bharia, 7, Bohra, 7, Brahman, 22, Darzi, 4, Gadba, 5, Gond, 61, Gosain, 4, Halba, 19, Jogi, 7, Kasbi, 8, Kawar, 11, Kol, 16, Korku, 10, Koshti, 7, Kunbi, 22, Kurmi, 37, 38, Mahar, 12, Muhammadan R., 31, Oraon, 23, 24, Pardhi, 5, Parsi R., 18, Rajput 11

Dyeing clothes--Rangrez, Chhipa

Ear, tearing the--Sunar, 10

Ear-piercing--Gond, 62, Kachhi, 5, Muhammadan R., 11, Sunar, 10, 11

Earth, beliefs about the--Bhunjia, 4

Earth-eating--Chitari, 3, Kurmi, 14

Earth-goddess--Kumhar, 11

Eating with relatives, taboos on--Gauria

Eclipse, legends about--Mehtar, 19, Teli, 8

Emasculation. See article Hijra

Eunuchs. See article Hijra

Evil eye--Bhatra, 8, Chitari, 4, Khangar, 3, Mahar, 11

Exogamous septs or clans--_Passim_. See especially Bhaina, 3, Brahman, 8, Chadar, 1, Dahait, 2, Dangi, 2, Gond, 12, Gowari, 3, Halba, 4, Jhadi Telenga, 2, Karan, Katia, 2, Kawar, 3, Kewat, 2, Khond, 3, Korku, 3, Kunbi, 5, Kurmi, 4 and Appendix, Lodhi, 4, Mahar, 5, Maratha, 4, Panwar Rajput, 6, Rajput, 4, Savar, 3, Intro., 48, 69

Extortionate practices of Bards--Bhat, 7

False bride, custom of--Dhobi, 2

Fasting for the crops--Kunbi, 7, Oraon, 22; other fasts--Jain R., 13, Thug, 18

Female palanquin bearers--Kahar, 3

Festivals--Gadba, 3, Gond, 53, Khond, 10, Maratha, 7, Oraon, 20, 21, Parja, 7

Fighting, methods of--Gosain, 9, Khond, 7, 8

Fights of animals--Kasai, 21

Fishing--Dhimar, 8

Flowers--Mali, 3, 4, 10

Folktales--Korwa, 11

Food--Baiga, 8, Bania, 17, Bharia, 7, Brahman, 21, Gadba, 5, Gond, 68, Kawar, 12, Khond, 9, Kol, 18, Kolta, 4, Korku, 10, Kunbi, 21, Kurmi, 40, Lodhi, 9, Mina (or Deswali), 4, Muhammadan R., 30, Parsi R., 18, Rajput, 8, Tiyar, Intro., 85, 88; leavings of food--Dhimar, 10

Foreign religions, adoption of--Mahar, 10, Mehtar, 16

Forest ascetics--Jogi, 5

Fosterage--Ahir, 7

Funeral priest--Kurmi, 26

Furniture--Baiga, 7, Kunbi, 20, Kurmi, 36

Games and pastimes--Kamar, Mal, Pardhi, 7, 11

Ganja (Indian hemp)--Kalar, 10, 11

Ganpati, worship of--Bania, 14, Koshti, 5; legend about--Kunbi, 16

Gardening--Mali, 10, Intro., 28

Ghasi Das (legends and teachings of)--Satnami S., 2, 3, 4

Ghosts, beliefs about--Bhat, 10, 11

Gipsies, origin of--Kanjar, 2

Girls dedicated to temples--Kashi, 2, Waghya

Goats and sheep--Dhangar, 5, Gadaria, 6

Gods, attitude towards the--Garpagari, 4; making contracts with the--Mehtar, 8

Going away ceremony (or Gauna)--Halba, 9, Katia, 3, Lodhi, 6, Panwar Rajput, 8

Gold, sanctity of--Sunar, 7; washing for--Sonjhara, 8

Gondwana--Gond, 2

Govind Singh, Guru--Sikh R., 3

Graveyards--Bohra, 4, Kurmi, 23

Grazing cattle--Ahir, 19

Greeting--See _Address, methods of_

Grinding grain--Kanjar, 9

_Gur_ or sugar, the sacred--Thug, 16

_Guru_ or spiritual preceptor--Bairagi, 13, Daharia, 3

Hailstorms, averting--Garpagari, 1, 4

Hair--Gond, 63, Jogi 7, Manbhao 3, Nai _passim_

Hair-cutting--Nai 3

Halal (sacrifice) rites of Muhammadan,--Atari 4, Kasai 3

Hanuman, the god--Garpagari 3, 4, Kunbi 12

Haveli, meaning of--Kurmi, 3

Heber, Bishop--Swami Narayan S. 3

Hindu R., aversion to--Satnami S. 7. See _Religious Beliefs_

Holi Festival--Bania 16, Gond 54, Khairwar 9, Mannewar

Homosexual practices--Hijra

Horoscopes--Prabhu 1

Horse--Maratha 7

Houses--Banjara 19, Bohra 7, Gond 60, Kunbi 19, Kurmi 34, Sonjhara 7; superstitions about--Gond 36, Kurmi 35, Parja 7

Human corpse, eating of--Aghori 2

Human sacrifices--Banjara 16, Gond 51, Khond 12, Oraon 17

Hun immigration, the--Gujar 1, 2, Panwar Rajput 1, 2

Hunting, methods of--Gond 81, Kolhati 6, Mal, Pardhi 8, 9, 10; ceremonial hunting--Bhatra 7, and Gond

Hypergamy--Brahman 10, Dangi 2, Daraihan, Lodhi 3, Mina 4, Murha 2, Intro. 16

Id festivals--Muhammadan R. 20, 21

Illegitimacy--Khatri 3, Vidur 3, Dhakar

Immorality of girls--Oraon 4

Impure castes--Intro. 40, 94

Incest, legend of--Lohar 1

Indoor servants--Dhimar 10, Kahar, 4

Infant-marriage--Dhuri 2, Khandait, Kir 2

Infanticide--Rajput 4

Inheritance--Kamar 6, Kawar 12, Khairwar 8, Kol 15, Korku 12, Kunbi 6, Rautia 5

Initiation, rites of--Bairagi 11, Bishnoi 4, Gosain 3, Kabirpanthi S. 6, Manbhao 2, Parmarthi S., Satnami S. 5, Sikh R. 4, Thug 19, Waghya, Intro. 83

Interest on money--Bania, 23, Muhammadan R. 35

Iron-working industry--Lohar 5; superstitions about iron--Lohar 2

Jain Banias--Bania, 9, and Bania, Parwar subcaste; Jain Guraos--Gurao 8

Jasondhis, the--Bhat 8

Jawaras or Gardens of Adonis--Kurmi 31

Jhambaji--Bishnoi 2

Juari as a food--Kunbi 21

Juggling--Jadua Brahman

Kabir, legend and teachings of--Kabirpanthi S. 1, 2, 3

Kali, worship of--Sakta S., Thug, 14; derived from the tiger--Thug, 14, 16, 22

Karan, legend of--Basdewa

Karma festival--Baiga 8, Binjhwar 8, Gond 56, Majhwar 7, Oraon 19

Kayasths, aversion to--Ghasia 8

Kazi--Muhammadan R. 25

Keshub Chandar Sen--Brahmo Samaj R. 5. 7

Kettle-drum--Ganda 5, Nagarchi

Khandoba, worship of--Bhil 8, Maratha 7, Waghya

Khatpati--Bhat 16

Khonds, rebellion of the--Khond 14

Kidnapping children--Banjara 17

King, legend of killing--Bhil 2

Kinship, basis of--Kasai 9, 10, 11

Kolarians and Dravidians, the--Kol 4, Intro. 35-39

Koli caste; derived from Kol tribes--Kohli, 1

Koran--Muhammadan R. 27

Krishna, the god--Ahir, 4, 12; worship of Krishna--Bairagi 7

Lac (bangles and toys)--Lakhera, 4, 9; industry--Lakhera 3

Lalbeg, worship of--Mehtar 15

Land, rules for occupation of--Khond 7; rights in--Bania 24; ownership of--Intro. 23

Language--Ahir 3, Baiga 10, Bhil 14, Gond 78, Halba 5, Kharia 14, Kol 5, 22, Kolam 1, Korku 14

Leather--Chamar 11, 12, 13

Leather-workers--Mochi 4

Legends of origin--_Passim_. See especially Agharia, Baiga, Balahi, Bhat, Bhoyar, Bhunjia, Brahman (Kanaujia and Nagar sub-castes), Chamar, Daharia, Dangi, Dhanwar, Dhimar, Halba, Holia, Jat, Kalar, Kasar, Kharia, Khatri, Kol, Komti, Korku, Lohar, Mali, Mang, Panwar Rajput, Parja, Sanaurhia, Sunar, Sundi, Teli

Levirate, the--Mang 4, Mina (or Deswali) 4, Parja 6, Sunar 3, Turi 3

Lingo, Gond hero, legend of--Gond 5-10

Liquor, drinking--Gond 69, Kalar 4, 7; and preparation of--Kalar 13; rice-beer--Kol 7, Oraon 26; toddy or date-palm liquor--Pasi 6

Liquor, sanctity of--Kalar 8, 9

Lizard hunting--Badhak15

Love charms--Kunbi 13

Lukman Hakim, worship of--Kadera 4

Madak or opium smoking--Kalar 11

Magic--Banjara 15, Bharia 6, Bhat 11, Bhatra 8, Dhanwar 10, Gauria, Gond 46, 49, Jhadi Telenga 7, Kawar 6, 10, Kol 13, Korku 8, Teli 14, Vam-Margi S.

Maha-Brahman, presents to--Kurmi 26

Manasa Devi--Nat 6

Maratha, derivation of name--Mahar 1, Maratha 2

Maratha immigration into the Central Provinces--Kunbi 2, 3

Maratha soldiers--Maratha 13, 15, 16

Marriage, barber's duties at--Nai 5

Marriage between relations, restrictions on--Balahi 2, Brahman 9, Dangi 3, Dhoba 2, Gond 15, Injhwar 3, Kai-kari 2, Kunbi 6, Murha 2, Panka 4, Tamera 2

Marriage by capture--Gond 22, Kolam 2, Oraon 6, Intro. 71, 72

Marriage cakes, the--Kurmi 7

Marriage crowns--Chitari 6

Marriage customs--_Passim_. See especially Baiga 4, Bania 11, Banjara 7, Bhatra 5, Binjhwar 3, 4, Brahman 11, Chamar 5, Daharia 3, Gadaria 3, Ganda 3, Gond 15-23, Halba 6, 8, Jat 8, Jhadi Telenga 4, Kachera 3, Kachhi 3, Kapewar, Kasbi 5, Kawar 4, Kayasth 8, Kharia 5, Khatri 4, Khond 4, Kol 10, Kolam 2, Kolta 3, Komti, Korku 5, Koshti 3, Kunbi 7, Kunjra, Kurmi, Lodhi 5, Mahar 5, Mali 6, Muhammadan R. 5, Oraon 6, Panwar Rajput 7, Parja 3, 4, 5, Prabhu 1, Raghuvansi 2, Rajput 5, Sansia 2, Teli 5, Turi 3

Masan Baba, worship of--Teli 7

Massage--Nai 4

Mecca, pilgrimage to--Muhammadan R. 18

Meghnath rites--Gond 55

Menstruation--Dhanwar 2, Gond 27, Halba 14, Kamar 4, Kunbi 10, Kurmi 12, 15

Migration--Bhuiya 5, Kirar, Kohli 1, Kol 5, Kunbi 2

Military system--Arab, Maratha 11, 12, 13, 15, 16

Milk--Ahir 20

Miscarriage--Kurmi 12

Monasteries--Bairagi 14, Gosain 8

Moneychangers and testers--Sunar 14

Moneylenders--Bania 18-24

Months, the Hindu--Joshi 11, 13

Moon, legends about--Bharia 6, Kunbi 16, Turi 4; the moon's path and daily mansions--Joshi 4, 8, 10, 15

Moral character, disposition, or conduct--Badhak 16, Banjara 22, Bhil 3, 12, Bhilala 5, Brahman 25, Chamar 17, Dangi 5, Gond 58, 59, Gujar 3, Hijra, Jat 4, Kohli 5, Kunbi 11, 23, 24, Kunjra, Manbhao 2, Oraon 28, Panwar Rajput 13, Pardhan 5, Parja 1, Pindari 7, Rajput 9, 10, 14, Thug 11, Turi 6

Mosques--Muhammadan R. 22

Mourning--Bania 13, Brahman 14, Chauhan, Dumal 4, Ganda 4, Gond 34, Kawar 7, Khatri 4, Kirar 3, Kunbi 15, Kurmi 25, 27; shaving hair for--Nai 15

Muhammadan and Hindu rites, mixture of--Bishnoi 5, Kunbi 18, Kunjra, Meo, Mukeri, Sikligar, Teli 8

Muhammadan castes--Muhammadan R. 3

Muhammadan tribal divisions, families and names--Muhammadan R. 4, 9

Muharram rites--Kunbi 18, Muhammadan R. 19

Mulla, the--Bohra 3, Muhammadan R. 24

Music, in connection with dancing--Kasbi 3

Musical instruments--Mochi

Nails, superstitions about--Nai 16

_Nakshatras_, the--Joshi 7, 8, 14

Namdeo Sect--Darzi 5

Names--Agaria 4, Baiga 5, Bhatra 10, Bhoyar 3, Chamar 8, Dhanwar 13, Gond 30, Halba 16, Jhadi Telenga 6, Joshi 18-21, Khond 5, Kol 20, Kolhati 5, Mahar 8, Sunar 2, Vidur 6

Naming of a child--Oraon 10, Vidur 6

Naming relations, taboos on--Bhatra 10, Dhanwar 13, Gond 72, Khond 9, Lodhi 10

Nanak--Nanakpanthi S. 1, Sikh R. 1

Nanakpanthi and Sikh sects, distinction between--Sikh R. 5

Narayandeo, worship of--Koshti 5, Panwar Rajput 9

Nudity of women--Garpagari 4

Numbers, superstitions about--Joshi 12

Oaths--Mahar 12

Oil-pressing--Teli 15

Omens, beliefs about--Ahir 16, Badhak 12, Baiga 6, Gond 21, 47, Kawar 10, Koli 3, Korku 8, Mang-Garori, Mina 3, Pardhi 4, Parja 7, Sansia 6, Thug 22, 23, 24

Opium--Kalar 10, 11, Rajput 9

Ordeals--Bharia 6, Kaikari 4, Kolhati 5, Pardhi 6, Sansia 7

Ornaments--Ahir 18, Gond 61, Kunbi 22, Sunar 6, 8, 9

Outram, Sir James--Bhil 4

Paida ceremony--Jat 10

Palanquin or Doli--Kahar 2

Parasurama, legend of--Panwar Rajput 2

Passover, the--Kasai 18

Pavilion or the marriage-shed--Kurmi 6

Pearls--Sunar 9

Physical type. See _Appearance_

Pickaxe, the Sacred--Thug 15

Pigs, breeding for sacrifice and estimation of--Kumhar 6, 8

Pipal tree, beliefs about--Kunbi 12

Pledge, or covenant, between married couple--Bhatra 5; with the gods--Bhat 14. See also _Dharna_

Pola festival--Kunbi 17

Polyandry, survivals of fraternal--Bhuiya 10, Khond 4, Korku 5, Oraon 7. See also Gowari 3

Polygamy--Agharia 3, Andh, Bania 12, Barai 3, Dangri, Dhuri 2, Gond 26, Kaikari 2, Kohli 2, Korwa 4, Kunbi 8, Kurmi 11, Mali 7, Muhammadan R. 6

Prannath--Dhami S.

Pregnancy, rites during--Chitari 3, Gond 28, Halba 15, Kasbi 6, Kunbi 10, Kurmi 13, Muhammadan R. 8

Priests, tribal--Koshti 5

Prostitution--Beria 3, Kasbi 2, 7

Proverbs--Arora, Bahna 5, Bharbhunja 3, Dhobi 7, Jogi 14, Julaha

Puberty rites--Gurao 3, Kaikari 3, Lodhi 7

Rajput and Jat, relations of--Jat 3

Rakshabandhan festival--Patwa

Ramazan, fast of--Muhammadan R. 17

Ram Das, Guru--Sikh R. 2

Ram Mohan Roy--Brahmo Samaj R. 1, 2

Red a lucky colour--Lakhera 5

Red dye on the feet--Lakhera 7

Red threads, custom of wearing--Lakhera 8

Relatives, taboos between--Kanjar 8, Kharia 6. See also Marriages between Relatives, and Naming Relatives

Religious beliefs--_Passim_. See especially collection of articles on Religions and Sects, and caste articles on Bishnoi, Manbhao, Bairagi and Gosain. Also articles Baiga 6, Banjara 10, Brahman 15, 16, Chamar 9, Gond 40-56, Khond 11, Korku 6, Koshti 5, Kunbi 16, Kurmi 30, Mahar 9, Oraon 15, 16, Thug 12; Hinduism, Intro. 90, 95, 96

Sacred thread, the--Brahman 17, Gurao 5, Kunbi 16, Lodhi 11; of the Jains--Jain R. 9; the sacred cord of the Parsis--Parsi R. 15

Sacrifices, beliefs about and method of--Kasai 22, 23

Sacrificial meal, the--Kasai 8, Kurmi 7, Lakhera 5, 6

Sacrificial method of slaughter--Kasai 22

Sacrificial slaughter for food--Kasai 20

Sahajanand Swami--Swami-Narayan S. 1

Sal flower festival--Oraon 20

_San_-hemp--Lorha

Sankrants--Joshi 6

Sati or burning of widows--Brahman 13

Scent--Atari 4

Sculpture, Hindu--Mochi 3

Sects. For individual sects see articles in section on Religions and Sects. For right-hand and left-hand sects see articles Mala and Vam-Margi S.

Self-torture--Jogi 4

Sewn clothes, wearing of--Darzi 3

Sexual morality--Gosain 11, Khond 4, Mali 6, Oraon 4, 21

Shankar Acharya--Gosain 2, Smarta S.

Shantik ceremony--Gurao 3, Maratha 6

Sheep--Gadaria 6, Dhangar 5

Shoes--Chamar 12, 14, Mochi 7

Sikh Council (Guru-Mata)--Sikh R. 7

Silajit--Siddi

Singaji, deified Ahir--Ahir 12

Singara or waternut--Dhimar 8

Sister's son, importance of--Bhamta 2, Dhera, Gowari 4, Gurao 5, Halba 7, Kamar 3, Pasi 5; marriage to maternal uncle's daughter-- Bhatra 5, Parja 3; connection with uncle--Mehtar 13

Siva, the god. See article Saiva Sect

Sleeping-place or common dormitory--Bhuiya 9, Gond 71, Oraon 4; dormitory discipline--Oraon 12

Snake-bite, cure for--Gauria, Kir 3, Nat 6

Snake-worship and snake-charmers--Gond 43, Nat 6, Panwar Rajput 10

Social extravagance--Jat 10, Kirar 2, Kurmi 5, Maratha 8

Social life--Kunbi 19, Muhammadan R. 32

Social status and customs--Barhai 5, Basor 5, Bhat 4, Bhilala 1, Bhunjia 5, Brahman 18, Chamar 16, Dangi 4, Dewar 4, Halwai, Jat 5, Kahar 1, Kalar 4, Kolam 5, Koshti 8, Kumhar 3, Kunbi 5, Lodhi 2, 9, Lohar 2, Mahar 13, 14, Mali 1, Mehtar 17, Mina (or Deswali) 1, 4, Nat 3, Oraon 26, Pardhi 5, Sunar 5, Tanti, Teli 10, 13, Velama, Vidur 6

Soldiers. See articles Arab, Bhil, Khandait, Maratha, Paik, Rajput, Taonla

Soma, sacred liquor--Kalar 5; Homa liquor--Parsi R. 13

Songs--Bhat 17, Bhunjia 1, Chitari 5, Dhanwar 4, Gond 77, Gondhali, Kayasth 9, Murha 5, Panwar Rajput 7, Parja 4

Souls of the dead recalled--Ahir 11, Gond 37, Kharia 10, Khond 6, Kurmi 24, Lohar 4, Oraon 13, Taonla

Spangles for the forehead--Lakhera 6

Spells--Lohar 4

Spirits, beliefs in--Badhak 10, Bhat 15, Halba 13, Kalanga 3, Mahar 11, Panwar Rajput 10

Spirits-laying--Kawar 8 (of persons killed by tiger)

Subcastes--_Passim_. See especially Brahman 5, 6, 7, Chamaar 2, 3, Dhimar 2, Gond 11, Halba 3, Kalar 2, ,3, Kanjar 1-6, Kawar 2, Kayasth 7, Khond 2, Kol 2, 8, Korku 3, Kunbi 3, Kurmi 3, Lodhi 3, Lohar 3, Mali 5, Mehtar 2, Sunar 2, Intro. 5, 45-47

Suckling children--Kurmi 18

Sudra--Intro. 12

Suicide--Bhat 10, 13, Jasondhi, Rajput 14; burning of widows--Brahman 13

Suthra Shahi--Nanakpanthi S. 4

Sweetmeats, preparation of--Halwai

Swindling practices--Jadua Brahman, Jogi 13, Sunar 15, Yerukala

Taboos, on food--Dhakar 3, Kharia 6; of relationship--Sansia 3; general--Jat 13, Thug 23

Tank building--Kohli 3, Sansia (Uria) 4

Tanning--Chamaar 11

Tattooing--Bharia 7, Binjhwar 9, Brahman 23, Dhanwar 12, Gond 65, 66, Gowari 8, Halba 20, Kamar 10, Mahar 12, Oraon 11; suggested origin of--Sunar 11

Teeth, disposal of--Kaikari 3, Kunbi 10, Nai 16

Theft, and detection of--Bhamta 1, Bharia 6, Mang-Garori, Ramosi 3, Sanaurhia 3, Yerukala. See also _Criminal practices_

Threads as amulets--Lakhera 8, Patwa

Thugs derived from Kanjars and Doms--Thug 3

Tiger, worship of--Koshti 1, Panwar Rajput 10

Tirthakars of Jains--Jain R. 3, 12

Tobacco--Kalar 12

Tomb-stones--Gond 35

Totem, worship of--Kewat 1

Totemism--Agharia 2, Andh, Audhelia 2, Barai 2, Basor 3, Bhaina 3, Bharia 2, Bhil 6, Bhoyar 2, Bhulia, Chadar, Chasa 2, Chauhan, Dahait 2, Dhanwar 2, Dumal 2, Gadba 1, Gond 13, 14, Kalanga 2, Kawar 3, Kewat 2, Khadal, Khadra, Khangar 2, Kharia 4, Khond 3, Kol 9, Kurmi 4, Lodhi 4, Majhwar 4, Oraon 3, Parja 2, Rautia 2, Savar 3, Sudh, Intro. 49, 51

Traps for animals--Gond 81

Trees, spirits in--Kunbi 12

Turmeric--Mali 5

Twins, beliefs about--Kurmi 19

Udasi--Nanakpanthi S. 3

Ukika sacrifice, the--Muhammadan R. 10

Umbrella--Dahait 6, 7

Vaishnava, sect--Kasbi 7

Vaishya--Intro. 13

Valmiki, legend of--Mehtar 14

Vermilion and spangles, meaning of, substitutes for blood--Lakhera 5, 6

Village community--Intro. 22, 23, 73

Village gods--Banjara Devi in Banjara 10, Chordewa in Oraon 16, Khermata in Baiga 6, Kurmi 30, Maiya Andhiyari in Dhanwar 9, Mithu Bhukia in Banjara 11

Village menials--Chamaar 15, Dhimar 12, Gurao 1, Kahar 1, Kumhar 4, Mang 6

Village--priests (Bhumka Jhankar)--Binjhwar 9, Korku 7, Intro. 28

Villages--Gond 60, Korku 10, Kunbi 19

Vishnu, the god. See article Vaishnava Sect

Washerman--Dhobi 8

Washing clothes, method of--Dhobi 5, 6, Gond 64

Watchman, village--Kotwar, Ramosi 3, Intro. 27

Weapons--Khond 7

Weeping, custom of--Bharia 3, Chauhan, Gond 22

Widow-marriage--_Passim_. See especially Bania 12, Banjara 8, Brahman 12, Chamaar 6, Gauria (disposal of first husband's children), Gond 24, Gujar 5, Halba 10, Kirar 2, Kohli 2, Kori 2, Koshti 3, Kunbi 9, Kurmi 11, Mahar 5, Mali 7, Muhammadan R. 6, Panwar Rajput 8, Teli 6; sale of widows--Panwar Rajput 8; Sati or burning of widows--Brahman 13

Wine-drinking, legend of--Kalar 7. See Liquor

Witchcraft--Bhatra 8, Bhil 9, Gond 50, Kawar 10, Oraon 16

Women, sexual morality of--Gond, Gowari; seclusion of--Rajput, 13

Wool, sanctity of--Gadaria, 8; shearing and weaving--Gadaria, 7

Yadava tribe, the--Ahir, 4

Yawning--Chitari, 4

Yoga philosophy--Jogi, 1

Zend-Avesta--Parsi R., 3, 4

Zodiac, the--Joshi, 2-7

End of Vol. I

NOTES

[1] _Indian Caste_, p. 12.

[2] Dr. Wilson's _Indian Caste_ (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood), 1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.

[3] Dr. Wilson's _Indian Caste_ (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood), 1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.

[4] Rig-Veda, i. 11. Wilson, _ibidem_, p. 94.

[5] Wilson, _ibidem_, p. 99.

[6] Manu, ii. 17, 24.

[7] Barbarians or foreigners.

[8] See Burnett and Hopkins, _Ordinances of Manu, s.v._

[9] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 170, quoting Weber, _Indische Studien_, i. 170.

[10] A collection of rules for sacrifices and other rites, coming between the Vedas and the law-books, and dated by Max Müller between 600-200 B.C.

[11] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 182.

[12] Wilson, p. 184, quoting from Shrauta-sutra of Katyayana, 1. 1. 6.

[13] Manu, iv. 99; iii. 178.

[14] Wilson, pp. 421, 422.

[15] Wilson, p. 187, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[16] See article Mehtar in text.

[17] Wilson, p. 363, quoting from Smriti of Angira.

[18] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 195, from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[19] Manu, viii. 417.

[20] Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahabharata, viii. 1367 _et seq._

[21] Wilson, p. 403, quoting from _Vyavahara Mayukha_.

[22] Wilson, p. 400, from Parashara Smriti.

[23] Wilson, p. 140, quoting from _Atharva Veda_, iv. 32. 1.

[24] Wilson, p. 211.

[25] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, referring to Ptolemy, vii. 1. 61 and vi. 120. 3.

[26] Wilson, pp. 113, 114.

[27] See for the impure castes _para._ 40 _post_.

[28] The word "aboriginal" is used here for convenience and not as conveying any assertion as to the origin of the pre-Aryan population.

[29] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Parsis of Gujarat_, p. 213.

[30] Rig-Veda, 6. 3. 16, quoted by Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 110.

[31] Wilson, p. 109.

[32] Monier-Williams, Sanskrit Dictionary, pointed out by Mr. Crooke.

[33] Quoted by Wilson, p. 209. It would seem probable, however, that the Vaishyas must themselves have formed the rank and file of the fighting force, at least in the early period.

[34] Manu, i. 90.

[35] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, p. 193, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[36] Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahabharata, viii. 1367 _et seq_.

[37] Mahabharata, xii. 2749 _et seq_.

[38] List of classes of Indian society given in the Purusha-Medha of the White Yajur-Veda, Wilson, pp. 126-135.

[39] Manu, viii. 113.

[40] Hopkin's and Burnett's _Code of Manu,_ x. 64, 65, and footnotes.

[41] Mahabharata, xiii. 2510 _et. seq_., quoted by Wilson, p. 272.

[42] Manu, ix. 149, 157.

[43] Manu indeed declares that such children could not be initiated (x. 68), but it is clear that they must, as a matter of fact, have been capable of initiation or they could not possibly have been married in the father's caste.

[44] See article on Brahman for some further details.

[45] Wilson, _Indian Caste_, i. 440, quoting _Brahma Vaivarrta Purana_.

[46] See article Bhat for further discussion of this point.

[47] _Dolichos uniflorus_.

[48] See article Jat for a more detailed discussion of their status.

[49] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Khandait.

[50] Proprietors of large landed estates.

[51] See article on Kunbi, para. 1.

[52] _Village Communities_, p. 127.

[53] _History of the Marathas_, vol. i. p. 25.

[54] _Village Communities_, pp. 226, 227.

[55] _The Aryan Household_, ed. 1891, p. 190.

[56] _Ibidem_, p. 228. Professor Hearn followed Sir Henry Maine in thinking that the clan was an expansion of the patriarchal joint family; but the reasons against this view are given subsequently.

[57] _Memoir of Central India_, vol. ii. p. 22.

[58] _La Cité antique_, 21st ed. pp. 66, 68.

[59] _La Cité antique_, 21 st ed. pp. 66, 68.

[60] _Nigeria_, quoted in _Saturday Review_, 6th April 1912.

[61] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 96.

[62] See article Sunar for a discussion of the sanctity of gold and silver, and the ornaments made from them.

[63] _Michelia champaka_, a variety of the jack or bread-fruit tree.

[64] See article Darzi for further discussion of the use of sewn clothes in India.

[65] See articles on Bhulia, Panka, Kori and Julaha.

[66] Traill's _Account of Kumaon, Asiatic Researches_, vol. xvi. (1828) p. 213.

[67] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bari.

[68] Pointed out by Mr. Crooke.

[69] The Marathi name for the god Hanuman.

[70] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_, p. 7.

[71] _Acacia catechu_.

[72] See article on Gond.

[73] _Linguistic Survey_, p. 15.

[74] Introduction to _The Mundas and their Country_, p. 9.

[75] _Linguistic Survey_, p. 277.

[76] See for this the article on Kol, from which the above passage is abridged.

[77] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xii. p. 175.

[78] _Cochin Census Report_, 1901, quoted in Sir H. Risley's _Peoples of India_, 2nd ed. p. 115.

[79] This was permissible in the time of Asoka, _circa_ 250 B.C. Mr. V.A. Smith's _Asoka_, pp. 56, 58.

[80] Sir H. Risley's _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Tanti.

[81] See article Kanjar for a discussion of the connection of the gipsies and Thugs with the Kanjars.

[82] See article Chamar, para. 1.

[83] _Loha_, iron; _tamba_, copper; _kansa_, brass or bell-metal; _sona_, gold.

[84] _Kanch_, glass.

[85] _Phul_, flower; _haldi_,turmeric; _jira_, cumin.

[86] _Crotalaria juncea_. See article Lorha for a discussion of the objections to this plant.

[87] _Morinda citrifolia_. The taboo against the plant is either because the red dye resembles blood, or because a number of insects are destroyed in boiling the roots to extract the dye.

[88] See article on Brahman.

[89] Sonjhara is a separate caste as well as a subcaste of Dhimar.

[90] See article Kurmi, appendix, for some instances of territorial names.

[91] Wilson's _Indian Caste_, p. 439.

[92] Vol. i. pp. 272, 276.

[93] _Studies in Ancient History_, p. 123.

[94] See lists of totems of Australian and Red Indian tribes. Sir J.G. Frazer notes that the majority are edible animals or plants.

[95] Address to the British Association, 1902. I had not had the advantage of reading the address prior to the completion of this work.

[96] M'Lennan, _Studies in Ancient History_, p. 123, quoting from Grant's _Origin and Descent of the Gael_.

[97] _Totemism and Exogamy_, i. pp. 112, 120, ii. p. 536, iii. pp. 100, 162; _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 209-10; _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_ p. 145; _Native Tribes of Northern Australia_ (Professor Baldwin Spencer), pp. 21, 197; J.H. Weeks, _Among the Primitive Bakongo_, p. 99.

[98] See pp. II, 138, 190 (Edition 1891).

[99] _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. pp. 338, 339.

[100] _La Cité Antique_, p. 254.

[101] _The Origin of Civilisation_, 7th ed. p. 246.

[102] W.W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 52, 53.

[103] I. p. 253.

[104] 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 169, 174. See also Sir E.B. Tylor's _Primitive Culture_, i. pp. 282, 286, 295; ii. pp. 170, 181, etc.

[105] See also _Primitive Culture_, i. pp. 119, 121, 412, 413, 514.

[106] Messrs. Spencer and Gillan, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_ (London, Macmillan), p. 201.

[107] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_, pp. 40, 41, 45.

[108] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_, pp. 292, 294.

[109] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The World's Peoples_, London, Hutchinson, 1908, p. 50.

[110] _Nimar Settlement Report_.

[111] See also _Primitive Culture_, i. p. 408.

[112] _The Oraons_, pp. 408, 409.

[113] 2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 457 _et seq._

[114] For instances of omens see article Thug and Index. Also Miss Harrison's _Themis_, pp. 98, 99.

[115] _La Cité Antique_, p. 225.

[116] W.W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 178, 571.

[117] _Early History of Mankind_, 3rd ed. p. 143.

[118] _Ibidem_, p. 125.

[119] See article Joshi for examples of Hindu names.

[120] _La Cité Antique_, p. 357.

[121] p. 182, _et seq._

[122] See para. 61.

[123] I. p. 430.

[124] See article on Nai.

[125] 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 57.

[126] _Native Tribes of Central Australia,_ Introduction, p. 25.

[127] Dr. A. H. Keane, _The Worlds Peoples,_ p. 62.

[128] For counting, see _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. pp. 240, 254, 265, 266.

[129] _Account of the Mewar Bhils_, J.A.S.B., vol. xxiv. (1875) p. 369.

[130] _Early History of Mankind_, p. 293.

[131] _Ibidem_, p. 294.

[132] _Ibidem_, p. 295.

[133] See also _Primitive Culture_, i. p. 493, ii. p. 431.

[134] See article on Mochi for the Muhammadan reference. The Jewish reference is of course to the Second Commandment.

[135] _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 176.

[136] _Ibidem_, pp. 181, 182.

[137] _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. ii. p. 120.

[138] _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. iii. p. 301.

[139] Section on the Kol tribe in Dalton's _Ethnology of Bengal_.

[140] Mr. S.C. Roy, _The Oraons_, p. 262.

[141] See also _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244, 246.

[142] See article on Brahman.

[143] See article Bairagi.

[144] _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 185, 186.

[145] _Ibidem_, pp. 154, 155.

[146] _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

[147] _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

[148] Dr. A.W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 146. In this case the reference seems to be to any one of several totems of a sub-class.

[149] Dr. A.W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 145.

[150] _Ibidem_, pp. 148, 149.

[151] _The Religion of the Semites_, pp. 273, 274.

[152] _Primitive Paternity_, vol. i. pp. 272, 273.

[153] _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 265.

[154] See paragraph 80 below and the article on Kasai.

[155] _The Origin of Civilisation_, p. 240.

[156] See _The Golden Bough_, ii. p. 396 _et seq._

[157] This view of sacrifice was first enunciated by Professor Robertson Smith in the article on Sacrifice in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_, and _The Religion of the Semites_.

[158] _History of Human Marriage_, p. 324.

[159] Many instances are also given by Mr. Hartland in _Primitive Paternity_.

[160] _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 481.

[161] _Primitive Marriage_, p. 135, footnote.

[162] _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. p. 473, iii. pp. 34, 76, 101, 225, 272, 308, 360. The Australians have secret Churinga names, the Churingas apparently representing the spirits of ancestors which have returned to the totem. (Spencer and Gillan, _ibidem_, Appendix A.)

[163] _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, pp. 198, 200.

[164] _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 70; _Natives of Australia,_ Mr. N.W. Thomas, p. 75.

[165] _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii. pp. 93, 120, 122, 124, 226, ii. p. 6.

[166] _Totemism and Exogamy_, vol. iv.

[167] See article Lakhera for further discussion of the marking with vermilion and its substitutes.

[168] _La Cité Antique_, Paris, Librairie Hachette, 21st ed. p. 4.

[169] _La Cité Antique_, p. 45.

[170] This word seems to mean elder sister, and is applied by the girls to their sex-totem, the emu-wren.

[171] _Native Tribes of S.-E. Australia,_ p. 149.

[172] _History of Human Marriage_, pp. 418-420.

[173] _The People of India_ (Thacker & Co.), pp. 171, 173.

[174] _Tribes and Castes of the N.-W.P. and Oudh_, art. Nunia.

[175] _Religion and Customs of the Oraons, Memoirs_, As. Socy. of Bengal, vol. i. No. 9.

[176] Mr. S.C. Roy, _The Oraons_, p. 247.

[177] See article on Rajput, para. 9.

[178] Professor W. E. Hearn's _Aryan Household_ (London, Longmans, Green & Co.), p. 160.

[179] At first the whole _gens_ were the heirs, _Ancient Law_, p. 221. The group of agnatic kinsmen are mentioned in _Early Law and Custom_, pp. 238, 239, but not directly as heirs.

[180] _Aryan Household_, p. 28, quoting Becker's _Charicles_, p. 394.

[181] _Aryan Household_, p. 160, quoting Plutarch, _Quaestiones Romanae_, c. 6.

[182] _La Cité Antique_, 21st ed. Paris, Hachette et Cie.

[183] _Aryan Household_, p. 215.

[184] _La Cité Antique_, p. 299.

[185] _La Cité Antique_, p. 304.

[186] _Ibidem_, pp. 128, 129.

[187] _Ibidem_, p. 318.

[188] _Ibidem_, p. 129.

[189] _Ibidem_, p. 273.

[190] _Ibidem_, p. 129.

[191] _Ibidem_, p. 320.

[192] _La Cité Antique_, p. 279.

[193] _Ibidem_, pp. 281, 282.

[194] _Ibidem_, p. 281.

[195] _Ibidem_, p. 320.

[196] _La Cité Antique_, p. 179.

[197] _Ibidem_.

[198] _Ibidem_.

[199] _Ibidem_, p. 181.

[200] _La Cité Antique_, p. 113.

[201] _Ibidem_, pp. 186-188.

[202] _La Cité Antique_, _ibidem_.

[203] Pp. 151, 154.

[204] The above account of the festival and pilgrimage is taken from the Rev. T.P. Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam_, articles Idu-l-Azha and Hajj.

[205] _La Cité Antique_, p. 134.

[206] _Ibidem_, p. 127.

[207] Para. 48 above.

[208] See article on Rajput, para. 9.

[209] _The Magic Art_, ii. p. 89, quoting Satapatha Brahmana.

[210] See article on Kasai.

[211] See account in article on Kasai.

[212] _Orpheus_, pp. 123, 125.

[213] 7th ed. p. 300.

[214] _Origin of Civilisation_, 7th ed. p. 299.

[215] _The Dasahra: an Autumn Festival of the Hindus_, Folk-lore, March 1915. Some notice of the Dasahra in the Central Provinces is contained in the article on Kumhar.

[216] Crooke, _loc. cit._ p. 41.

[217] See also article Mahar.

[218] _La Cité Antique_, pp. 202, 204.

[219] _Imperial Gazetteer of India_, ii. p. 312.

[220] _Totemism and Exogamy_, vol. ii. pp. 528, 530.

[221] _Ibidem_.

[222] _Totemism and Exogamy_, vol. ii. p. 608; _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. iii. p. 407.

[223] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The World's Peoples,_ p. 138.

[224] Mr. L.D. Barnett's _Antiquities of India_, p. 171.

[225] _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 234, 235.

[226] _Ibidem_, vol. ii. pp. 9, 10.

[227] Other features of the sacramental rite, strengthening this hypothesis, are given in the article Kabirpanthi Sect. The account is taken from Bishop Westcott's _Kabir and the Kabirpanth._

[228] See articles Dewar, Bhunjia, Gauria, Sonjhara, Malyar.

[229] Some instances are given in the article on Kalar and on Rajput, para. 9.

[230] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The World's Peoples_, pp. 129, 130.

[231] Para. 11.

[232] For further notice of Vishnu and Siva see articles Vaishnava and Saiva sects; for Devi see article Kumhar, and for Kali, article Thug; for Krishna, article Ahir; for Ganpati, article Bania.

[233] See above, para. 13.

[234] _La Cité Antique_, p. 341.

[235] _Early History of Mankind_, pp. 259, 260. The needfire, as described by Sir E.B. Tylor, had the character of a purificatory rite, but it may be doubted whether this was its original form, any more than in the case of the Suovetaurilia or Pola ceremonies.

[236] Mr. J.T. Marten's _Central Provinces Census Report_, p. 238.

[237] For further notice of this offence see article Sunar under Ear-piercing.

[238] Para. 61.

[239] "Tarpeia" in M. Salomon Reinach's _Cults, Myths and Religions_ (English edition, London, David Nutt, 1912).

[240] _Cults, Customs_, p. 130.

[241] Maclagan, _Punjab Census Report_, p. 174.

[242] Burn, _United Provinces Census Report_, p. 82.

[243] _Cults, Customs_, p. 144.

[244] _Ibidem_, pp. 176, 177.

[245] _Cults, Customs_, pp. 148, 149.

[246] Maclagan, _l.c._

[247] _Ibidem_.

[248] J. T. Marten, _Census Report_ (1911).

[249] Lillingston, p. 45, on the authority of Max Mullet. Professor Oman states, however, that he had but little acquaintance with the Vedas (_Brahmans, Tkeists,_ p. 103), and if this was so it would seem likely that his knowledge of the other ancient languages was not very profound. But he published a book in Persian and knew English well.

[250] Oman, quoting from Dr. George Smith's _Life of Dr. Alexander Duff_, vol. i. p. 118.

[251] Oman, quoting Mary Carpenter's _Last Days in England of the Raja Ram Mohan Roy_, p. 67.

[252] Lillingston, p. 51.

[253] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 105.

[254] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 111.

[255] Lillingston, p. 73.

[256] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 116.

[257] _Ibidem_, p. 113.

[258] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 118.

[259] Lillingston, p. 96.

[260] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 133.

[261] _Brahmans, Theists_, pp. 131, 139, 140.

[262] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 148.

[263] This article is compiled from the notices in Wilson's _Hindu Sects, As. Res._ vol. xvi. pp. 79-81; Sir E. Maclagan's _Punjab Census Report_, 1891; and Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam's _Hindus of Gujarat_, _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix.

[264] Captain C.E. Luard, in _Central India Census Report_ (1901), p. 88.

[265] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_ (Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam), p. 545.

[266] This information was kindly furnished by the Diwan of Panna, through the Political Agent at Bundelkhand.

[267] Barth, p. 148.

[268] Hopkins, p. 310, and _The Jains_, p. 40.

[269] Barth, p. 149.

[270] _The Jainas_, pp. 38-47.

[271] The writer is inclined to doubt whether either Buddhism or Jainism were really atheistic, and to think that they were perhaps rather forms of pantheism; but the above is the view of the best authorities.

[272] _The Jainas_, p. 10.

[273] _The Jainas_, p. 6.

[274] _Ibidem_, p. 10.

[275] Moor's _Hindu Infanticide_, pp. 175-176.

[276] Marten, _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 67.

[277] Maclagan, _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), p. 183.

[278] Mr. Marten's _Central Provinces Census Report_, 1911.

[279] The particulars about the Tirthakars and the animals and trees associated with them are taken from _The Jainas_.

[280] _Jonesia Asoka_.

[281] _Cedrela toona_.

[282] _Grislea tomentosa_.

[283] _Eugenia jambolana_.

[284] _Michelia champaka_.

[285] Crooke, _Things Indian_, art. Pinjrapol.

[286] Moor, _Hindu Infanticide_, p. 184.

[287] _Rajasthan_, vol. i. p. 449, and pp. 696, 697, App.

[288] _Central Provinces Census Report_, 1911.

[289] Westcott, _Op. cit._ p. 3.

[290] _Op. cit._ p. 12.

[291] _Kabir and the Kabirpanth_, pp. 115 and 116.

[292] Raipur District.

[293] The description of the Chauka service is mainly taken from Bishop Westcott's full and detailed account.

[294] _Ficus glomerata_.

[295] Sherring, _Hindu Castes and Tribes,_ iii. pp. 96, 123.

[296] By Surgeon-Major Cornish.

[297] _Bombay Census Report_, 1901, pp. 181-183.

[298] _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_, p. 117.

[299] Mr. Marten's _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), Subsidiary Table, ix., Occupation, p. 276.

[300] Short for Amir or Prince.

[301] Siddik means veracious or truthful, and he was given the name on account of his straightforward character (_Bombay Gazetteer._)

[302] _Supplemental Glossary_, vol. i. p. 195.

[303] Mr. A. M. T. Jackson in _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj_;, p. 10.

[304] _Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem_.

[305] Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam, s. v._ Marriage.

[306] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ p. 166.

[307] _Ibidem_, p. 66.

[308] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 147,148, from which the whole paragraph is taken.

[309] _Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj._ p. 150.

[310] Temple's _Proper Names of the Punjabis_, pp. 41, 43.

[311] _Qanun-Islam_, p. 20.

[312] _Ibidem_.

[313] _Qanun-i-Islam_, pp. 26, 27.

[314] _Ibidem_, pp. 30, 35.

[315] Hughes, _Notes on Muhammadanism_, pp. 122, 131.

[316] _Qanun-i-Islam_, p. 286.

[317] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 168, 170.

[318] _Dictionary of Islam_, art. Inheritance.

[319] Hughes, _Notes on Muhammadanism_, pp. 63, 75.

[320] See _post_. The account is compiled mainly from the _Dictionary of Islam,_ articles Idu-l-Azha and Hajj.

[321] _Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj_. p. 138.

[322] Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam, s.v._ Idu-l-Azha.

[323] Hughes, _ibidem_.

[324] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj_. p. 131.

[325] Professor Margoliouth's _Muhammadanism._

[326] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj_. p. 131.

[327] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 132, 135.

[328] _Bomb. Gaz., ibidem_.

[329] Professor Margoliouth's _Muhammadanism_ and the _Dictionary of Islam_.

[330] _Early Developments of Muhammadanism_, pp. 87, 97.

[331] _Notes on Muhammadanism_, p. 168.

[332] _Dictionary of Islam_, _s.v._ Food.

[333] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 100-103, and _Dictionary of Islam_, art. Dress and Ornaments.

[334] Hughes, _Notes on Muhammadanism_.

[335] _Qanun-i-Islam, _ pp. 24, 25. This account is a very old one, and the elaborate procedure may now have been abandoned.

[336] Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam, s.v._ Fitrah.

[337] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 143, 144.

[338] Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam_, _s.v._ Whistling.

[339] _C.P. Census Report_, 1911, p. 66.

[340] This article is compiled from Sir Denzil Ibbetson's _Punjab Census Report_ of 1881, and Sir E.D. Maclagan's _Punjab Census Report_ of 1891.

[341] Ibbetson, para. 260.

[342] Maclagan, para. 88.

[343] Maclagan, _loc. cit._

[344] Ibbetson, para. 265.

[345] Maclagan, para. 95.

[346] _Tribes and Castes_, article Suthra Shahi.

[347] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 69.

[348] P. 276.

[349] _Orphéus_, p. 94.

[350] _Ibidem_.

[351] Haug, _loc. cit._ pp. 69, 70.

[352] _Orphéus_, pp. 91, 92.

[353] Haug, pp. 267, 268.

[354] Haug, p. 269.

[355] Haug, pp. 272, 273.

[356] _Great Religions of India_.

[357] _Great Religions of India_.

[358] _Orphéus_, p. 96.

[359] _Ibidem_, p. 98.

[360] Haug, p. 199.

[361] Sykes' _Persia and its People_, p. 180; _Great Religions of India_, p. 173.

[362] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_ p. 190.

[363] _Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem._

[364] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_, pp. 233, 237.

[365] P. 133.

[366] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_, pp. 221-226.

[367] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_, p. 231.

[368] _Ibidem_, pp. 239-242.

[369] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_, pp. 241, 243.

[370] _Bombay Gazetteer, Parsis of Gujarat_, pp. 205, 207, 219, 220.

[371] See also article on Kalar.

[372] _Aegle marmelos_.

[373] Dr. Bhattacharya's _Hindu Castes and Sects_, p. 371.

[374] See articles Kumhar, Thug and Sakta sect.

[375] See art. Sakta Sect.

[376] Mr. Marten's _C. P. Census Report_, 1911.

[377] _India Census Report_ (1901), p. 360.

[378] _Hindu Castes and Sects_ (Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta), pp. 407-413.

[379] Sir E. Gait's note, _India Census Report_.

[380] _Hindu Castes and Sects_.

[381] This article is based principally on a paper by Mr. Durga Prasad Pande, Tahsildar, Raipur.

[382] _Bilaspur Settlement Report_ (1888), p. 45.

[383] Some of Mr. Chisholm's statements are undoubtedly inaccurate. For instance, he says that Ghasi Das decided on a temporary withdrawal into the wilderness, and proceeded for this purpose to a small village called Girod near the junction of the Jonk and Mahanadi rivers. But it is an undoubted fact, as shown by Mr. Hira Lal and others, that Ghasi Das was born in Girod and had lived there all his life up to the time of his proclamation of his gospel.

[384] _Ibidem_.

[385] _Luffa acutangula_.

[386] _Solanum melangenum_.

[387] Some of the Bundela raids in the north of the Province were made on the pretext of being crusades for the protection of the sacred animal.

[388] From Mr. Durga Prasad Pande's paper.

[389] This text is recorded by Mr. Durga Prasad Pande as follows:

"Bhaji chhurai bhanta chhurdi
Gondli karat chhonka
Lai bhaji ke chhurawate
Gaon la marai chauka.
Sahib ke Satnamia; 'Thonka.'"

Or

"We have given up eating vegetables, we eat no brinjals: we eat onions with more relish; we eat no more red vegetables. The _chauka_ has been placed in the village. The true name is of God; (to which the pair replied) 'Amen.'"

[390] See article Nanakpanthi for an account of Nanak's creed.

[391] Here again, Sir D. Ibbetson notes, it is often the women who are the original offenders: "I have often asked Sikhs how it is that, believing as they do in only one God, they can put any faith in and render any obedience to Brahmans who acknowledge a large number of deities, and their answer in every case has been that they do not themselves believe in them; but their women do, and to please them they are obliged to pay attention to what the Brahmans say."

[392] _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), para. 107.

[393] Account of the Sikhs, _Asiatic Researches_.

[394] Apparently the Scripture of Govind, the tenth _guru_.

[395] 'Hurrah for the Guru's Khalsa, Victory to the Guru.'

[396] Sir Lepel Griffin's _Life of Ranjit Singh_.

[397] Based on the account of the sect in the volume, _Hindus of Gujarat,_ of the _Bombay Gazetteer_, and _The Swami-Narayan Sect_ pamphlet, printed at the Education Society's Press, Bombay, 1887.

[398] Bishop Heber's _Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces,_ pp. 143, 153.

[399] _The Swami-Narayan Sect_, pp. 4, 22. The above details are given, because in the _Bombay Gazetteer_ the Swami is said to have prohibited the taking of food with low-caste people, and caste pollution; and this appears incorrect.

[400] _The Swami-Narayan Sect_, p. 25.

[401] _Bombay Ducks_, p. 194.

[402] For a suggested explanation of the myth of Parasurama see article Panwar Rajput.

[403] See also article Ahir.

[404] Kabirpanthi, Nanakpanthi, Dadupanthi, Swami-Narayan, etc.

[405] This article is based on Professor Wilson's _Hindu Sects_, M. Chevrillon's _Romantic India_, and some notes collected by Munshi Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer Office.

[406] _Dhatura alba_, a plant sacred to Siva, whose seed is a powerful narcotic, and is used to poison travellers.

[407] This article consists entirely of extracts from the article on the Wahhabi sect in the Rev. T. P. Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam_.

[408] Irvine, _Army of the Mughals_, p. 198.

[409] Irvine, _Army of the Mughals_, p. 232.

[410] _Summary of the Maratha and Pindari Campaigns_, p. 264.

[411] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii. p. 16.

[412] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 221.

[413] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 543.

[414] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 128.

[415] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 529.

[416] Khan Bahadur Lutfullah Faridi in _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Muh. Guj._

[417] _Berar Census Report_, _ibidem_.

[418] In 1911 about 3000 persons belonging to the caste were returned, mainly from Bilaspur District, and the Korea and Sarguja States.

[419] Crooke, vol. i. p. 184.

[420] _Eastern India_, ii. p. 467.

[421] _North-West Provinces Gazetteer_, vol. xiv., Mirzapur, p. 365.

[422] _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_, page 72.

[423] This article consists of extracts from Mr. Crooke's account of the caste in his _Tribes and Castes_.

[424] _Eastern India_, ii. 248.

[425] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 542.

[426] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bhatia.

[427] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 292.

[428] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bind.

[429] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P. and Oudh_, art. Bind.

[430] _Bauhinia scandens._

[431] _Ethnology of Bengal._ pp. 158, 221.

[432] See art. Bhunjia.

[433] _Linguistic Survey of India,_ vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Dialects,_ p. 102.

[434] Caldwell's _Dravidian Grammar_, pp. 123 and 134. Captain Glasfurd says: 'The termination _war_ is a Telugu affix signifying person or man' (_Settlement Report of the Upper Godavari District_ (1868), p. 26).

[435] This article consists only of extracts from the accounts of Colonel Dalton and Sir H. Risley.

[436] Dalton's _Ethnology of Bengal_, pp. 126, 127.

[437] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Chero.

[438] See also art. Daharia for a discussion of the origin of that caste.

[439] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Dhalgar.

[440] From a paper by Narayan Bohidar, Schoolmaster, Sonpur State.

[441] This article is based on papers by Mr. D.P. Kshirsagar, Naib-Tahsildar, Buldana, and Mr. Khandekar, Headmaster, Nandura.

[442] _Madras Census Report_ (1901), p. 149.

[443] _Bhandara Settlement Report_ (Mr. A.B. Napier), p. 8.

[444] _Criminal Tribes of the C.P._, p. 61.

[445] Buchanan, i. p. 331.

[446] _B.G. Muh. Guj_., p. 84.

[447] This article is based on information collected by Mr. Hira Lai in Betul.

[448] Art. Dom. in _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, and of the _North-Western Provinces and Oudh_.

[449] See article Are.

[450] _Thana Gazetteer_, pp. 119, 120.

[451] _Sholapur Gazetteer_, p. 158.

[452] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 238.

[453] _Ibidem_, p. 280.

[454] _Satara Gazetteer_, p, 41.

[455] _Nasik Gazetteer_, p. 54.

[456] This account is taken from inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal in Patna.

[457] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bauri.

[458] From a paper by Mr. Kripasindh Tripathi, Headmaster, Saria Middle School, Sarangarh State.

[459] From _pag_, a foot.

[460] Malcolm, _Memoir of Central India_, ii. p. 21.

[461] This paper is compiled from notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal at Raj-Nandgaon and Betul.

[462] Perhaps _Pandanus fascicularis_.

[463] This article is compiled from papers by C. Ramiah, Kanungo, Sironcha, and W.G. Padaya Naidu, clerk, District Office, Chanda.

[464] _Mysore Census Report_ (1891), p. 205.

[465] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. Ghasinam Dani, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bastar State.

[466] The caste numbered 85 persons in 1911. The above notice is compiled from a paper by Mr. Krishna Sewak, Naib-Tahsildar, Bargarh.

[467] Based on inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal, Assistant Gazetteer Superintendent in Bhandara.

[468] _Madras Census Report_ (1901), p. 168.

[469] _Bombay Gazetteer, Guj. Mukh_. p. 18.

[470] Elliott's _Memoirs_, vol. i. p. 54.

[471] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, vol. i. p. 161.

[472] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 303.

[473] _India Census Report_ (1891), p. 200.

[474] _Man_, November 1909.

[475] Tone, _Letter on the Marathas_ (1798), India Office Tracts, p. 25.

[476] Lane, _Modern Egyptians_, p. 373.

[477] _Census Report_ (1891), p. 211.

[478] From a paper by Mr. Rajaram Gangadhar Deshpande, Tahsildar, Wardha.

[479] _Settlement Report of the Upper Godavari District_ (1868), quoted in Mr. Nunn's _Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries of the Central provinces_.

[480] _Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries, loc. cit._

[481] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 219.

[482] Based on a paper by Mr. Ali Mustafa, Naib-Tahsildar, Hatta.

[483] _Census Report_ (1891), p. 179.

[484] In the introduction to Firishta's History (Elliot, vi. p. 568), it is stated that Roh is the name of a particular mountain (country) which extends in length from Swat and Bajaur to the town of Siwi belonging to Bhakar. In breadth it stretches from Hasan Abdul to Kabul. Kandahar is situated in this country. (Crooke's _Hobson-Jobson_, p. 766.)

[485] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, vol. iv. pp. 165, 166.

[486] _Proper Names of the Punjabis_, p. 74.

[487] _Indian Life and Sentiment_, p. 99.

[488] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv. p. 30.

[489] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_, p. 79.

[490] _Ibidem_, pp. 84, 85.

[491] _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 235 _et seq._

[492] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, App. I.

[493] _Ibidem_, pp. 222, 223.

[494] This article is written from papers by Mr. G.A. Khan, Assistant Commissioner, Venkatesh Tumaiya Ayawar, Schoolmaster, Chanda, and Mr. G. Padaya Naidu, District Officer, Chanda.

[495] _North Arcot Manual_, i. p. 200.

[496] _North Arcot Manual_, i. p. 242.

[497] Based on a paper by G. Pydiah Naidu of the Gazetteer Office.

[498] Vol. xi. p. 433.

[499] Mr. Edwardes, _Byways of Bombay_, p. 79.

[500] _Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem_.

[501] _J.A.S.B._, No. 3 of 1903, p. 103.

[502] Partly based on a note by Mr. C.J. Irwin, Assistant Commissioner, Jubbulpore.

[503] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xvii. (_Sholapur_), p. 234.

[504] _Bombay Gazetteer, Belgaum_, p. 250.

[505] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sikligar.

[506] Based on a paper by Mr. Gokul Prasad, Naib-Tahsildar, Dhamtari.

[507] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Tanti.

[508] _Madras Census Report_ (1901), p. 153.

[509] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal, s.v._

[510] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 243.